这项审查是没有资金支持。我们感谢 Sanypet力量党10 USA公司佛罗里达州奥兰多市，为美国提供亲切本研究中使用的ND。

的协议进行了检查，并通过前，在研究开始时的兽医伦理审查委员会批准。在动物研究中ARRIVE准则的建议进行了协商，并考虑21-25。 1.狗选择和食物补充<ol><li>选择不同的品种的24犬（平均年龄和体重±标准差:2.9±0.3岁，32.01±1.17公斤; 14男性，女性10）的行为障碍的明显的临床症状，如焦虑，缺乏自信，不规则的生物节律，反应性，活化，烦躁不安，警觉性，并不断探索环境。 </li><li>随机分为动物分成两组，并把每到一个215278平方英尺的单框。按照制造商的指示，给予标准膳食的适当剂量（SD，N = 12）或营养饮食（ND中，n = 12）10天，根据动物（ 表1）的权重。 </li&gt; <li>完整的狗两个兽医检查之前（T0）和（T1）的治疗后10天。 </li></ol> 2.行为症状获取和评分<ol><li>有一个认证的兽医行为比分行为（标记，焦虑，缺乏自信，不规则的生物节律，反应性，激活，烦躁，紧张，环境的探索和注意力要求）和临床（头皮屑，发痒，同花顺，脂溢性皮炎，皮毛不透明度，呕吐，腹泻，胀气，流泪和肛门囊饱食），每只狗的条件。 <ol><li>对于每一个狗，凝聚了比分前后10天的评估后如下:1 =没有症状; 2 =症状温和的存在; 3 =显着的症状出现。 </li><li>在评估结束总结，对于每个症状，各组的前和后10天的狗的分数。上绘制统计软件中的数据。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3.传感器<ol><li>确保该领不是传感器的最佳拟合更宽超过30毫米。 </li><li>使用在第3及4所概述的程序，评价与时间的行为变化花费活性和在休息之前，并与特定的饮食治疗后。 </li></ol> 4.传感器设置<ol><li>打开本机底部的Micro USB帽和使用所提供的传感器连接到电脑的USB 1X / 2.0端口或具有U 2级/有限电源电缆SB输出。当一个LED开始闪烁，电荷传感器，至少90分钟。 </li><li>下载并从网上商店安装专门的免费移动应用程序。 </li></ol> 5.活动监测与分析<ol><li>插入一个无线路由器和专用的Wi-Fi基站的插头分成两个不同的插座。等到路由器准备以及Wi-Fi基站开始闪烁。 </li><li>在移动设备上启用蓝牙，并确保它是连接到互联网。 </li><li>打开该应用并注册。然后，点击"添加新的狗"，并按照以下步骤操作。 <ol><li>把狗的照片，并提供它的名字。 </li><li>适当地设置性别，年龄，体重，绝育状态，和狗的位置。 </li><li>设置初级和狗的二次品种。 </li><li>选择，如果适用的话，过敏（皮肤，耳朵等 ），关节炎，脑衰老，癌症，糖尿病，心脏疾病，或过度我们的存在飞行。 </li><li>选择三个可用的生活方式之一，与它们各自分，根据个人的要求（平均1，2.活动，或3奥海）。 注:根据狗的年龄，每一个生活方式的点会发生变化。鉴于此评价的目的是减少多动和狗的应力，第一生活方式，"平均"，被设定为最终的目标达成。 </li><li>塔上的"Wi-Fi基站"，然后在"对的基站"将传感器连接到Wi-Fi基站。等到单词"FitBark"出现下面的"对基站"。 </li></ol></li><li>剪辑充电感应到狗的项圈。 </li><li>重复步骤每只狗4.3到4.4。 </li></ol> 6.树皮录音<ol><li>在研究开始时确定一个数字录音机到每个盒子的壁。 </li><li>开始录制树皮活动。 <ol><li>每天，一前cquiring新的数据，通过与记录器一起提供一个可伸缩的USB连接器的装置中的数字语音记录器连接到计算机。 </li><li>具有语音数据的文件夹从设备拖动到计算机，并用当前日期命名。 </li></ol></li><li>重复步骤6.2.1 - 每天10天6.2.2。 </li><li>在评估的端变换（以s）记录树皮时间。前和后10天总结树皮时间为每个组。上绘制统计软件中的数据。 </li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

