Name: touchscreen sustained attention task (sat) for rats
Uploaded: 2017-09-15T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 9 min 31 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Touchscreen Sustained Attention Task SAT for Rats at JoVE.com

我们要感谢喜悦伯格曼, Attilio Ceretti, 萨拉 Cohen, 尼娜邓肯, 亚伦霍尔, 汉娜 Lefebo, 和马德琳萨尔瓦多为他们的行为的协助, 和 Dr.？帕瑞克豪, Dr. 布兰妮 Yegla, 并抢夺科尔的意见, 就 SAT 参数。我们要感谢 Dr. 吉尔 McGaughy 关于培训程序的提示。这项工作得到了国家卫生研究院的资助镍氢092438和国家科学基金会授予 IOS 1552416 D.A.B。

所有实验都是按照国家卫生研究院的指导方针进行的, 并得到了寺庙大学机构动物使用和护理委员会的批准。这项协议是与成人 (〜60天的年龄时, 开始研究) 男性和女性大大鼠 (查尔斯河). 
 1. 用于触摸屏的材料 <ol> <li> 确保一个声音衰减隔间包围每个触摸屏室, 并且该腔室配备有房子灯、音调发生器、位于会议厅上方的照相机以及一个小球分配器与馈线奖励区 (可以照亮) 在墙壁对面的触摸屏. </li>
	<li> 如果计划了套管或电极植入器, 则使用带有较大光圈的馈线奖励区域。使用45毫克的奖励颗粒, 已筛选与面粉筛分器, 以减少灰尘, 这可能堵塞馈线. </li>
	<li> 用黑色丙烯酸面膜 (3.175 毫米厚, 哑光) 来调整每个腔室, 以限制触摸屏上的响应区域。准备一个中央圆圈开口 (28.58 毫米直径, 107.95 毫米从底部, 中心之间的左, 右) 为轻刺激和两个正方形的反应区域 (28.57 毫米 x 28.57 毫米), 每个位置下和下中心 (一个85.73 毫米从左侧和一个85.73 毫米从右边, 和两个34.93 毫米从底部)。在出版物中可以找到掩码的描述, 灯芯、 et al. 19 . </li> <li> 将掩码放在触摸屏的前面, 将遮罩完成定位到会议厅. </li> </ol>
 2. 触摸屏的计划设计 注意: 下面的协议详细介绍了如何设置触摸屏的整形和测试计划的参数。所有这些时间表也可根据要求提供。 表 1 描述了计划参数. 
<ol> <li> 鼻子戳整形参数 
	<ol> <li> 设置程序, 以便不显示任何信号, 并且 houselight 保持关闭. </li>
		<li> 设置进纸器奖励区域以指示球团的存在, 并使此光在由进纸器端口红外光束确定的颗粒回收后关闭. </li>
		<li> 设置程序, 以便在两个响应区域中的鼻戳在固定比例 1 (FR1) 增强计划 ( 即 , 每个适当的响应都得到奖励) 的情况下获得奖励。然而, 设置程序, 以便如果鼻刺的侧差是五或更大, 老鼠必须戳 non-favored 方接受奖励, 以防止发展的一面偏倚. </li>
		<li> 将会话设置为在40分钟或120奖励戳后结束。如果他们连续两天在40分钟内完成120鼻戳, 则提前接受培训课程 1. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 用于培训计划1、培训计划2和 SAT 的共享参数的说明。
	<ol> <li> 计划培训计划, 以便 houselight 继续提高注意力需求. </li>
		<li> 程序每个会话, 使它包括162试验, 可以分为三块54试验每块与 intertrial 间隔 () 设置在9和 #177; 3 s. </li>
		<li> 确保信号和了无试验是 pseudorandomized 的, 这样在三块中的每个区块中都会出现相同数量的信号和了无试验. </li>
		<li> 设置程序以提供食物颗粒, 并在每次会话开始时自动打开食物端口指示灯。当红外线光束断裂表明老鼠已经从奖赏区域移走了它的头部, 设置程序关闭食物端口光并开始第一个. </li>
		<li> 在每次试验之后 ( 即 、信号或了无), 请将程序设置为用200毫秒、70 dB 音调 (3 赫) 来指示4秒响应窗口. </li>
		<li> 如果老鼠正确的回应, 设置程序启动的时候, 老鼠从奖励区移除它的头。如果老鼠不正确的回应, 设置的行动, 以开始跟随的响应。如果 rat 省略 ( 即 , 不进行任何响应), 请将 "时间" 设置为在响应窗口终止后开始. </li>
