This work was supported by the Swedish governmental strategic research program Trees and Crops for the Future (TC4F), VINNOVA, and the EC FP7 project ICON. Hannah Rasel is gratefully acknowledged for performing most of the experiments in the previous paper (Reference 5).

注:海甘蓝种子（品种卡拉狄加 ）由国际植物研究所，瓦赫宁根，荷兰提供。油状物通过Appelqvist 13的方法从种子中提取。同时海甘蓝粉和小麦面筋储存在-18℃直至进一步使用。 1.面团准备<ol><li> 筛海甘蓝 <ol><li>筛用圆的海甘蓝粗粉，细目不锈钢厨房筛（孔径:〜1.5毫米，14目），以除去大纤维级分和未粉碎的种子。在-18℃保存过筛餐，以防止材料老化。 </li></ol></li><li> 铣削海甘蓝 <ol><li>以减小粒径和使材料更均匀，轧机在旋转球磨机筛分海甘蓝餐。 </li><li>磨250克海甘蓝粕在与使用53转罐子转速和24小时的球磨时间21-25毫米直径的陶瓷球一个7升罐各一次。 </li></ol></li><li><strong&gt;调理<ol><li>在进一步处理前，调节各种在打开罐子的球磨海甘蓝粉和小麦面筋粉为在23℃的最低48小时的和50％的气候受控室的相对湿度。 </li></ol></li><li> 混合各组分 <ol><li>研磨尿素粉末（在环境条件下保存在封闭的烧杯），以用研钵和杵微粒。 </li><li>混合尿素和甘油（25.5克甘油和15克每100克最终混合物的尿素）。 <ol><li>加热甘油至65℃的油浴中的玻璃烧瓶中，慢慢加入尿素粉末。 </li><li>搅拌用磁力搅拌器将混合物在65℃下，直到尿素粉末完全溶解。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> 混合海甘蓝和小麦面筋 <ol><li>混合在厨房混合机的海甘蓝膳食粉末和小麦面筋粉5分钟。例如，对于60/40（重量/重量）海甘蓝/小麦克luten比例，使用35.7克海甘蓝餐和23.8每100g最终混合物的面筋。 </li></ol></li><li> 混合甘油/尿素与海甘蓝/小麦面筋 <ol><li>慢慢甘油/脲混合物添加到海甘蓝/小麦面筋混合在厨房混合机，同时搅拌该混合物。继续约2分钟，混合，直到获得均匀的面团。制备每次将500克的混合物。 </li><li>对于具有60/40的材料（W / W）海甘蓝和小麦面筋，使用各构成要素的下面相对含量:35.7克海甘蓝粕23.8克麦面筋25.5克甘油，和15克尿素（每100克）。对于其他两种材料组合（ 即 70/30和80/20），只改变海甘蓝和小麦面筋含量。保持甘油和尿素内容相同的60/40的组合。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.吹膜<ol><li> 低温度分布 &lt;OL&gt; <li>在一个双螺杆挤出机进行膜挤出。集区1-10（均为80毫米长）沿着在低温的温度分布（后来被称为"低-T剖面"）的挤出机筒，如下:75-75-75-80-80-80-80-85 -85-85℃。这防止了小麦面筋从桶交联。 </li><li>使用平片模头（45毫米×0.7mm）上挤出薄膜。 </li><li>选择30转和200转之间的螺杆速度和记录模头压力。 </li><li>手动进面团通过用木制推杆的帮助料斗支持朝着螺钉物料流。 </li><li>在模，拿起挤出物用传送带以2.0米/分钟的速度运行。将沿着带通风冷却（风扇）。 </li><li>运行不同模具的温度（105℃ - （105℃），110℃ - （110℃），125°C-（115℃），130℃ - （120℃）和140°C- （125°C））来选择，让流畅的extruda条件德带有空隙的最小量。 注:括号中的值对应于温度区11中，模具旁边。它被调整以达到在模具中的目标温度。 </li><li>挤出后，储存，以防止老化和大气中的水吸收在密封的聚乙烯袋中，直至进一步的处理或分析挤出物。 </li></ol></li><li> 使用高温度分布膜挤出 <ol><li>挤出薄膜，2.1节所述，但使用高温度分布（后来被称为"高-T的个人资料"），具体如下:85-85-85-100-100-100-110-110-120-120-120 °下区1至挤出机11。 </li><li>使用125℃和130℃模头温度。 </li></ol></li><li> 造粒后，薄膜挤出 <ol><li>为了得到小球，挤出材料作为使用双线材模头中的挤出机中连续链。 <ol><li>使用低-T轮廓为前truder桶中，如上所述，和一个60-rpm的螺杆旋转速度。 </li><li>使用不同的管芯（区域11）的温度（130℃ - （125℃），125℃ - （115℃），105℃ - （100℃），和85℃ - （85℃） ），以获得具有最光滑的表面上的股线。 </li></ol></li><li>造粒<ol><li>通过传送带（位于有助于饲料材料从挤出机的挤出机后的带）后，进料线股与7米/分的切削速度操作的造粒机。 </li></ol></li><li>从粒料薄膜挤出<ol><li>手动饲料颗粒进入挤出机，并与内桶，并用125°C-（115℃），平片芯温度低-T轮廓挤出薄膜。使用30rpm的螺杆旋转速度。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> 采用体积喂食挤出薄膜 <ol><li>为了模拟自动送料（通常在工业中使用），使用粒料预先在85℃（步骤2.3.1-2.3.2.1）挤出。 </li><li>连接馈线至挤出机，并选择料斗的体积进料器模式。 </li><li>使用35公斤/小时和16中的料斗和挤出机螺杆速度和120rpm的馈送量分别。 </li><li>与针筒的低温轮廓挤出，并使用125℃ - （115°C）的管芯（区域11）的温度。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3.后挤出工艺（压缩成型） <ol><li> 与框架压紧 <ol><li>对于第一个设置，切两成挤出4.4厘米×7.0厘米和2.6厘米×7.0厘米件。 注意:这是必要的，因为该帧是比挤出物更广泛。 </li><li>将它们彼此相邻在铝矩形框架（70×70×0.5 立方毫米）。 </li><li>使用聚（对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯）的两侧（PET）的薄膜，以防止粘附夹持两块铝板之间的帧，然后将它们放入了记者。 </li><li>设置上按200或400巴的压力表。 </li><li>对于每一个模制压力时，按薄膜用110，120的板温度，和130℃下进行10分钟和20分钟。 </li><li>如从非膨化物料的预挤压的样品，按薄膜的参考。中心7.2克新鲜材料（从1.6节）在铝框。 </li><li>按具有相同的参数设置用于预挤塑薄膜上面（步骤3.1.4- 3.1.5）。 </li></ol></li><li> 按无框架 <ol><li>切出来，三明治矩形样品（4.4厘米×4.4厘米）双面使用PET膜，以防止粘连两块铝板之间。 </li><li>它们放入了记者。压力表设置为50杆，75杆，即100杆。 </li><li>对于每个模制压力时，按薄膜用110℃，120℃和130℃下板温度5或10分钟。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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的方法和结果进行了先前提出如由RASEL 等人的文章。 5。

