The authors would like to acknowledge the support in part from the Ministry of Economic Affairs and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan, via Grants MEA 104-EC-17-A-07-S3-012, MOST 104-2119-M-007-012, and MOST 103-2923-E-007-003-MY3.

注:所有使用的材料是无致癌性，不易燃，并且无毒性。 1.蓝危害自由烛光OLED的制作<ol><li> 干法工艺 <ol><li>取载玻片以与一个125纳米的氧化铟锡（ITO）阳极层被涂覆的基材。洗用的肥皂溶液200毫升（50毫升液体洗涤剂和150毫升的去离子水）的衬底。用去离子水冲洗所述基片。干燥用氮气喷溅喷射基板。 </li><li>穿上载玻片支架上的基片和浸在丙酮溶液中的滑动架中的烧杯中。把烧杯在超声波浴中。超声处理在50℃下在衬底10分钟。 </li><li>与基板在一个烧杯中的异丙醇溶液转移载玻片支架，并在60℃下再超声处理10分钟。 </li><li>取出从烧杯衬底，并把它在UV /臭氧槽10分钟至干燥。彻底清洁表面。 </li><li>打破VACUU通过关闭高真空的阀和打开氮气的阀腔室中的热蒸发器腔的微米。 </li><li>装载在旋转衬底支架上的腔室中的清洁衬底。对于将要沉积的每一层，负载100毫克每个所需的有机物质，3毫克的氟化锂（LiF）和一个224毫克铝（Al）锭到腔室内部的坩埚中。 </li><li>关闭该室的门，并等待5×10 -6乇的高真空。一旦高真空已在腔室内部达到，启动的有机层沉积到具有ITO的基板上。 <ol><li>以0.8-1埃/秒的沉积速率沉积5nm的空穴注入层。 </li><li>在1-1.5埃/秒的沉积速率沉积25nm的传输层。 </li><li>在1-1.5埃/秒的沉积速率沉积30nm的发光层（8重量％的绿色染料，并在20毫克指定主机的掺杂0.85％（重量）的深红色染料）。 </li><li>押金30 N在1-1.5埃/秒的沉积率M电子传输层。 </li><li>在1-1.5埃/秒的沉积速率沉积电子传输共蒸发用电子注入材料构成的20nm的层。 </li><li>在0.3-0.4埃/秒的沉积速率沉积的LiF的1纳米的电子注入层。 </li><li>在10-15埃/秒的沉积速率沉积的Al的100纳米的阴极层。 </li></ol></li><li>关闭电流控制器，并等待在高真空下10分钟。关闭高真空阀门，并打开氮气阀门腔室打破高真空。 </li><li>从腔室向大气移动制造OLED器件，然后在氮气氛下将其与封装机转移到手套箱中。 </li><li>通过使用胶水封装用玻璃制成的顶盖所制造的OLED器件，然后通过将装置在紫外线辐射框110小号干燥的粘合剂。 </li><li>弹出了从封装的OLED器件手套箱并将其转移到暗室进行测量。 </li></ol></li><li> 湿法 <ol><li>通过使用从步骤1.1.2至1.1.4前述清洗程序清洗ITO涂布基材。 </li><li>取的PEDOT的水性溶液:PSS（保存在4℃）以沉积空穴注入层。通过使用一个25毫米直径的过滤器，包括尼龙织物具有0.45微米的孔尺寸过滤在小瓶中的溶液中。 </li><li>在一个小瓶中，制备的3,6-双（4-乙烯基苯基）-9-乙基咔唑（VPEC）30溶解在氯苯溶剂中，在3毫克的比例空穴传输层溶液:1000微升。超声处理在超声浴中30分钟，该溶液中，在小瓶中的超声处理溶液具有由尼龙织物具有0.45μm孔径的15毫米直径的过滤器进行过滤。 </li><li>制备用于发光层的溶液。 <ol><li>取5毫克指定的主机材料和溶解我1000微升:在10毫克比n四氢呋喃（THF）。超声处理在50℃下在主机溶液30分钟。 </li><li>取1毫克所需的每个旅客的材料中的和在1毫克的比例溶解它们的THF:1000微升。超声处理在50℃的旅客的溶液30分钟。 </li><li>过滤分别各溶液在小瓶中与由尼龙织物具有0.45微米的孔尺寸15毫米直径的过滤器。 </li><li>根据给定的重量百分比（黄色染料的3％（重量），橙色染料的6％（重量），和绿色染料的12.5重量％）混合的宾 - 溶液进入宿主的溶液，掺杂的发射层。 </li></ol></li><li>与预清洗衬底的PSS，VPEC，和发光层解决方案一起，并将它们吸取入手套箱:转移PEDOT的小瓶。 </li><li>启动的层涂覆到具有ITO以下列顺序在氮气氛下在衬底:空穴注入层，空穴传输层，以及发光层。 <ol><li>为20秒，每分钟（RPM）4000转PSS:通过旋涂的PEDOT的750微升溶液沉积35nm的空穴注入层。 </li><li>干燥PEDOT:在120℃的PSS层40分钟，以除去残留的溶剂。 </li><li>通过旋涂以3000rpm VPEC的400微升溶液20秒沉积10纳米的空穴传输层。 </li><li>烘烤，在120℃下的层20分钟，以除去残留的溶剂。 </li><li>加热在230℃下的层40分钟用于沉积在发光层30之前发生交联反应。 </li><li>通过旋涂在2500转400微升溶液20分钟沉积20纳米发射层。 </li></ol></li><li>从手套箱中向大气喷射出旋涂衬底并将其转移到热蒸发器腔为层的进一步沉积。