		<li> 对于制衡, 开发这些计划的两个版本, 第一种是为命中 (版本 a) 指定的正确响应区域, 第二个是为命中指定的左响应区域 (版本 B). </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 培训计划1参数. 
	<ol> <li> 在信号试验中将所有信号持续时间设置为500毫秒 </li> <li>, 设置该程序同时照亮在50% 强度下指定为命中的响应区域, 以及信号, 以绘制鼠和 #39; 注意正确的响应区域. </li>
		<li> 将指定区域保留在了无试验中未亮起的正确拒绝. </li>
		<li> 设置程序, 以便不正确的响应触发更正试验, 其中前一种试验类型 ( 即 、信号或了无) 再次出现。确保正确的响应或四连续的错误响应结束一系列的更正试验。不要对完成任务所需的162总试验数进行校正试验. </li>
		<li> 如果他们至少有70% 次命中、至少70% 次正确的拒绝, 以及三连续的天数少于20% 次的遗漏, 请提前接受培训计划 2. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 培训计划2参数. 
	<ol> <li> 将所有信号持续时间设置为500毫秒 </li> <li> 与训练计划1不同, 请设置程序以保持信号测试中未亮的命中的响应区域. </li>
		<li> 与培训计划1不同, 不要让程序执行更正试验. </li>
		<li> 保持所有其他参数与培训计划1中的相同. </li>
		如果他们有至少70% 命中, 至少70% 个正确的拒绝, 并且少于20% 个遗漏连续三天, 推进主题坐. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> SAT 参数. 
	<ol> <li> 设置三信号持续时间: 500 毫秒、50毫秒和25毫秒 </li> <li> 设置程序以伪随机方式呈现变量信号, 以便在三个试验块中的每一个单元中显示三信号的期间数相等的次数. </li>
		<li> 将标准性能定义为在500毫秒信号持续时间内至少有70% 次命中, 至少70% 个正确的拒绝, 以及三连续的天数少于20% 个遗漏. </li>
	</ol> </li> </ol> <table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"> <tbody> <tr> <td> 训练阶段 </td> <td> 最大。试用 </td> <td> 信号持续时间 (ms) </td> <td> 特殊条件 </td> <td> 标准 </td> <td> 每阶段中数天 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> 鼻戳形状 </td> <td> 120</td> <td> 无事件 </td> <td> Houselight 在 </td> <td> 120 试验中40分钟 </td> <td> 男性: 2, 女性: 2 </td> </tr> <tr> 培训计划 1 <td> </td> 162 <td> </td> 500 <td> </td> Houselight on;矫正试验;响应窗口在信号试验期间亮 50% </td> <td> 和 #62; 70% 命中, #62; 70% CR, #60; 3 连续天的20% 遗漏 </td> <td> 男性:19, 女性:25 </td> </tr> <tr> 训练计划 2 <td> </td> <td> </td> 162 <td> </td> Houselight <td> 和 #62;70% 命中、#62; 70% CR、#60; 连续3天20% 次遗漏 </td> <td> 男性:13, 女性:21 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> 坐 </td> <td> 162 </td> <td> 500, 50, 25 </td> <td> Houselight 在 </td> <td> 和 #62; 70% 命中500毫秒, #62; 70% CR, #60; 20% 遗漏连续3天 </td> <td> 男性:18, 女性:12 </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> 表 1: 每个计划的培训计划和平均购置时间. 
<ol start="6"> <li> 分心的人坐. 
