Name: method to produce durable pellets at lower energy consumption using high moisture corn stover and a corn starch binder in a flat die pellet mill
Uploaded: 2016-06-15T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 8 min 52 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Method to Produce Durable Pellets at Lower Energy Consumption Using High Moisture Corn Stover and a Corn Starch Binder in a Flat Die Pellet Mill at JoVE.com

The authors would like to acknowledge Matt Dee for supporting the experimental work, Matthew Anderson and Rod Shurtliff for instrumenting the pellet mill. This work was supported by the Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy under the Department of Energy Idaho Operations Office Contract DE-AC07-05ID14517. Accordingly, the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the U.S. government retains a nonexclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, worldwide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this manuscript, or allow others to do so, for U.S. government purposes.

注:玉米秸秆包从位于美国爱荷华州农业农场包的形式进行采购。采购的包分两个阶段依次接地。在阶段1中，玉米秸秆包被用装有50.8毫米筛研磨机。在第2阶段，从第一阶段的地面材料是通过用装有4.8毫米屏幕布利斯锤磨机进一步研磨。该材料被测试为水分含量和堆积密度和存储在用于进一步造粒测试气密容器。纯玉米淀粉是从本地市场采购和对水分含量和堆积密度测定。的含水量和磨碎的玉米秸秆，玉米淀粉粘合剂的堆积密度给出表1中 。 <img alt="表格1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54092/54092table1.jpg" /> 表1水分含量和磨碎的玉米秸秆，玉米淀粉粘合剂的堆积密度。 1.制粒机&lt;/ P&gt; <ol><li>使用配有10马力电机用于进行制粒测试（ 图1）21,28,38实验室规模的平模制粒机。 </li></ol><img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54092/54092fig1.jpg" /> 图1.在爱达荷国家实验室实验室规模的平模制粒机的示意图（改编自Tumuluru 21）。平模制粒机采用有和无粘结剂除进行高水分玉米秸秆制粒测试。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54092/54092fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击这里查看一个更大的版本这个数字。</a> <ol start="2"><li>放置柔性加热胶带料斗和螺旋加料器的表面上，然后用玻璃棉隔热它们，以防止热损失。加热胶带连接到温度控制器预热的生物质至希望的温度在响30-130℃，即</li><li>装备有可变频率驱动器（VFD）的制粒机。连接制粒机的制粒机马达的变频器。馈线马达控制器是一个直流电动机控制器，以改变进料速率来制粒机。 </li><li>功率计连接到制粒机电动机来记录的功耗。手动选择颗粒用8毫米直径的孔和一个长径（L / D）的2.6比死亡。 </li><li>水平颗粒冷却器添加到制粒机冷却温暖的小球出来的颗粒模具。连接到排气系统冷却器循环新鲜空气。 </li></ol> 2.原料准备<ol><li>采用了4.8毫米的筛子需要2-3公斤的玉米秸秆地面。测量玉米秸秆的水分含量（参见步骤4.1）和堆积密度（参见步骤4.3）（ 见表2）。 </li><li>测量水分含量（见步骤4.1）和堆积密度（参见步骤4.3）纯（100％）的玉米淀粉粘合剂的从当地市场采购。 </li><li>加入玉米淀粉粘合剂在地上的玉米秸秆（见 表2％粘合剂添加） </li><li>计算水的添加量来调节地面的玉米秸秆和玉米淀粉的粘合剂混合料的水分含量至33，36和39使用等式1％（WB）。 <img alt="式（1）" src="/files/ftp_upload/54092/54092eq1.jpg" /> = <img alt="公式（2）" src="/files/ftp_upload/54092/54092eq2.jpg" /> （1） 注:在等式1中，W w是重量的水（G）中，W s是重生物样品（g）中，M F的:将样品（WB）的百分比的最终水分含量，以及M I:％的初始含水量样品（WB％）。 </li><li>计算出的水添加到玉米秸秆/玉米淀粉粘合剂混合，并在实验室规模的螺条混合器混合它。 </li><li>存储的水分调整玉米秸秆/玉米淀粉混合物在密封容器中，并将其放置在设定为冰箱4-5℃下，以允许水分达到平衡。 </li></ol> 3.高水分制粒<ol><li>取玉米秸秆/玉米淀粉混合出冰箱并使其保持在室温下放置约1-2小时以使其室温。 </li><li>装载物料进入制粒机的进料斗。在60赫兹（380 RPM）运行制粒机死亡的速度。 </li><li>通过调整制粒机的进料速率，以产生一个稳定的状态条件粒料均匀饲料制粒机。酷水平颗粒冷却器颗粒。 </li><li>使用6.3毫米筛在制粒过程中产生独立的罚款。 注:冷却21之后测量粒料的水分含量和耐久性。 </li><li>干燥在实验室烘箱中冷却高湿度粒料在70℃下3-4小时，以粒料的最终水分含量降低至低于9％（WB）。 注:测量粒料的水分含量，堆积密度，和硬膜干燥的粒料21的相容性。 </li><li>在制粒过程记录功率数据到计算机。 注: 见表2造粒试验条件和图2为在33，36和39％的水分含量和4％玉米淀粉粘合剂除了产生粒料。 </li></ol><img alt="表格1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54092/54092table2.jpg" /> 在本研究中使用表2实验测试条件。 <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/54092/54092fig2.jpg" /> 图2.照片在不同的原料水分含量4％的玉米淀粉粘合剂生产的玉米秸秆颗粒。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54092/54092fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 4.颗粒性质和具体能源消耗注:ASABE标准42被用于测量原料和颗粒物料的水分含量，密度，耐久性和百分之罚款。 <ol><li>放置约25-50克地面和颗粒玉米秸秆样品在烘箱24小时设定在105℃的实验室。干燥前后称量样品。使用等式2.进行实验以一式三份计算的水分含量。 <img alt="公式3" src="/files/ftp_upload/54092/54092eq3.jpg" /> （2） </li><li>采取单一的颗粒和平滑都与砂砾实用布的两端。测量用游标卡尺颗粒直径。计算使用等式3 28粒料的膨胀率。测量十个粒料的直径。 扩展比= <img alt="公式4" src="/files/ftp_upload/54092/54092eq4.jpg" /> （3） 注:在式3中，D是粒料挤出（毫米）的直径，d是<html>模具（毫米）的直径。 </li><li>使用一个有机玻璃圆筒155毫米的高度和直径为120毫米。倾粒料进入气缸直到溢出，并用直边平的顶面。称重与材料的圆筒。由气缸的体积除以气缸的重量计算松密度。重复实验三次。 </li><li>手用6.3毫米的筛子筛沉淀物质。权衡已经通过筛的材料。计算公式使用4百分比的罚款。 罚款百分比= <img alt="公式5" src="/files/ftp_upload/54092/54092eq5.jpg" /> ×100（4） </li><li>放置无细粉约500克粒料到粒料耐久性试验机的各个隔室。翻滚，在50转/分的粒料10分钟。使用6.3毫米的筛子筛倒塌的材料。使用方程5来计算粒料的百分之耐久性。 耐久性=tp_upload / 54092 / 54092eq6.jpg"/&gt;×100（5） 注:绿色耐久性是冷却后测定该颗粒的耐用性，和固化耐久性是在70℃下3小时干燥该粒料后测得的耐久性。 </li><li>登录使用数据记录软件制粒机的功耗。通过运行制粒机在60赫兹模速度空记录制粒机的空载功率（千瓦）的数据。使用方程6来计算具体的能源消耗（SEC）。 <img alt="公式7" src="/files/ftp_upload/54092/54092eq7.jpg" /> （6） </li></ol>