通过关闭高真空的阀打破热蒸发器腔的真空，并打开氮气的阀气体至该腔室。 </li><li>装载在旋转衬底支架上的腔室中的衬底。加载45毫克TPBI的，3毫克的LiF和224毫克的Al锭入腔室为将待沉积的层内的坩埚中。沉积层上在以下序列中的发光层的基板。 <ol><li>在1-1.5埃/秒的沉积速率沉积TPBI的32纳米的电子传输层。 </li><li>在0.3-0.4埃/秒的沉积速率沉积的LiF一个为1nm的电子注入层。 </li><li>在10-15埃/秒的沉积速率沉积的Al的100纳米的阴极层。 </li></ol></li><li>关闭电流控制器，并等待10分钟的高真空下。遵循从步骤1.1.8至1.1.11上述程序，完成封装OLED器件。 </li></ol></li><li> 视网膜-允许暴露限值"T"的计算: <ol><li>通过使用藻测量的照明装置的EL光谱ectroradiometer。所得的EL光谱示于图1a。 </li><li>测量在CCT的EL光谱数据（强度对波长）。 </li><li>在EL光谱数据转换为光谱辐射Ëλ（标准化强度与波长）。频谱改变为图1b中所示的格式。 </li><li>使用从蓝色光加权函数的光谱数据用于测量来自光源视网膜危险28（ 即，相对于波长绘制的蓝色光危险函数B（λ））。所得曲线表示在图1c。 </li><li>通过使用对应于各波长的光谱辐射Èλ和蓝危险函数B（λ）计算给定光源的辐射（E B）的值。 </li><li>从上述曲线代入下式放ëλ和B（λ）的值: <imgALT ="公式1"SRC ="/文件/ ftp_upload / 54644 / 54644equation1.jpg"/&gt; .....（1） </li><li>在W M获得E B的数值-2。 </li><li>把E B的值最大允许视网膜接触限值"T"的公式: <img alt="公式（2）" src="/files/ftp_upload/54644/54644equation2.jpg" /> .....（2） </li><li>获得接触限值"T"相对于给定光源的色温。 </li></ol></li><li> 计算抑制褪黑激素的敏感性: <ol><li>通过使用光谱仪测量一个给定的照明装置的EL光谱。所得光谱示于图2a。 </li><li>获取每个量子褪黑素抑制电力，S PQ，从编程的数据29。对于给定的单色光λ，表示在S PQ如下: 小号PQ（λ）= 10（λR-λ）/ C ............。 （3） 小号PQ（λ）相对于波长的值在表1中给出，并且各个图表如图2b所示。 </li><li>使用视觉亮度函数V（λ）至S PQ（λ）转换成每勒克斯的褪黑素抑制功率，S 的LC（λ），以给它一个实际的意义。 V（λ）相对于该波长的值在表2中给出，并且各个图表在图2c中所示。 </li><li>表达相关的褪黑素抑制功率，S 的LC（λ），对于一个多色光，如下:29 高健的（λ）= PQ∫λS（λ）S I（λ）Dλ/∫V（λ）S I（λ）Dλ............... ..（4） </li><li>从a的EL光谱把强度S I（λ）的值相对于给定的光源以S PQ（λ）和V（λ）的值一起的波长的上述式中，计算在S 的LC（λ）如下: 高健的（λ）= <img alt="公式3" src="/files/ftp_upload/54644/54644equation3.jpg" /></li><li>检索小号LC（λ）在光照度的数值-1从上述计算。例如，通过从具有1,940 K的色温定烛光OLED的EL光谱推杆在S I（λ），褪黑激素抑制功率为: 高健的（λ）= 90 LX -1 </li><li>选择的参考光来计算给定光源的相对褪黑激素抑制的灵敏度。参考光可以是460或480纳米的波长。在这里，我们选择了480纳米作为参考光蓝光。 </li><li>计算的基准蓝色光（480纳米）通过使用上述公式在S 的LC（λ）。 LC（480纳米）= 3,445 LX -1 </li><li>除以由S LC（480纳米）的给定光源的S- LC（λ）再乘以100所得的商以获得一个给定的相对于参考蓝色光的光的褪黑素抑制灵敏度的百分比（％）。 相对抑制褪黑激素的敏感性= <img alt="公式4" src="/files/ftp_upload/54644/54644equation4.jpg" /> ×100％......... ....（5） 注意:例如，相对褪黑激素抑制灵敏度= <img alt="公式5" src="/files/ftp_upload/54644/54644equation5.jpg" /> ×100％= 2.61％。因此，给定的烛光的OLED显示的2.61％相对于480纳米的蓝色光的褪黑素抑制的灵敏度。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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Electron. 24, 254-262 (2015).</li><li>Commission International de l’&#201;clairage. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Method of measuring and specifying colour rendering of light sources. , 16 (1995).