	<ol> <li> 保持块1和3的参数与 SAT 相同. </li>
		<li> 程序 houselight, 使其在2块的频率下闪烁0.5 赫兹. </li>
		<li> 在分析数据时, 比较块1、2和3之间的性能, 以分析在同一会话中的干扰项之前、期间和之后的性能. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 数据抽取程序。
	<ol> <li> 提取下面的数据为 sat 和分心物 sat 打破了试验块和每一个信号持续时间 (为 VI 和百分比命中): <ol> <li> 通过将命中数和命中数除以组合次数来计算命中的百分比, 然后再进行 multiplying 100. </li>
			<li> 通过将正确的拒绝数和假警报的组合数除以错误的数目, 然后乘以100来计算正确拒绝的百分比. </li>
			<li> 计算警戒指数 (VI), 一个整体的注意性能衡量指标, 使用以下公式: <img alt="Equation" src="/files/ftp_upload/56219/56219eq1.jpg"/> 其中 h 和 f 是信号命中的比例了无试验和假警报分别。VI 的值范围从-1 到 +1, 值为0表示老鼠无法区分信号和了无试验。在第六项措施中不包括遗漏的试验. </li>
			<li> 通过确定未发生响应的试验的百分比来计算遗漏的百分比. </li>
		</ol> </li> </ol> </li> </ol> 3。在触摸屏上运行大鼠的程序 <ol> <li> 反向光/暗循环注意事项 注意: 我们在它们的黑暗周期中测试我们的老鼠, 但是请参阅讨论部分, 以了解有关在光周期中测试的注意事项。
	<ol> <li> 用于在黑暗周期中进行测试, 在黑暗周期开始后至少30分钟开始行为测试. </li>
		<li> 一旦设置了设备, 在所有培训和测试过程中, 在黑暗中保持行为测试室, 以避免干扰老鼠和 #39; 睡眠/唤醒周期. </li>
		<li> 在运输过程中用黑色毛巾覆盖鼠笼, 以尽量减少光照. </li>
		<li> 使用红色灯亮起的车灯, 在黑暗中不受光照/暗循环的影响. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 食品限制程序和计划分配 <ol> <li> 不适当的个人防护设备 (PPE; 例如 , 手套, 口罩, 帽子, 实验室大衣, 鞋套, 等 )在处理老鼠之前. </li>
		<li> 当老鼠到了蚁群室, 单独或成群的老鼠。在我们的研究中, 大多数老鼠最终被植入插管, 这就需要个人住房. </li>
		<li> 每天在研究开始前5天处理大鼠每日5分钟. </li>
		<li> 在食物限制之前, 记录每一个鼠和 #39 的免费喂养重量, 并计算他们的目标重量在85% 的免费喂养重量. </li>
		<li> 食物在开始整形前3天限制老鼠. </li>
		<li> 在整形前, pre-expose 鼠在自家笼子里的15食物奖励颗粒. </li>
		<li> 在最初的食物限制之后, 根据需要调整每日的食物量, 以保持注意任务的性能, 并使每只老鼠和 #39 的体重增加 85%; free-feeding 体重随时间的推移 (见指南 25 )。在开始一个新的时间表之前, 限制大鼠比往常更多, 以增加动力. </li>
		<li> 在一个星期的一天, 当老鼠不执行行为, 增加他们的食物至少1.0 克, 以化妆品的热量, 他们会收到, 而在行为任务的奖励. </li>
		<li> 在会话完成后记录每个鼠和 #39 的重量. </li>
		<li> 在完成会话至少30分钟后才给老鼠喂食, 以避免行为测试停止和喂养时间之间的关联。如果老鼠是群安置的, 给每只老鼠分别喂养1小时, 然后把老鼠放回小组居住条件. </li>
		<li> 在研究开始之前, 将每只老鼠随机分配到训练计划的两个版本之一 (a 或 B), 并在整个培训和 SAT 程序中将它们保留在指定的版本中. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 每日运行过程 <ol> <li> 不适当的 PPE. </li>
		<li> 通电的程序室和计算机. </li>
		<li> 检查颗粒分配器是否填充了颗粒, 并将掩码插入到触摸屏前. </li>
		<li> 确保每个纸盒正常工作, 验证进纸器是否正确分配食物, 屏幕、指示灯和音调是否正常。一个简单的盒子测试计划可以为此目的而编写, 我们可根据要求提供. </li>