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在高水分制粒方法在较低的能量消耗，以产生具有所需耐久性粒料的关键步骤是:1）干燥该高水分玉米秸秆到所需的水分含量（33-39％，WB），2）。％的粘合剂添加3）均匀饲喂高水分生物质转化成制粒机。原料的水分和百分之粘合剂是（冷却干燥之前和之后的密度和颗粒的耐久性）的影响粒料性质过程变量和制粒过程的具体能耗。建议它用于造粒的研究之前测试原料的水分含量。在33，36和39％（WB）均匀地对制颗粒机的高水分玉米秸秆喂养对质量和能源消耗产生影响。修改所述制粒机进料器具有可变频率驱动器是必要的，以均匀地供给生物质的制粒机。 从结果本研究表明，添加粘合剂的高水分玉米秸秆确实降低粒料的堆积密度轻微，但显著改善了耐久性。添加基于粘合剂的淀粉增加在压缩和挤出后的颗粒中的水分含量，但增加被发现，但是在几乎所有的情况下统计学上显著了研究。湿气的造粒过程中的损失是在加入4％的粘合剂的约3％至4％，而这是高（7-8％，WB）无粘合剂。添加了粘合剂的玉米秸秆的可能具有1）减小的材料的停留时间在模具和2）降低了摩擦阻力的模具中，从而减少模具温度，这可能会导致压缩过程中水分流失少和挤压在沉淀中死去。 有增加颗粒直径将其从粒料模头挤出，并干燥（ 图4）之后。这一增长很大呃在较高的原料的水分含量，并与淀粉粘结剂加入。粒料的堆积密度在510-530千克/米3 33％（WB）的原料的水分含量与无粘合剂的范围内。先前的研究已经表明，约38％（WB）导致较低的堆积密度，主要由于颗粒的膨胀更高的原料的水分含量，因为它们的出口通过管芯21,28。它是一个普遍的现象是，当高湿度的生物量材料通过模头压力下挤出它导致湿气闪蒸12,21。湿气闪蒸让位给颗粒的扩张，既在轴向和径向方向。在一般情况下，相比于轴向膨胀径向膨胀是比较突出的。另一个原因压缩和挤压通过粒料模后的生物质的膨胀行为可能是生物质纤维中的水分的存在下放松。 Ndiema 等人 45和摩尼等人 18表明在压缩生物质的松弛模的结果所施加压力的那个版本。松弛特性取决于许多因素，如颗​​粒尺寸，原料的水分含量和施加压力。此外，在该研究中，我们已观察到干燥后的堆积密度的增加，这可能是由于可能已经保持了粒子接近并产生一个开较少结构更少的颗粒间的液体桥。 Oginni 45观察到地面火炬松的堆积密度增加的水分含量降低。 粒料的耐久性进行测定，以了解粒料的强度。通常，粒料受到剪切和储藏，运输时的冲击阻力，并且在搬运过程4,46。 Kaliyan和莫雷47建议后生产（绿色强度）立即产生颗粒的耐久性比都不同所生产后（固化强度）储存了几天的颗粒rability。具有较低的耐用性值粒料打破和增加的存储问题，诸如抽气和自燃可能导致对于球团制造商的收入损失的风险。根据欧洲标准化委员会（CEN）和美国丸燃料协会（PFI）耐久性的推荐值是&gt; 96.5％的高品质和特级颗粒31。在这项研究中，当在39％的水分含量与淀粉粘结剂沉淀相比没有粘合剂，在的83-85％的干燥后的范围内有耐久性值进行粒料耐久性值提高到约94-95％。在33％制得的颗粒（WB）的原料水分含量有耐久值&gt; 96.5％，符合国际标准。 水分生物质造粒过程中有不同的功能，包括:1之间）固桥形成生物质颗粒由于范德华力，2）活化天然粘合剂如蛋白质，淀粉和木质素中存在的生物量，和3）促进淀粉和蛋白质像糊化和变性基于反应了对纹理特性有很大的影响，如硬度4-12。在木质纤维素生物质的情况下，主结合剂是木质素（木质生物:27-33％，草本生物质:12-16％）4。在玉米秸秆木质素含量进行了测定的基础上构成的数据进行审查，包括文献来源和原料数据库48以平均16％左右。木质素分子，其具有较高的水分含量更高的迁移率，作为粘合剂，并导致结合更强;然而，在非常高的水平的水分会更像导致更少的结合润滑剂。在本研究中，以约39％的非常高的水分含量（WB）的水分可能作用更像润滑剂和导致低耐久性的第二多细粒产生在沉淀中的生产过程。通过加入粘合剂以36和39％（WB）较高的原料的水分含量，这可以通过淀粉糊化在模头温度和原料的水分含量的存在而导致观察更高的耐久性的值。这些胶凝反应可导致形成淀粉交联的与其它生物质组分。 在制粒过程中产生的百分之细粒是如何生物质将形成粒料的良好指标。在制粒过程导致的产品和收入损失颗粒生产细颗粒的生成。在造粒过程中过度微细代也可对质量产生影响的属性，如密度和耐用性。在粒料生产过程中的细粒产生由生物质组合物（ 即 ，淀粉，蛋白质，木质素和蜡），制粒机过程变量的影响&lt;青霉&gt;即，长度与直径比（L / D比），模具的旋转速度，蒸汽条件，预热），和原料的变量（ 即 ，原料的水分含量，颗粒尺寸和进料速率）4。目前的结果表明，在加入粘合剂不仅降低产生的微粒的百分比，也有助于改善的物理性能，同时降低了具体的能耗。产生的低百分之细粒表明生物量具有更大的pelletability。 Tumuluru 等人 4在其上合适的，使生物量成商品类型的产品的致密化系统审查表明，添加粘合剂有助于降低挤出能量，这导致降低了具体的能耗。通常情况下，长度与直径（L / D）比率控制在模具中的材料的停留时间，并帮助生物量的结合。另外，L / D比控制挤出能量和特定FIC能耗。较高的L / D比增加了停留时间，这改善了颗粒的物理性质，但会增加所需的能量为挤出。添加了粘合剂的生物质可以帮助生物量在较低的L / D比结合并降低挤压能量。在这项研究中，被选定的恒定长度对直径（L / D）的（2.6）的比例。未来研究的目的是了解的粒料模的L / D比及与上颗粒质量属性的原料水分相互作用的影响。 在位于INL和相关的技术经济分析，从生物质全国用户设备获得的生物量预处理（研磨，干燥造粒）（https://www.inl.gov/bfnuf/）实验数据表明，从30 - 生物质干燥10％（WB）消耗了大量的能量（未公布的数据）。在INL开发的高水分制粒过程可以帮助减少颗粒生产成本相比传统的小球制作方法24。本研究表明，加入基于淀粉的粘合剂高水分制粒过程改善粒料到&gt; 92％的耐久性在36和39％（WB）的原料的水分含量在冷却后，它也减少了特定能量由约20-40％的制粒过程的消耗。在较高的原料的水分制成粒料的更大的耐用性值是重要的，因为它们可以由传送带有效地处理。典型的低耐久性粒料处理和存储，这导致对粒料生产者收入损失期间弄碎罚款。此外，在过程中产生的细粉可导致安全危害像自燃和关闭脱气28,41。由约20-40％使用粘合剂超过了粘合剂的成本比能降低。此外，基于这项研究，我们可以得出结论，一些副产品从食品加工工业的可用于生物质制粒对生物能源的应用。目前，高水分制粒过程，使用实验室规模的平模制粒机证实。此处所描述的实验室规模的制粒机的协议将用于开发规模化的模式和在中试规模及工业规模的制粒机测试过程的基础。