SD和ND两个市售的饮食能完全满足对于蛋白质，碳水化合物，和根据用于完整和互补宠物食品的营养指导方针的脂肪含量的建议。然而，在ND，营养物质，如石榴 （0.0457％）， 缬草 （0.026％）， 迷迭香 （0.000044％），椴树属（0.0635％），茶提取物（0.031％），和L-色氨酸（0.0329％），增加了。值得注意的是，这个临床评价是由以前微不足道的评价，其中2只具有明显的行为症状主要归因于广泛性焦虑后ND补充3天的表现显著改善的启发。在这里，我们成功地使用了相同的ND 24狗呈现行为症状主要归因于广泛性焦虑。 发生在该协议的唯一关键的一步是有关Wi-Fi连接。在几类Boxes，传感器信号没有达到Wi-Fi站，因此并没有提供关于狗的活动的任何数据。因此，一个Wi-Fi范围扩展器是用来完全覆盖那些箱子和Wi-Fi站之间的距离。许多研究已经完成，以验证为宠物44和人类46-54小，重量轻，运动感应的加速度计是有用的。在此临床评估中使用的传感器呈现相对于使用摄像机55,56，的金标准方法有一些限制，如从焦虑有关一个缺少在从睡眠和一般运动判别剩余活性特异性。另一方面，传感器允许容易和快速检测的运动，以及由移动电话应用的方法来监测每日的改进的能力。此外，相对于其它市售设备，此新的传感器具有较低的重量和价格，可通过任何重量的狗佩戴，并具有一长期（〜14天）的电池寿命。此外，由于Wi-Fi站的，它不需要业主，而它正在注册的改善57-59接近狗。事实上，随着产品公司的网站上注册后，该站可以收集并存储可以看出无论是在计算机或移动设备上的信息，甚至在很长的距离（ 即超出了蓝牙和Wi-Fi覆盖范围）。这种传感器可能的进一步应用将是过度运动的受分离焦虑47-54，异常重复性的行为60，或61猝睡症一次独自留在家中的狗进行监控。 我们的研究结果铺平道路管理与行为症状的狗主要归因于广泛性焦虑症不同的短期办法的方式，让业主重新建立与狗相互依恋关系。总之，更好的了解狗的行为，都是由宠物主人，并能够识别相关的广泛性焦虑行为和临床症状行为的专家，可能会与特定的饮食，以确保动物一个更好的生活质量结合。

狗通常被认为是最忠实的家养动物与人类居住。他们往往被认为是家庭成员的行为变化被视为严重关切，特别是当这些变化威胁他们的人身安全和福祉一般1。因此，佐剂的开发方法，以共同治疗缓解犬行为障碍将有助于家庭改善他们的狗的生活质量，避免不必要的现象如狗遗弃和安乐死2。大多数这些行为障碍的是有关引起的应力焦虑，没有适当的干预1,3焦虑可能变得病态。 据推测，在狗焦虑症不仅受到显著生活的变化，而且还由慢性或创伤后的应力，可以改变它们的体内平衡，并可以因此导致适应ð引起isorders 1,3。这项研究是基于行为障碍主要归因于广泛性焦虑的临床评价。这种疾病的典型临床症状包括不变或增加的反应，身体和环境的探索，激活，警觉性和过度吠叫;这也常常会影响狗和业主1,4,5之间的社会互动。诱发因素可能是内在的，如遗传，或外在的，如环境刺激1,6。事实上，上述的临床症状可以即使没有触发环境刺激变得频繁。在这个意义上，这些因素的起源研究成为正确的诊断和随后的治疗至关重要。 广泛性焦虑最常见的治疗方法依靠counterconditioning和脱敏技术，其中所述狗学会如何表现一度面临引起焦虑，或在药理学Appro公司的刺激基于抗焦虑药物管理局7 ACH。基于这些考虑，受的行为障碍，主要归因于广泛性焦虑24只狗接受一个counterconditioning和脱敏行为疗法与10天营养品饮食组合。所述饮食包括鱼蛋白，大米碳水化合物， 石榴，缬草，混合式的迷迭香，椴属，茶提取物和L-色氨酸，用omega - 3:-6比为1:0.8。文献报告清楚地证明了P.石榴被用于治疗慢性焦虑和失眠1,8，而缬草是用于轻度睡眠障碍和神经紧张9,10。此外，抗焦虑和抗抑郁作用已迷迭香后观察巴戟 11-14和椴属15,16的消耗。 L-茶氨酸的茶成分之一，已经显示出发挥作用OLE减轻压力和慢性焦虑17,18降低心脏速率。相反，许多研究报告的焦虑，情绪和抑郁症状L-色氨酸消耗和/或ω-3缺乏19,20之后的发作。 广泛性焦虑行为和临床症状，包括标记，焦虑，缺乏自信，不规则的生物节律，反应性，激活，烦躁，紧张，环境的探索，身体的探索，关注需求，头皮屑，发痒，同花顺，脂溢性皮炎，皮毛不透明度，呕吐，腹泻，胀气，流泪和肛门囊饱食，也进行了评估。大多数的这些症状伴随着诱发狗花费更多的时间清醒，活跃的，而不是在休息或睡觉的迹象。因此，活动和评估前后各有狗花了休息时间进行了评估。连续监测活动的每日改进和休息时间，市售的传感器，将其固定于狗和连接到移动电话或到Wi-Fi站的套环，使用。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>FitBark Activity monitor</td>
			<td>FitBark Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Sensor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;FitBark Wi-Fi Base Station</td>
			<td>FitBark Inc.</td>
			<td>7002</td>
			<td>Wi-Fi Base Station</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FORZA10 Behavioral Diet 6lbs</td>
			<td>Forza10 USA Corp</td>
			<td>E0030922007</td>
			<td>Nutraceutical diet</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>M5, 3G Mobile Wi-Fi&#160;</td>
			<td>TP-LINK</td>
			<td>M5250</td>
			<td>Router</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SmartBox</td>
			<td>Laika</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>215,278 sq ft Dog box</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recorder</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>WS-831</td>
			<td>Voice recorder</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

