This work was supported by Polymer-Based Materials for Harvesting Solar Energy (PHaSE), an Energy Frontier Research Center funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences under award number DE-SC0001087 and the U.S. Office of Naval Research under contract N00014-15-1-2244. Portions of this research were carried out at beamline 7.3.3 and 11.0.1.2 at the Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, which was supported by the DOE, Office of Science, and Office of Basic Energy Sciences.

1.光子活性混合油墨制备<ol><li>称重10毫克DPPBT聚合物和10mg的PC 71 BM的材料（ 图1中所示的化学结构）。它们混合在4ml的小瓶。 </li><li>加1.5毫升氯仿和75微升1,2-二氯苯到混合物中。 </li><li>把一个小搅拌棒插入小瓶中，用聚四氟乙烯（PTFE）帽关闭小瓶中，并将小瓶转移到热板上。在〜400转，而热量〜使用前50℃搅拌过夜。 </li></ol> 2. ITO和晶片基板清洗和准备<ol><li>载预图案化的铟锡氧化物（ITO）的玻璃基板（1英寸×3英寸，用半除去ITO）或硅晶片到特氟隆清洁架，并把机架到玻璃容器中（ 图2）。加稀的洗涤剂溶液（300毫升，1％的通用洗涤剂溶液）放入玻璃容器中，并把玻璃容器放入超声波仪和超声处理15分钟。</li><li>除去洗涤剂和清洗的ITO玻璃与去离子水几次。然后添加300毫升DI水倒入容器中，并把玻璃容器放入超声波仪为15分钟。 </li><li>从容器中取出的水。加300毫升丙酮倒入容器中，并超声处理15分钟。 </li><li>除去丙酮。加300毫升2- isopranol到玻璃容器中，然后超声处理15分钟。 </li><li>移动清洗架伸到烤箱。设定炉温至100℃，并等待3-5小时，直到ITO玻璃被完全干燥。 </li><li>取出清洗过的衬底。他们转移到紫外臭氧清洁剂或氧等离子体清洁剂。使用高功率紫外线臭氧或等离子体根据制造商的协议来清洁他们〜15分钟。 </li><li>把清洁的衬底上旋涂器中，添加150微升的聚（3,4-亚乙基）聚苯乙烯磺酸盐（PEDOT:PSS）溶液到清洗衬底，和旋涂以3000rpm涂布一〜30纳米厚的PEDOT:PSS（PEDOT:PSS 4083）薄膜上或者在ITO玻璃或硅晶片。 </li><li>脱下旋涂基板。传送新鲜涂覆基材上加热板和退火，在150℃下进行15分钟。 </li></ol> 3.活动层印刷<ol><li>负载基材。把PEDOT:PSS涂覆的ITO基板上微型槽模涂布机的底板。打开连接到所述槽膜涂布机的真空卡盘紧紧地保持在衬底的真空泵。 （参见图3来定位不同的组件。） </li><li>调整基片的位置，以把它打印机头的正下方。这可以通过使用基片下方的线性操纵器来完成。 </li><li>调整头使用保持打印头的2-D倾斜操纵器倾斜。确保头部矗立垂直上所装载的基板的顶部。注意，在这个过程中，打印头可以降低靠近substra德。使用印刷头和基片之间的间隙，以显示头部是否倾斜与否。这将是非常有用的，当使用晶片基板，由于打印头的一小图像显示，这将是更容易检查倾斜。 </li><li>调整头到基片的距离为零。垂直马达耦合的力传感器。当打印头是浮动的，一个恒定的力读数将获得（从印刷头和倾斜操纵器组件的重量计）。一旦打印头触及基板，读数会降低，标志着零位。参见图4的步距的确定。在调整距离使用步进模式。 注意:垂直操纵器的平移板是用弹簧连接到其底座和弹簧常数稍微发生变化。在力传感器这样的小变化在实验过程中是不可避免的。 </li><li>设置一个头 - 基底值来运行实验。在该实验中，设置头到基板间隙至100μm。 </li><li>调整，将用于打印的线性平移阶段电机。查找的出发点和落脚点。记录这些值。线性电动机的移动距离是100毫米。这里，集10 mm电机位置作为起始点和80mm作为终点电机位置。 </li><li>通过使用电动机控制软件接口（ 图4b）设置在印刷速度10mm /秒。设定电机加速度速度为100米/秒。 <ol><li>如果电机不能正常工作或软件有错误，请重新启动软件，然后点击"启用"，然后在"家"中的软件界面。需要注意的是在打印过程中，打印头保持固定和基板移动以分配溶液并模仿工业印刷过程。 </li></ol></li><li>负载DPPBT:PCBM溶液（室温）下进1ml注射器和安装在注射器给连接到插槽的注射器泵死打印机。设置在控制软件（注射器直径和溶液进料速度，0.3毫升/分钟在此情况下）的打印参数。 </li><li>开始打印实验。 <ol><li>通过输入在控制软件的位置窗口起点位置移动衬底到起点。详情请参见图4c。 </li><li>开始通过点击注射泵软件启动泵解决方案在插槽模头。可替代地，手动操作注射器泵。对于每一个涂层，将被用于围绕〜100微升的溶液。通常情况下，使用第一次印刷300微升溶液中，使用重复印刷〜100μl的溶液。 </li><li>当溶液开始从打印头出来快速启动平移电机，和基板移动到末端位置。请注意，这是关键的一步。预紧平移运动结束位置到位置的窗口，然后点击进入启动马达MOV键相。 </li><li>停止注射泵，通过使用垂直马达抬起打印头。关闭真空关闭，采取在基板切断基板。请注意，这个打印头的死体积为250微升，从而填补了第一次花费的时间超过250微升的解决方案。 </li><li>印制基板装入真空炉中3-5小时，以除去残留的溶剂。 </li><li>把打印头下方的培养皿。泵10毫升氯仿到打印头以清洁头。收集与培养皿的污染氯仿溶液。用棉签一边抽清洗液清洗打印头。每个涂层运行后，清洁打印头，尤其是当使用不同的解决方案。 注:DPPBT:PCBM解决方案显示了深绿色。当清洁完成时，没有颜色可以从氯仿溶剂中可以看出。 </li></ol></li></ol> 4.阴极沉积<ol><li>加载活性层涂覆的基材上的荫罩（ 图5），并装入掩模至蒸发室。 </li><li>将两个热蒸发舟在电极螺栓（ 图6a）之间。装入一张船氟化锂盐（勉强覆盖了船，大约需要0.2克），与铝金属一条船（4颗粒）。 </li><li>关闭蒸发室和蒸发室抽空至约2×10 -6乇。 </li><li>设置腔室以沉积的LiF为1nm随后的铝100纳米。在目前的情况下，使用20％的电力用于氟化锂的沉积和使用26％的电力用于铝沉积。示于图6b是在本研究中使用的系统的蒸发器控制接口。 </li><li>停止抽真空泵和填充氮气的室中。当压力返回到大气压力，取出来基板。 </li></ol> 5.光伏性能测试<ol><li>制备载玻片是一半即在器件制造中使用的ITO玻璃的宽度。进行在手套箱中此步骤。环氧树脂胶粘贴到玻璃基板的一侧上，并且使用环氧树脂胶涂覆的玻璃载片（参见图11为示例设备）覆盖器件区。当环氧固化，该装置将被完全密封。 </li><li>启动太阳能模拟灯并设置于AM 1.5的辐射与100毫瓦/厘米2。稳定灯测量前约15分钟。示于图7是在本研究中使用的光伏测量系统。 </li><li>安装在仪器建议的距离的太阳模拟器下的设备。连接阳极和阴极的测定电路。使用使用制造商的协议的电万用表记录的电流 - 电压曲线。 </li><li>确定该装置的性能如下: ĴSC:短路电流，即一个太阳能电池装置能够提供的最大电流; 开路电压</sub&gt;:开路电压，即太阳能电池装置能够提供的最大电压; FF:填充因子，在IV曲线地被J SC * V OC划分的最大区域; PCE:功率转换效率，J SC * V OC * FF /（为100mW / cm 2）的。 </li></ol> 6.同步加速器X射线测量<ol><li>设置一个氦框来抑制X射线测量空气散射。