生物质是世界上主要的能源之一，被认为是碳中性1。打包和地面农业生物质和插话木质生物质的堆积密度低。打包生物质的低堆积密度（130-160千克/米3），地上生物量（60-80千克/米3），并插话木质生物质（200-250千克/米3）创建存储，运输和处理的问题2， 3。致密化或通过使用压力和温度压缩地上生物量增加了约5至7倍的堆积密度，并有助于克服4运输和储存的限制。制粒机，压块机，和螺杆挤出机是通常用于生物质4致密系统。 在打包和颗粒物质原料盈亏平衡运输距离分析表明，颗粒可以比使用相同的成本5卡车包运往更远的1.6倍。交通艾菲粒料ciencies与其他运输方式如铁路增加，因为它是体积限定相比于由重量限定的卡车。目前，在欧洲从木质生物质产生的丸粒被广泛用于生物发电。加拿大和美国是主要生产国和木屑颗粒欧6的供应商。从两个木本和草本生物质制造的粒料可同时用于热化学（共焙烧，气化和热解）和生化转化（乙醇）的应用7-9。 粒料的质量（密度和耐用性）和制粒过程的具体能耗都依赖于制粒机过程变量，如模头直径，模具速度和长度的管芯和进料的变量，例如原料水分含量的直径比和组成4。既制粒机过程变量和原料变量影响颗粒的质量，并在过程中使用的特定的能量。模具尺寸（ 即 ，长度与直径之比）会影响压缩和挤压压力，模头旋转速度控制模具内的材料的停留时间。水分含量的原料变量，起着通过与生物质组合物组分（ 即 ，蛋白质，淀粉和木质素）由于高的温度和压力在模具中遇到的相互作用中起重要作用。水分的存在增加了范德华力，从而增加了生物质颗粒10之间的吸引力。在一般情况下，在生物质的影响的压缩产品的堆积密度由于径向和横向膨胀较高的水分在其离开制粒机或压块机模10。生物质组合物，如淀粉，蛋白质，木质素和其它水溶性碳水化合物，影响当经受压力的结合行为第二温度致密化设备11。一些由原料水分，模头温度和压力的影响的常见组合物的反应是淀粉糊化，蛋白质变性和木质素的玻璃化转变。通常，在食品和饲料100℃以上，大于30％的原料的水分含量，淀粉的温度下被胶化和影响纹理特性像硬度12。典型地，淀粉反应是糊化，粘贴和回生。在这些反应中，糊化对颗粒特性13的影响最大。淀粉通常包含在食品和非食品应用中作为粘合剂。例如，在药物片剂制剂使用淀粉作为填料4,14。蛋白质在生物量经历变性并形成由于高的温度和压力中的致密化过程11经历复杂键。在一般情况下，高的在生物量的蛋白质支架，将导致更持久的粒料15,16。例如，苜蓿，具有较高量的蛋白质，导致在较高的原料的水分含量耐用粒料。在生物质中的脂肪制粒或压块11,17中降低了摩擦力和能量挤压。在木质纤维素生物质，植物材料中的木质素的存在有助于形成粒料不添加任何粘合剂18。木质生物质具有相比于草本生物量，这通常由12-16％的木质素4,19的木质素含量较高（29-33％）。以约10-12％低的原料的水分含量（WB），木质素的玻璃化转变温度大于140℃20;然而，增加的水分含量降低了玻璃化转变温度21。根据Lehtikangas 22，在8-15％（WB）的水分含量木质素的玻璃化转变温度为约100-135℃，卜吨增加水分含量&gt; 25％（WB）降低了玻璃化转变温度为&lt;90℃。 草本生物量可根据实际的收获方法和收获时水分含量较高。在单通收获方法的情况下，收获的材料将具有水分含量&gt; 30％（WB）23。生物质通常干燥至约10％（WB）的水分含量，使其需氧稳定和防止在储存期间干物质损失。拉默斯等人 24表示，在30％含水量的预处理生物质为研磨（阶段1和2）和干燥的总成本大约为43.60 $ /干吨，约$ 15.00 /干吨仅仅是干燥的生物质。干燥生物量取总预处理能量的约65％，和造粒约需8-9％24。扬西等人 25已经证实的事实，干燥是在生物质preproce的能源消费大国ssing。实验数据和技术经济分析表明，高效水分管理是减少生物量预处理成本的关键。以更有效地降低干燥成本和管理，原料的水分的一种方法是使用偶联用低温干燥法的高水分制粒过程。在爱达荷国家实验室研制的高水分制粒过程中，生物质在水分含量大于28％（WB）制粒;所产生的部分干燥的丸粒，其仍然在含水量高，可以在高效节能干燥器，如谷粒或带式干燥机21进行干燥。高水分制粒的一个主要优点是，它有助于降低干燥成本，这在减少总颗粒生产成本又导致。技术经济分析表明，能量和生产成本是由约40-50％使用高水分制粒过程相比常规造粒方法24,26降低。该少校或理由降低粒料生产成本是由于替换在高温下的160至180℃与在约80℃或更低21较低的温度下操作的谷物干燥机操作的旋转干燥器。用皮带或谷物干燥机更换旋转干燥器的另一优点是:1）更高的效率，2）减少火灾危险，3）不需要高质量热量，4）减少挥发性有机化合物（VOC）的排放量，5）减少微粒排放，以及6）不附聚高粘土或粘性的生物质27。在常规制粒能源密集型蒸汽调节步骤，通常用于补充水分和激活一些生物质组分的，被替换为一个短的预热步骤。此步骤有助于降低该原料的水分含量以及激活生物质组分像木质素。在颗粒芯片开发的摩擦热也帮助了约5-8％（WB）21,28减少原料水分含量。在高米oisture制粒过程中，制粒机不仅压缩生物量，而且也有助于降低压缩和挤压过程中的含水量。许多研究人员都在使用单，化验了广泛的水分含量（7-45％，WB）做原料和化学预处理的生物质制粒实验，中试规模环模和商业连续造粒系统10,25,29-40， （ 佩斯，2015年D.制粒城市固体废物和氨纤维爆炸（AFEX）中试规模的环模制粒机预处理的玉米秸秆，生物燃料部总工程师，生物质能全国用户设施，爱达荷国家实验室（未公布数据）） 。生物质以不同的所需水平的这些研究人员调整原料的水分含量，以理解的水分对颗粒的质量属性的效果。 颗粒质量属性，堆积密度和耐用性，是根据美国标准规格基于颗粒燃料协会（PFI）。然而，根据欧洲标准化委员会（CEN）的耐久性是一个规范性和堆积密度为资料规范41。具有耐久性的值&gt; 96.5％和堆积密度&gt; 640千克/米3粒料被指定为根据PFI标准超高档粒料，而具有耐久性的值&gt; 97.5％的颗粒被指定为具有最高等级粒料。无论是CEN和PFI标准推荐的颗粒直径不同。例如，PFI建议的直径在6.35-7.25毫米范围内，而CEN建议直径为6-25毫米，颗粒长度小于或等于直径41 4倍。较小直径的颗粒（6毫米）是优选的用于传输更长的距离考虑它们具有更高的堆积密度28。对于常规的造粒工艺，建议以沉淀在低水分含量的生物质，以满足这些密度规格Desirable用于输送粒料长距离41。无论CEN和PFI有额外的颗粒等级41。 Tumuluru 28和Tumuluru和康纳40表明在爱达荷国家实验室帮助开发高水分制粒工艺生产的玉米秸秆和木球具有不同质量属性（堆积密度和耐用性）和单位能量消耗使得它们适用于不同的运输和后勤场景。 大多数生物质制粒研究是使用单一的造粒系统完成的。采用连续系统在实验室规模上的生物质制粒的数据是有限的。研究连续造粒系统将是有益的了解像模转速，长度与直径比该制粒过程变量的影响，并在质量属性和单位能量消耗模头直径。在连续系统中的造粒数据可以进一步用于SC强麦这一进程试点和商用规模的系统。在一般情况下，一台模制粒机被用于在实验室4进行关于木本和草本生物质制粒研究。实验室规模平模，导频，以及商业规模环模制粒机的工作原理是类似的。所有这些制粒机的具有两个或三个辊的带孔硬钢模。由模具旋转时，辊子上的原料施加的力，并迫使它通过模具的孔眼以形成致密化的柱4。 我们先前上没有任何粘结剂添加28-38％（WB）的原料水分含量的玉米秸秆的高水分制粒研究导致在较高的原料水分含量较低21,28耐久值。冷却和干燥后改善高水分粒料的耐久性是重要的，因为它有助于防止在处理过程中的小球（球团质量的损失）的解体，STO愤怒和运输。颗粒的崩解通常会导致罚款一代和收入的损失颗粒的生产商。粘合剂通常在造粒过程中使用，以提高粒料的质量，特别是耐久性，并减少具体能耗。在制粒过程常用的天然粘合剂是蛋白质和淀粉4,28。淀粉经历糊化，而蛋白在热，潮湿和压力的情况下发生变性。这两个反应导致在更低的能耗更好的结合，更耐用粒料。本研究的总体目标是开发和使用的玉米秸秆与添加粘合剂表现出高水分制粒过程在一个较低的，以产生在绿色耐久性方面（冷却后）良好质量颗粒和固化耐久性（干燥后）具体能耗。这项研究的具体目标是:1）进行玉米ST的高水分制粒过在不同的原料的水分含量（33，36，和39％，WB）和淀粉粘合剂含量（0，2，和4％），2）评估的物理性能（粒料的水分含量，粒料直径，膨胀比，体积密度和耐用性（绿色和固化耐久性），和3）评价制粒过程的具体能耗。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Flat die pellet mill</td><td>Colorado Mill Equipment, Canon City, CO, USA</td><td>ECO-10 pellet mill</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Heating tapes</td><td>BriskHeat, Columbus, OH, USA</td><td>Silicon Rubber Heater, Etched foil elements</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Thermocouples</td><td>Watlow, Burnaby, BC, Canada</td><td>J-type</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Variable frequency drive</td><td>Schneider Electric, Palatine, IL, USA</td><td>Altivar 71</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pellet cooler</td><td>Colorado Mill Equipment, Canon City, CO, USA</td><td>CME ECO-HC6&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Data logging software</td><td>National Instruments Corporation, Austin, TX, USA</td><td>Labview software</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Durability tester</td><td>Seedburo Equipment Co., Des Plaines, IL, USA</td><td>Pellet durability tester</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hammer mill&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Bliss Industries&amp;nbsp;</td><td>CME ECO-HC6&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Grinder</td><td>Vermeer</td><td>HG200</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Horizontal mixer</td><td>Colorado Mill Equipment, Canon City, CO, USA</td><td>ECO-RB 500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Blue grit utilty cloth</td><td>3M</td><td>Part No.05107-150J grade</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Insulation materail</td><td>McMaster Carr</td><td>Flexible fiberglass insulation</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Feeder controller</td><td>KB Electornics, INC</td><td>KBIC-DC-MTR direct current motor controller</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dust exhaust system</td><td>Delta</td><td>Model No: 50-763, Serial No: 2010 11OI1415</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vernier calipers</td><td>VWR&amp;reg; Digital Calipers</td><td>Part Number:&amp;nbsp;12777-830</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Binder</td><td>ACH Food Companies Inc., Memphis, TN, USA</td><td>ARGO 100% pure corn starch</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Corn stover</td><td>Harvested in Iowa and procurred in bale form</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