模头压力是如此高的重要性的原因很可能是由于这样的事实，该材料需要有一定的压力，以避免形成气泡。但是，不同的组件可以相分离，如果压力过高。当在太低的温度下挤出，凝聚力差，可能是由于低程度的交联，而过高的温度下导致的气体的释放（可能与尿素和蛋白降解产物一起湿气）。 两步挤出（ 即，其中的股粘度第一挤出，造粒，然后再次挤出）产生了更均匀的挤出物，因为更广泛共混使得第一挤压步骤提供的。 从15降低尿素浓度为10％（重量）当差面团内聚力可能是由于较低的交联密度。类似于此，低级甘油浓度，因而降低能力溶解尿素，导致较差的电影，除非是采用较高的模具压力。 增加海甘蓝膳食浓度，并因此降低了小麦面筋浓度，导致了较低程度的聚集/网络的形成。这降低了材料的粘度在挤出物，导致需要增加管芯温度至130℃，以提高粘度并产生均匀的薄膜。 它是困难的，如果不是不可能的，挤出塑化海甘蓝入足够的质量用于任何用途的薄膜。我们在这里显示，这可以通过用如小麦面筋更容易挤出的蛋白掺合海甘蓝来克服。对于最好的质量，挤出物需要是压缩成形在挤压后的一个单独步骤。 它在这里显示了挤出适用于小规模，和升频很可能是更苛刻。挤出，拥有注塑一起，是在MOS吨生产塑料重要的商业方法。以取代现有的传统的塑料，这是必要的蛋白物质可以用相同的技术14-16制备。我们在这里显示，有可能挤出海甘蓝油籽粕与小麦面筋的帮助。 可能的应用包括包装和关于各种挤压型材（ 例如，杆和汽缸）的应用程序。我们考虑的样品的制备过程中最关键的步骤是挤出步骤。薄膜的最终质量经挤压参数和在挤出前的材料的性能强烈地依赖。