</li><li>Jou, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+universal,+easy-to-apply+light-quality+index+based+on+natural+light+spectrum+resemblance.">A universal, easy-to-apply light-quality index based on natural light spectrum resemblance.</a> Appl. Phys. Lett. 104, 203304-203309 (2014).</li><li>Jou, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pseudo-natural+light+for+displays+and+lighting.">Pseudo-natural light for displays and lighting.</a> Adv. Optical mater. 3, 95-102 (2015).</li><li>Jou, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Wetprocess+feasible+candlelight+OLED.">Wetprocess feasible candlelight OLED.</a> J. Mater. Cem. C. , (2016).</li><li>Kim, B. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=UV-ozone+surface+treatment+of+indium-tin-oxide+in+organic+light+emitting+diodes.">UV-ozone surface treatment of indium-tin-oxide in organic light emitting diodes.</a> J. Korean Phys. Soc. 50, 1858-1861 (2007).</li><li>Lee, T. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characteristics+of+solution-processed+small-molecule+organic+films+and+light-emitting+diodes+compared+with+their+vacuum-deposited+counterparts.">Characteristics of solution-processed small-molecule organic films and light-emitting diodes compared with their vacuum-deposited counterparts.</a> Adv. Mater. 19 (10), 1625-1630 (2009).</li><li>Duan, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Solution+processable+small+molecules+for+organic+light-emitting+diodes.">Solution processable small molecules for organic light-emitting diodes.</a> J. Mater. Chem. 20, 6392-6407 (2010).</li><li>Kim, S. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Low-power+flexible+organic+light-emitting+diode+display+device.">Low-power flexible organic light-emitting diode display device.</a> Adv. Mater. 23, 3511-3516 (2011).</li><li>Kaake, L. G., Barbara, P. F., Zhu, X. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intrinsic+charge+trapping+in+organic+and+polymeric+semiconductors:+a+physical+chemistry+perspective.">Intrinsic charge trapping in organic and polymeric semiconductors: a physical chemistry perspective.</a> J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 1 (3), 628-635 (2010).</li><li>Yersin, H., Rausch, A. 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We have nothing to disclose.