method to produce durable pellets at lower energy consumption using high moisture corn stover and a corn starch binder in a flat die pellet mill

在生产粒料的主要挑战是与干燥的生物量从30％至10％（WB）的水分含量相关的高成本。在爱达荷国家实验室，高水分制粒过程的开发是为了降低干燥成本。在这个过程中的生物质颗粒在比常规方法高的原料的水分含量产生，并且产生的高水分粒料在节能干燥器进一步干燥。这个过程有助于通过约5-10％造粒，这主要是由于在模具开发摩擦热期间，以减少原料中的水分含量。本研究的目的是探讨粘合剂除了如何影响在平模制粒机的高水分制粒过程的颗粒质量和能量消耗。在本研究中，原料的玉米秸秆在33，36，和39％（WB）通过加入0,2，和4％的纯玉米淀粉水分沉淀。所产生的部分干燥的丸粒在人进一步干燥在70℃aboratory烘箱3-4小时，将沉淀的水分降低至低于9％（WB）。高水分和干燥的粒料的物理性质，如堆积密度和耐久性进行了评价。结果表明，增加的粘结剂百分比4％提高粒料的耐久性和由20-40％相比没有粘合剂粒料降低了比能耗。在较高的粘合剂除了（4％），粒化过程中的原料水分的减少是&lt;4％，而减少为约7-8％，无粘合剂。用4％的粘合剂和33％（WB）的原料的水分含量，将干燥的粒料的观察到的堆积密度和耐久性值分别为&gt; 510千克/米3和&gt; 98％，分别与微粒产生的百分减少到&lt;3 ％。