装载微型槽膜涂布机进氦框。示于图8是利用在先进光源氦框掠入射X射线衍射实验实验设置。 </li><li>安装的光学干涉仪到打印机来监控在溶剂蒸发的厚度变化。在该实验中，使用一个UVX模型（ 例如 ，Filmetrix F20）。了在此实验中使用的材料具有从300-900纳米波长强的光吸收。 <ol><li>利用光学干涉仪的日源灯在避免了材料的吸收。在这个实验中使用1,100-1,700波长灯。预校准以下的操作步骤实验前仪器。 </li></ol></li><li>把PEDOT:PSS涂覆晶片衬底到所述打印机的衬底保持器，并调整以下步骤3.2-3.5头和基板位置。开启真空泵，并确保晶片衬底粘在衬底支架紧紧。 </li><li>清除氦框以去除空气。需要注意的是氧含量应低于0.3体积％，这可以通过氧传感器来监测。 </li><li>在其中，在X射线的基片（在印刷结束位置）上的位置对准基片，并设置入射角，在这种情况下0.16°。根据束线协议对齐。 </li><li>设置在X射线曝光时间和数据采集方法。这里，用2秒的曝光时间，和随后的延迟时间3秒（以避免服务器光束的损害）。因此，每个试验期将是5秒。开展100重复的连续队列;因此，需要100张图片。 </li><li>命名实验和选择数据的保存路径的实验文件。 如图9中所示是其中上述的设置可以容易地位于所述先进光源光束线7.3.3用户界面。 </li><li>通过输入电动机控制软件的起始位置移动衬底到起始位置。启动X射线快门和检测器将连续记录衍射/散射信号。 </li><li>启动注射泵喂溶液进入打印头。当溶液开始从打印头（由监视摄像机监测）来喷射，迅速地开始打印处理。 注:当达到选定的预测量位置，2-D检测器将捕获从溶液中的散射信号。膜厚度将由干涉仪进行监测。因此，薄膜形态演化将被记录。 </li><li>抬起打印机头，当实验完成清洁磁头。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Brabec, C. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polymer-Fullerene+Bulk-Heterojunction+Solar+Cells.">Polymer-Fullerene Bulk-Heterojunction Solar Cells.</a> Adv. Mater. 22 (34), 3839-3856 (2010).</li><li>Thompson, B. C., Fr&#233;chet, J. M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polymer-Fullerene+Composite+Solar+Cells.">Polymer-Fullerene Composite Solar Cells.</a> Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 47 (1), 58-77 (2008).</li><li>G&#252;nes, S., Neugebauer, H., Sariciftci, N. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conjugated+Polymer-Based+Organic+Solar+Cells.">Conjugated Polymer-Based Organic Solar Cells.</a> Chem. Rev. 107 (4), 1324-1338 (2007).</li><li>Krebs, F. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+OE-A+OPV+demonstrator+anno+domini+2011.">The OE-A OPV demonstrator anno domini 2011.</a> Energy Environ. Sci. 4 (10), 4116 (2011).</li><li>Krebs, F. C., Tromholt, T., J&#248;rgensen, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Upscaling+of+polymer+solar+cell+fabrication+using+full+roll-to-roll+processing.">Upscaling of polymer solar cell fabrication using full roll-to-roll processing.</a> Nanoscale. 2 (6), 873 (2010).</li><li>Liu, F., Gu, Y., Jung, J. W., Jo, W. H., Russell, T. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=On+the+morphology+of+polymer-based+photovoltaics.">On the morphology of polymer-based photovoltaics.</a> J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Phy. 50 (15), 1018-1044 (2012).</li><li>Liu, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+the+morphology+of+solution-processed+bulk+heterojunction+organic+photovoltaics.">Characterization of the morphology of solution-processed bulk heterojunction organic photovoltaics.</a> Prog. Polym. Sci. 38 (12), 1990-2052 (2013).</li><li>Schmidt-Hansberg, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+situ+monitoring+the+drying+kinetics+of+knife+coated+polymer-fullerene+films+for+organic+solar+cells.">In situ monitoring the drying kinetics of knife coated polymer-fullerene films for organic solar cells.</a> J. appl. phys. 106 (12), 124501 (2009).</li><li>Pearson, A. J., Wang, T., Lidzey, D. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+dynamic+measurements+in+correlating+structure+with+optoelectronic+properties+in+polymer+fullerene+bulk-heterojunction+solar+cells.">The role of dynamic measurements in correlating structure with optoelectronic properties in polymer fullerene bulk-heterojunction solar cells.</a> Rep. Prog. Phys. 76 (2), 022501 (2013).</li><li>Treat, N. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interdiffusion+of+PCBM+and+P3HT+Reveals+Miscibility+in+a+Photovoltaically+Active+Blend.">Interdiffusion of PCBM and P3HT Reveals Miscibility in a Photovoltaically Active Blend.</a> Adv. Energy Mater. 1 (1), 82-89 (2010).</li><li>Collins, B. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+Miscibility+of+Polymer-Fullerene+Blends.">Molecular Miscibility of Polymer-Fullerene Blends.</a> J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 1 (21), 3160-3166 (2010).</li><li>Chen, D., Liu, F., Wang, C., Nakahara, A., Russell, T. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bulk+Heterojunction+Photovoltaic+Active+Layers+via+Bilayer+Interdiffusion.">Bulk Heterojunction Photovoltaic Active Layers via Bilayer Interdiffusion.</a> Nano Lett. 11 (5), 2071-2078 (2011).</li><li>Gu, Y., Wang, C., Russell, T. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multi-Length-Scale+Morphologies+in+PCPDTBT/PCBM+Bulk-Heterojunction+Solar+Cells.">Multi-Length-Scale Morphologies in PCPDTBT/PCBM Bulk-Heterojunction Solar Cells.</a> Adv. Energy Mater. 2 (6), 683-690 (2012).</li><li>Perez, L. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Solvent+Additive+Effects+on+Small+Molecule+Crystallization+in+Bulk+Heterojunction+Solar+Cells+Probed+During+Spin+Casting.">Solvent Additive Effects on Small Molecule Crystallization in Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells Probed During Spin Casting.</a> Adv. Mater. 25 (44), 6380-6384 (2013).</li><li>Lee, J. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Processing+Additives+for+Improved+Efficiency+from+Bulk+Heterojunction+Solar+Cells.">Processing Additives for Improved Efficiency from Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130 (11), 3619-3623 (2008).</li><li>Shin, N., Richter, L. J., Herzing, A. A., Kline, R. J., DeLongchamp, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+Processing+Additives+on+the+Solidification+of+Blade-Coated+Polymer/Fullerene+Blend+Films+via+In-Situ+Structure+Measurements.">Effect of Processing Additives on the Solidification of Blade-Coated Polymer/Fullerene Blend Films via In-Situ Structure Measurements.</a> Adv. Energy Mater. 3 (7), 938-948 (2013).</li><li>S&#0248;dergaard, R., H&#246;sel, M., Angmo, D., Larsen-Olsen, T. T., Krebs, F. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Roll-to-roll+fabrication+of+polymer+solar+cells.">Roll-to-roll fabrication of polymer solar cells.</a> Mater. Today. 15 (1-2), 36-49 (2012).</li><li>Liu, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+Polymer+Solar+Cells+Based+on+a+Low+Bandgap+Semi-crystalline+DPP+Polymer-PCBM+Blends.">Efficient Polymer Solar Cells Based on a Low Bandgap Semi-crystalline DPP Polymer-PCBM Blends.</a> Adv. Mater. 24 (29), 3947-3951 (2012).</li><li>Liu, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Relating+Chemical+Structure+to+Device+Performance+via+Morphology+Control+in+Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Based+Low+Band+Gap+Polymers.">Relating Chemical Structure to Device Performance via Morphology Control in Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Based Low Band Gap Polymers.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135 (51), 19248-19259 (2013).</li><li>Liu, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fast+Printing+and+In+Situ+Morphology+Observation+of+Organic+Photovoltaics+Using+Slot-Die+Coating.">Fast Printing and In Situ Morphology Observation of Organic Photovoltaics Using Slot-Die Coating.</a> Adv. Mater. 27 (5), 886-891 (2015).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