<html>在OLED器件的制造中最重要的步骤是:1）清洗玻璃基板，2）选择适当的溶剂中，3）溶解的有机材料，4）均匀地形成通过旋涂在湿处理的膜，5 ）控制热蒸发期间的沉积速率和所述有机层的厚度。最初，在清洁的ITO阳极涂覆的基材是至关重要的一步，以实现高效率。玻璃基板与肥皂溶液清洗，以除去油腻斑点或层。然后，它是超声波处理在丙酮中，接着异丙醇，从阳极层根除污垢颗粒。 UV /臭氧...

如今，像LED和CFL照明源被大量用于室内和室外照明，部分节能的原因。然而，这些灯都含有丰富的蓝色发光，显示出较高的倾向，导致蓝危害。 LED和CFL发射带蓝色光富集的光谱，从而导致不可逆的损伤视网膜细胞1，2，3，4。蓝色光或强烈的白光具有高CCT抑制褪黑激素的分泌，一个褪黑素抗肿瘤激素，其可能会破坏昼夜节律5,6和睡眠行为7,8。褪黑激素，对昼夜节律的重要激素，松果体9合成。 24小时光暗Ç期间在黑暗时期观察到的褪黑激素水平高ycle 10。然而，在夜间强光抑制其合成和扰乱昼夜节律11。在夜间由于过度抑制褪黑激素，以明亮的灯光可以为女性乳腺癌12，13，14的一个危险因素。除了这些危害，蓝光中断夜间两栖类的活动，可以威胁到生态保护。另据报道，LED照明在博物馆的褪色梵高和塞尚15，16画油画的实际颜色。 因此，蓝色发光免费和低CCT烛状有机发光二极管（OLED）可以是LED和CFL的良好替代品。蜡烛发射蓝危险 - 自由和低CCT（1914 K）的照明，以及高品质（高显色指数，CRI）的发射光谱。何wever，大部分的电力驱动的照明装置的发射强烈的蓝色光具有比较高CCT。例如，最低的CCT为白炽灯泡约2300 K，而它是3000或5000 K中温或冷白荧光管和LED灯具。到目前为止，低CCT的OLED几乎免费的蓝光发射已经制造了人性化照明。 2012年，柔小组报道了生理上的友好，干处理，单发光层与1773 K的色温和11.9流明/功率效率W¯¯17 OLED。该器件显示出低得多的CCT比白炽灯泡（2300 K）为，而其功率效率并非但从节能点上可接受的。他们报告的另一个干处理烛光式使用双发光层，一个载波调制层18一起OLED。它表现出1970 K的低CCT和24流明/瓦的功率效率。后来，一个干处理OLED自由Of相载体调制层沿着三个发射层报告19。它的功率效率为21〜3流明/瓦和不同的CCT，其中2500ķ介于1900 K。2014年，胡等人。报告了通过中间层，这表明54.6流明/瓦和1,910ķ20低CCT高功率效率分离双发光层的干处理杂交的OLED。近日，柔的研究小组已经制造采用双发光层21高效率的烛光式OLED。它表现出85.4流明的高功率效率/ W和2279 K的色温直到现在，都已经作出努力来开发高效率，通过利用干法工艺和复杂的器件结构17，18低CCT烛光式OLED器件， 19，20，2122。制定与湿法可行性烛光OLED，同时具有低色温，高功率效率和高光的质量是一个挑战。没有研究已发展到描述一给定光源的发射光谱灵敏度相对于蓝色光。光在夜晚的质量可以决定/改进，以尽量减少褪黑激素分泌的抑制。 也有一些报道模型计算抑制量。首先，布雷纳德等。 23和塔潘等。 24报道通过使用单色光的光谱灵敏度。后来，被形容25色光对抑制褪黑激素的影响，26。后者在本研究中采用了，因为大多数市售的灯具或新颖的照明源是多色和跨度在整个可见光范围内（即从深红色至紫色）。 在这项工作中，我们提出全面的协议通过干法和湿法工艺免费蓝危险，烛光OLED的制造。在两种方法中，该装置结构由采用单个发射层无任何载波调制层简化。所制造的OLED的电致发光（EL）谱分析为视网膜暴露限度和褪黑素分泌抑制的水平。发射的光到视网膜的最大暴露极限是通过使用报告由国际电工委员会（IEC）62471标准27,28的理论方面进行计算。最大暴露限制的"T"是通过使用每个OLED的发射光谱在100和500 LX亮度，足以分别家庭和办公室照明，计算。所有相关的计算STEPS在协议部分顺序给出。此外，照明对褪黑素抑制灵敏度的效应由以下褪黑素抑制29的作用光谱的公式计算。的计算由以下中的协议部分中给出的步骤进行。最大暴露限制"t"和褪黑素抑制灵敏度（％）相对于CCT的计算值在表3中给出。