颗粒含水量 生物质的水分含量制粒后减少了约5-8％（WB）。这种降低主要是由于在模具开发摩擦热，和预热温度和高湿度粒料冷却。另外，粘合剂对水分的损失量产生影响。在0％粘结剂，水分损失约为7-8％，这与我们先前的研究21,28同意;然而，在4％的粘合剂，水分的原料造粒期间损失约3-5％（ 图3）。添加至生物质的粘合剂可能充当润滑剂。这可能降低了摩擦阻力，降低了材料的停留时间在模具通道引起的水分损失的减少。在以前的研究中使用红外造粒后死于立即测量温度rmometer（福禄克，型号561，福禄克公司，埃弗里特，华盛顿州，美国）达到约100-110°C 21。增加粘合剂百分比减少水分损失的水分可能已紧密地结合到淀粉颗粒。这进一步在实验室烘箱中在70℃干燥3-4小时过水分含量&lt;9％（WB）的高水分粒料，这些粒料被用于测量像粒料直径，发泡率，堆积密度等物理性能和耐久性。颗粒的水分含量数据的统计分析表明，存在的原料的水分含量和颗粒含水量粘合剂加成（ 表3）的互动效应。对于没有粘合剂和2％的粘合剂小球，增加原料的水分含量引起的粒料的水分含量的增加（Tukey的P &lt;0.05），但这种趋势并不在4％的粘合剂统计学显著（Tukey的P≥0.05; 图3） 。 <p类="jove_content"FO: - together.within页保留="1"&gt; <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/54092/54092fig3.jpg" /> 图3. 在冷却后的原料的水分含量（FMC）和淀粉粘合剂的粒料的水分含量的影响（平均值±1SD; N = 3）。无粘合剂进行造粒的测试导致更高的原料的水分含量损失与用粘合剂进行测试。不同的字母表示采用事后杜克HSD检验（P &lt;0.05）显著差异。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54092/54092fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 颗粒直径 在水分含量有和没有粘合剂添加的33％的颗粒的直径是在8.4-8.7毫米的范围内，冷却后（未示出数据）。增加饲料滴答水分含量至36和39％（WB）与加入粘合剂增加颗粒直径为9.3毫米的最大值（数据未显示）。这些小球在实验室烘箱中进一步干燥在70℃下约3-4小时。干燥导致在约0.3-0.4毫米的颗粒直径的降低。在干燥后直径的减小的主要原因，是由于该颗粒的收缩。有原料的水分含量和粘合剂的添加对粒料直径之间的相互作用的干燥（ 表3）后在统计学上显著效果。在33％的原料的水分含量干燥后的沉淀物的直径是在8.3至8.5毫米的范围内，而原料的水分含量提高到36％或39％的增加的颗粒直径约为8.7毫米（ 图4）。时被使用，因为在测量中高偏差没有粘合剂（Tukey的P &lt;0.05），可能这一增长只有33％和39％之间的统计学显著。 </p&gt; <img alt="图4" src="/files/ftp_upload/54092/54092fig4.jpg" /> 图4的原料的水分含量（FMC）和玉米淀粉粘合剂的粒料直径影响干燥之后（平均值±1SD; N = 10）颗粒直径的增加原料的水分含量和淀粉加入增加。不同的字母表示采用事后杜克HSD检验（P &lt;0.05）显著差异。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54092/54092fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 膨胀率 膨胀比是使用丸粒直径（式3）计算的。膨胀比值冷却相比干燥后后的丸粒均较高（数据未显示）。在没有和有33％的水分含量粘合剂另外，冷却后的膨胀比值是在1.16-1.20的范围内。进一步增加了水分含量至36和没有粘合剂添加的39％增加的膨胀比的值至1.35。干燥粒料具有更低的膨胀比，这主要是由于颗粒的收缩两者截然并横向。在33％的原料的水分含量有和没有粘合剂添加膨胀率值均在1.11-1.07（ 图5）的范围内。原料的水分含量增加至36和39％进一步增大膨胀比值1.10-1.18（ 图5）;不过，相比含水量无粘结剂另外39％（ 表3杜克的P &lt;0.05），这只是统计上的33％显著。粒料的直径和膨胀比的情况下，加入基于淀粉的粘合剂在所有的原料的水分含量增加这些值，但这些差异在统计学上没有显著（杜克的P≥0.05）。干燥后的发泡率结果证实先前的研究，其中，增加原料的水分增加膨胀比，并进一步降低了堆积密度值28的结果。 <img alt="图5" src="/files/ftp_upload/54092/54092fig5.jpg" /> 图5 的原料的水分含量（FMC）和基于淀粉的粘合剂上颗粒的膨胀比的影响干燥后（10）。粒料与不具有和具有粘合剂除了增加原料的水分含量增加的膨胀率。不同的字母表示采用事后杜克HSD检验（P &lt;0.05）显著差异。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54092/54092fig5large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 散装书斋减到用33％的有和无粘合剂的原料的水分含量制成，冷却后测定该颗粒的堆积密度在464-514千克/米3的范围内（未显示数据）。在无粘合剂36和39％的原料的水分含量的堆积密度值均在437-442千克/米3的范围内。在这些原料中的水分含量的堆积密度降低至&lt;400千克/米3添加粘合剂。干燥在实验室烘箱高湿度粒料在70℃下约3小时降低粒料的水分含量至低于9％（WB）。有大约50千克/米3干燥后，在堆积密度值略有增加。干燥后的体积密度的增加可能是由于更少的颗粒间的液体桥，这可能会一直保持粒子与开较少结构更接近。 Oginni 44观察到地面火炬松德的堆积密度折痕与增加水分含量。对于具有33％的有和没有粘合剂添加原料的水分含量制成粒料，该粒料的堆积密度在520-530千克/米3（ 图6）的范围内。在36和39％（WB）较高的原料的水分含量，将干燥的颗粒的堆积密度显著降低至&lt;434千克/米3和&lt;437千克/米3，分别。有原料的水分含量和粘合剂的添加对堆积密度（ 表3）之间的相互作用的统计学显著效果。在一般情况下，堆积密度的增加起始原料的水分含量降低。此外，有一些迹象表明，堆积密度与增加淀粉含量（ 图6）降低。 <img alt="图6" src="/files/ftp_upload/54092/54092fig6.jpg" /> 图6. EF的干燥后的原料的水分含量（FMC）和淀粉粘合剂的粒料的堆积密度FECT（平均值±1SD; N = 3）的33％（WB）和无粘合剂更低的原料的水分含量导致最高的堆积密度。在不同的原料的水分含量加2和4％的粘合剂导致较低的堆积密度值。不同的字母表示采用事后杜克HSD检验（P &lt;0.05）显著差异。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54092/54092fig6large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 耐久性（％） 冷却后 绿色耐久性 图7示出丸粒的冷却后的耐久性（G颖强度）和在70℃下3-4小时（养护强度）在烘箱中干燥后。高水分粒料更高的耐久性的值是所希望的，因为它会在处理和存储由于剪切力和耐冲击性时导致更少的破损。用于方差分析，所述相互作用是原料的水分含量，粘结剂百分比，和干燥（ 表3）之间显著。与增加粘合剂含量冷却增加后的粒料的耐久性值（; Tukey的P &lt;0.05 表3）。在33％（WB）的原料水分含量，无粘结剂耐久性值分别为约87.2％;然而，通过加入一个2和4％的淀粉的粘合剂，耐久性值增加至93.2和96.1％（ 图7）。这种趋势是36和39％（WB）其他原料水分含量相似。无粘合剂的耐久性值分别为80％左右;然而，加入的粘合剂的生物质增加的耐久性的值。耐久性增量缓解至约90％时沉淀用36％的原料的水分含量和4％的淀粉的粘合剂制成。在39％甚至更高的原料的水分含量（WB）的趋势是相似的，但整体耐久性值下降相比，其他原料的水分含量。 <img alt="图7" src="/files/ftp_upload/54092/54092fig7.jpg" /> 图7.在冷却后和干燥后的原料的水分含量（FMC）和淀粉粘合剂的耐久性的影响。（平均值±1SD; N = 3）在33，36和39％（WB）产生的高水分玉米秸秆粒料耐久性值原料的水分含量都在冷却后和干燥后用粘合剂除了增加。不同的字母表示采用事后杜克HSD检验（P &lt;0.05）显著差异。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54092/54092fig7large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> &lt;/ P&gt; 干燥后 固化耐久性 在70℃下3-4小时在实验室烘箱中高水分粒料干燥导致固化的颗粒，由此增加了颗粒的耐久性。在33，36和39％（WB）的原料的水分含量制成粒料的耐久性值增加至&gt; 92％（ 图7）。在33％的原料的水分含量的耐久性值干燥（ 图7）后上升至约98％。这些结果与以前的工作21,28密切配合。使用粘合剂制成颗粒的耐久性值干燥（Tukey的P &lt;0.05）后增加。在33％的原料的水分含量和4％的粘合剂，所观察到的最终耐久性值分别为约98％。这一趋势在36和39％的原料相似水分含量，其中该粘合剂对耐久性的值有积极的影响（Tukey的P &lt;0.05）。在39％的原料的水分含量与粘结剂添加2和4％，则耐久性值升高至约94-95％。 罚款百分比 在本研究中，造粒时产生的百分之细粒是在比例为33％（WB）的原料的水分含量36和39％（WB）较高。加入的粘合剂导致相比没有粘合剂添加（ 图8）测试时，降低在所有的原料的水分含量所产生的百分之细粉。无粘合剂进行造粒的测试表明约11％的最高百分比细粉在39％（WB）的原料的水分含量。加入2和4％的粘合剂的玉米秸秆，降低制粒为33％和36％（WB）相比粒料无粘合剂加入时所产生的百分之细粉。 ŧ在此研究中观察到他最低百分比细粒是在4％的粘合剂加入33％（WB）的原料的水分含量（约3％）。 <img alt="图8" src="/files/ftp_upload/54092/54092fig8.jpg" /> 图8. 影响原料水分含量及淀粉粘合剂从沉淀的材料制成的百分比的罚款 ​​。在33，36和39％（WB）除了粘合剂原料水分含量减少了沉淀的材料的百分比的罚款 ​​。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54092/54092fig8large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 具体的能源消耗 具体能耗通过粘合剂加入（ 图9）的影响。由于没有粘合剂，具体ENERGY在33，36，和39％的原料的水分含量之间118-126千瓦小时/吨。加入2％的粘合剂减少了具体的能耗至约75-94千瓦小时/吨。进一步增加粘合剂百分比4％的比能耗进一步降低至约68-75千瓦时/吨为被测试的所有原料的水分含量。添加粘合剂在2和4％的约20-40％降低了比能耗。 <img alt="图9" src="/files/ftp_upload/54092/54092fig9.jpg" /> 减少了约20-40％并加入2和4％的淀粉图9作用的原料的水分含量和淀粉粘合剂的高水分制粒过程的具体能耗。的高水分玉米秸秆制粒过程的具体能耗基于粘合剂。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54092/54092fig9large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看大versio</a><html>这个数字的n个。 统计分析 统计分析在JMP 10 43完成，一个双向ANOVA用于测定的原料水分含量（33，36，39％）和玉米淀粉粘合剂（0，2，4％）在粒料的水分含量的影响（正= 3），丸粒直径（10），膨胀比（n = 10），和堆积密度（N = 3）。一个三因素ANOVA用于测定的水分含量（33，36，39％），玉米淀粉粘合剂（0，2，4％），和干燥效应（干燥前，干燥后）对耐久性（n = 3的）。残差满足方差分析的假设为正态性和方差齐性。为了满足这些假设，粒料的水分含量用数据提高到4 次方改变。如果ANOVA测试的因素是当p &lt;0.05显著，被用于事后成对比较杜克HSD测试。 帐篷"FO: - together.within页保留="1"&gt; <img alt="表3" src="/files/ftp_upload/54092/54092table3.jpg" /> 表3.基于方差分析（ANOVA）的过程变量的统计意义。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Method to Produce Durable Pellets at Lower Energy Consumption Using High Moisture Corn Stover and a Corn Starch Binder in a Flat Die Pellet Mill at JoVE.com