这里介绍的方法侧重于开发能够在工业生产中很容易地扩展电影的制备方法。薄膜的印刷和同步加速器形态学表征是与协议中最关键的步骤。在以前的实验缩放OPV研究，旋涂法被用作主要方法来制造薄膜器件。然而，这种方法使用高离心力摊开BHJ解决方案，这是从工业基于辊到辊加工完全不同。因此，从旋转涂布研究中获得的知识和经验不能直接传递到大面积的器件的制造。在目前的研究中提出?...

有机光伏（OPV）是一种很有前途的技术，以在不久的将来，具有成本效益的可再生能源。已经进行了1，2，3巨大的努力来开发光活性聚合物和制造高效率设备。迄今为止，单层OPV器件都实现了&gt; 10％的电源转换效率（PCE）。这些效率一直在使用旋涂生成电影翻译实验室规模的设备，并取得了较大规模的增加设备已经充满了在PCE显著减少。 4，5在工业上，卷到辊基于（R2R）薄膜涂层被用来产生对导电性基板，它是从典型的实验室规模的过程完全不同，特别是在除去溶剂的速度光子活性薄膜。这是至关重要的，因为形态是きnetically困，从多个动力学过程，包括相分离，订购，定向和溶剂蒸发之间的相互作用产生的。 6，7本动力学捕获的形态，但是，在很大程度上决定了太阳能电池装置的性能。因此，在涂覆过程中理解形态的发展是非常重要，用于操纵形态，以优化性能。 形态的优化需要理解以在作为除去溶剂溶液中的空穴导电性聚合物的顺序相关联的动力学; 8,9量化与基于富勒烯电子导体聚合物的相互作用; 10，11，12理解的添加剂的作用在确定吗啉迟缓; 13，14，15和平衡溶剂（S）和添加剂的蒸发的相对速率。 16它一直定量表征形态的演变在有源层中的工业相关设置的一个挑战。卷对卷的处理已经研究了大规模OPV器件的制造。 4,17然而，这些研究在大批量的材料被用于制造设置进行，有效地限制了研究，以市售的聚合物。 在本文中，使用一个小型缝口模头涂层系统制造OPV器件的技术细节被表现出来。涂料参数如漆膜干燥动力学和薄膜厚度控制适用于规模较大的进程，使得这项研究直接相关的产业发brication。此外，材料的一个非常小的量在小槽模涂布实验使用，使得该处理适用于新的合成材料。在设计中，这种微型槽模涂布机可以安装在同步加速器终端站，从而掠入射小角度X射线散射（GISAXS）和X射线衍射（GIXD）可以被用于在演进实现实时研究形态在宽范围的长度的下一个范围的加工条件秤在膜干燥过程中的不同阶段。在这些研究中获得的信息可以被直接转移到工业制造的设置。所用材料的少量使大量光活性材料和各种加工条件下它们的混合物的快速筛选。 基于低频带共轭聚合物的半结晶二酮吡咯并吡咯和2-四噻吩（DPPBT）用作模型供体材料，和（6,6） - 苯基C71-butyriÇ酸甲酯（PC 71 BM）用作电子受体。 18， 第19它示出在以往的研究认为DPPBT:PC 71 BM共混使用氯仿作为溶剂时形成大尺寸的相分离。有氯仿:1,2-二氯苯溶剂混合物，可以减少相分离的大小，从而提高了器件的性能。在溶剂干燥过程中的形态形成在原位由掠入射X射线衍射和散射的影响。太阳能电池装置采用使用最佳溶剂混合物的条件下，20，它是类似于旋涂制造设备小型槽模涂布机显示出5.2％的平均四氯乙烯制成。微型槽模涂布机将打开一条新的路径中模仿工业过程研究实验室设置以制造太阳能电池装置，在工业上的rel填充在这些材料中的预测的生存能力的间隙埃文特设置。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="787">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:191px;">PC71BM</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Nano-C Inc</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">nano-c-PCBM-SF</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:191px;">DPPBT</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">The University of Massachusetts</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Custom Made</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:191px;">PEDOT:PSS</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Heraeus</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">P VP Al 4083</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:191px;">Mucasol Liquid Cleaner</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Z637181</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:191px;">Acetone</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">270725</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:191px;">Isopropyl Alcohol</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">BDH</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">BDH1133</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:191px;">Chloroform</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">372978&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:191px;">1,2-diChlorobenzene</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">240664</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:191px;">Lithium fluoride</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">669431</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:191px;">Aluminum</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Kurt Lesker</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">EVMAL50QXHD</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:191px;">Glass vials</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">03-391-7B</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:191px;">Ultrasonic Cleaner</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Cleanosonic</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Branson 2800</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:191px;">Oven</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">WVR</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">414005-118</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:191px;">Cleaning Rack</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Lawrence Berkeley National Lab</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Custom Made</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:191px;">Shadow Mask</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Lawrence Berkeley National Lab</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Custom Made</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:191px;">UV-Ozone Cleaner</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">UVOCS INC</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">T16X16 OES</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:191px;">Glove Box</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">MBraun</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Custom Made</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:191px;">Evaporator</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">MBraun</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Custom Made</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:191px;">Slot Die Coater</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Jema Science Inc</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Custom Made</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:191px;">Solar Simulator</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Newport</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Class ABB</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:191px;">Spin Coater</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">SCS Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">SCS G3</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:191px;">Hot Plate</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">SP131015Q</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:191px;">X-ray Measurement</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Lawrence Berkeley National Lab</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Beamline 7.3.3</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