<table><tbody><tr><td>ITO glass</td><td>Lumtech</td><td></td><td>84% transparency</td></tr><tr><td>poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) - poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT/PSS)</td><td>UniRegion Bio-Tech</td><td></td><td>Stored at 4 &amp;deg;C, HOMO (eV) = -4.9, LUMO (eV) = -3.3</td></tr><tr><td>4,4,4-tris(N-carbazolyl)triphenylamine (TCTA)</td><td>E-Ray Optoelectronics Technology co., Ltd</td><td></td><td>Non-toxic, HOMO (eV) = -5.7, LUMO (eV) = -2.3</td></tr><tr><td>tris(2-phenyl-pyridine) (Ir(ppy)&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)</td><td>E-Ray Optoelectronics Technology co., Ltd</td><td></td><td>Non-toxic, HOMO (eV) = -5.6, LUMO (eV) = -3.9</td></tr><tr><td>1,3,5-tris(N-phenylbenzimidazol-2-yl)benzene (TPBi)</td><td>Luminescence Technology corp.</td><td></td><td>Non-toxic, HOMO (eV) = -6.2, LUMO (eV) = -2.7</td></tr><tr><td>iridium(III) bis(4-phenylthieno[3,2-c]pyridinato-N,C 2&amp;rsquo;)acetylacetonate (PO-01)</td><td>Luminescence Technology corp.</td><td></td><td>Non-toxic, HOMO (eV) = -5.1, LUMO (eV) = -2.7</td></tr><tr><td>tris(2-phenylquinoline)iridium(III) (Ir(2-phq)&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)</td><td>E-Ray Optoelectronics</td><td></td><td>Non-toxic, HOMO (eV) = -5.1, LUMO (eV) = -2.8</td></tr><tr><td>LiF</td><td>Echo chemicals</td><td></td><td>99.98%</td></tr><tr><td>Aluminium ingot (Al)</td><td>Guv team International pvt. ltd</td><td></td><td>100.00%</td></tr><tr><td>Acetone</td><td>Echo chemicals</td><td></td><td>99.90%</td></tr><tr><td>2-Propanol</td><td>Echo chemicals</td><td></td><td>99.90%</td></tr><tr><td>Hole-injection material, WHI-001</td><td>WAN HSIANG precision machinery co., Ltd</td><td></td><td>non-toxic, HOMO (eV) = -9.8, LUMO (eV) = -5.6</td></tr><tr><td>Hole-transport material, WHI-215</td><td>WAN HSIANG precision machinery co., Ltd</td><td></td><td>non-toxic, HOMO (eV) = -5.4, LUMO (eV) = -2.5</td></tr><tr><td>host material, WPH-401</td><td>WAN HSIANG precision machinery co., Ltd</td><td></td><td>non-toxic, HOMO (eV) = -5.8, LUMO (eV) = -2.7</td></tr><tr><td>Electron-injection material, WIT-651</td><td>WAN HSIANG precision machinery co., Ltd</td><td></td><td>non-toxic, HOMO (eV) = -5.8, LUMO (eV) = -3.1</td></tr><tr><td>Electron-transpot material, WET-603</td><td>WAN HSIANG precision machinery co., Ltd</td><td></td><td>non-toxic, HOMO (eV) = -5.9, LUMO (eV) = -2.6</td></tr><tr><td>Green dye, WPGD-832</td><td>WAN HSIANG precision machinery co., Ltd</td><td></td><td>non-toxic, HOMO (eV) = -5.8, LUMO (eV) = -3.1</td></tr><tr><td>Deep-red dye, PER 53</td><td>E-Ray Optoelectronics Technology co., Ltd</td><td></td><td>non toxic, HOMO (eV) = -5.1, LUMO (eV) = -2.4</td></tr></tbody></table>

blue-hazard-free candlelight oled

A candlelight-style organic light emitting diode (OLED) is a human-friendly type of lighting because it is blue-hazard-free and has a low correlated color temperature (CCT) illumination. The low CCT lighting is deprived of high-energy blue radiation, and it can be used for a longer duration before causing retinal damage. This work presents the comprehensive protocols for the fabrication of blue-hazard-free candlelight OLEDs. The emission spectrum of the OLED was characterized by the maximum exposure time limit of the retina and the melatonin suppression sensitivity. The devices can be fabricated using dry and wet processes. The dry-processed OLED resulted in a CCT of 1,940 K and exhibited a maximum retinal exposure limit of 1,287 s at a brightness of 500 lx. It showed 2.61% melatonin suppression sensitivity relative to 480 nm blue light. The wet-processed OLED, where the spin coating is used to deposit hole injection, hole transport, and emissive layers, making fabrication fast and economical, produced a CCT of 1,922 K and showed a maximum retinal exposure limit of 7,092 at a brightness of 500 lx. The achieved relative melatonin suppression sensitivity of 1.05% is 86% and 96% less than that of the light emitting diode (LED) and compact fluorescent lamp (CFL), respectively. Wet-processed blue-hazard-free candlelight OLED exhibited a power efficiency of 30 lm/W, which is 2 times that of the incandescent bulb and 300 times that of the candle.