behavioral disturbances: an innovative approach to monitor the modulatory effects of a nutraceutical diet

In dogs, diets are often used to modulate behavioral disturbances related to chronic anxiety and stress caused by intense and restless activity. However, the traditional ways to monitor behavioral changes in dogs are complicated and not efficient. In the current clinical evaluation, a new, simple monitoring system was used to assess the effectiveness of a specific diet in positively modulating the intense and restless activity of 24 dogs of different ages and breeds. This protocol describes how to easily and rapidly evaluate improvement in a set of symptoms related to generalized anxiety by using a specific sensor, a mobile phone app, a wireless router, and a computer. The results showed that dogs treated with specific diets showed significant improvement in the times spent active and at rest after 10 days (p &lt; 0.01 and p &lt; 0.05, respectively). These dogs also showed an overall significant improvement in clinical and behavioral symptoms. A specific sensor, along with its related hardware, was demonstrated to successfully monitor behavioral changes relating to movement in dogs.

表1示出营养饮食的由制造商建议的每日量。在图1中 ，每日平均活动和休息时间由属于在评估期间的SD和ND组狗花费被示出。例如，在ND组中观察后第10天从7,343±611.7一个T0值的5093±526.5的T 1值的显著减少，而在SD组中观察到（ 图1A，* P &lt;0.05无显著差异）。相反，日平均休息时间显著从7.6±0.3小时的T 0值后10天增加至在ND组中9.5±0.3 h的T1值（** P &lt;0.01），而在未观察到显著差异SD组（ 图1B）。 关于行为症状，减少平均标记强度从2.50至2.41，在属于ND组犬观察，而在那些属于SD组（ 图2A）中没有观察到差异。相反，焦虑，缺乏自信，和不规则生物节律显示在属于ND组狗显著降低，从2.50±0.19 T0值到1.16±0.11的T 1值（*** P &lt;0.001， 图2B） ，从2.08±0.28 T0值到1.17±0.12的T 1值（ 图2C，* p &lt;0.05），和从2.08±0.28 T0值至1.08±0.08（ 图2D的T 1值，** p &lt;0.01），分别为。在各个SD组中没有观察到显著差异。此外，反应性，激活，烦躁，紧张，环境探测，关注需求平均强度显示ND后补充显著减少。特别是，从反应的2.16±一个T0值下降0.27 1.25±0.13的T1值（ 图2E，** P &lt;0.01），活化从2.25±0.25 T0值下降到1.33±0.14的T1值（ 图2F，* P &lt;0.05），减少烦躁从2.66±0.18 T0值1.66±0.22的T1值（ 图2G，** p &lt;0.01），警觉从2.50±0.19一个T0值下降到1.66±0.22（ 图2H，*一个T1值p &lt;0.05），环境探索从2.33±0.18 T0值下降1.66±0.22（ 图2I的T1值，** p &lt;0.01），并注意从需求的2.24±0.15 T0值下降到T1 1.55±0.21的值（ 图2J，* p &lt;0.05）。各个SD组中没有观察到显著差异。 在图3中的临床症状在属于SD和ND基，之前（T0）和后10天评估期间（T1）的狗的平均强度，示出。头皮屑从2.33±0.14 T0值显著下降至1.08±0.08的T1值（ 图3A，*** P &lt;0.001）。此外，发痒，同花顺，皮脂溢出和毛皮不透明显著从2.08±0.26 T0值下降到1.04±0.05 T1值，从2.11±0.24 T0值的1.16±0.11 T1值，从T0的2.35±0.25到1.33±0.14的T 1值的值，从2.22±0.13 T0值的1.41±0.15，分别的T 1值（ 图3B-E，* p &lt;0.05）。观察到呕吐，腹泻，胀气，流泪和肛门囊饱食的分数，从2.75±0.10 T0值显著下降至1.58±0.17（ 图3F，*一个T1值类似的趋势P &lt;0.001），从2.69±0.12 T0值至2.06±0.19（ 图3G的T 1值，* P &lt;0.01），从1.75±0.13 T0值至1.25±0.13（ 图3H的T 1值* p &lt;0.05），从2.16±0.11 T0值1.32±0.03（ 图3I的T 1值，* p &lt;0.05），和从2.28±0.12 T0值到1.30±0.14的T 1值（ 图3J，* p &lt;0.01），分别。在属于SD一群狗没有观察到显著差异。 图4示出由属于前（T0），在SD和ND基和评价期间（T1）之后狗叫声花费的平均时间。在ND组观察10天后从180.21±15.35 T0一个值的76.02±7.22 T1值A显著下降。无显著差异表外实体RVED的SD小组。 利用图表和统计软件对数据进行分析。所有数据表示为±平均值的标准误差，并使用达戈斯蒂诺皮尔森正态测试被首先检查常态。