printing fabrication of bulk heterojunction solar cells and in situ morphology characterization

Polymer-based materials hold promise as low-cost, flexible efficient photovoltaic devices. Most laboratory efforts to achieve high performance devices have used devices prepared by spin coating, a process that is not amenable to large-scale fabrication. This mismatch in device fabrication makes it difficult to translate quantitative results obtained in the laboratory to the commercial level, making optimization difficult. Using a mini-slot die coater, this mismatch can be resolved by translating the commercial process to the laboratory and characterizing the structure formation in the active layer of the device in real time and in situ as films are coated onto a substrate. The evolution of the morphology was characterized under different conditions, allowing us to propose a mechanism by which the structures form and grow. This mini-slot die coater offers a simple, convenient, material efficient route by which the morphology in the active layer can be optimized under industrially relevant conditions. The goal of this protocol is to show experimental details of how a solar cell device is fabricated using a mini-slot die coater and technical details of running in situ structure characterization using the mini-slot die coater.

图3所示是微型槽模涂覆系统。它由一个涂覆机一注射泵和一个中央控制盒。涂布机是必不可少的组成部分，它是由一个槽模头，一个水平平移的阶段，以及一个垂直的平移阶段。槽模头通过一个2-D倾斜操纵器安装到垂直平移电机的基础。 图10a示出了打印机主体无安装从该二维倾斜操纵器被突出显示的打印头。 图10b示出打印头到的2-D...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization at JoVE.com

体异质结太阳能电池的印刷制造及原位形貌表征|工程|视频

Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization

在这里，我们提出了一个协议，以制造使用微型槽模涂布机并利用同步散射技术相关于线结构表征有机薄膜太阳能电池。

散装异质结太阳能电池的印刷和制作<em&gt;原位</em&gt;形态特征

Polymer-based materials hold promise as low-cost, flexible efficient photovoltaic devices. Most laboratory efforts to achieve high performance devices ...

printing-fabrication-bulk-heterojunction-solar-cells-situ-morphology

Research

Education

JoVE Core

JoVE Journal

Biology

Engineering

Cellular Processes

Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization

Photosynthesis

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

10.1K 次观看.  Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. 在这里，我们提出了一个协议，以制造使用微型槽模涂布机并利用同步散射技术相关于线结构表征有机薄膜太阳能电池。 

视频: Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization

Simulation, Fabrication and Characterization of THz Metamaterial Absorbers

Metamaterials (MM), artificial materials engineered to have properties that may not be found in nature, have been widely explored since the first theoretical1 and experimental demonstration2 of their unique properties. MMs can provide a highly controllable electromagnetic response, and to date have been demonstrated in every technologically relevant spectral range including the optical3, near IR4, mid IR5 , THz6 , mm-wave7 , microwave8 and radio9 bands. Applications include perfect lenses10, sensors11, telecommunications12, invisibility cloaks13 and filters14,15. We have recently developed single band16, dual band17 and broadband18 THz metamaterial absorber devices capable of greater than 80% absorption at the resonance peak. The concept of a MM absorber is especially important at THz frequencies where it is difficult to find strong frequency selective THz absorbers19. In our MM absorber the THz radiation is absorbed in a thickness of ~ &lambda;/20, overcoming the thickness limitation of traditional quarter wavelength absorbers. MM absorbers naturally lend themselves to THz detection applications, such as thermal sensors, and if integrated with suitable THz sources (e.g. QCLs), could lead to compact, highly sensitive, low cost, real time THz imaging systems.

This protocol outlines the simulation, fabrication and characterization of THz metamaterial absorbers. Such absorbers, when coupled with an appropriate sensor, have applications in THz imaging and spectroscopy.