<html>所得烛光OLED的电流 - 电压 - 亮度特性，通过使用静电计用100的亮度计一起测量。发射区9 mm 2的所有所得干燥处理装置和25 平方毫米为湿处理过的器件。这里，我们用125纳米的ITO膜的玻璃基板15Ω/ sq的薄层电阻为阳极。它具有透明度大于84％（ 表4）。所有组成的Al阴极的OLED器件与在正向亮度测量。的EL光谱和委员会国际DE L&#39;Eclairge（CIE）?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Blue-hazard-free Candlelight OLED at JoVE.com

Blue-hazard-free Candlelight OLED

我们提出了一个协议，用于保护眼睛和褪黑激素分泌的自由蓝危险，烛光有机发光二极管（OLED）的制造。

蓝危害自由烛光OLED

A candlelight-style organic light emitting diode (OLED) is a human-friendly type of lighting because it is blue-hazard-free and has a low correlated color ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

9.3K 次观看.  National Tsing Hua University. 我们提出了一个协议，用于保护眼睛和褪黑激素分泌的自由蓝危险，烛光有机发光二极管（OLED）的制造。 

视频: Blue-hazard-free Candlelight OLED

Fluorescent Paper Strips for the Detection of Diesel Adulteration with Smartphone Read-out

Three fluorescent molecular rotors of 4-dimethylamino-4-nitrostilbene (4-DNS) were investigated for their potential use as viscosity probes to indicate the content of kerosene in diesel/kerosene blends, a wide-spread activity to adulterate fuel. In solvents with low viscosity, the dyes rapidly deactivate via a so-called twisted intramolecular charge transfer state, efficiently quenching the fluorescence. Measurements of diesel/kerosene blends revealed a good linear correlation between the decrease in fluorescence and the increase of the fraction of the less viscous kerosene in diesel/kerosene blends. Immobilization of the hydroxy derivative 4-DNS-OH in cellulose paper yielded test strips that preserve the fluorescent indicator&#39;s behavior. Combination of the strips with a reader based on a smartphone and a controlling app allowed to create a simple field test. The method can reliably detect the presence of kerosene in diesel from 7 to 100%, outperforming present standard methods for diesel adulteration.

Here, we present a protocol to detect the adulteration of diesel with kerosene using test strips coated with a fluorescent viscosity probe together with a smartphone-based analysis system.

用智能手机读数检测柴油掺假的荧光纸片

Three fluorescent molecular rotors of 4-dimethylamino-4-nitrostilbene (4-DNS) were investigated for their potential use as viscosity probes to indicate ...

科研

环境科学

Fabrication of White Light-emitting Electrochemical Cells with Stable Emission from Exciplexes

The authors present an approach for fabricating stable white light emission from polymer light-emitting electrochemical cells (PLECs) having an active layer which consists of blue-fluorescent poly(9,9-di-n-dodecylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl) (PFD) and &#960;-conjugated triphenylamine molecules. This white light emission originates from exciplexes formed between PFD and amines in electronically excited states. A device containing PFD, 4,4&#39;,4&#39;&#39;-tris[2-naphthyl(phenyl)amino]triphenylamine (2-TNATA), Poly(ethylene oxide) and K2CF3SO3 showed white light emission with Commission internationale de l&#39;&#233;clairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.33, 0.43) and a Color Rendering Index (CRI) of Ra = 73 at an applied voltage of 3.5 V. Constant voltage measurements showed that the CIE coordinates of (0.27, 0.37), Ra of 67, and the emission color observed immediately after application of a voltage of 5 V were nearly unchanged and stable after 300 sec.

The authors present a method for fabricating stable white-light-emitting electrochemical cells utilizing emission from exciplexes formed between a blue-emitting fluorene polymer and aromatic amines.

白的制造发光电化学细胞与来自激发络合物稳定的发射

The authors present an approach for fabricating stable white light emission from polymer light-emitting electrochemical cells (PLECs) having an active ...

工程学

Scale-up Chemical Synthesis of Thermally-activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters Based on the Dibenzothiophene-S,S-Dioxide Core

We report a procedure to linearly scale-up the synthesis of 2,8-bis(3,6-di-tert-butyl-9H-carbazol-9-yl)dibenzothiophene-S,S-dioxide (compound 4) and 2,8-bis(10H-phenothiazin-10-yl)dibenzothiophene-S,S-dioxide (compound 5) using Buchwald-Hartwig cross-coupling reaction conditions. In addition, we demonstrate a scaled-up synthesis of all non-commercially available starting materials that are required for the amination cross-coupling reaction. In the present article, we provide the detailed synthetic procedures for all of the described compounds, alongside their spectral characterization. This work shows the possibility to produce organic molecules for optoelectronic applications on a large scale, which facilitates their implementation into real world devices.

Scale-up synthesis of highly efficient thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitters is described in the presented article.

