We thank Ji Liu and Wen Xu for involving in the experimental setup. Le Luo is a member of the Indiana University Center for Spacetime Symmetries (IUCSS). This work was supported by IUPUI and IUCRG.

注意:此协议需要包括以下设备的家庭的内置超冷原子设备:两个外部腔二极管激光器（ECDL），锁定设定为ECDL偏移频率锁定10，光纤激光器的ODT的激光强度调制的AOM ，一个射频（RF）天线系统具有源发生器和功率放大器，吸收成像系统用CCD照相机，用于定时序列和数据采集（DAQ），用于成像处理和数据分析的计算机程序的计算机程序，一对电磁铁的MOT和偏置磁场，以及超高真空室内包括较慢的（ 图1中示出）的6 Li蒸汽烤箱和塞曼。 注意:不同的功率和波长的三个激光器使用。请查阅相关的激光安全数据表，并选择合适的激光防护镜。 1.时序续ROL 注意:所有的定时序列由通过定时控制程序128通道PCI DAQ卡控制。定时序列的分辨率为100微秒。几个仪表控制程序用于控制工具，如光纤激光器任意函数发生器（AFG），ODT AFG，任意脉冲发生器（APG），参数调制AFG，MOT复用器，RF发生器等的设置。 <ol><li>打开正时控制程序和用于乐器的控制程序。 注:定时控制程序发送TTL（晶体管 - 晶体管逻辑）信号到控制端子用于运行定时控制文件。某些仪器通过GPIB（IEEE 488），用于实时控制连接至计算机。 </li><li>写实验定时文件，并设置定时参数如表1中列出。 注:后MOT定时序列也由图2中示出。 </li></OL&gt; 2. CCD摄像机制备注:CCD照相机用于记录冷原子的吸收成像，这是冷原子的主要的诊断工具。 <ol><li>打开CCD摄像头的驱动程序和控制程序。设置CCD摄像机粒子图像测速仪（PIV）模式11。该CCD的曝光时间设置为5毫秒。 注意:PIV模式降低了信号和基准帧，这增加了吸收成像的信噪比之间的时间间隙。 </li><li>使用一个外部触发信号以控制CCD曝光 注:CCD触发时间在表1中列出。 </li></ol> 3. 671 nm激光制备注:671纳米的单频ECDL与500毫瓦输出功率被用来生成MOT冷却和诱捕光束。 35毫瓦的另一个671纳米ECDL用于吸收成像。一种数字激光电流调制方法（DLCM）被应用于激光频率稳定10。相关的6个 Li的能级示于图3a。的20±1℃的室温下的稳定性所需的激光频率锁定的最佳稳定性。 <ol><li> MOT激光制备 注意:光学装置和方法DLCM的相关的结果示于参考文献10。 <ol><li>打开的6 Li原子蒸气室加热器和暖机至340℃。 </li><li>预热激光器锁定AOM 1个小时。 </li><li>打开激光频率锁定控制器上，并打开其软件。打开软件中的ECDL的激光光栅和电流调制。 注:调制频率和光栅调制的振幅分别被设置为5赫兹和1.0V的。当前调制的调制频率和振幅都设定为100千赫和分别0.0015 V pp至降低激光线宽10。 </li><li>打开ECDL排放。 注意:激光光通过MOT光学装置并到达实验真空室中。 </li><li>直到6栗ð2线的锁定误差信号被观察到，如图在图3b稍微手动调整ECDL激光器的电流来调谐激光频率。 </li><li>在控制软件锁点设定为2 2 S 1/2（F = 3/2）→2 2 P 3/2过渡（参见图3a，3b）。然后锁定激光频率以这种过渡，并且锁定点调整到过渡10的中心。 注意:一旦激光频率被锁定时，锁定误差信号示出了在对应于围绕该锁点的频率波动的锁定点一个小的波动。 </li></ol></li><li>激光成像准备 注意:光学装置和偏移锁定方法的相关的结果与参考例10介绍。 <ol><li>打开偏移锁定射频信号发生器。 </li><li>打开光栅的调制，并增加调制幅度为2 V. </li><li>重复频率调整过程中3.1.4.-3.1.5。以获得在示波器激光频率跳动误差信号和RF频谱分析仪。 </li><li>锁定激光频率偏移的通过两个PID反馈模块锁定所述差拍信号。 注意:一旦激光频率锁定，RF频谱中的搏动信号的频谱将停止在锁定点。 </li></ol></li></ol> 4.吸收成像准备注:原子被探测与吸收成像，这需要两个图像帧。第一个与所述原子是信号帧中，并且没有原子的第二个是参考帧。 <ol><li>打开一个APG和成像光束AOM。 </li><li>成像脉冲持续时间设定为10微秒，以及两个成像帧之间的分离时间设定为5.5毫秒。 </li><li>设定的摄像光束强度至约0.3 我坐着 ，其中I = 坐在 2.54毫瓦/平方厘米2是6立ð2线的饱和吸收强度。 </li></ol> 5.冷却原子与MOT 注:MOT是在超冷原子实验一种广泛使用的冷却方法。这部分约300μK产生大约十亿6 Li原子的MOT。 <ol><li>慢原子源<ol><li>打开烤箱加热器。 </li><li>烘箱温度达到操作区域（参照表2）后，接通用于塞曼较慢的冷却风扇。分别然后慢慢增加慢9.2 A.打开对当前两个交叉线圈的电流，以7和1A。 注意:在表2中列出的烘箱的温度分布为原子源12的准直和寿命进行了优化。在烘箱加热器的位置示于图4。 </li><li>通过打开快门原子手动解锁塞曼较慢激光束。激光束的频率设定为192兆赫红失谐与2 2 S 1/2（F = 3/2）→2 2 P 3/2过渡。 注意:对于该设置中，原子的速度1400米/秒减速至100米/秒。