		<li> 在每个框中加载正确的计划, 密切注意适当的版本 (即 、A 或 B)。输入有关动物 ID, 性别, 实验条件, 用户姓名缩写和其他笔记的相关信息 ( 例如 , 输液日 1). </li>
		<li> 从蚁群室中检索老鼠, 并将它们放在适当的框中. </li>
		<li> 启动会话. </li>
		<li> 在会话开始时通过摄像机设置观看性能, 以确保一切正常运行。定期检查性能. </li>
		<li> 会话完成后, 记录汇总数据 ( (如 、命中率、CRs 百分比、遗漏百分比) 和笔记本中的任何问题. </li>
		<li> 用10% 乙醇擦拭每个房间, 并将床上用品替换成两组动物. </li>
		<li> 当天运行最后一组鼠后, 用10% 乙醇彻底清洁房间, 确保地面网格尽可能干净, 并更换床上用品. </li>
		<li> 备份云服务器上的数据并提取任何关键数据. </li>
		<li> 关闭设备电源. </li>
		<li> 每天在相同的框中同时运行动物. </li>
		<li> 每周运行 5-6 天的老鼠 (每周6天). </li>
	</ol> </li> </ol> 4。对行为进行故障排除 注意: 当 rat 转换到下一个整形阶段 ( 即 、"鼻子戳" 形状到培训计划1、培训计划1到培训时间表2时, 性能下降是正常的。培训计划2至星期六)。但是, 如果性能没有随着时间的推移而改善或如果一只老鼠表现良好, 然后突然停止表现良好, 通常的问题是与食物的限制. 
<ol> <li> 解决食物限制问题 <ol> <li> 如果食物限制是怀疑的问题, 观察鼠执行任务, 以帮助诊断问题所在, 并检查遗漏数字, 特别是在整个会话. </li>
		<li> 如果老鼠有高遗漏, 特别是如果他们增加在块 3, 并且镇静地坐在箱子不执行, 降低每日食品量1克, 并监测情况, 以确定是否改善性能. </li>
		<li> 如果老鼠有很高的遗漏, 不耐烦地戳着屏幕, 在整个会议期间来回跑到食物港, 增加每日食物量1克, 并监测情况, 以确定是否改善了性能. </li>
		<li> 在难以辨别老鼠是否或饱的情况下, 增加2天的食物量并监控性能。如果性能没有改善或变得更糟, 请减少2天的食物量, 并监视性能 </li> <li> 如果在调整食物限制后性能没有改善, 请将 rat 移动到更容易安排的下一个细节. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 对不同训练计划的性能进行故障排除 注: 如果其捕获时间超过两个标准偏差超过了平均天数, 它需要一个相同性别的动物以达到该计划的标准。我们已经根据我们的数据为切断大大鼠提供了建议, 但这些数字可能需要调整不同菌株。
	<ol> <li> 培训计划 1: 对于培训计划 1, 如果他们在36天后无法获得, 如果在48天后没有获得, 则丢弃大的雄性. </li>
		<li> 培训日程安排 2: 如果一只鼠和 #39 的训练计划的绩效2在连续12天的标准下停滞不前, 食物限制问题被排除了, 把老鼠送回训练计划 1, 至少5天, 或者直到达到标准。如果老鼠在12天后没有达到训练计划1的标准, 那就把老鼠从研究中除去。如果老鼠通过训练计划1并且被移动回到训练日程表 2, 但不改进在36和42天以后为男性和女性, 分别, 在最初开始训练日程表2之后, 然后从研究中下落鼠. </li>
		<li> sat: 如果一只老鼠和 #39; 在 sat 的表现停滞低于标准连续12天和食品限制的问题已经排除, 移动鼠返回到训练时间表1至少5天或直到他们达到标准。如果老鼠在12天内没有达到附表1的标准, 那就把老鼠从研究中除去。如果老鼠通过训练计划1并且被移动回到坐, 但不改进在41和28天以后为男性和女性, 分别, 在最初开始坐了之后, 从研究中下落鼠. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 其他问题的疑难解答 <ol> <li> 如果老鼠发展了侧偏置 ( 即 , 始终如一地得分和 #62; 70% 命中和 #60; 40% 在正确的拒绝, 反之亦然) 在训练计划2或坐, 移动鼠训练阶段 1, 其中有鼓励鼠对两个反应区域作出反应的矫正试验。让老鼠在训练计划1至少5天或直到他们达到标准。从研究中删除的老鼠如果训练计划1的标准在12天后没有得到满足. </li>
		<li> 如果老鼠停止进食, 发展卟啉, 或以其他方式显示疼痛和苦恼的迹象, 请立即与兽医人员协商. </li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