当从低值到高值升级的材料时，需要两个主要问题要考虑:潜在的最终产物（S）和所要求的性能的类型。这项研究的重点是基于蛋白质的塑料的原因有两个包装的潜在用途的挤压。本多种封装是广泛的，但可再生和可生物降解的低成本封装材料的请求已经在过去十年中迅速增加。这一趋势似乎仍在继续，因为大多数品牌拥有者和立法者正在搜索选项来创建从石油1塑料。包装所需的材料特性，在许多情况下，比其它塑料制品的要求更高。然而，如果得到一个成功的材料，潜在市场是非常大的。 包装材料需要满足一些标准是合适的。确切的标准不同取决于封装类型，填充/密封系统，TRANSPO室温，贮存，内容，外观，产品设计等 ，所有这些参数应该由包装显影剂可以考虑，但发起一个新的和未知材料的发展，当所有不能是最高优先级的一次。在焦点这项研究的性质是机械和阻挡性能。 挤出是选择用于两个原因的处理方法:挤出是用于制造包装塑料共同的和有效的方法，并且一般不涉及溶剂，如在溶液铸造。因此，需要在过程2的端部没有干燥步骤。 小麦面筋还从淀粉制品3来的侧线物流的材料。它已经显示为在许多研究包装塑料潜力。尽管如此，仍存在一些挑战4。 海甘蓝abyssinica是在一个有趣的油料种子植物它不是一个食物资源，并可以在许多不同的股份公司来生长ronomic条件5,6。与小麦面筋，海甘蓝蛋白质是副产品，在这种情况下，从石油生产。它是作为脱脂海甘蓝一顿获得蛋白质的最大组成部分。它还含有无氮提取物，如碳水化合物和纤维7,8的一个相当大的量。该粉具有相对较差粘结性，并且需要具有更高的凝聚力的物质混合。在这项研究中，小麦面筋用作支持添加剂到海甘蓝餐。以提高蛋白材料的韧性/延展性，增塑剂通常用作添加剂为好。在这项研究中，甘油被使用，这是植物石油工业的副产物（ 例如，油菜籽甲酯燃料），并且容易在低成本9。尿素，也可再生能源，是为了作为变性剂给挤出适当的凝聚力2,10,11。它也可能工作作为增塑剂。 可再生材料，尤其是那些直接从性质使用，无需纯化，修饰，或者化学合成，是在大多数情况下，不适合高温处理。面临的挑战是找到合适的处理参数和组合物导致具有允许其与来自石油产品竞争特性的挤出物。 本研究着重于从具有不同的添加剂处理的海甘蓝膳食产生了新的生物基材料的机械性质和阻挡性质的表征，并在不同的条件下12。的机械和氧阻隔功能的完整细节在RASEL 等人发现。 12。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Crambe meal</td><td>Plant Research International</td><td></td><td>Defatted crambe meal, Residual from oil extraction of cultivar Galactica seeds</td></tr><tr><td>Wheat gluten</td><td>Lantm&amp;auml;nnen Reppe AB</td><td></td><td>It contains 77% (w/w) gluten, 8.1% (w/w) starch and 1.34% (w/w) fat.</td></tr><tr><td>Glycerol</td><td>Karlshamn Tefac AB</td><td>99.5% purity</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Urea</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>purity &amp;ge; 99.5%</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>The dough</td><td></td><td></td><td>(per 100 g) prepared with 35.7 g crambe meal, 23.8 g wheat gluten, 25.5 g glycerol and 15 g urea, hence with a liquid (glycerol/urea) to solid (crambe/wheat gluten) ratio of 0.342.</td></tr><tr><td>Round, fine meshed stainless steel kitchen sieve (pore size: ~1.5&amp;nbsp;mm, 14 mesh)</td><td></td><td></td><td>Sieve the crambe meal</td></tr><tr><td>Rotary ball mill</td><td>Pascal Engineering</td><td></td><td>Milling crambe/The volume of the mill house is 7 L and it contained 215 ceramic balls, each with a diameter of 25&amp;nbsp;mm.</td></tr><tr><td>Mortar and pestle</td><td></td><td></td><td>Grinding urea</td></tr><tr><td>Kitchen machine Cloer 660</td><td>Cloer</td><td></td><td>Blending crambe and wheat gluten</td></tr><tr><td>Twin-screw extruder Type LTE20-48</td><td>Labtech Engineering LTD</td><td></td><td>Compounding and film extrusion</td></tr><tr><td>Flat sheet die</td><td></td><td></td><td>Produce extruded flat films with a cross-section of 45 mm x 0.7 mm</td></tr><tr><td>Air Cooling Conveyor Unit type LAC-2.6</td><td>Labtech Engineering LTD</td><td></td><td>Used in the extrusion</td></tr><tr><td>Pelletizer Type LZ-120</td><td>Labtech Engineering LTD</td><td></td><td>Making pellets</td></tr><tr><td>Polystat 200T Hot Press&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Servitec Machine GmbH</td><td></td><td>Hot press to press extrudates</td></tr></tbody></table>

film extrusion of crambe abyssinica/wheat gluten blends

Crambe abyssinica is a plant with potential for use in industrial (non-food) plant oil production. The side stream from this oil production is a high-protein crambe meal that has limited value, as it is not fit for food or feed use. However, it contains proteins that could potentially make it a suitable raw material for higher-value products. The purpose of this study was to find methods of making this side stream into extruded films, showing that products with a higher value can be produced. The study mainly considered the development of material compositions and methods of preparing and extruding the material. Wheat gluten was added as a supportive protein matrix material, together with glycerol as a plasticizer and urea as a denaturant. The extrudate was evaluated with respect to mechanical (tensile testing) and oxygen barrier properties, and the extrudate structure was revealed visually and by scanning electron microscopy. A denser, more homogeneous material had a lower oxygen transmission rate, higher strength, and higher extensibility. The most homogeneous films were made at an extruder die temperature of 125-130 &#176;C. It is shown here that a film can be extruded with promising mechanical and oxygen barrier properties, the latter especially after a final compression molding step.