塞曼较慢示于图5。 </li></ol></li><li>磁场梯度 注:该装置使用一对由H桥开关电路控制，以产生任一抗亥姆霍兹或亥姆霍兹磁场线圈。线圈被冷却以防止过热的水。 <ol><li>慢慢打开水流至6加仑/分钟。 </li><li>通过运行与MOT装载定时文件中的时序控制程序中设定的H桥反亥姆霍兹磁场配置。 </li><li>打开磁铁的电源，并通过其控制程序，其产生约22克/厘米为MOT的磁场梯度每个线圈的电流设定为约18埃。 注:静态MOT是在实验中观察到腔室的磁场梯度被接通之后。 </li></ol></li><li>动态MOT 注意:6力MOT的光学设备，包含三个双反的传播MOT梁互相垂直的所有对。每个MOT光束包括冷却光束和再抽运光束。强度和梁，其通过声光调制器控制的频率失谐，是用于三相改变。所述的AOM的控制电压通过由定时控制系统命令的多路复用器电路设置。对于三相的参数列于表3中 。光学外行出MOT光束的示于图6。 <ol><li>装载，编译并与软件控制循环运行的时序控制程序实验计时文件。实验定时开始与MOT加载阶段。监视MOT荧光信号在光检测器达到2V，这表明在MOT大约10 9个原子。 注意:MOT的荧光是通过用约10 -4弧度的立体角的透镜收集。装载阶段原子数可通过该方法在参考文献13来计算。 </li><li>使用光学快门加载阶段结束之前阻止的减缓光束。 注意:减缓光束快门的时机也根据实验定时，这在表1中所列的控制。 </li><li>组的强度和根据表3的冷却阶段，通过MOT激光束的频率失谐。 注:在冷却阶段之后，的温度MOT减少到约300μK。 </li><li>对于泵送阶段，程序的实验定时文件关闭再抽运光束与AOM。 注:抽水泵相的所有原子到最低超精细状态2 2 S 1/2（F = 1/2）。 </li><li>关闭MOT横梁和由AOM移位原子跃迁共振低于激光频率30兆赫，并阻止从与光学快门的声光调制器的光泄漏。 注:MOT阶段之后，谐振光的到原子云的任何泄漏将导致原子的损失。所述AOM控制和MOT光束快门的定时都被列在表1中 。 </li><li>动态MOT后，获取来自相机成像的帧。获取MOT的吸收成像。 注意:MOT的原子序数是泵送阶段后约10 7。在MOT的典型吸收图像示于图7a中 。 </li></ol></li></ol> &lt;P类= "jove_title"&gt; 6。准备一台超冷费米气体与ODT <ol><li>光偶极阱 注:ODT是产生超冷费米气体的主要工具。为了产生一个深ODT，光纤激光器用100瓦功率发射在1064nm波长被使用。 ODT的设置示于图8。 <ol><li>放水的流动用于冷却激光束转储。 </li><li>手动设置ODT AOM控制电压到1V。接通光纤激光器13瓦功率发射。 </li><li>检查ODT光学用红外光观察器，并删除与氩气流量的任何灰尘。 注:在光学灰尘会改变ODT的空间分布，并导致ODT的不稳定。 </li><li>命令光纤激光器AFG以生成经由AFG控制程序的激光脉冲。 注意:激光脉冲的输出被通过实验定时触发，并且该脉冲的起始时间是MOT装载阶段结束之前设置为14毫秒。该PULSÈ序列控制示于图1，并且定时表1中列出。 </li><li>手动设置ODT AOM控制电压至8V（80饱和RF功率的％）。 注:AOM驱动器的最大RF功率应限制在饱和功率的80％，以减少热透镜效应。 </li><li>获得来自摄像机的MOT和ODT的吸收图像。 注:检查MOT和ODT的重叠，通过其吸收成像。 图7b示出了分别和MOT ODT，的典型的吸收图像。 </li></ol></li><li>偏置磁场和自旋混合射频场 注意:为了产生相互作用费米气体，在垂直方向上的偏置磁场被施加到调谐的S -wave散射长度。 <ol><li>设置H桥中的实验程序的定时，使得来自反亥姆霍兹磁场配置更改亥姆霍兹。 注:头盔霍尔茨线圈产生用于调谐原子间相互作用的偏置磁场。 </li><li>偏置磁场设置为330的G信道2和527.3 G沿磁体控制程序的信道3。 </li><li>编程实验定时序列从为0G扫磁场330 G中的MOT关闭后。 注意:此磁场扫描准备标准蒸发冷却弱相互作用的6种 Li费米气体。 </li><li>编程从330克至527克磁场扫描为一个非相互作用费米气体14。 注:从6.2.1-6.2.4磁场序列。示于图1，并且定时表1中列出。 </li><li>施加嘈杂的RF脉冲，以在两个最低超精细状态2 2 S 1/2 的6 Li 的 50:50混合物（F = 1/2，M F =±1/2）。 </li><li>调锁定激光谐振频率与原子在527.3ģ通过改变RF信号的输出频率（对应于过渡2 2 S 1/2（F = 1/2，M F = -1/2）→2 2 P 3/2在低磁场）发电机。 注:谐振频率最大化吸收成像，其用于引导所述频率调整的原子数。仅降速原子被成像以呈现原子云因为50:50旋混合物用于该实验。 </li></ol></li><li>蒸发冷却的陷阱降低 注意:标准蒸发冷却用于冷却6 Li的费米原子附近的简并制度。蒸发冷却的第一阶段是由光纤激光器的脉冲控制，二是由ODT AOM控制。近简并费米气体将被用作所述样品的参数的冷却。 <ol><li>开始蒸发冷却机智的第一阶段ħ通过脉冲光纤激光器功率，这增加了ODT的陷阱深度U 0，然后再返回到0.1 U 0的控制软件（U 0是全陷阱深度与100瓦的激光功率）。这个阶段的总时间为0.5秒。 注:对应于U 0的脉冲持续时间应限制在0.5秒，以避免在热透镜效应。 </li><li>程序的ODT AOM具有指数曲线如图1。