<ol>
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作者没有什么可透露的。

持续关注的赤字报告在神经精神、神经发育和神经系统退行性疾病1,2,3, 但有助于最佳与中断注意力的过程理解.这在一定程度上是因为专门的设备限制了啮齿目动物注意任务的容易适应。然而, 触摸屏的房间正在解决这个问题, 提供灵活性运行各种认知任务与一件设备20,22。在这里, 我...

从注意缺陷多动障碍 (ADHD) 到精神分裂症到老年痴呆症, 分享注意力障碍的功能1,2,3。持续关注的赤字--持续监测间歇性和不可预知事件的情况的能力--特别具有破坏性, 因为持续的注意力对于选择性和分散注意力以及其他认知进程4,5。即使在健康人中, 持续关注的困难也会对认知产生负面影响, 损害日常功能6。因此, 了解持续关注的神经生物学基础以及它如何成为失调可能会导致干预, 以提高认识, 使许多人受益。
为了描述电路和分子过程, 有助于适当的和中断的注意, 许多研究人员已经转向非人类动物模型, 其中操纵特定的细胞数量和分子过程在注意任务是可能的。这项工作导致了各种操作性注意任务的开发, 它们能够评估持续注意的能力7,8,9,10。一个这样的范例, 由 McGaughy 和 Sarter (1995) 开发, 被称为持续关注任务 (SAT)。在 SAT 训练的啮齿动物必须区分信号试验, 其中一个信号灯短暂闪烁, 从了无试验。通过引入视觉干扰 (闪烁 houselight)10, 可以提高注意力需求。在 SAT 评估注意的关键参数是很好的文件, 这项任务已经验证了在男性和女性大鼠和小鼠10,11,12。一个版本甚至被改编为人类, 突出了 SAT13的平移实用程序。重要的是, 这项任务的使用帮助牵连到基底前脑 corticopetal 系统持续关注4。具体地说, 基底前脑 Meynert (国家银行)/黑 inominata (SI) 区的胆碱能神经元金鸡投射到前额皮质对命中至关重要, 这是对信号试验的准确反应14, 15。相比之下, 这个地区的 gaba 神经元被认为是在正确的拒绝 (CRs) 中调解性能, 这是对了无试验的准确反应16。一旦这项任务的基本电路建立, 调节这个电路的因素, 以削弱注意范围从压力荷尔蒙到神经毒素蛋白已被确定17,18。总的来说, 这些研究突出了 SAT 的效用。
在实验室中实施 SAT 的一个限制是, 原程序要求为任务永久配置的操作室, 具有中心面板指示灯和两个可伸缩拉杆, 一个为命中指定, 一个用于 CRs10。在信号试验中, 面板灯简要地照亮, 然后杠杆扩展, 以表明4秒的响应窗口。在那窗口期间, 如果被选定的命中杠杆被按, 则老鼠接受奖励 (食物或水)。不正确的杠杆压力机的信号试验, 称为错过, 是没有奖励。在终止试验中, 面板指示灯保持关闭, 然后将杠杆延长。虽然 CR 是奖励, 不正确的杠杆印刷机终止试验, 被称为假警报, 是没有奖励。在响应窗口中没有做出任何响应都算作遗漏。为了扩大 SAT 的可用性, 我们最近修改了触摸屏的工作室的任务, 其中一个墙是一个触摸屏, 既可以显示视觉刺激和记录鼻子戳反应19。触摸屏是越来越流行, 因为他们的多功能性, 运行各种任务 (例如, 配对学习, 反向学习,等) 与一件设备20。类似于其他触摸屏程序20,21,22, 我们的 SAT 适应需要使用一个不透明的塑料触摸屏的封面, 称为口罩, 与孔切入。一个中心的圆形孔允许在它后面的屏幕上显示一个白色的刺激信号, 并且两个正方形的响应区域, 一个指定的命中和一个为 CRs, 允许老鼠做触摸响应19。在传统的腔室中, 4 秒的响应窗口通常是用杠杆的表示来指示的, 但先前的研究表明, 音调也可以用来向响应窗口23发出信号。在触摸屏上, 我们同样用简短的语气向响应窗口发出信号。其他训练参数 (例如、试验次数、intertrial 间隔、等) 在传统和触摸屏之间保持相似。我们以前评估的性能之间的传统和触摸屏 sat 版本, 并发现它是可比的, 建议触摸屏是一个有效的方法来衡量持续关注19。触摸屏的修改使 SAT 更加多才多艺, 因为它现在可以适应广泛使用的触摸屏操控箱。
本协议详细说明了如何在实验室中运行触摸屏。培训时间表从我们以前的任务19报告中略有改变, 以优化雌性大鼠的捕获时间, 这与男性不同, 在以前的日程安排中,24难以前进。结果说明了典型的雄性和雌性大鼠的表现, 以及解决问题的技巧。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Bussey-Saksida Rat Touch Screen Chambers Easy-Install System</td><td>Lafayette Instrument</td><td>80604-20</td><td>Includes: Touch Screen, Chamber base with perforated floors, Large Feeder Reward Area (44.5 mm wide x 92.5 mm high), Speaker, Houselight, Tone Generator, SAC; Trapezoidal animal working area is 126 mm wide at the Feeder, 240 mm wide and 332 mm deep at the Screen, and 300 mm in height</td></tr><tr><td>Sound Attenuation Cubicles (SAC)</td><td>Lafayette Instrument</td><td>80604-20</td><td>Attenuation to approximately 35 dB; 38 kg in weight; External dimensions: 600 mm wide x 670 mm tall x 352 mm deep; Internal dimensions: 540 mm wide x 610 mm tall x 532 mm deep</td></tr><tr><td>Abet II Software for Touch Screens</td><td>Lafayette Instrument</td><td>89505</td><td>Version 2.19</td></tr><tr><td>Whisker Multimedia</td><td>Lafayette Instrument</td><td>80698-1</td><td>Required for Abet II Touch Operation</td></tr><tr><td>Pellet Dispenser</td><td>Lafayette Instrument</td><td>80209-45</td><td>45 mg Interchangeable Pellet Size Wheel</td></tr><tr><td>Camera</td><td>Lafayette Instrument</td><td>80600-CAM</td><td>Filtered and focused for IR light</td></tr><tr><td>Microsoft Windows</td><td>Microsoft</td><td></td><td>Windows 7-64 bit recommended</td></tr><tr><td>Controller PC-Touch Screen Chambers</td><td>Lafayette Instrument</td><td>88530</td><td>Dual Core Pentinum Processor; 2.5 GHz or greater; keyboard, mouse, and monitor; Installed PCI card, cable and expansion; Four RS232 ports; Four VGA ports</td></tr><tr><td>Dustless Precision Pellets</td><td>BioServe</td><td>F0165</td><td>45 mg</td></tr><tr><td>Black Acrylic Mask</td><td>Everything Plastic</td><td>Custom Product</td><td>Black polycarbonate with one matte finish side, 3.18 mm thick; Central circular opening, 28.58 mm diameter, 107.95 mm from the bottom, centered between the left and right side; Two square response areas, 28.57 mm x 28.57 mm each positioned below and off center, one 85.725 mm from the left and one 85.725 mm from right side, and both 34.925 mm from the bottom.</td></tr><tr><td>Utility Cart</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>11-954-754</td><td>30.75 in. x 18.38 in x 33 in</td></tr><tr><td>Black towel</td><td></td><td></td><td>Large enough to cover cages for animal transport</td></tr><tr><td>Headlights with red lights</td><td>Energizer</td><td>HDL33A2E</td><td>LED white and red light</td></tr></tbody></table>