共混物（60％（重量）海甘蓝粉和40％（重量）小麦面筋）导致最初的混合工序后一个艰难的面团。该材料静置第一挤出前几分钟。但是，面团有过高的粘度，以便能够在常规的方式被加入到挤出机料斗中。因此，它被送入片逐片，直接进入的螺钉。螺钉有一个恒定的速度，以及所得膜的挤出物是连续和有视觉光滑的表面。挤出膜的一个例子示于图1。 模头压力和温度被认为是最重要的两个处理参数，以便获得均匀和光滑的膜挤出物控制。过低的模具温度，通常低于110℃，不导致连续的膜挤出，而高于130℃的温度导致第Ë形成材料气泡。最合适的模具温度，得到均匀，光滑的薄膜被发现是约125℃。 为了得到最均匀挤出物，一个两步骤的过程被认为是有利的，其中，在第一步骤中，线料在较低的温度（通常为85℃）并造粒挤出。然后将粒料进料至料斗用于第二挤压步骤。 当尿素含量从15下降至10％（重量）12，生面团的内聚力大幅下降，导致了粉末状材料;没有连续的膜可挤出12。 当甘油浓度下降（与保持15重量％尿素），面团被发现是更脆，并且尿素没有完全在甘油溶解。此外，一个显被要求较高的模具压力得到均匀的薄膜。然而，发现这些膜是平滑的，并比那些具有更高的甘油含量更均匀。 当增加海甘蓝膳食粉末浓度和递减的小麦面筋浓度，挤出的薄膜出现较深，也顺畅，更均匀的5。的进料速率也可以增加12。其缺点是，影片只是部分连续的，和电影破损出现了数米之遥。然而，增加模具温度到约130℃时，连续的膜可以制备，尽管有些变色12。 未经帧压缩成形得到薄（厚度:0.1-0.2毫米），该非常灵活和半透明膜（ 图2）。 16％12。压缩成形后的压出物的相应值分别为6.4-15.0兆帕，0.3-1.1兆帕，和8-19％5。机械测量的细节在参考12给出。 64毫米长哑铃试样按在23±1℃下的ASTM D882-02和50±1％相对湿度分别为拉伸试验，以10毫米/分钟的十字头速度。 图3示出在添加小麦面筋的挤压海甘蓝的重要性。强度，特别是可扩展性，以降低小麦面筋含量降低。氧气渗透性介于17至39 毫升毫米/（天米2大气压），这取决于组合物和是否使用与否的压缩模制步骤（与帧）。 图1:挤压材料。使用130℃的模头温度挤出膜。它含有35.7％（重量）海甘蓝，23.8％（重量）小麦面筋，25.5％（重量）甘油和15％（重量）尿素。膜的宽度为44毫米。 <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54770/54770fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/54770/54770fig2.jpg" /> 图2:压缩成形薄膜。挤压材料压缩成形，框架没有成使用130℃压制温度在75巴10分钟薄，半透明膜。平皱薄膜由相同的材料。左膜的宽度为〜17毫米。 <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54770/54770fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击</a>此处查看该图的放大版本。 <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/54770/54770fig3.jpg" /> 图3:机械性质的海甘蓝内容的功能。最大应力（实心圆）和应变在最大应力（空心圆），为在海甘蓝/小麦面筋混合物海甘蓝内容的功能。误差棒代表标准偏差。从每哑铃试样的窄部分的初始样品的横截面（16毫米长和4mm宽窄部分）的最大的力得到最大应力。低温度分布为125℃的初始模具温度为115℃的区域11的温度使用。螺杆速度为30rpm，并且无需事先造粒进行的挤出。从参照图12获得的数据。 <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54770/54770fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击她的</a>E要查看此图的放大版本。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Film Extrusion of Crambe abyssinica/Wheat Gluten Blends at JoVE.com

Film Extrusion of Crambe abyssinica/Wheat Gluten Blends

从植物油生产海甘蓝abyssinica的侧流限制值。本研究的目的是找出一种挤出基于该侧流材料的方法，这表明较高的产品价值可以生产。发现挤出物具有希望的特性。

薄膜挤出<em&gt;海甘蓝abyssinica</em&gt; /谷朊粉共混物

Crambe abyssinica is a plant with potential for use in industrial (non-food) plant oil production. The side stream from this oil production is a ...