蒸发冷却的第一阶段完成后，等待30毫秒，然后通过经由ODT AOM从0.1降低陷阱深度U 0〜0.01 U 0开始蒸发冷却的第二阶段。这个阶段的总时间为1.5秒。 </li><li>蒸发冷却后，即可获得冷原子的吸收成像。 注:大约10 5个原子被留在蒸发冷却后的ODT，它可以从被计算吸收图像。 </li></ol></li></ol> 7.冷却参数<ol><li>陷阱深度调制<ol><li>磁性扫到527.3 G.调制陷阱深度与ODT AOM由U（ 吨米 ）= 0.01 U 0后，等待100毫秒（1个+δCOS（ω 米吨米 ）），其中δ是调制深度和ω m是调制频率。设置在参数调制AFG控制程序的调制时间t 米 。调制的时间序列示于图1。 注意:这是实现参数化冷却的关键一步。 </li><li>节目由APG突然关闭诱捕梁来释放ODT的原子。我们将吸收成像前的气体弹道扩大300微秒。 注:弹道扩展使用TOF吸收成像，以获得坦佩冷原子rature。 </li><li>获取参数冷却后的冷原子吸收图像。 </li></ol></li><li>时间相关测量 注意:在我们以前的工作7中，我们发现参数冷却的优化频率为1.45ωx，其中ωx为0.01 U 0 ODT的径向捕获频率。使用该频率，我们可以选择性地移除高能原子沿轴向方向。 <ol><li>设定的调制深度通过参数调制AFG控制程序为δ= 0.5。 </li><li>使用参数调制AFG的外部触发控制功能通过改变调制循环数，以改变从0至600毫秒的调制时间。 注意:使用的调制时间的增加，原子云的大小将减小，特别是在轴向方向上。有关结果示于图9。 </l我&gt; <li>获取来自相机成像的帧。保存并通过CCD控制程序分析图像。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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Rev. Lett. 94 (10), 103201 (2005).</li><li>Gaunt, A. L., Schmidutz, T. F., Gotlibovych, I., Smith, R. P., Hadzibabic, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bose-Einstein+condensation+of+atoms+in+a+uniform+potential.">Bose-Einstein condensation of atoms in a uniform potential.</a> Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 (20), 200406 (2013).</li><li>Bruce, G. D., Bromley, S. L., Smirne, G., Torralbo-Campo, L., Cassettari, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Holographic+power-law+traps+for+the+efficient+production+of+Bose-Einstein+condensates.">Holographic power-law traps for the efficient production of Bose-Einstein condensates.</a> Phys. Rev. A. 84 (5), 053410 (2011).</li><li>Roy, R., Green, A., Bowler, R., Gupta, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+cooling+to+quantum+degeneracy+in+dynamically+shaped+atom+traps.">Rapid cooling to quantum degeneracy in dynamically shaped atom traps.</a> Phys. Rev. A. 93 (4), 043403 (2016).</li><li>Bukov, M., D'Alessio, L., Polkovnikov, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Universal+high-frequency+behavior+of+periodically+driven+systems:+from+dynamical+stabilization+to+Floquet+engineering.">Universal high-frequency behavior of periodically driven systems: from dynamical stabilization to Floquet engineering.</a> Adv. Phys. 64 (2), 139-226 (2015).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose. Specific product and company citations are for the purpose of clarification only and are not an endorsement by the authors.