touchscreen sustained attention task (sat) for rats

持续的关注是在长时间内监测间歇性和不可预知事件的能力。这种注意过程 subserves 了认知的其他方面, 并在某些神经发育、神经精神和退行性疾病中被打乱。因此, 确定损害和改善持续性注意的机制具有重要的临床意义。这种机制往往首先使用啮齿动物模型发现。因此, 一些行为程序的测试方面的持续关注已发展啮齿动物。一, 首先描述的 McGaughy 和 Sarter (1995), 称为持续注意力任务 (SAT), 训练大鼠区分信号 (即, 简短的光表示) 和了无试验。信号是短的, 因此需要仔细注意被察觉。通过引入干扰 (例如, 闪烁 houselight), 可以进一步提高注意力需求。我们已经修改了这项任务的触摸屏行动室, 这是配置在一个墙上的触摸屏, 可以提出刺激和记录的反应。在这里, 我们详细介绍了我们在触摸屏室的协议。此外, 我们提出了标准的性能指标的男性和女性大大鼠。在这项任务中, 男女双方的可比性表现突出了其对注意力研究的使用, 特别是因为越来越多的研究人员在实验设计中包括雌性啮齿动物。此外, 易于实施的 SAT 为越来越流行的触摸屏增加了它的效用。

对于大多数的注意力研究, 老鼠被训练到标准的 SAT, 然后操纵, 以扰乱或提高注意力的执行。采集数据通常不提供, 但我们在这里这样做是为了说明在男性和女性大大鼠的采集率。为此, 我们量化的平均天数, 以达到标准的 SAT (开始在鼻子捅阶段)。注意一些老鼠从来没有做过标准 (n = 5 雄性, n = 1 雌性)。平均天数, 它采取了男性 (n = 24) 和女性 (n = 16) 大鼠达到标准 (包括那些谁...