采用双向ANOVA检验接着Tukey多重比较检验评估期间在活动，休息和吠叫时间以及症状的差异进行分析。 P &lt;0.05被认为是显著。 值得注意的是，在研究开始时，各狗被自动地被移动应用软件分配根据体重，年龄，和繁殖以实现期望的日常活动。治疗后，属于ND组所有的狗表现出的平均每日活性显著降低（P &lt;0.05）相对于SD组，这甚至低于预期，以及随之而来的在平均每天休息时间显著增加（P &lt;0.01）。这些结果也很好地随之临床症状和体征（ 图2 - 3）相关，这表明显著改善以及在吠叫时间显著减少（ 图4，P &lt;0.001）。两者合计，所有这些考虑加强改善广泛性焦虑共同行为疗法的结果的ND的功效。这些结果也与我们最近的一篇论文，其描述在缓解一些的临床症状，如头皮屑，发痒，冲洗，腹泻和胀气，已全部被考虑在本研究中一个类似的习惯的功效协议26。 还值得一提的是，临床症状也可能是整体炎症状态的表现形式，与随之而来的氧化应激失衡。炎还已知向焦虑症的病因，抑郁27和神经递质的活动28。在这个意义上，我们最近发现特定的化合物，土霉素，作为能够触发炎性病症的可能剂在体外 29,30 和体内 31,32。土霉素属于一种四环素类，这是在精养（ 例如，家禽30，家畜33，和水产养殖34）的最广泛和合法使用抗生素由于其低成本和高功效35。不幸的是，土霉素也有富含钙的组织如骨和齿36的高亲和性，并且可以保持固定在处理的动物中长时间，甚至尊重停药时间30。另外，宠物食品的生产依赖于肉（主要是家禽）的副产物，这是机械分离37。这种分离摹enerates骨基于膳食轴承土霉素残基中存在的市售饲料（罐头，半湿润，干燥），在20 - 30％，可以在宠物的身体内蓄积。 关于ND基，这是合理的假设的所有临床症状的平均得分强度减少是这样的营养物质的石榴 38， 缬草 39， 迷迭香抗炎和抗氧化作用的结果巴戟 40，椴属41，茶提取物42，和多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）的膳食中存在。例如，多不饱和脂肪酸已经显示调节注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）患者和攻击性的犬43行为症状。这些狗具有较低二十二碳六烯酸（DHA）水平比正常，以及更高的ω-6:ω-3的比例<suP&gt; 44,45。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54878/54878fig1.jpg" /> 图 1。 ND减少活动时间和狗增加休息时间。狗的日平均活动（A）和休息时间（B）的示意图前（T0）后（T1），SD和ND补充10天（** P &lt;0.01）。误差棒为±平均值的标准误差。 <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54878/54878fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/54878/54878fig2.jpg" /> 图 2。 ND改善受影响犬的行为障碍。平均的示意图得分behavi的强度<html>在狗中口服症状之前（T0）和之后（T1）SD和ND补充10天。 （A）标记。 （B）焦虑（*** P &lt;0.001）。 （C）踌躇（* P &lt;0.05）。 （D）不规则的生物节律（** P &lt;0.01）。 （E）反应性（** P &lt;0.01）。 （F）激活（* P &lt;0.05）。 （G）易怒（** P &lt;0.01）。 （H）机敏（* P &lt;0.05）。 （一）环境探测（** P &lt;0.01）。 （J）注意要求（** P &lt;0.01）。误差棒为±平均值的标准误差。 <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54878/54878fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <html> 78fig3.jpg"/&gt; 图 3。 ND改善受影响狗的临床症状。平均值的示意图。比分之前（T 0）在狗的临床症状的强度和10天后（T1）SD和ND补充（A）的头皮屑（*** P &lt;0.001）。 （B）痒（* P &lt;0.05）。 （C）同花顺（* P &lt;0.05）。 （D）皮脂溢出（* P &lt;0.05）。 （E）毛皮不透明度（* P &lt;0.05）。 （F），呕吐（*** P &lt;0.001）。 （G），腹泻（** P &lt;0.01）。 （H）胀气（* P &lt;0.05）。 （Ⅰ）流泪（* P &lt;0.05）。 （J）肛门囊饱食（** P &lt;0.01）。误差棒为±平均值的标准误差。NK"&gt;点击此处查看该图的放大版本。 <img alt="图4" src="/files/ftp_upload/54878/54878fig4.jpg" /> 图 4。 ND降低了树皮的时间在补充狗。的平均时间示意图前花（T0）后（T1），SD和ND补充（*** P &lt;0.001），10天狗叫声。误差棒为±平均值的标准误差。 <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54878/54878fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2"> 每日率 </td></tr><tr><td>重量（kg） </td><td>量（g） </td></tr><tr><td> 1 - 10 </td><td> 30 - 180 </td></tr><tr><td> 11 -20 </td><td> 190 -300 </td></tr><tr><td> 21 - 35 </td><td> 310 - 455 </td></tr><tr><td> 36 - 50 </td><td> 465 - 595 </td></tr></tbody></table> 表 1。食品的每日金额提供给了狗。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Behavioral Disturbances: An Innovative Approach to Monitor the Modulatory Effects of a Nutraceutical Diet at JoVE.com