Method to Produce Durable Pellets at Lower Energy Consumption Using High Moisture Corn Stover and a Corn Starch Binder in a Flat Die Pellet Mill

在这项研究中，一个协议被开发，以产生用在降低的比能耗测试高水分玉米秸秆的扁平模制​​粒机和基于淀粉的粘合剂良好的质量的颗粒。结果表明，加入玉米淀粉粘合剂改善颗粒的耐用性，降低了百分之罚款和减少特定能源消耗。

法生产在降低能耗耐用颗粒使用高水分玉米秸秆和玉米淀粉粘合剂在平模制粒机

A major challenge in the production of pellets is the high cost associated with drying biomass from 30 to 10% (w.b.) moisture content. At Idaho National ...

method-to-produce-durable-pellets-at-lower-energy-consumption-using

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

20.9K 次观看.  Idaho National Laboratory. 在这项研究中，一个协议被开发，以产生用在降低的比能耗测试高水分玉米秸秆的扁平模制​​粒机和基于淀粉的粘合剂良好的质量的颗粒。结果表明，加入玉米淀粉粘合剂改善颗粒的耐用性，降低了百分之罚款和减少特定能源消耗。 

视频: Method to Produce Durable Pellets at Lower Energy Consumption Using High Moisture Corn Stover and a Corn Starch Binder in a Flat Die Pellet Mill

Evaluation of Integrated Anaerobic Digestion and Hydrothermal Carbonization for Bioenergy Production

Lignocellulosic biomass is one of the most abundant yet underutilized renewable energy resources. Both anaerobic digestion (AD) and hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) are promising technologies for bioenergy production from biomass in terms of biogas and HTC biochar, respectively. In this study, the combination of AD and HTC is proposed to increase overall bioenergy production. Wheat straw was anaerobically digested in a novel upflow anaerobic solid state reactor (UASS) in both mesophilic (37 &#176;C) and thermophilic (55 &#176;C) conditions. Wet digested from thermophilic AD was hydrothermally carbonized at 230 &#176;C for 6 hr for HTC biochar production. At thermophilic temperature, the UASS system yields an average of 165 LCH4/kgVS&#160;(VS: volatile solids) and 121 L CH4/kgVS&#160;at mesophilic AD over the continuous operation of 200 days. Meanwhile, 43.4 g of HTC biochar with 29.6 MJ/kgdry_biochar was obtained from HTC of 1 kg digestate (dry basis) from mesophilic AD. The combination of AD and HTC, in this particular set of experiment yield 13.2 MJ of energy per 1 kg of dry wheat straw, which is at least 20% higher than HTC alone and 60.2% higher than AD only.

A novel Upflow Anaerobic Solid State (UASS) reactor was used for biogas production from fibrous feedstock. Digestate from UASS reactor was hydrothermally carbonized into HTC biochar in a pressurized batch reactor. The integration of the two bioenergy concepts was applied in this study to increase overall bioenergy production.

评定一体化厌氧消化和水热碳化对生物能源生产

Lignocellulosic biomass is one of the most abundant yet underutilized renewable energy resources. Both anaerobic digestion (AD) and hydrothermal ...

科研

环境科学

Manufacturing Of Robust Natural Fiber Preforms Utilizing Bacterial Cellulose as Binder

A novel method of manufacturing rigid and robust natural fiber preforms is presented here. This method is based on a papermaking process, whereby loose and short sisal fibers are dispersed into a water suspension containing bacterial cellulose. The fiber and nanocellulose suspension is then filtered (using vacuum or gravity) and the wet filter cake pressed to squeeze out any excess water, followed by a drying step. This will result in the hornification of the bacterial cellulose network, holding the loose natural fibers together.
Our method is specially suited for the manufacturing of rigid and robust preforms of hydrophilic fibers. The porous and hydrophilic nature of such fibers results in significant water uptake, drawing in the bacterial cellulose dispersed in the suspension. The bacterial cellulose will then be filtered against the surface of these fibers, forming a bacterial cellulose coating. When the loose fiber-bacterial cellulose suspension is filtered and dried, the adjacent bacterial cellulose forms a network and hornified to hold the otherwise loose fibers together.
The introduction of bacterial cellulose into the preform resulted in a significant increase of the mechanical properties of the fiber preforms. This can be attributed to the high stiffness and strength of the bacterial cellulose network. With this preform, renewable high performance hierarchical composites can also be manufactured by using conventional composite production methods, such as resin film infusion (RFI) or resin transfer molding (RTM). Here, we also describe the manufacturing of renewable hierarchical composites using double bag vacuum assisted resin infusion.

We present a novel method of manufacturing rigid and robust short natural fiber preforms using a papermaking process. Bacterial cellulose acts simultaneously as the binder for the loose fibers and provides rigidity to the fiber preforms. These preforms can be infused with a resin to produce truly green hierarchical composites.