我们提出的用于交叉光束光学阱的非相互作用费米气体的冷却参数的实验协议。此协议的关键步骤包括:首先，将光学捕获费米气体需要通过降低陷阱深度接近冷却至退化温度。第二，调制频率选择即谐振与俘获电位的非调谐组件。第三，俘获光束的强度被调制，以冷却原子云并测量云能量对调制时间的依赖性。 与收集降低方案相比，所述参数冷却方案提供了一种选择性的方?...

在过去的二十年中，各种冷却技术已经被开发用于产生玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚（BEC）和从热原子蒸气1，2，3，4，5简并费米气体（DFG）。 BEC和DFG是存在于非常低的温度下物质的新颖阶段，通常是比绝对零度的温度的百万分之一，远远低于那些通常在地球上或在空间中。为了获得这样低的温度下，最冷却方法依赖于降低捕获电位蒸发冷却的原子。然而，该方案降低也降低了原子的碰撞率，当气体到达量子政权6这限制了冷却效率。在本文中，我们提出了一种"驱逐"方法来蒸发冷却超冷费米气体中的ODT而不降低陷阱深度。此方法是基于我们最近参数冷却7，示出相比于降低方案7，8，9几个优点的研究。 参数方案的关键思想是采用的交叉光束ODT，这使得邻近所述俘获电位的边缘的较热原子感觉下俘获的频率比在中心较冷原子的非谐。此非谐性允许调节在频率谐振与高能量原子俘获电位时被选择性地从阱排出的热原子。 参数冷却的实验方案需要接近退化温度预冷却的互不影响的费米气体。为了实现该协议，声光调制器（AOM）来调制由controllin捕获光束的强度克的调制频率，深度和时间。要验证的冷却效果，原子云是由时间 - 飞行时间（TOF）的吸收成像，其中谐振激光束照射原子云和吸收阴影由电荷耦合器件（CCD）照相机捕获探测。云性质，如原子数，能量和温度，由列密度确定。为了表征的冷却效果，我们测量云能量上的各种调制倍的依赖性。

<table><tbody><tr><td>500 mW 671 nm ECDL</td><td>Toptica</td><td>TA Pro</td><td>Quantity: 1</td></tr><tr><td>35 mW 671 nm ECDL</td><td>Toptica</td><td>DL-100</td><td>Quantity: 1</td></tr><tr><td>671 nm AOM</td><td>Isomet</td><td>1206C</td><td>Quantity: 3</td></tr><tr><td>671 nm AOM Driver</td><td>Isomet</td><td>630C-110</td><td>Quantity: 3</td></tr><tr><td>100 W 1,064 nm CW laser</td><td>IPG photonics</td><td>YLR-100-1064-LP</td><td>Quantity: 1</td></tr><tr><td>1,064 nm AOM</td><td>IntraAction</td><td>ATM-804DA6B&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Quantity: 1</td></tr><tr><td>1,064 nm AOM Driver</td><td>IntraAction</td><td>ME-805EH&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Quantity: 1</td></tr><tr><td>Arbitrary Function Generator</td><td>Agilent&amp;nbsp;</td><td>33120A</td><td>Quantity: 3</td></tr><tr><td>Digital I/O Board</td><td>United Electronic Industries</td><td>PD2-DIO-128</td><td>Quantity: 1</td></tr><tr><td>System Design Platform</td><td>National Instruments</td><td>LabVIEW</td><td>Quantity: 1</td></tr><tr><td>Analog Voltage Output Device</td><td>Measurement Computing</td><td>USB-3104</td><td>Quantity: 1</td></tr><tr><td>CCD Camera</td><td>Hamamatsu</td><td>Orca R2</td><td>Quantity: 1</td></tr><tr><td>Arbitrary Pulse Generator</td><td>Quantum Composer</td><td>9618+</td><td>Quantity: 1</td></tr><tr><td>Analog Voltage Output Device</td><td>Measurement Computing</td><td>USB-3104</td><td>Quantity: 1</td></tr><tr><td>20 A power supply</td><td></td><td></td><td>Quantity: 1</td></tr><tr><td>10 A power supply</td><td></td><td></td><td>Quantity: 1</td></tr><tr><td>120 A power supply</td><td></td><td></td><td>Quantity: 2</td></tr><tr><td>Cooling Fans</td><td></td><td></td><td>Quantity: depends on apparatus design</td></tr><tr><td>671 nm Mirrors</td><td></td><td></td><td>Quantity: depends on apparatus design</td></tr><tr><td>671 nm Half-wave Plate</td><td></td><td></td><td>Quantity: depends on apparatus design</td></tr><tr><td>671 nm Quarter-wave Plate</td><td></td><td></td><td>Quantity: depends on apparatus design</td></tr><tr><td>500 mW Beam Shutter</td><td></td><td></td><td>Quantity: depends on apparatus design</td></tr><tr><td>671 nm Lenses</td><td></td><td></td><td>Quantity: depends on apparatus design</td></tr><tr><td>Faraday Isolator</td><td></td><td></td><td>Quantity: 2, one for each ECDL</td></tr><tr><td>671 nm Polarizing Beam Splitter</td><td></td><td></td><td>Quantity: depends on apparatus design</td></tr><tr><td>Photodetector</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>SM05PD1A</td><td>Quantity: 1</td></tr><tr><td>Multiplexer&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Analog Devices</td><td>ADG409</td><td>Quantity: 1</td></tr><tr><td>Multiplexer&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Analog Devices</td><td>ADG408</td><td>Quantity: 2</td></tr><tr><td>1,064 nm plano-concave lens</td><td></td><td></td><td>Quantity: 1 for beam reducer</td></tr><tr><td>1,064 nm plano-convex lens</td><td></td><td></td><td>Quantity: 1 for beam reducer</td></tr><tr><td>1,064 nm Mirrors</td><td></td><td></td><td>Quantity: depends on apparatus design</td></tr><tr><td>1,064 nm Half-wave Plates</td><td></td><td></td><td>Quantity: depends on apparatus design</td></tr><tr><td>1,064 nm Lenses</td><td></td><td></td><td>Quantity: depends on apparatus design</td></tr><tr><td>1,064 nm Thin Film Polarizer</td><td></td><td></td><td>Quantity: 1</td></tr><tr><td>100 W, 1,064 nm Beam Dump</td><td></td><td></td><td>Quantity: 1</td></tr><tr><td>100 W, 1,064 nm Power Meter</td><td></td><td></td><td>Quantity: 1</td></tr><tr><td>RF Function Generator</td><td>Rigol</td><td>DG4162</td><td>Quantity: 1</td></tr><tr><td>RF Power Amplifier</td><td>Mini-Circuits</td><td>ZHL-100W-GAN+</td><td>Quantity: 1</td></tr></tbody></table>