Behavioral Disturbances: An Innovative Approach to Monitor the Modulatory Effects of a Nutraceutical Diet

We report a simple approach to evaluate the effectiveness of a specific diet in positively modulating the daily activity and clinical and behavioral symptoms of dogs with evident behavioral disturbances.

行为障碍:一个创新的方法来监控保健品饮食的调节作用

In dogs, diets are often used to modulate behavioral disturbances related to chronic anxiety and stress caused by intense and restless activity. However, ...

behavioral-disturbances-an-innovative-approach-to-monitor-modulatory

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

8.8K 次观看.  “G. d’Annunzio” University. We report a simple approach to evaluate the effectiveness of a specific diet in positively modulating the daily activity and clinical and behavioral symptoms of dogs with evident behavioral disturbances.

视频: Behavioral Disturbances: An Innovative Approach to Monitor the Modulatory Effects of a Nutraceutical Diet

The Crossmodal Congruency Task as a Means to Obtain an Objective Behavioral Measure in the Rubber Hand Illusion Paradigm

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden hand is touched. If the viewed and felt touches are given at the same time then this is sufficient to induce the compelling experience that the rubber hand is one's own hand. The RHI can be used to investigate exactly how the brain constructs distinct body representations for one's own body. Such representations are crucial for successful interactions with the external world. To obtain a subjective measure of the RHI, researchers typically ask participants to rate statements such as "I felt as if the rubber hand were my hand". Here we demonstrate how the crossmodal congruency task can be used to obtain an objective behavioral measure within this paradigm.
The variant of the crossmodal congruency task we employ involves the presentation of tactile targets and visual distractors. Targets and distractors are spatially congruent (i.e. same finger) on some trials and incongruent (i.e. different finger) on others. The difference in performance between incongruent and congruent trials - the crossmodal congruency effect (CCE) - indexes multisensory interactions. Importantly, the CCE is modulated both by viewing a hand as well as the synchrony of viewed and felt touch which are both crucial factors for the RHI.
The use of the crossmodal congruency task within the RHI paradigm has several advantages. It is a simple behavioral measure which can be repeated many times and which can be obtained during the illusion while participants view the artificial hand. Furthermore, this measure is not susceptible to observer and experimenter biases. The combination of the RHI paradigm with the crossmodal congruency task allows in particular for the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the RHI.

We demonstrate how an objective measure can be employed in the widely employed rubber hand illusion paradigm. This measure is obtained by modifying the well-established crossmodal congruency task. This task allows the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the rubber hand illusion.

一致性的任务作为一种手段来获取目标行为的措施中的橡胶手错觉范式Crossmodal

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden ...