film-extrusion-of-crambe-abyssinicawheat-gluten-blends

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Film Extrusion of Crambe abyssinica/Wheat Gluten Blends

9.9K 次观看.  SIG Combibloc. 从植物油生产海甘蓝abyssinica的侧流限制值。本研究的目的是找出一种挤出基于该侧流材料的方法，这表明较高的产品价值可以生产。发现挤出物具有希望的特性。 

视频: Film Extrusion of Crambe abyssinica/Wheat Gluten Blends

High-throughput Screening of Carbohydrate-degrading Enzymes Using Novel Insoluble Chromogenic Substrate Assay Kits

Carbohydrates active enzymes (CAZymes) have multiple roles in vivo and are widely used for industrial processing in the biofuel, textile, detergent, paper and food industries. A deeper understanding of CAZymes is important from both fundamental biology and industrial standpoints. Vast numbers of CAZymes exist in nature (especially in microorganisms) and hundreds of thousands have been cataloged and described in the carbohydrate active enzyme database (CAZy). However, the rate of discovery of putative enzymes has outstripped our ability to biochemically characterize their activities. One reason for this is that advances in genome and transcriptome sequencing, together with associated bioinformatics tools allow for rapid identification of candidate CAZymes, but technology for determining an enzyme's biochemical characteristics has advanced more slowly. To address this technology gap, a novel high-throughput assay kit based on insoluble chromogenic substrates is described here. Two distinct substrate types were produced: Chromogenic Polymer Hydrogel (CPH) substrates (made from purified polysaccharides and proteins) and Insoluble Chromogenic Biomass (ICB) substrates (made from complex biomass materials). Both CPH and ICB substrates are provided in a 96-well high-throughput assay system. The CPH substrates can be made in four different colors, enabling them to be mixed together and thus increasing assay throughput. The protocol describes a 96-well plate assay and illustrates how this assay can be used for screening the activities of enzymes, enzyme cocktails, and broths.

A high-throughput assay for enzyme screening is described. This multiplexed ready-to-use assay kit comprises of pre-chosen Chromogenic Polymer Hydrogel (CPH) substrates and complex Insoluble Chromogenic Biomass (ICB) substrates. Target enzymes are polysaccharide degrading endo-enzymes and proteases.

使用新型不溶性生色底物检测试剂盒碳水化合物降解酶的高通量筛选

Carbohydrates active enzymes (CAZymes) have multiple roles in vivo and are widely used for industrial processing in the biofuel, textile, detergent, paper ...

科研

生物化学

Method to Produce Durable Pellets at Lower Energy Consumption Using High Moisture Corn Stover and a Corn Starch Binder in a Flat Die Pellet Mill

A major challenge in the production of pellets is the high cost associated with drying biomass from 30 to 10% (w.b.) moisture content. At Idaho National Laboratory, a high-moisture pelleting process was developed to reduce the drying cost. In this process the biomass pellets are produced at higher feedstock moisture contents than conventional methods, and the high moisture pellets produced are further dried in energy efficient dryers. This process helps to reduce the feedstock moisture content by about 5-10% during pelleting, which is mainly due to frictional heat developed in the die. The objective of this research was to explore how binder addition influences the pellet quality and energy consumption of the high-moisture pelleting process in a flat die pellet mill. In the present study, raw corn stover was pelleted at moistures of 33, 36, and 39% (w.b.) by addition of 0, 2, and 4% pure corn starch. The partially dried pellets produced were further dried in a laboratory oven at 70 &#176;C for 3-4 hr to lower the pellet moisture to less than 9% (w.b.). The high moisture and dried pellets were evaluated for their physical properties, such as bulk density and durability. The results indicated that increasing the binder percentage to 4% improved pellet durability and reduced the specific energy consumption by 20-40% compared to pellets with no binder. At higher binder addition (4%), the reduction in feedstock moisture during pelleting was &#60;4%, whereas the reduction was about 7-8% without the binder. With 4% binder and 33% (w.b.) feedstock moisture content, the bulk density and durability values observed of the dried pellets were &#62;510 kg/m3 and &#62;98%, respectively, and the percent fine particles generated was&#160;reduced to &#60;3%.

In this study, a protocol was developed to produce good quality pellets using a flat die pellet mill at reduced specific energy consumption testing high-moisture corn stover and a starch based binder. The results indicated that adding a corn starch binder improved the pellet durability, reduced percent fines and decreased specific energy consumption.

法生产在降低能耗耐用颗粒使用高水分玉米秸秆和玉米淀粉粘合剂在平模制粒机

A major challenge in the production of pellets is the high cost associated with drying biomass from 30 to 10% (w.b.) moisture content. At Idaho National ...