模拟，太赫兹超材料吸收器的制备与表征

Metamaterials (MM),  artificial materials engineered to have properties that may not be found in  nature, have been widely explored since the first ...

科研

工程学

Fabrication And Characterization Of Photonic Crystal Slow Light Waveguides And Cavities

Slow light has been one of the hot topics in the photonics community in the past decade, generating great interest both from a fundamental point of view and for its considerable potential for practical applications. Slow light photonic crystal waveguides, in particular, have played a major part and have been successfully employed for delaying optical signals1-4 and the enhancement of both linear5-7 and nonlinear devices.8-11
Photonic crystal cavities achieve similar effects to that of slow light waveguides, but over a reduced band-width. These cavities offer high Q-factor/volume ratio, for the realization of optically12 and electrically13 pumped ultra-low threshold lasers and the enhancement of nonlinear effects.14-16 Furthermore, passive filters17 and modulators18-19 have been demonstrated, exhibiting ultra-narrow line-width, high free-spectral range and record values of low energy consumption.
To attain these exciting results, a robust repeatable fabrication protocol must be developed. In this paper we take an in-depth look at our fabrication protocol which employs electron-beam lithography for the definition of photonic crystal patterns and uses wet and dry etching techniques. Our optimised fabrication recipe results in photonic crystals that do not suffer from vertical asymmetry and exhibit very good edge-wall roughness. We discuss the results of varying the etching parameters and the detrimental effects that they can have on a device, leading to a diagnostic route that can be taken to identify and eliminate similar issues.
The key to evaluating slow light waveguides is the passive characterization of transmission and group index spectra. Various methods have been reported, most notably resolving the Fabry-Perot fringes of the transmission spectrum20-21 and interferometric techniques.22-25 Here, we describe a direct, broadband measurement technique combining spectral interferometry with Fourier transform analysis.26 Our method stands out for its simplicity and power, as we can characterise a bare photonic crystal with access waveguides, without need for on-chip interference components, and the setup only consists of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer, with no need for moving parts and delay scans.
When characterising photonic crystal cavities, techniques involving internal sources21 or external waveguides directly coupled to the cavity27 impact on the performance of the cavity itself, thereby distorting the measurement. Here, we describe a novel and non-intrusive technique that makes use of a cross-polarised probe beam and is known as resonant scattering (RS), where the probe is coupled out-of plane into the cavity through an objective. The technique was first demonstrated by McCutcheon et al.28 and further developed by Galli et al.29

Use of photonic crystal slow light waveguides and cavities has been widely adopted by the photonics community in many differing applications. Therefore fabrication and characterization of these devices are of great interest. This paper outlines our fabrication technique and two optical characterization methods, namely: interferometric (waveguides) and resonant scattering (cavities).

光子晶体慢光波导和腔体的制备与表征

Slow light has been one of the hot topics in the photonics community in the past decade, generating great interest both from a fundamental point of view ...

Patterning via Optical Saturable Transitions - Fabrication and Characterization

This protocol describes the fabrication and characterization of nanostructures using a novel nanolithographic technique called Patterning via Optical Saturable Transitions (POST). In this technique the chemical properties of organic photochromic molecules that undergo single-photon reactions are exploited, enabling rapid top-down nanopatterning over large areas at low light intensities, thereby, allowing for the circumvention of the far-field diffraction barrier.4 Simple, cost-effective, high throughput and resolution alternatives to nanopatterning are being explored, such as, two-photon polymerization5,6, beam pen lithography (BPL)7, scanning electron beam lithography (SEBL), and focused ion beam (FIB) patterning. However, multi-photon approaches require high light intensities, which limit their potential for high throughput and offer low image contrast. Although, electron and ion beam lithographic processes offer increased resolution, the serial nature of the process is limited to slow writing speeds, which also prevents patterning of features over large areas. Beam-pen lithography is an approach towards parallel near-field optical lithography. However, the gap between the source of the beam and the surface of the photoresist needs to be controlled extremely precisely for good pattern uniformity and this is very challenging to accomplish for large arrays of beams. Patterning via Optical Saturable Transitions (POST) is an alternative optical nanopatterning technique for patterning sub-wavelength features1-3. Since this technique uses single photons instead of electrons, it is extremely fast and does not require high light intensities1-3, opening the door to massive parallelization.

We report that the diffraction limit of conventional optical lithography can be overcome by exploiting the transitions of organic photochromic derivatives induced by their photoisomerization at low light intensities.1-3 This paper outlines our fabrication technique and two locking mechanisms, namely: dissolution of one photoisomer and electrochemical oxidation.

通过光学吸收跃迁图案 - 制备与表征

This protocol describes the fabrication and characterization of nanostructures using a novel nanolithographic technique called Patterning via Optical ...