制造业的鲁棒天然纤维预制体的利用细菌纤维素为粘结剂

A novel method of manufacturing rigid and robust natural fiber preforms is presented here. This method is based on a papermaking process, whereby loose ...

生物工程

Reducing Willow Wood Fuel Emission by Low Temperature Microwave Assisted Hydrothermal Carbonization

Biomass is a sustainable fuel, as its CO2 emissions are reintegrated in biomass growth. However, the inorganic precursors in the biomass cause a negative environmental impact and slag formation. The selected short rotation coppice (SRC) willow wood has a high ash content (<img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/58970/58970eq1.jpg" /> = 1.96%) and, therefore, a high content of emission and slag precursors. Therefore, the reduction of minerals from SRC willow wood by low temperature microwave assisted hydrothermal carbonization (MAHC) at 150 &#176;C, 170 &#176;C, and 185 &#176;C is investigated. An advantage of MAHC over conventional reactors is an even temperature conductance in the reaction medium, as microwaves penetrate the whole reactor volume. This allows a better temperature control and a faster cooldown. Therefore, a succession of depolymerization, transformation and repolymerization reactions can be analyzed effectively. In this study, the analysis of the mass loss, ash content and composition, heating values and molar O/C and H/C ratios of the treated and untreated SCR willow wood showed that the mineral content of the MAHC coal was reduced and the heating value increased. The process water showed a decreasing pH and contained furfural and 5-methylfurfural. A process temperature of 170 &#176;C showed the best combination of energy input and ash component reduction. The MAHC allows a better understanding of the hydrothermal carbonization process, while a large-scale industrial application is unlikely because of the high investment costs.

A protocol for the emission precursor depletion from low quality biomass by low temperature microwave assisted hydrothermal carbonization treatment is presented. This protocol includes the microwave parameters and the analysis of the biocoal product and process water.

低温微波辅助热液碳化降低柳树燃料排放

Biomass is a sustainable fuel, as its CO2 emissions are reintegrated in biomass growth. However, the inorganic precursors in the biomass cause a negative ...

化学

Transformation of Organic Household Leftovers into a Peat Substitute

A two-step procedure is described for the synthesis of a carbon material with a similar composition and properties as peat. The produced hydrochar is made suitable for agricultural applications by removing plant growing inhibitory substances. Wet household waste such as fruit peel, coffee grounds, inedible vegetable parts, or wet lignocellulosic material in general, are treated in presence of water at 215 &#x00B0;C and 21 bar in an autoclave, i.e., by hydrothermal carbonization. All these leftovers have a considerable water content of up to 90 weight % (wt%). Adding water extends the procedure to drier materials such as nutshells or even garden prunings and compostable polymers, i.e., the plastic bag for collection of the leftovers.
Usually, the resulting carbon material, called hydrochar, produces a negative effect on plant growth when added to soil. It is supposed that this effect is caused by adsorbed phytotoxic compounds. A simple post-treatment under inert atmosphere (absence of oxygen) at 275 &#x00B0;C removes these substances. Therefore, the raw hydrochar is placed on a glass frit of a vertical tubular quartz reactor. A nitrogen gas flow is applied in down-flow direction. The tube is heated to the desired temperature by means of a heating mantle for up to one hour.
The success of the thermal treatment is easily quantified by thermogravimetry (TG), carried out in air. A weight loss is determined when the temperature of 275 &#x00B0;C is reached, since volatile content is desorbed. Its amount is reduced in the final material, in comparison to the untreated hydrochar.
The two-step treatment converts household leftovers, including compostable bags employed for their collection, into a carbon material that may serve as plant growth promoter and, at the same time, as a carbon sink for climate change mitigation.

A protocol for hydrothermal carbonization of vegetable food waste in an autoclave is presented, with subsequent dry thermal treatment at 275 &#x00B0;C in a continuous flow reactor desorbing volatile organic substances. The aim is to produce a carbon material suitable as soil amendment product or substrate component.

将有机家庭剩剩食品转化为泥炭替代品

A two-step procedure is described for the synthesis of a carbon material with a similar composition and properties as peat. The produced hydrochar is made ...

Fabrication and Design of Wood-Based High-Performance Composites

Delignified densified wood is a new promising and sustainable material that possesses the potential to replace synthetic materials, such as glass fiber reinforced composites, due to its excellent mechanical properties. Delignified wood, however, is rather fragile in a wet state, which makes handling and shaping challenging. Here we present two fabrication processes, closed-mold densification and vacuum densification, to produce high-performance cellulose composites based on delignified wood, including an assessment of their advantages and limitations. Further, we suggest strategies for how the composites can be re-used or decomposed at the end-of-life cycle. Closed-mold densification has the advantage that no elaborate lab equipment is needed. Simple screw clamps or a press can be used for densification. We recommend this method for small parts with simple geometries and large radii of curvature. Vacuum densification in an open-mold process is suitable for larger objects and complex geometries, including small radii of curvature. Compared to the closed-mold process, the open-mold vacuum approach only needs the manufacture of a single mold cavity.

Delignified densified wood represents a new promising lightweight, high-performance and bio-based material with great potential to partially substitute natural fiber reinforced- or glass fiber reinforced composites in the future. We here present two versatile fabrication routes and demonstrate the possibility to create complex composite parts.

基于木材的高性能复合材料的制造与设计

Delignified densified wood is a new promising and sustainable material that possesses the potential to replace synthetic materials, such as glass fiber ...

工程学

Techniques for the Evolution of Robust Pentose-fermenting Yeast for Bioconversion of Lignocellulose to Ethanol

Lignocellulosic biomass is an abundant, renewable feedstock useful for production of fuel-grade ethanol and other bio-products. Pretreatment and enzyme saccharification processes release sugars that can be fermented by yeast. Traditional industrial yeasts do not ferment xylose (comprising up to 40% of plant sugars) and are not able to function in concentrated hydrolyzates. Concentrated hydrolyzates are needed to support economical ethanol recovery, but they are laden with toxic byproducts generated during pretreatment. While detoxification methods can render hydrolyzates fermentable, they are costly and generate waste disposal liabilities. Here, adaptive evolution and isolation techniques are described and demonstrated to yield derivatives of the native Scheffersomyces stipitis strain NRRL Y-7124 that are able to efficiently convert hydrolyzates to economically recoverable ethanol despite adverse culture conditions. Improved individuals are enriched in an evolving population using multiple selection pressures reliant on natural genetic diversity of the S. stipitis population and mutations induced by exposures to two diverse hydrolyzates, ethanol or UV radiation. Final evolution cultures are dilution plated to harvest predominant isolates, while intermediate populations, frozen in glycerol at various stages of evolution, are enriched on selective media using appropriate stress gradients to recover most promising isolates through dilution plating. Isolates are screened on various hydrolyzate types and ranked using a novel procedure involving dimensionless relative performance index (RPI) transformations of the xylose uptake rate and ethanol yield data. Using the RPI statistical parameter, an overall relative performance average is calculated to rank isolates based on multiple factors, including culture conditions (varying in nutrients and inhibitors) and kinetic characteristics. Through application of these techniques, derivatives of the parent strain had the following improved features in enzyme saccharified hydrolyzates at pH 5-6: reduced initial lag phase preceding growth, reduced diauxic lag during glucose-xylose transition, significantly enhanced fermentation rates, improved ethanol tolerance and accumulation to 40 g/L.