科研

行为学

Behavioral Phenotyping of Murine Disease Models with the Integrated Behavioral Station (INBEST)

Due to rapid advances in genetic engineering, small rodents have become the preferred subjects in many disciplines of biomedical research. In studies of chronic CNS disorders, there is an increasing demand for murine models with high validity at the behavioral level. However, multiple pathogenic mechanisms and complex functional deficits often impose challenges to reliably measure and interpret behavior of chronically sick mice. Therefore, the assessment of peripheral pathology and a behavioral profile at several time points using a battery of tests are required. Video-tracking, behavioral spectroscopy, and remote acquisition of physiological measures are emerging technologies that allow for comprehensive, accurate, and unbiased behavioral analysis in a home-base-like setting. This report describes a refined phenotyping protocol, which includes a custom-made monitoring apparatus (Integrated Behavioral Station, INBEST) that focuses on prolonged measurements of basic functional outputs, such as spontaneous activity, food/water intake and motivated behavior in a relatively stress-free environment. Technical and conceptual improvements in INBEST design may further promote reproducibility and standardization of behavioral studies.

Behavioral Phenotyping of Murine Disease Models with the Integrated Behavioral Station INBEST

Prolonged and comprehensive monitoring of mice in a home-cage environment provides a deeper understanding of aberrant behavior in murine models of brain diseases. This paper describes the Integrated Behavioral Station (INBEST) as the key component of contemporary behavioral analysis.

小鼠疾病模型的集成行为车站行为表型（INBEST）

Due to rapid advances in genetic engineering, small rodents have become the preferred subjects in many disciplines of biomedical research. In studies of ...

Experimental Assessment of Mouse Sociability Using an Automated Image Processing Approach

Mouse is the preferred model organism for testing drugs designed to increase sociability. We present a method to quantify mouse sociability in which the test mouse is placed in a standardized apparatus and relevant behaviors are assessed in three different sessions (called session I, II, and III).
The apparatus has three compartments (see Figure 1), the left and right compartments contain an inverted cup which can house a mouse (called &#34;stimulus mouse&#34;).
In session I, the test mouse is placed in the cage and its mobility is characterized by the number of transitions made between compartments. In session II, a stimulus mouse is placed under one of the inverted cups and the sociability of the test mouse is quantified by the amounts of time it spends near the cup containing the enclosed stimulus mouse vs. the empty inverted cup. In session III, the inverted cups are removed and both mice interact freely. The sociability of the test mouse in session III is quantified by the number of social approaches it makes toward the stimulus mouse and by the number of times it avoids a social approach by the stimulus mouse.
The automated evaluation of the movie detects the nose of the test mouse, which allows the determination of all described sociability measures in session I and II (in session III, approaches are identified automatically but classified manually). To find the nose, the image of an empty cage is digitally subtracted from each frame of the movie and the resulting image is binarized to identify the mouse pixels. The mouse tail is automatically removed and the two most distant points of the remaining mouse are determined; these are close to nose and base of tail. By analyzing the motion of the mouse and using continuity arguments, the nose is identified.
<img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/52508/52508fig1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1. Assessment of Sociability During 3 sessions. Session I (top): Acclimation of test mouse to the cage. Session II (middle): Test mouse moving freely in the cage while the stimulus mouse is enclosed in an inverted cup. Session III (bottom): Both test mouse and stimulus mouse are allowed to move freely and interact with each other.

This protocol describes a method to quantify mouse sociability. Mice are videotaped as they move and interact in a special cage. Movie processing allows for the automated quantification of sociability with excellent accuracy and reliability.

使用自动图像处理方法鼠标社交性的实验评估

Mouse is the preferred model organism for testing drugs designed to increase sociability. We present a method to quantify mouse sociability in which the ...

Vagus Nerve Stimulation as a Tool to Induce Plasticity in Pathways Relevant for Extinction Learning

Extinction describes the process of attenuating behavioral responses to neutral stimuli when they no longer provide the reinforcement that has been maintaining the behavior. There is close correspondence between fear and human anxiety, and therefore studies of extinction learning might provide insight into the biological nature of anxiety-related disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder, and they might help to develop strategies to treat them. Preclinical research aims to aid extinction learning and to induce targeted plasticity in extinction circuits to consolidate the newly formed memory. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a powerful approach that provides tight temporal and circuit-specific release of neurotransmitters, resulting in modulation of neuronal networks engaged in an ongoing task. VNS enhances memory consolidation in both rats and humans, and pairing VNS with exposure to conditioned cues enhances the consolidation of extinction learning in rats. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for the preparation of custom-made parts and the surgical procedures required for VNS in rats. Using this protocol we show how VNS can facilitate the extinction of conditioned fear responses in an auditory fear conditioning task. In addition, we provide evidence that VNS modulates synaptic plasticity in the pathway between the infralimbic (IL) medial prefrontal cortex and the basolateral complex of the amygdala (BLA), which is involved in the expression and modulation of extinction memory.