Integration of Light Trapping Silver Nanostructures in Hydrogenated Microcrystalline Silicon Solar Cells by Transfer Printing

One of the potential applications of metal nanostructures is light trapping in solar cells, where unique optical properties of nanosized metals, commonly known as plasmonic effects, play an important role. Research in this field has, however, been impeded owing to the difficulty of fabricating devices containing the desired functional metal nanostructures. In order to provide a viable strategy to this issue, we herein show a transfer printing-based approach that allows the quick and low-cost integration of designed metal nanostructures with a variety of device architectures, including solar cells. Nanopillar poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) stamps were fabricated from a commercially available nanohole plastic film as a master mold. On this nanopatterned PDMS stamps, Ag films were deposited, which were then transfer-printed onto block copolymer (binding layer)-coated hydrogenated microcrystalline Si (&#181;c-Si:H) surface to afford ordered Ag nanodisk structures. It was confirmed that the resulting Ag nanodisk-incorporated &#181;c-Si:H solar cells show higher performances compared to a cell without the transfer-printed Ag nanodisks, thanks to plasmonic light trapping effect derived from the Ag nanodisks. Because of the simplicity and versatility, further device application would also be feasible thorough this approach.

A viable transfer printing-based methodology to introduce plasmonic metal nanostructures in solar cells is described. Using nanopillar poly(dimethylsiloxane) stamps, an Ag-based ordered nanodisk array was integrated with standard hydrogenated microcrystalline Si solar cells, which led to improved device performances due to plasmonic light trapping.

灯光诱杀银纳米结构通过转移印花在氢化微晶硅太阳能电池集成

One of the potential applications of metal nanostructures is light trapping in solar cells, where unique optical properties of nanosized metals, commonly ...

Fabrication and Operation of Acoustofluidic Devices Supporting Bulk Acoustic Standing Waves for Sheathless Focusing of Particles

Acoustophoresis refers to the displacement of suspended objects in response to directional forces from sound energy. Given that the suspended objects must be smaller than the incident wavelength of sound and the width of the fluidic channels are typically tens to hundreds of micrometers across, acoustofluidic devices typically use ultrasonic waves generated from a piezoelectric transducer pulsating at high frequencies (in the megahertz range). At characteristic frequencies that depend on the geometry of the device, it is possible to induce the formation of standing waves that can focus particles along desired fluidic streamlines within a bulk flow. Here, we describe a method for the fabrication of acoustophoretic devices from common materials and clean room equipment. We show representative results for the focusing of particles with positive or negative acoustic contrast factors, which move towards the pressure nodes or antinodes of the standing waves, respectively. These devices offer enormous practical utility for precisely positioning large numbers of microscopic entities (e.g., cells) in stationary or flowing fluids for applications ranging from cytometry to assembly.

Acoustofluidic devices use ultrasonic waves within microfluidic channels to manipulate, concentrate and isolate suspended micro and nanoscopic entities. This protocol describes the fabrication and operation of such a device supporting bulk acoustic standing waves to focus particles in a central streamline without the aid of sheath fluids.

制造和Acoustofluidic设备的运营支撑体声波驻波的聚焦鞘颗粒

Acoustophoresis refers to the displacement of suspended objects in response to directional forces from sound energy. Given that the suspended objects must ...

Fabrication and Characterization of Superconducting Resonators

Superconducting microwave resonators are of interest for a wide range of applications, including for their use as microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs) for the detection of faint astrophysical signatures, as well as for quantum computing applications and materials characterization. In this paper, procedures are presented for the fabrication and characterization of thin-film superconducting microwave resonators. The fabrication methodology allows for the realization of superconducting transmission-line resonators with features on both sides of an atomically smooth single-crystal silicon dielectric. This work describes the procedure for the installation of resonator devices into a cryogenic microwave testbed and for cool-down below the superconducting transition temperature. The set-up of the cryogenic microwave testbed allows one to do careful measurements of the complex microwave transmission of these resonator devices, enabling the extraction of the properties of the superconducting lines and dielectric substrate (e.g., internal quality factors, loss and kinetic inductance fractions), which are important for device design and performance.

Superconducting microwave resonators are of interest for detection of light, quantum computing applications and materials characterization. This work presents a detailed procedure for fabrication and characterization of superconducting microwave resonator scattering parameters.

制备与表征超导谐振器的

Superconducting microwave resonators are of interest for a wide range of applications, including for their use as microwave kinetic inductance detectors ...

Digital Printing of Titanium Dioxide for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells

Silicon solar cell manufacturing is an expensive and high energy consuming process. In contrast, dye sensitized solar cell production is less environmentally damaging with lower processing temperatures presenting a viable and low cost alternative to conventional production. This paper further enhances these environmental credentials by evaluating the digital printing and therefore additive production route for these cells. This is achieved here by investigating the formation and performance of a metal oxide photoelectrode using nanoparticle sized titanium dioxide. An ink-jettable material was formulated, characterized and printed with a piezoelectric inkjet head to produce a 2.6 &#181;m thick layer. The resultant printed layer was fabricated into a functioning cell with an active area of 0.25 cm2 and a power conversion efficiency of 3.5%. The binder-free formulation resulted in a reduced processing temperature of 250 &#176;C, compatible with flexible polyamide substrates which are stable up to temperatures of 350 &#730;C. The authors are continuing to develop this process route by investigating inkjet printing of other layers within dye sensitized solar cells.