cooling an optically trapped ultracold fermi gas by periodical driving

We present a cooling method for a cold Fermi gas by parametrically driving atomic motions in a crossed-beam optical dipole trap (ODT). Our method employs the anharmonicity of the ODT, in which the hotter atoms at the edge of the trap feel the anharmonic components of the trapping potential, while the colder atoms in the center of the trap feel the harmonic one. By modulating the trap depth with frequencies that are resonant with the anharmonic components, we selectively excite the hotter atoms out of the trap while keeping the colder atoms in the trap, generating parametric cooling. This experimental protocol starts with a magneto-optical trap (MOT) that is loaded by a Zeeman slower. The precooled atoms in the MOT are then transferred to an ODT, and a bias magnetic field is applied to create an interacting Fermi gas. We then lower the trapping potential to prepare a cold Fermi gas near the degenerate temperature. After that, we sweep the magnetic field to the noninteracting regime of the Fermi gas, in which the parametric cooling can be manifested by modulating the intensity of the optical trapping beams. We find that the parametric cooling effect strongly depends on the modulation frequencies and amplitudes. With the optimized frequency and amplitude, we measure the dependence of the cloud energy on the modulation time. We observe that the cloud energy is changed in an anisotropic way, where the energy of the axial direction is significantly reduced by parametric driving. The cooling effect is limited to the axial direction because the dominant anharmonicity of the crossed-beam ODT is along the axial direction. Finally, we propose to extend this protocol for the trapping potentials of large anharmonicity in all directions, which provides a promising scheme for cooling quantum gases using external driving.

使用这种协议中，我们研究了的调制时间用优化调制频率和振幅，这两者已在我们以前的出版物7中确定的参数冷却的依赖性。我们首先准备在两个最低超精细状态6个 Li原子的互不影响的费米气体与T / 五六 ≈1.2的温度。这里，T F =（6N）1/3ħω/ K B = 5.2μK与原子数N =每?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving at JoVE.com

Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving

We present a parametric driving method to cool an ultracold Fermi gas in a crossed-beam optical dipole trap. This method selectively removes high-energy atoms from the trap by periodically modulating the trap depth with frequencies that are resonant with the anharmonic components of the trapping potential.

通过定期行驶冷却光学被困超冷费米气体

We present a cooling method for a cold Fermi gas by parametrically driving atomic motions in a crossed-beam optical dipole trap (ODT). Our method employs ...

cooling-an-optically-trapped-ultracold-fermi-gas-by-periodical-driving

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

7.4K 次观看.  Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI). We present a parametric driving method to cool an ultracold Fermi gas in a crossed-beam optical dipole trap. This method selectively removes high-energy atoms from the trap by periodically modulating the trap depth with frequencies that are resonant with the anharmonic components of the trapping potential. 

视频: Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving

Hyperpolarized Xenon for NMR and MRI Applications

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and imaging (MRI) suffer from intrinsic low sensitivity because even strong external magnetic fields of ~10 T generate only a small detectable net-magnetization of the sample at room temperature 1. Hence, most NMR and MRI applications rely on the detection of molecules at relative high concentration (e.g., water for imaging of biological tissue) or require excessive acquisition times. This limits our ability to exploit the very useful molecular specificity of NMR signals for many biochemical and medical applications. However, novel approaches have emerged in the past few years: Manipulation of the detected spin species prior to detection inside the NMR/MRI magnet can dramatically increase the magnetization and therefore allows detection of molecules at much lower concentration 2.
Here, we present a method for polarization of a xenon gas mixture (2-5% Xe, 10% N2, He balance) in a compact setup with a ca. 16000-fold signal enhancement. Modern line-narrowed diode lasers allow efficient polarization 7 and immediate use of gas mixture even if the noble gas is not separated from the other components. The SEOP apparatus is explained and determination of the achieved spin polarization is demonstrated for performance control of the method.
The hyperpolarized gas can be used for void space imaging, including gas flow imaging or diffusion studies at the interfaces with other materials 8,9. Moreover, the Xe NMR signal is extremely sensitive to its molecular environment 6. This enables the option to use it as an NMR/MRI contrast agent when dissolved in aqueous solution with functionalized molecular hosts that temporarily trap the gas 10,11. Direct detection and high-sensitivity indirect detection of such constructs is demonstrated in both spectroscopic and imaging mode.

The production of hyperpolarized xenon by means of spin exchange optical pumping (SEOP) is described. This method yields a ~10000-fold enhancement of the nuclear spin polarization of Xe-129 and has applications in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging. Examples of gas phase and solution state experiments are given.

超极化氙NMR和MRI的应用

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and imaging (MRI) suffer from intrinsic low sensitivity because even strong external magnetic fields of ~10 ...