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has emerged as a tool to induce targeted synaptic plasticity in the forebrain to modify a range of behaviors. This protocol describes how to implement VNS to facilitate the consolidation of fear extinction memory.

迷走神经刺激作为一种工具来诱导可塑性相关途径灭绝学习

Extinction describes the process of attenuating behavioral responses to neutral stimuli when they no longer provide the reinforcement that has been ...

A Novel Approach to Assess Motor Outcome of Deep Brain Stimulation Effects in the Hemiparkinsonian Rat: Staircase and Cylinder Test

Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus is an effective treatment option for Parkinson&#39;s disease. In our lab we established a protocol to screen different neurostimulation patterns in hemiparkinsonian (unilateral lesioned) rats. It consists of creating a unilateral Parkinson&#39;s lesion by injecting 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the right medial forebrain bundle, implanting chronic stimulation electrodes into the subthalamic nucleus and evaluating motor outcomes at the end of 24 hr periods of cable-bound external neurostimulation. The stimulation was conducted with constant current stimulation. The amplitude was set 20% below the individual threshold for side effects. The motor outcome evaluation was done by the assessment of spontaneous paw use in the cylinder test according to Shallert and by the assessment of skilled reaching in the staircase test according to Montoya. This protocol describes in detail the training in the staircase box, the cylinder test, as well as the use of both in hemiparkinsonian rats. The use of both tests is necessary, because the staircase test seems to be more sensitive for fine motor skill impairment and exhibits greater sensitivity to change during neurostimulation. The combination of the unilateral Parkinson model and the two behavioral tests allows the assessment of different stimulation parameters in a standardized way.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective treatment option for Parkinson's disease. We established a study design to screen novel stimulation paradigms in rats. The protocol describes the use of the staircase test and cylinder test for motor outcome assessment in DBS treated hemiparkinsonian rats.

一种新的方法，以评估在帕金森病大鼠脑深部电刺激效应的运动结果:楼梯和缸测试

Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus is an effective treatment option for Parkinson&#39;s disease. In our lab we established a protocol to ...

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test (rPVT): A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article describes a rodent version of the PVT&#8212;termed the &#34;rPVT&#34;&#8212;that measures similar aspects of attention (i.e., performance accuracy, motor speed, premature responding, and lapses in attention). Data are presented that demonstrate both the short- and long-term usefulness of the rPVT when employed with laboratory rats. Rats easily learn the rPVT, and learning to perform the basic procedure takes less than two weeks of training. Once acquired, rat performances in the rPVT show a high degree of similarity to these same performance measures in the human PVT, including similarities in, lapses in attention, reaction times, vigilance decrements across session time (i.e., the human &#34;time-on-task&#34; effects), and the response-stimulus interval (RSI) effect described for humans. Thus the rPVT can be an extremely valuable tool for assessing the effects of a wide range of variables on sustained attention quite similar to human PVT performances, and thus can be useful for developing novel treatments for neurobehavioral dysfunctions.

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test rPVT: A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

A rat version of the human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is described that measures aspects of attention similar to those measured with the human PVT, including aspects of human vigilance such as performance accuracy, motor speed, premature responding, and lapses in attention.

鼠类精神运动警觉测试（rPVT）:一个在大鼠和小鼠的神经行为评估性能的方法

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article ...

Using the Race Model Inequality to Quantify Behavioral Multisensory Integration Effects

Multisensory integration research investigates how the brain processes simultaneous sensory information. Research on animals (mainly cats and primates) and humans reveal that intact multisensory integration is crucial for functioning in the real world, including both cognitive and physical activities. Much of the research conducted over the past several decades documents multisensory integration effects using diverse psychophysical, electrophysiological, and neuroimaging techniques. While its presence has been reported, the methods used to determine the magnitude of multisensory integration effects varies and typically faces much criticism. In what follows, limitations of previous behavioral studies are outlined and a step-by-step tutorial for calculating the magnitude of multisensory integration effects using robust probability models is provided.

The current study aims to provide a step-by-step tutorial for calculating the magnitude of multisensory integration effects in an effort to facilitate the production of translational research studies across diverse clinical populations.

使用种族模型不平等来量化行为多感官整合效应

Multisensory integration research investigates how the brain processes simultaneous sensory information. Research on animals (mainly cats and primates) ...