基于吩 s-二氧化硫核的热活化延迟荧光发射器的放大化学合成

We report a procedure to linearly scale-up the synthesis of 2,8-bis(3,6-di-tert-butyl-9H-carbazol-9-yl)dibenzothiophene-S,S-dioxide (compound 4) and ...

化学

Time-resolved Photophysical Characterization of Triplet-harvesting Organic Compounds at an Oxygen-free Environment Using an iCCD Camera

Here, we present a sensible method of the acquisition and analysis of time-resolved photoluminescence using an ultrafast iCCD camera. This system enables the acquisition of photoluminescence spectra covering the time regime from nanoseconds up to 0.1 s. This enables us to follow the changes in the intensity (decay) and emission of the spectra over time. Using this method, it is possible to study diverse photophysical phenomena, such as the emission of phosphorescence, and the contributions of prompt and delayed fluorescence in molecules showing thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). Remarkably, all spectra and decays are obtained in a single experiment. This can be done for solids (thin film, powder, crystal) and liquid samples, where the only limitations are the spectral sensitivity of the camera and the excitation wavelength (532 nm, 355 nm, 337 nm, and 266 nm). This technique is, thus, very important when investigating the excited state dynamics in organic emitters for their application in organic light-emitting diodes and other areas where triplet harvesting is of paramount importance. Since triplet states are strongly quenched by oxygen, emitters with efficient TADF luminescence, or those showing room temperature phosphorescence (RTP), must be correctly prepared in order to remove any dissolved oxygen from solutions and films. Otherwise, no long-lived emission will be observed. The method of degassing solid samples as presented in this work is basic and simple, but the degassing of liquid samples creates additional difficulties and is particularly interesting. A method of minimizing solvent loss and changing the sample concentration, while still enabling to remove oxygen in a very efficient and a repeatable manner, is presented in this work.

Here, we present a method of the spectroscopic characterization of organic molecules by means of time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy on the nanosecond-to-millisecond timescale in oxygen-free conditions. Methods to efficiently remove oxygen from the samples and, thus, limit luminescence quenching are also described.

利用 iccd 摄像机对无氧环境下的三重收集有机化合物进行光物理表征

Here, we present a sensible method of the acquisition and analysis of time-resolved photoluminescence using an ultrafast iCCD camera. This system enables ...

Production and Characterization of Vacuum Deposited Organic Light Emitting Diodes

A method for producing simple and efficient thermally-activated delayed fluorescence organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) based on guest-host or exciplex donor-acceptor emitters is presented. With a step-by-step procedure, readers will be able to repeat and produce OLED devices based on simple organic emitters. A patterning procedure allowing the creation of personalized indium tin oxide (ITO) shape is shown. This is followed by the evaporation of all layers, encapsulation and characterization of each individual device. The end goal is to present a procedure that will give the opportunity to repeat the information presented in cited publication but also using different compounds and structures in order to prepare efficient OLEDs.

A protocol for the production of simple structured organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) is presented.

真空沉积有机发光二极管的生产与表征

A method for producing simple and efficient thermally-activated delayed fluorescence organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) based on guest-host or exciplex ...

Enhanced Electron Injection and Exciton Confinement for Pure Blue Quantum-Dot Light-Emitting Diodes by Introducing Partially Oxidized Aluminum Cathode

Stable and efficient red (R), green (G), and blue (B) light sources based on solution-processed quantum dots (QDs) play important roles in next-generation displays and solid-state lighting technologies. The brightness and efficiency of blue QDs-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) remain inferior to their red and green counterparts, due to the inherently unfavorable energy levels of different colors of light. To solve these problems, a device structure should be designed to balance the injection holes and electrons into the emissive QD layer. Herein, through a simple autoxidation strategy, pure blue QD-LEDs which are highly bright and efficient are demonstrated, with a structure of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/Poly-TPD/QDs/Al:Al2O3. The autoxidized Al:Al2O3 cathode can effectively balance the injected charges and enhance radiative recombination without introducing an additional electron transport layer (ETL). As a result, high color-saturated blue QD-LEDs are achieved with a maximum luminance over 13,000 cd m-2, and a maximum current efficiency of 1.15 cd A-1. The easily controlled autoxidation procedure paves the way for achieving high-performance blue QD-LEDs.

A protocol is presented for fabricating high-performance, pure blue ZnCdS/ZnS-based quantum dots light-emitting diodes by employing an autoxidized aluminum cathode.

采用部分氧化铝阴极增强电子注入和激子约束的纯蓝色量子点发光二极管

Stable and efficient red (R), green (G), and blue (B) light sources based on solution-processed quantum dots (QDs) play important roles in next-generation ...