环境科学

Composition and Properties of Aquafaba: Water Recovered from Commercially Canned Chickpeas

Chickpea and other pulses are commonly sold as canned products packed in a thick solution or a brine. This solution has recently been shown to produce stable foams and emulsions, and can act as a thickener. Recently interest in this product has been enhanced through the internet where it is proposed that this solution, now called aquafaba by a growing community, can be used a replacement for egg and milk protein. As aquafaba is both new and being developed by an internet based community little is known of its composition or properties. Aquafaba was recovered from 10 commercial canned chickpea products and correlations among aquafaba composition, density, viscosity and foaming properties were investigated. Proton NMR was used to characterize aquafaba composition before and after ultrafiltration through membranes with different molecular weight cut offs (MWCOs of 3, 10, or 50 kDa). A protocol for electrophoresis, and peptide mass fingerprinting is also presented. Those methods provided valuable information regarding components responsible for aquafaba functional properties. This information will allow the development of practices to produce standard commercial aquafaba products and may help consumers select products of superior or consistent utility.

Aquafaba is a viscous juice from canned chickpea that, when stirred vigorously, produces a relatively stable white froth or foam. The primary research goal is to identify the components of aquafaba that contribute viscosifying/thickening properties using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), ultrafiltration, electrophoresis, and peptide mass fingerprinting.

Aquafaba 的成分和性质: 从商用罐装鹰嘴中回收的水

Chickpea and other pulses are commonly sold as canned products packed in a thick solution or a brine. This solution has recently been shown to produce ...

A Protocol for the Production of Gliadin-cyanoacrylate Nanoparticles for Hydrophilic Coating

This article presents a protocol for the production of protein-based nanoparticles that changes the hydrophobic surface to hydrophilic by a simple spray coating. These nanoparticles are produced by the polymerization reaction of alkyl cyanoacrylate on the surface of cereal protein (gliadin) molecules. Alkyl cyanoacrylate is a monomer that instantly polymerizes at RT when it is applied to the surface of materials. Its polymerization reaction is initiated by the trace amounts of weakly basic or nucleophilic species on the surface, including moisture. Once polymerized, the polymerized alkyl cyanoacrylates show a strong affinity with the object materials because nitrile groups are in the backbone of poly (alkyl cyanoacrylate). Proteins also work as initiator for this polymerization because they contain amine groups that can initiate the polymerization of cyanoacrylate. If aggregated protein is used as an initiator, protein aggregate is surrounded by the hydrophobic poly(alkyl cyanoacrylate) chains after the polymerization reaction of alkyl cyanoacrylate. By controlling the experimental condition, particles in the nanometer range are produced. The produced nanoparticles readily adsorb to the surface of most materials including glass, metals, plastics, wood, leather, and fabrics. When the surface of a material is sprayed with the produced nanoparticle suspension and rinsed with water, the micellar structure of nanoparticle changes its conformation, and the hydrophilic proteins are exposed to the air. As a result, the nanoparticle-coated surface changes to hydrophilic.

This article presents a protocol for the production of protein-based nanoparticles that changes the hydrophobic surface to hydrophilic. The produced nanoparticle is an assembly of gliadin-cyanoacrylate diblock copolymers. Spray coating with the produced nanoparticle changes the surface of target material to a hydrophilic surface.

一种醇溶蛋白氰基丙烯酸酯纳米粒子为亲水涂料生产协议

This article presents a protocol for the production of protein-based nanoparticles that changes the hydrophobic surface to hydrophilic by a simple spray ...

化学

Ammonia Fiber Expansion (AFEX) Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass

Lignocellulosic materials are plant-derived feedstocks, such as crop residues (e.g., corn stover, rice straw, and sugar cane bagasse) and purpose-grown energy crops (e.g., miscanthus, and switchgrass) that are available in large quantities to produce biofuels, biochemicals, and animal feed. Plant polysaccharides (i.e., cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin) embedded within cell walls are highly recalcitrant towards conversion into useful products. Ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX) is a thermochemical pretreatment that increases accessibility of polysaccharides to enzymes for hydrolysis into fermentable sugars. These released sugars can be converted into fuels and chemicals in a biorefinery. Here, we describe a laboratory-scale batch AFEX process to produce pretreated biomass on the gram-scale without any ammonia recycling. The laboratory-scale process can be used to identify optimal pretreatment conditions (e.g., ammonia loading, water loading, biomass loading, temperature, pressure, residence time, etc.) and generates sufficient quantities of pretreated samples for detailed physicochemical characterization and enzymatic/microbial analysis. The yield of fermentable sugars from enzymatic hydrolysis of corn stover pretreated using the laboratory-scale AFEX process is comparable to pilot-scale AFEX process under similar pretreatment conditions. This paper is intended to provide a detailed standard operating procedure for the safe and consistent operation of laboratory-scale reactors for performing AFEX pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass.