科研

工程学

Optical Trapping of Nanoparticles

Optical trapping is a technique for immobilizing and manipulating small objects in a gentle way using light, and it has been widely applied in trapping and manipulating small biological particles. Ashkin and co-workers first demonstrated optical tweezers using a single focused beam1. The single beam trap can be described accurately using the perturbative gradient force formulation in the case of small Rayleigh regime particles1. In the perturbative regime, the optical power required for trapping a particle scales as the inverse fourth power of the particle size. High optical powers can damage dielectric particles and cause heating. For instance, trapped latex spheres of 109 nm in diameter were destroyed by a 15 mW beam in 25 sec1, which has serious implications for biological matter2,3.
A self-induced back-action (SIBA) optical trapping was proposed to trap 50 nm polystyrene spheres in the non-perturbative regime4. In a non-perturbative regime, even a small particle with little permittivity contrast to the background can influence significantly the ambient electromagnetic field and induce a large optical force. As a particle enters an illuminated aperture, light transmission increases dramatically because of dielectric loading. If the particle attempts to leave the aperture, decreased transmission causes a change in momentum outwards from the hole and, by Newton's Third Law, results in a force on the particle inwards into the hole, trapping the particle. The light transmission can be monitored; hence, the trap can become a sensor. The SIBA trapping technique can be further improved by using a double-nanohole structure.
The double-nanohole structure has been shown to give a strong local field enhancement5,6. Between the two sharp tips of the double-nanohole, a small particle can cause a large change in optical transmission, thereby inducing a large optical force. As a result, smaller nanoparticles can be trapped, such as 12 nm silicate spheres7 and 3.4 nm hydrodynamic radius bovine serum albumin proteins8. In this work, the experimental configuration used for nanoparticle trapping is outlined. First, we detail the assembly of the trapping setup which is based on a Thorlabs Optical Tweezer Kit. Next, we explain the nanofabrication procedure of the double-nanohole in a metal film, the fabrication of the microfluidic chamber and the sample preparation. Finally, we detail the data acquisition procedure and provide typical results for trapping 20 nm polystyrene nanospheres.

The following setup approach details low power optical trapping of dielectric nanoparticles using a double-nanohole in metal film.

纳米粒子的光学捕获

Optical trapping is a technique for immobilizing and manipulating small objects in a gentle way using light, and it has been widely applied in trapping ...

Gradient Echo Quantum Memory in Warm Atomic Vapor

Gradient echo memory (GEM) is a protocol for storing optical quantum states of light in atomic ensembles. The primary motivation for such a technology is that quantum key distribution (QKD), which uses Heisenberg uncertainty to guarantee security of cryptographic keys, is limited in transmission distance. The development of a quantum repeater is a possible path to extend QKD range, but a repeater will need a quantum memory. In our experiments we use a gas of rubidium 87 vapor that is contained in a warm gas cell. This makes the scheme particularly simple. It is also a highly versatile scheme that enables in-memory refinement of the stored state, such as frequency shifting and bandwidth manipulation. The basis of the GEM protocol is to absorb the light into an ensemble of atoms that has been prepared in a magnetic field gradient. The reversal of this gradient leads to rephasing of the atomic polarization and thus recall of the stored optical state. We will outline how we prepare the atoms and this gradient and also describe some of the pitfalls that need to be avoided, in particular four-wave mixing, which can give rise to optical gain.

The gradient echo memory is a protocol for storing optical quantum states of light in atomic ensembles. Quantum memory is a key element of a quantum repeater, which can extend the range of quantum key distribution. We outline the operation of the scheme when implemented in a 3-level atomic ensemble.

梯度回波量子存储在温暖的原子蒸气

Gradient  echo memory (GEM) is a protocol for storing optical quantum states of light in  atomic ensembles. The primary motivation for such a technology ...

Fabrication and Operation of a Nano-Optical Conveyor Belt

The technique of using focused laser beams to trap and exert forces on small particles has enabled many pivotal discoveries in the nanoscale biological and physical sciences over the past few decades. The progress made in this field invites further study of even smaller systems and at a larger scale, with tools that could be distributed more easily and made more widely available. Unfortunately, the fundamental laws of diffraction limit the minimum size of the focal spot of a laser beam, which makes particles smaller than a half-wavelength in diameter hard to trap and generally prevents an operator from discriminating between particles which are closer together than one half-wavelength. This precludes the optical manipulation of many closely-spaced nanoparticles and&#160;limits the&#160;resolution of optical-mechanical systems. Furthermore, manipulation using focused beams requires beam-forming or steering optics, which can be very bulky and expensive. To address these limitations in the system scalability of conventional optical trapping our lab has devised an alternative technique which utilizes near-field optics to move particles across a chip. Instead of focusing laser beams in the far-field, the optical near field of plasmonic resonators produces the necessary local optical intensity enhancement to overcome the restrictions of diffraction and manipulate particles at higher resolution. Closely-spaced resonators produce strong optical traps which can be addressed to mediate the hand-off of particles from one to the next in a conveyor-belt-like fashion. Here, we describe how to design and produce a conveyor belt using a gold surface patterned with plasmonic C-shaped resonators and how to operate it with polarized laser light to achieve super-resolution nanoparticle manipulation and transport. The nano-optical conveyor belt chip can be produced using lithography techniques and easily packaged and distributed.

The scalability and resolution of conventional optical manipulation techniques are limited by diffraction. We circumvent the diffraction limit and describe a method of optically transporting nanoparticles across a chip using a gold surface patterned with a path of closely spaced C-shaped plasmonic resonators.

一个纳米光输送带的制作和操作

The technique of using focused laser beams to trap and exert forces on small particles has enabled many pivotal discoveries in the nanoscale biological ...