Adaptive evolution and isolation techniques are described and demonstrated to yield derivatives of Scheffersomyces stipitis strain NRRL Y-7124 that are able to rapidly consume hexose and pentose mixed sugars in enzyme saccharified undetoxified hydrolyzates and to accumulate over 40 g/L ethanol.

鲁棒戊糖发酵酵母的木质纤维素生物转化的演进技术乙醇

Lignocellulosic biomass is an abundant, renewable feedstock useful for production of fuel-grade ethanol and other bio-products. Pretreatment and enzyme ...

Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass Residues in a Twin-screw Mixing Reactor

Fast pyrolysis is being increasingly applied in commercial plants worldwide. They run exclusively on woody biomass, which has favorable properties for conversion with fast pyrolysis. In order to increase the synergies of food production and the energetic and/or material use of biomass, it is desirable to utilize residues from agricultural production, e.g., straw. The presented method is suitable for converting such a material on an industrial scale. The main features are presented and an example of mass balances from the conversion of several biomass residues is given. After conversion, fractionated condensation is applied in order to retrieve two condensates &#8212; an organic-rich and an aqueous-rich one. This design prevents the production of fast pyrolysis bio-oil that exhibits phase separation. A two phase bio-oil is to be expected because of the typically high ash content of straw biomass, which promotes the production of water of reaction during conversion.
Both fractionated condensation and the use of biomass with high ash content demand a careful approach for establishing balances. Not all kind of balances are both meaningful and comparable to other results from the literature. Different balancing methods are presented, and the information that can be derived from them is discussed.

A procedure for thermochemical conversion of biomass residues is presented that aims at maximizing the yield of liquid products (fast pyrolysis). It is based on a technology proven on an industrial scale and especially suitable for treating a straw type of biomass.

在双螺杆混炼反应器生物残渣快速热解

Fast pyrolysis is being increasingly applied in commercial plants worldwide. They run exclusively on woody biomass, which has favorable properties for ...

Twin-Screw Extrusion Process to Produce Renewable Fiberboards

A versatile twin-screw extrusion process to provide an efficient thermo-mechano-chemical pre-treatment on lignocellulosic biomass before using it as source of mechanical reinforcement in fully bio-based fiberboards was developed. Various lignocellulosic crop by-products have already been successfully pre-treated through this process, e.g., cereal straws (especially rice), coriander straw, shives from oleaginous flax straw, and bark of both amaranth and sunflower stems.
The extrusion process results in a marked increase in the average fiber aspect ratio, leading to improved mechanical properties of fiberboards. The twin-screw extruder can also be fitted with a filtration module at the end of the barrel. The continuous extraction of various chemicals (e.g., free sugars, hemicelluloses, volatiles from essential oil fractions, etc.) from the lignocellulosic substrate, and the fiber refining can, therefore, be performed simultaneously.
The extruder can also be used for its mixing ability: a natural binder (e.g., Organosolv lignins, protein-based oilcakes, starch, etc.) can be added to the refined fibers at the end of the screw profile. The obtained premix is ready to be molded through hot pressing, with the natural binder contributing to fiberboard cohesion. Such a combined process in a single extruder pass improves the production time, production cost, and may lead to reduction in plant production size. Because all the operations are performed in a single step, fiber morphology is better preserved, thanks to a reduced residence time of the material inside the extruder, resulting in enhanced material performances. Such one-step extrusion operation may be at the origin of a valuable industrial process intensification.
Compared to commercial wood-based materials, these fully bio-based fiberboards do not emit any formaldehyde, and they could find various applications, e.g., intermediate containers, furniture, domestic flooring, shelving, general construction, etc.

A versatile twin-screw extrusion process to provide an efficient thermo-mechano-chemical pretreatment on lignocellulosic biomass was developed, which leads to an increased average fiber aspect ratio. A natural binder can also be added continuously after fiber refining, leading to bio-based fiberboards with improved mechanical properties after hot pressing of the obtained extruded material.

双螺丝挤压工艺，以生产可再生纤维板

A versatile twin-screw extrusion process to provide an efficient thermo-mechano-chemical pre-treatment on lignocellulosic biomass before using it as ...

Film Extrusion of Crambe abyssinica/Wheat Gluten Blends

Crambe abyssinica is a plant with potential for use in industrial (non-food) plant oil production. The side stream from this oil production is a high-protein crambe meal that has limited value, as it is not fit for food or feed use. However, it contains proteins that could potentially make it a suitable raw material for higher-value products. The purpose of this study was to find methods of making this side stream into extruded films, showing that products with a higher value can be produced. The study mainly considered the development of material compositions and methods of preparing and extruding the material. Wheat gluten was added as a supportive protein matrix material, together with glycerol as a plasticizer and urea as a denaturant. The extrudate was evaluated with respect to mechanical (tensile testing) and oxygen barrier properties, and the extrudate structure was revealed visually and by scanning electron microscopy. A denser, more homogeneous material had a lower oxygen transmission rate, higher strength, and higher extensibility. The most homogeneous films were made at an extruder die temperature of 125-130 &#176;C. It is shown here that a film can be extruded with promising mechanical and oxygen barrier properties, the latter especially after a final compression molding step.

Film Extrusion of Crambe abyssinica/Wheat Gluten Blends

The side stream from plant oil production of Crambe abyssinica has limited value. The purpose of this study was to find methods for extruding materials based on this side stream, demonstrating that products with a higher value can be produced. The extrudates were found to have promising properties.

薄膜挤出<em&gt;海甘蓝abyssinica</em&gt; /谷朊粉共混物

Crambe abyssinica is a plant with potential for use in industrial (non-food) plant oil production. The side stream from this oil production is a ...

Forming Micro-and Nano-Plastics from Agricultural Plastic Films for Employment in Fundamental Research Studies

Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) dispersed in agricultural ecosystems can pose a severe threat to biota in soil and nearby waterways. In addition, chemicals such as pesticides adsorbed by NPs can harm soil organisms and potentially enter the food chain. In this context, agriculturally utilized plastics such as plastic mulch films contribute significantly to plastic pollution in agricultural ecosystems. However, most fundamental studies of fate and ecotoxicity employ idealized and poorly representative MP materials, such as polystyrene microspheres.
Therefore, as described herein, we developed a lab-scale multi-step procedure to mechanically form representative MPs and NPs for such studies. The plastic material was prepared from commercially available plastic mulch films of polybutyrate adipate-co-terephthalate (PBAT) that were embrittled through either cryogenic treatment (CRYO) or environmental weathering (W), and from untreated PBAT pellets. The plastic materials were then treated by mechanical milling to form MPs with a size of 46-840 &#181;m, mimicking the abrasion of plastic fragments by wind and mechanical machinery. The MPs were then sieved into several size fractions to enable further analysis. Finally, the 106 &#181;m sieve fraction was subjected to wet grinding to generate NPs of 20-900 nm, a process that mimics the slow size reduction process for terrestrial MPs. The dimensions and the shape for MPs were determined through image analysis of stereomicrographs, and dynamic light scattering (DLS) was employed to assess particle size for NPs. MPs and NPs formed through this process possessed irregular shapes, which is in line with the geometric properties of MPs recovered from agricultural fields. Overall, this size reduction method proved efficient for forming MPs and NPs composed of biodegradable plastics such as polybutylene adipate-co-terephthalate (PBAT), representing mulch materials used for agricultural specialty crop production.

We show the formation and dimensional characterization of micro- and nanoplastics (MPs and NPs, respectively) using a stepwise process of mechanical milling, grinding, and imaging analysis.

法生产在降低能耗耐用颗粒使用高水分玉米秸秆和玉米淀粉粘合剂在平模制粒机

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