Ammonia Fiber Expansion AFEX Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass

Ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX) is a thermochemical pretreatment technology that can convert lignocellulosic biomass (e.g., corn stover, rice straw, and sugarcane bagasse) into a highly digestible feedstock for both biofuels and animal feed applications. Here, we describe a laboratory-scale method for conducting AFEX pretreatment on lignocellulosic biomass.

氨纤维膨胀（AFEX）预处理利诺纤维素生物量

Lignocellulosic materials are plant-derived feedstocks, such as crop residues (e.g., corn stover, rice straw, and sugar cane bagasse) and purpose-grown ...

Manufacturing Of Robust Natural Fiber Preforms Utilizing Bacterial Cellulose as Binder

A novel method of manufacturing rigid and robust natural fiber preforms is presented here. This method is based on a papermaking process, whereby loose and short sisal fibers are dispersed into a water suspension containing bacterial cellulose. The fiber and nanocellulose suspension is then filtered (using vacuum or gravity) and the wet filter cake pressed to squeeze out any excess water, followed by a drying step. This will result in the hornification of the bacterial cellulose network, holding the loose natural fibers together.
Our method is specially suited for the manufacturing of rigid and robust preforms of hydrophilic fibers. The porous and hydrophilic nature of such fibers results in significant water uptake, drawing in the bacterial cellulose dispersed in the suspension. The bacterial cellulose will then be filtered against the surface of these fibers, forming a bacterial cellulose coating. When the loose fiber-bacterial cellulose suspension is filtered and dried, the adjacent bacterial cellulose forms a network and hornified to hold the otherwise loose fibers together.
The introduction of bacterial cellulose into the preform resulted in a significant increase of the mechanical properties of the fiber preforms. This can be attributed to the high stiffness and strength of the bacterial cellulose network. With this preform, renewable high performance hierarchical composites can also be manufactured by using conventional composite production methods, such as resin film infusion (RFI) or resin transfer molding (RTM). Here, we also describe the manufacturing of renewable hierarchical composites using double bag vacuum assisted resin infusion.

We present a novel method of manufacturing rigid and robust short natural fiber preforms using a papermaking process. Bacterial cellulose acts simultaneously as the binder for the loose fibers and provides rigidity to the fiber preforms. These preforms can be infused with a resin to produce truly green hierarchical composites.

制造业的鲁棒天然纤维预制体的利用细菌纤维素为粘结剂

A novel method of manufacturing rigid and robust natural fiber preforms is presented here. This method is based on a papermaking process, whereby loose ...

生物工程

Molecular Entanglement and Electrospinnability of Biopolymers

Electrospinning is a fascinating technique to fabricate micro- to nano-scale fibers from a wide variety of materials. For biopolymers, molecular entanglement of the constituent polymers in the spinning dope was found to be an essential prerequisite for successful electrospinning. Rheology is a powerful tool to probe the molecular conformation and interaction of biopolymers. In this report, we demonstrate the protocol for utilizing rheology to evaluate the electrospinnability of two biopolymers, starch and pullulan, from their dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)/water dispersions. Well-formed starch and pullulan fibers with average diameters in the submicron to micron range were obtained. Electrospinnability was evaluated by visual and microscopic observation of the fibers formed. By correlating the rheological properties of the dispersions to their electrospinnability, we demonstrate that molecular conformation, molecular entanglement, and shear viscosity all affect electrospinning. Rheology is not only useful in solvent system selection and process optimization, but also in understanding the mechanism of fiber formation on a molecular level.

Electrospinning is a fascinating technique used to fabricate micro- to nano-scale fibers from a wide variety of materials. Molecular entanglement of the constituent polymers in the spinning dope is essential for successful electrospinning. We present a protocol for utilizing rheology to evaluate the electrospinnability of two biopolymers, starch and pullulan.

分子纠缠与生物大分子的Electrospinnability

Electrospinning is a fascinating technique to fabricate micro- to nano-scale fibers from a wide variety of materials. For biopolymers, molecular ...

Twin-Screw Extrusion Process to Produce Renewable Fiberboards

A versatile twin-screw extrusion process to provide an efficient thermo-mechano-chemical pre-treatment on lignocellulosic biomass before using it as source of mechanical reinforcement in fully bio-based fiberboards was developed. Various lignocellulosic crop by-products have already been successfully pre-treated through this process, e.g., cereal straws (especially rice), coriander straw, shives from oleaginous flax straw, and bark of both amaranth and sunflower stems.
The extrusion process results in a marked increase in the average fiber aspect ratio, leading to improved mechanical properties of fiberboards. The twin-screw extruder can also be fitted with a filtration module at the end of the barrel. The continuous extraction of various chemicals (e.g., free sugars, hemicelluloses, volatiles from essential oil fractions, etc.) from the lignocellulosic substrate, and the fiber refining can, therefore, be performed simultaneously.
The extruder can also be used for its mixing ability: a natural binder (e.g., Organosolv lignins, protein-based oilcakes, starch, etc.) can be added to the refined fibers at the end of the screw profile. The obtained premix is ready to be molded through hot pressing, with the natural binder contributing to fiberboard cohesion. Such a combined process in a single extruder pass improves the production time, production cost, and may lead to reduction in plant production size. Because all the operations are performed in a single step, fiber morphology is better preserved, thanks to a reduced residence time of the material inside the extruder, resulting in enhanced material performances. Such one-step extrusion operation may be at the origin of a valuable industrial process intensification.
Compared to commercial wood-based materials, these fully bio-based fiberboards do not emit any formaldehyde, and they could find various applications, e.g., intermediate containers, furniture, domestic flooring, shelving, general construction, etc.