Silicon Metal-oxide-semiconductor Quantum Dots for Single-electron Pumping

As mass-produced silicon transistors have reached the nano-scale, their behavior and performances are increasingly affected, and often deteriorated, by quantum mechanical effects such as tunneling through single dopants, scattering via interface defects, and discrete trap charge states. However, progress in silicon technology has shown that these phenomena can be harnessed and exploited for a new class of quantum-based electronics. Among others, multi-layer-gated silicon metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) technology can be used to control single charge or spin confined in electrostatically-defined quantum dots (QD). These QD-based devices are an excellent platform for quantum computing applications and, recently, it has been demonstrated that they can also be used as single-electron pumps, which are accurate sources of quantized current for metrological purposes. Here, we discuss in detail the fabrication protocol for silicon MOS QDs which is relevant to both quantum computing and quantum metrology applications. Moreover, we describe characterization methods to test the integrity of the devices after fabrication. Finally, we give a brief description of the measurement set-up used for charge pumping experiments and show representative results of electric current quantization.

The fabrication process and experimental characterization techniques relevant to single-electron pumps based on silicon metal-oxide-semiconductor quantum dots are discussed.

硅金属 - 氧化物 - 半导体量子点单电子泵

As mass-produced silicon transistors have reached the nano-scale, their behavior and performances are increasingly affected, and often deteriorated, by ...

Direct Imaging of Laser-driven Ultrafast Molecular Rotation

We present a method for visualizing laser-induced, ultrafast molecular rotational wave packet dynamics. We have developed a new 2-dimensional Coulomb explosion imaging setup in which a hitherto-impractical camera angle is realized. In our imaging technique, diatomic molecules are irradiated with a circularly polarized strong laser pulse. The ejected atomic ions are accelerated perpendicularly to the laser propagation. The ions lying in the laser polarization plane are selected through the use of a mechanical slit and imaged with a high-throughput, 2-dimensional detector installed parallel to the polarization plane. Because a circularly polarized (isotropic) Coulomb exploding pulse is used, the observed angular distribution of the ejected ions directly corresponds to the squared rotational wave function at the time of the pulse irradiation. To create a real-time movie of molecular rotation, the present imaging technique is combined with a femtosecond pump-probe optical setup in which the pump pulses create unidirectionally rotating molecular ensembles. Due to the high image throughput of our detection system, the pump-probe experimental condition can be easily optimized by monitoring a real-time snapshot. As a result, the quality of the observed movie is sufficiently high for visualizing the detailed wave nature of motion. We also note that the present technique can be implemented in existing standard ion imaging setups, offering a new camera angle or viewpoint for the molecular systems without the need for extensive modification.

We present a protocol for creating a real-time movie of a molecular rotational wave packet using a high-resolution Coulomb explosion imaging setup.

激光驱动的超快分子旋转直接成像

We present a method for visualizing laser-induced, ultrafast molecular rotational wave packet dynamics. We have developed a new 2-dimensional Coulomb ...

化学

Optical Trap Loading of Dielectric Microparticles In Air

We demonstrate a method to trap a selected dielectric microparticle in air using radiation pressure from a single-beam gradient optical trap. Randomly scattered dielectric microparticles adhered to a glass substrate are momentarily detached using ultrasonic vibrations generated by a piezoelectric transducer (PZT). Then, the optical beam focused on a selected particle lifts it up to the optical trap while the vibrationally excited microparticles fall back to the substrate. A particle may be trapped at the nominal focus of the trapping beam or at a position above the focus (referred to here as the levitation position) where gravity provides the restoring force. After the measurement, the trapped particle can be placed at a desired position on the substrate in a controlled manner. 
In this protocol, an experimental procedure for selective optical trap loading in air is outlined. First, the experimental setup is briefly introduced. Second, the design and fabrication of a PZT holder and a sample enclosure are illustrated in detail. The optical trap loading of a selected microparticle is then demonstrated with step-by-step instructions including sample preparation, launching into the trap, and use of electrostatic force to excite particle motion in the trap and measure charge. Finally, we present recorded particle trajectories of Brownian and ballistic motions of a trapped microparticle in air. These trajectories can be used to measure stiffness or to verify optical alignment through time domain and frequency domain analysis. Selective trap loading enables optical tweezers to track a particle and its changes over repeated trap loadings in a reversible manner, thereby enabling studies of particle-surface interaction.

A protocol for launching and stably trapping selected dielectric microparticles in air is presented.

介电微粒的光阱装载在空气中

We demonstrate a method to trap a selected dielectric microparticle in air using radiation pressure from a single-beam gradient optical trap. Randomly ...

Experimental Methods for Trapping Ions Using Microfabricated Surface Ion Traps

Ions trapped in a quadrupole Paul trap have been considered one of the strong physical candidates to implement quantum information processing. This is due to their long coherence time and their capability to manipulate and detect individual quantum bits (qubits). In more recent years, microfabricated surface ion traps have received more attention for large-scale integrated qubit platforms. This paper presents a microfabrication methodology for ion traps using micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) technology, including the fabrication method for a 14 &#181;m-thick dielectric layer and metal overhang structures atop the dielectric layer. In addition, an experimental procedure for trapping ytterbium (Yb) ions of isotope 174 (174Yb+) using 369.5 nm, 399 nm, and 935 nm diode lasers is described. These methodologies and procedures involve many scientific and engineering disciplines, and this paper first presents the detailed experimental procedures. The methods discussed in this paper can easily be extended to the trapping of Yb ions of isotope 171 (171Yb+) and to the manipulation of qubits.