An Electrochemical Cholesteric Liquid Crystalline Device for Quick and Low-Voltage Color Modulation

We demonstrate a method for fabricating a prototype reflective display device that contains cholesteric liquid crystal (LC) as an active component. The cholesteric LC is composed of a nematic LC 4&#39;-pentyloxy-4-cyanobiphenyl (5OCB), redox-responsive chiral dopant (FcD), and a supporting electrolyte 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate (EMIm-OTf). The most important component is FcD. This molecule changes its helical twisting power (HTP) value in response to redox reactions. Therefore, in situ electrochemical redox reactions in the LC mixture allow for the device to change its reflection color in response to electrical stimuli. The LC mixture was introduced, by a capillary action, into a sandwich-type ITO glass cell comprising two glass slides with patterned indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes, one of which was coated with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-co-poly(ethylene glycol) doped with perchlorate (PEDOT+). Upon application of +1.5 V, the reflection color of the device changed from blue (467 nm) to green (485 nm) in 0.4 s. Subsequent application of 0 V made the device recover the original blue color in 2.7 s. This device is characterized by its fastest electrical response and lowest operating voltage among any previously reported cholesteric LC device. This device could pave the way for the development of next generation reflective displays with low energy consumption rates.

A protocol for the fabrication of a reflective cholesteric liquid crystalline display device containing a redox-responsive chiral dopant allowing quick and low-voltage operation is presented.

一种用于快速和低压彩色调制的电化学胆固醇液晶器件

We demonstrate a method for fabricating a prototype reflective display device that contains cholesteric liquid crystal (LC) as an active component. The ...

Development of Efficient OLEDs from Solution Deposition

The use of highly efficient organic emitters based on the thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) concept is interesting due to their 100% internal quantum efficiency. Presented here is a solution deposition method for the fabrication of efficient organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) based on a TADF emitter in a simple device structure. This fast, low-cost, and efficient process can be used for all OLED emissive layers that follow the host-guest concept. The fundamental steps are described along with necessary information for further reproduction. The goal to establish a general protocol that can be easily adapted for principal organic emitters currently under study and development.

Presented here is a protocol for the fabrication of efficient, simple, solution-deposited organic light-emitting diodes with low roll-off.

基于溶液沉积的高效OLED开发

The use of highly efficient organic emitters based on the thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) concept is interesting due to their 100% ...

用于连续 DLP 打印的生物墨水特性的定量表征

Quantitative Characterization of Liquid Photosensitive Bioink Properties for Continuous Digital Light Processing Based Printing

Precise printing fabrication of bioinks is a prerequisite for tissue engineering; the Jacobs working curve is the tool to determine the precise printing parameters of digital light processing (DLP). However, the acquisition of working curves wastes materials and requires high formability of materials, which are not suitable for biomaterials. In addition, the reduction of cell activity due to multiple exposures and the failure of structural formation due to repeated positioning are both unavoidable problems in conventional DLP bioprinting. This work introduces a new method of obtaining the working curve and the improvement process of continuous DLP printing technology based on such a working curve. This method of obtaining the working curve is based on the absorbance and photorheological properties of the biomaterials, which do not depend on the formability of the biomaterials. The continuous DLP printing process, obtained from improving the printing process by analyzing the working curve, increases the printing efficiency more than tenfold and greatly improves the activity and functionality of cells, which is beneficial to the development of tissue engineering.

作者聚焦:基于连续数字光处理的印刷中液体光敏生物墨水特性的定量表征  

This study uses temperature and material composition to control the yield stress properties of yield stress fluids. The solid-like state of the ink can protect the printing structure, and the liquid-like state can continuously fill the printing position, realizing the digital light processing 3D printing of extremely soft bioinks.

基于连续数字光处理的印刷中液体光敏生物墨水特性的定量表征

Precise printing fabrication of bioinks is a prerequisite for tissue engineering; the Jacobs working curve is the tool to determine the precise printing ...

蓝危害自由烛光OLED

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白的制造发光电化学细胞与来自激发络合物稳定的发射

基于吩 s-二氧化硫核的热活化延迟荧光发射器的放大化学合成

利用 iccd 摄像机对无氧环境下的三重收集有机化合物进行光物理表征

真空沉积有机发光二极管的生产与表征

采用部分氧化铝阴极增强电子注入和激子约束的纯蓝色量子点发光二极管

一种用于快速和低压彩色调制的电化学胆固醇液晶器件

基于溶液沉积的高效OLED开发

基于连续数字光处理的印刷中液体光敏生物墨水特性的定量表征

基于连续数字光处理的印刷中液体光敏生物墨水特性的定量表征