A versatile twin-screw extrusion process to provide an efficient thermo-mechano-chemical pretreatment on lignocellulosic biomass was developed, which leads to an increased average fiber aspect ratio. A natural binder can also be added continuously after fiber refining, leading to bio-based fiberboards with improved mechanical properties after hot pressing of the obtained extruded material.

双螺丝挤压工艺，以生产可再生纤维板

A versatile twin-screw extrusion process to provide an efficient thermo-mechano-chemical pre-treatment on lignocellulosic biomass before using it as ...

工程学

Design of an Open-Source, Low-Cost Bioink and Food Melt Extrusion 3D Printer

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is an increasingly popular manufacturing technique that allows highly complex objects to be fabricated with no retooling costs. This increasing popularity is partly driven by falling barriers to entry such as system set-up costs and ease of operation. The following protocol presents the design and construction of an Additive Manufacturing Melt Extrusion (ADDME) 3D printer for the fabrication of custom parts and components. ADDME has been designed with a combination of 3D-printed, laser-cut, and online-sourced components. The protocol is arranged into easy-to-follow sections, with detailed diagrams and parts lists under the headings of framing, y-axis and bed, x-axis, extrusion, electronics, and software. The performance of ADDME is evaluated through extrusion testing and 3D printing of complex objects using viscous cream, chocolate, and Pluronic F-127 (a model for bioinks). The results indicate that ADDME is a capable platform for the fabrication of materials and constructs for use in a wide range of industries. The combination of detailed diagrams and video content facilitates access to low-cost, easy-to-operate equipment for individuals interested in 3D printing of complex objects from a wide range of materials.

The aim of this work is to design and construct a reservoir-based melt extrusion three-dimensional printer made from open-source and low-cost components for applications in the biomedical and food printing industries.

设计开源、低成本生物墨水和食品熔炼挤出3D打印机

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is an increasingly popular manufacturing technique that allows highly complex objects to be fabricated with no retooling ...

利用 Gracilaria gracilis:可持续创新的生物活性潜力

Valorization of the Red Seaweed Gracilaria gracilis Through a Biorefinery Approach

The interest in seaweeds as an abundant feedstock to obtain valuable and multitarget bioactive ingredients is continuously growing. In this work, we explore the potential of Gracilaria gracilis, an edible red seaweed cultivated worldwide for its commercial interest as a source of agar and other ingredients for cosmetic, pharmacological, food, and feed applications.
G. gracilis growth conditions were optimized through vegetative propagation and sporulation while manipulating the physicochemical conditions to achieve a large biomass stock. Green extraction methodologies with ethanol and water were performed over the seaweed biomass. The bioactive potential of extracts was assessed through a set of in vitro assays concerning their cytotoxicity, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. Additionally, dried seaweed biomass was incorporated into pasta formulations to increase food&#39;s nutritional value. Pigments extracted from G. gracilis have also been incorporated into yogurt as a natural colorant, and their stability was evaluated. Both products were submitted to the appreciation of a semi-trained sensorial panel aiming to achieve the best final formulation before reaching the market.
Results support the versatility of G. gracilis whether it is applied as a whole biomass, extracts and/or pigments. Through implementing several optimized protocols, this work allows the development of products with the potential to profit the food, cosmetic, and aquaculture markets, promoting environmental sustainability and a blue circular economy.
Moreover, and in line with a biorefinery approach, the residual seaweed biomass will be used as biostimulant for plant growth or converted to carbon materials to be used in water purification of the in-house aquaculture systems of MARE-Polytechnic of Leiria, Portugal.

作者聚焦:探索海藻的生物活性化合物以促进工业的可持续创新 

Here, we describe several protocols aiming at an integrated valorization of Gracilaria gracilis: wild species harvesting, in-house growth, and extraction of bioactive ingredients. The extracts&#39; antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic effects are evaluated, along with the nutritional and stability assessment of food enriched with whole seaweed biomass and pigments.

通过生物精炼方法对红海藻 gracilaria gracilis 进行增值

The interest in seaweeds as an abundant feedstock to obtain valuable and multitarget bioactive ingredients is continuously growing. In this work, we ...

薄膜挤出

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