Nest Building Behavior as an Early Indicator of Behavioral Deficits in Mice

Nest building is an innate behavior in male and female rodents, even when raised in laboratory settings. As such, many researchers provide rodents synthetic and/or natural materials (such as twine, tissue, cotton, paper, and hay) as a gauge of their overall well-being and as an ancillary assessment to predict the possible decline in cognition. Typically, changes in nesting behaviors, such as failure to create a nest, indicate a change in health or welfare. In addition, nesting behavior is sensitive to many environmental and physiological challenges, as well as many genetic mutations underlying pathological disease states. The following protocol describes a nesting behavior paradigm that explores the usage of four types of nesting material. In addition, the protocol utilizes intraclass correlations to demonstrate that inter-rater reliability is higher when nests are constructed out of shredded paper compared to other common nesting materials such as cotton squares, paper twists, and soft cob bedding. The chosen methodology and statistical considerations (i.e., intraclass correlation) for this assay may be of interest for those conducting experiments assessing the quality of living of mice.&#160;

Here, we present a protocol to quantify nest building behavior in mice, which is known to be impaired in several neurological disorders and diseases. This protocol examines the utility of four materials and offers the opportunity to quantify the rater agreement in scoring, improving the validity and reliability of the assay.

巢穴建筑行为作为小鼠行为缺陷的早期指标

Nest building is an innate behavior in male and female rodents, even when raised in laboratory settings. As such, many researchers provide rodents ...

Flypub To Study Ethanol Induced Behavioral Disinhibition and Sensitization

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) remains a serious problem in our society. To develop effective interventions for addiction, it is important to understand the underlying neurobiological mechanisms, for which diverse experimental approaches and model systems are needed. The main ingredient of alcoholic beverages is ethanol, which causes adaptive changes in the central nervous system and behavior upon chronic intake. Behavioral sensitization (i.e., escalated responses) in particular represents a key adaptive change underlying addiction. Most ethanol-induced behavioral sensitization studies in animal models have been conducted on the locomotor activating effect of ethanol. A prominent effect of ethanol is behavioral disinhibition. Behavioral sensitization to the disinhibition effect of ethanol, however, is underrepresented. To address this issue, we developed the Flypub assay that allows measuring the escalated increase in disinhibited courtship activities upon recurring ethanol exposure in Drosophila melanogaster.&#160;Here, we report the step-by-step Flypub assay including assembly of ethanol exposure chambers, setup of the assay station, criteria for fly care and collection, ethanol delivery, quantification of disinhibited courtship activities, data processing and statistical analysis. Also provided are how to troubleshoot critical steps, overcome limitations and expand its utility to assess additional ethanol-induced behaviors. The Flypub assay in combination with powerful genetic tools in Drosophila melanogaster will facilitate the task of discovering the mechanism underlying ethanol-induced behavioral sensitization.

The Flypub assay measures the behaviors that the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster displays under the influence of ethanol. The assay can be readily mastered by experimenters at all levels and applied to various vaporized stimuli, facilitating substance abuse and addiction studies.

飞行酒吧研究乙醇诱导的行为抑制和敏感性

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) remains a serious problem in our society. To develop effective interventions for addiction, it is important to understand the ...

Iterative Development of an Innovative Smartphone-Based Dietary Assessment Tool: Traqq

To collect dietary intake data in a fast and reliable manner, a flexible and innovative smartphone application (app) called Traqq was developed (iOS/Android). This app can be used as a food record and&#160;24-h recall (or shorter recall periods). Different sampling schemes can be created on either prespecified or random days/times within a predetermined period for both methods, with&#160;push notifications to urge the participants to register their food intake. In case of non-response, notifications are automatically rescheduled to ensure complete data collection. For use as a food record, respondents can access the app and log their food intake throughout the day. Food records close automatically at the end of the day; recalls close after submission of the consumed items. The recall as well as the food record module provide access to an extensive food list based on the Dutch food composition database (FCDB), which can be accustomed to fit different research purposes. When selecting a food item, respondents are simultaneously prompted to insert portion size, i.e., in household measures (e.g., cups, spoons, glasses), standard portion sizes (e.g., small, medium, large), or weight in grams, and eating occasion/time of consumption. Portion size options can be adjusted, e.g., only entry in grams in case of a weighed food record or time of consumption instead of eating occasion). The app also includes a My Dishes function, which allows the respondent to create their own recipes or product combinations (e.g., a daily breakfast) and only report the total quantity consumed. Subsequently, the app accounts for yield and retention factors. The data are stored on a secure server. If desired, additional questions, i.e., in general or those related to specific food items or eating occasions can be incorporated. This paper describes the development of the system (app and backend), including expert evaluations and usability testing.

This article describes the protocol for the development of an innovative smartphone-based dietary assessment application Traqq, including expert evaluations and usability testing.