This paper investigates the suitability of inkjet printing for the manufacturing of dye-sensitized solar cells. A binder-free TiO2 nanoparticle ink was formulated and printed onto a FTO glass substrate. The printed layer was fabricated into a cell with an active area of 0.25 cm2 and an efficiency of 3.5%.

钛白粉用于染料敏化太阳能电池的数码印刷

Silicon solar cell manufacturing is an expensive and high energy consuming process. In contrast, dye sensitized solar cell production is less ...

Morphology Control for Fully Printable Organic&#8211;Inorganic Bulk-heterojunction Solar Cells Based on a Ti-alkoxide and Semiconducting Polymer

The photoactive layer of a typical organic thin-film bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) solar cell commonly uses fullerene derivatives as the electron-accepting material. However, fullerene derivatives are air-sensitive; therefore, air-stable material is needed as an alternative. In the present study, we propose and describe the properties of Ti-alkoxide as an alternative electron-accepting material to fullerene derivatives to create highly air-stable BHJ solar cells. It is well-known that controlling the morphology in the photoactive layer, which is constructed with fullerene derivatives as the electron acceptor, is important for obtaining a high overall efficiency through the solvent method. The conventional solvent method is useful for high-solubility materials, such as fullerene derivatives. However, for Ti-alkoxides, the conventional solvent method is insufficient, because they only dissolve in specific solvents. Here, we demonstrate a new approach to morphology control that uses the molecular bulkiness of Ti-alkoxides without the conventional solvent method. That is, this method is one approach to obtain highly efficient, air-stable, organic-inorganic bulk-heterojunction solar cells.

A method for fully printable, fullerene-free, highly air-stable, bulk-heterojunction solar cells based on Ti alkoxides as the electron acceptor and the electron-donating polymer fabrication is described here. Moreover, a method for controlling the morphology of the photoactive layer through the molecular bulkiness of the Ti-alkoxide units is reported.

基于一个钛醇盐和半导体聚合物为全可印刷有机 - 无机批量异质结太阳能电池形貌控制

The photoactive layer of a typical organic thin-film bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) solar cell commonly uses fullerene derivatives as the electron-accepting ...

In Situ Monitoring of the Accelerated Performance Degradation of Solar Cells and Modules: A Case Study for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Solar Cells

The levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of photovoltaic (PV) systems is determined by, among other factors, the PV module reliability. Better prediction of degradation mechanisms and prevention of module field failure can consequently decrease investment risks as well as increase the electricity yield. An improved knowledge level can for these reasons significantly decrease the total costs of PV electricity. 
In order to better understand and minimize the degradation of PV modules, the occurring degradation mechanisms and conditions should be identified. This should preferably happen under combined stresses, since modules in the field are also simultaneously exposed to multiple stress factors. Therefore, two 'Combined Stress test with in situ measurement' setups have been designed and constructed. These setups allow the simultaneous use of humidity, temperature, illumination, and electrical biases as independently controlled stress factors on solar cells and minimodules. The setups also allow real-time monitoring of the electrical properties of these samples. This protocol presents these setups and describes the experimental possibilities. Moreover, results obtained with these setups are also presented: various examples about the influence of both deposition and degradation conditions on the stability of thin film Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) as well as Cu2ZnSnSe4 (CZTS) solar cells are described. Results on the temperature dependency of CIGS solar cells are also presented.

In Situ Monitoring of the Accelerated Performance Degradation of Solar Cells and Modules: A Case Study for CuIn,GaSe2 Solar Cells

Two &#39;Combined Stress test with in situ measurement&#39; setups, which allow real-time monitoring of accelerated degradation of solar cells and modules, were designed and constructed. These setups allow the simultaneous use of humidity, temperature, electrical biases, and illumination as independently controlled stress factors. The setups and various experiments executed are presented.

就地太阳能电池和模块加速性能退化的监测: 铜 (in, Ga) Se2太阳能电池的实例研究

The levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of photovoltaic (PV) systems is determined by, among other factors, the PV module reliability. Better prediction ...

Developing High Performance GaP/Si Heterojunction Solar Cells

To improve the efficiency of Si-based solar cells beyond their Shockley-Queisser limit, the optimal path is to integrate them with III-V-based solar cells. In this work, we present high performance GaP/Si heterojunction solar cells with a high Si minority-carrier lifetime and high crystal quality of epitaxial GaP layers. It is shown that by applying phosphorus (P)-diffusion layers into the Si substrate and a SiNx layer, the Si minority-carrier lifetime can be well-maintained during the GaP growth in the molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). By controlling the growth conditions, the high crystal quality of GaP was grown on the P-rich Si surface. The film quality is characterized by atomic force microscopy and high-resolution x-ray diffraction. In addition, MoOx was implemented as a hole-selective contact that led to a significant increase in the short-circuit current density. The achieved high device performance of the GaP/Si heterojunction solar cells establishes a path for further enhancement of the performance of Si-based photovoltaic devices.

Here, we present a protocol to develop high-performance GaP/Si heterojunction solar cells with a high Si minority-carrier lifetime.

研制高性能的 gap-硅异构太阳能电池

To improve the efficiency of Si-based solar cells beyond their Shockley-Queisser limit, the optimal path is to integrate them with III-V-based solar ...