This paper presents a microfabrication methodology for surface ion traps, as well as a detailed experimental procedure for trapping ytterbium ions in a room-temperature environment.

利用 Microfabricated 表面离子阱捕获离子的实验方法

Ions trapped in a quadrupole Paul trap have been considered one of the strong physical candidates to implement quantum information processing. This is due ...

Construction and Operation of a Light-driven Gold Nanorod Rotary Motor System

The possibility to generate and measure rotation and torque at the nanoscale is of fundamental interest to the study and application of biological and artificial nanomotors and may provide new routes towards single cell analysis, studies of non-equilibrium thermodynamics, and mechanical actuation of nanoscale systems. A facile way to drive rotation is to use focused circularly polarized laser light in optical tweezers. Using this approach, metallic nanoparticles can be operated as highly efficient scattering-driven rotary motors spinning at unprecedented rotation frequencies in water.
In this protocol, we outline the construction and operation of circularly-polarized optical tweezers for nanoparticle rotation and describe the instrumentation needed for recording the Brownian dynamics and Rayleigh scattering of the trapped particle. The rotational motion and the scattering spectra provides independent information on the properties of the nanoparticle and its immediate environment. The experimental platform has proven useful as a nanoscopic gauge of viscosity and local temperature, for tracking morphological changes of nanorods and molecular coatings, and as a transducer and probe of photothermal and thermodynamic processes.

Plasmonic gold nanorods can be trapped in liquids and rotated at kHz frequencies using circularly-polarized optical tweezers. Introducing tools for Brownian dynamics analysis and light scatteringspectroscopy leads to a powerful system for research and application in numerous fields of science.

轻型金纳米旋转电机系统的施工与运行

The possibility to generate and measure rotation and torque at the nanoscale is of fundamental interest to the study and application of biological and ...

In Situ Measurement of Vacuum Window Birefringence using 25Mg+ Fluorescence

Accurate control of the polarization states of laser light is important in precision measurement experiments. In experiments involving the use of a vacuum environment, the stress-induced birefringence effect of the vacuum windows will affect the polarization states of laser light inside the vacuum system, and it is very difficult to measure and optimize the polarization states of the laser light in situ. The purpose of this protocol is to demonstrate how to optimize the polarization states of the laser light based on the fluorescence of ions in the vacuum system, and how to calculate the birefringence of vacuum windows based on azimuthal angles of external wave plates with Mueller matrix. The fluorescence of 25Mg+ ions induced by laser light that is resonant with the transition of |32P3/2,F = 4, mF&#160;= 4<img align="center" alt="Equation 100" src="/files/ftp_upload/61175/61175img1.jpg" style="color: rgb(68, 0, 68); font-size: 18px; font-weight: 700;" />&#160;&#8594;&#160;|32S1/2,F = 3, mF&#160;= 3<img align="center" alt="Equation 100" src="/files/ftp_upload/61175/61175img1.jpg" style="color: rgb(68, 0, 68); font-size: 18px; font-weight: 700;" />&#160;is sensitive to the polarization state of the laser light, and maximum fluorescence will be observed with pure circularly polarized light. A combination of half-wave plate (HWP) and quarter-wave plate (QWP) can achieve arbitrary phase retardation and is used for compensating the birefringence of the vacuum window. In this experiment, the polarization state of the laser light is optimized based on the fluorescence of 25Mg+ ion with a pair of HWP and QWP outside the vacuum chamber. By adjusting the azimuthal angles of the HWP and QWP to obtain maximum ion fluorescence, one can obtain a pure circularly polarized light inside the vacuum chamber. With the information on the azimuthal angles of the external HWP and QWP, the birefringence of the vacuum window can be determined.

In Situ Measurement of Vacuum Window Birefringence using 25Mg+ Fluorescence

Presented here is a method to measure the birefringence of vacuum windows by maximizing the fluorescence counts emitted by Doppler cooled 25Mg+ ions in an ion trap. The birefringence of vacuum windows will change the polarization states of the laser, which can be compensated by changing the azimuthal angles of external wave plates.

使用 25Mg + 荧光对真空窗双参考进行 原点测量

Accurate control of the polarization states of laser light is important in precision measurement experiments. In experiments involving the use of a vacuum ...

通过定期行驶冷却光学被困超冷费米气体

摘要

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此视频中的章节

超极化氙NMR和MRI的应用

纳米粒子的光学捕获

梯度回波量子存储在温暖的原子蒸气

一个纳米光输送带的制作和操作

硅金属 - 氧化物 - 半导体量子点单电子泵

激光驱动的超快分子旋转直接成像

介电微粒的光阱装载在空气中

利用 Microfabricated 表面离子阱捕获离子的实验方法

轻型金纳米旋转电机系统的施工与运行

使用 ²⁵Mg + 荧光对真空窗双参考^进行原点测量

通过定期行驶冷却光学被困超冷费米气体

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

超极化氙NMR和MRI的应用

纳米粒子的光学捕获

梯度回波量子存储在温暖的原子蒸气

一个纳米光输送带的制作和操作

硅金属 - 氧化物 - 半导体量子点单电子泵

激光驱动的超快分子旋转直接成像

介电微粒的光阱装载在空气中

利用 Microfabricated 表面离子阱捕获离子的实验方法

轻型金纳米旋转电机系统的施工与运行

使用 25Mg + 荧光对真空窗双参考进行 原点测量

使用 ²⁵Mg + 荧光对真空窗双参考^进行原点测量