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Touchscreen Sustained Attention Task SAT for Rats

触摸屏持续注意任务 (SAT) 大鼠

持续的关注, 或持续的监测情况的间歇和不可预知的事件, 是一个关键的方面的认知。在这里, 我们详细介绍了如何使用触摸屏操作室来测试老鼠的持续注意力。我们在雄性和雌性老鼠身上表现出相当的性能, 这使得这项任务对研究两性的注意力很有用。

Sustained attention is the ability to monitor intermittent and unpredictable events over a prolonged period of time. This attentional process subserves ...

touchscreen-sustained-attention-task-sat-for-rats

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Touchscreen Sustained Attention Task (SAT) for Rats

9.7K 次观看.  Temple University. 持续的关注, 或持续的监测情况的间歇和不可预知的事件, 是一个关键的方面的认知。在这里, 我们详细介绍了如何使用触摸屏操作室来测试老鼠的持续注意力。我们在雄性和雌性老鼠身上表现出相当的性能, 这使得这项任务对研究两性的注意力很有用。

视频: Touchscreen Sustained Attention Task SAT for Rats

A Fully Automated Rodent Conditioning Protocol for Sensorimotor Integration and Cognitive Control Experiments

Rodents have been traditionally used as a standard animal model in laboratory experiments involving a myriad of sensory, cognitive, and motor tasks. Higher cognitive functions that require precise control over sensorimotor responses such as decision-making and attentional modulation, however, are typically assessed in nonhuman primates. Despite the richness of primate behavior that allows multiple variants of these functions to be studied, the rodent model remains an attractive, cost-effective alternative to primate models. Furthermore, the ability to fully automate operant conditioning in rodents adds unique advantages over the labor intensive training of nonhuman primates while studying a broad range of these complex functions.
Here, we introduce a protocol for operantly conditioning rats on performing working memory tasks. During critical epochs of the task, the protocol ensures that the animal's overt movement is minimized by requiring the animal to 'fixate' until a Go cue is delivered, akin to nonhuman primate experimental design. A simple two alternative forced choice task is implemented to demonstrate the performance. We discuss the application of this paradigm to other tasks.

A fully automated protocol for rodent operant conditioning is proposed. The protocol relies on precise temporal control of behavioral events to investigate the extent to which this control influences neural activity underlying sensorimotor integration and cognitive control experiments.

为感觉运动整合与认知控制实验完全自动化的啮齿动物调理协议

Rodents have been traditionally used as a standard animal model in laboratory experiments involving a myriad of sensory, cognitive, and motor tasks. ...

科研

行为学

Automated Visual Cognitive Tasks for Recording Neural Activity Using a Floor Projection Maze

Neuropsychological tasks used in primates to investigate mechanisms of learning and memory are typically visually guided cognitive tasks. We have developed visual cognitive tasks for rats using the Floor Projection Maze1,2&#160;that are optimized for visual abilities of rats permitting stronger comparisons of experimental findings with other species.
In order to investigate neural correlates of learning and memory, we have integrated electrophysiological recordings into fully automated cognitive tasks on the Floor Projection Maze1,2. Behavioral software interfaced with an animal tracking system allows monitoring of the animal's behavior with precise control of image presentation and reward contingencies for better trained animals. Integration with an in vivo electrophysiological recording system enables examination of behavioral correlates of neural activity at selected epochs of a given cognitive task.
We describe protocols for a model system that combines automated visual presentation of information to rodents and intracranial reward with electrophysiological approaches. Our model system offers a sophisticated set of tools as a framework for other cognitive tasks to better isolate and identify specific mechanisms contributing to particular cognitive processes.

We describe protocols for training rats for chronic electrophysiological recordings in fully automated cognitive tasks on a Floor Projection Maze.

使用地面投影迷宫自动化视觉认知任务记录神经活动

Neuropsychological tasks used in primates to investigate mechanisms of learning and memory are typically visually guided cognitive tasks. We have ...

The 5-Choice Serial Reaction Time Task: A Task of Attention and Impulse Control for Rodents

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. Test day challenges, modifications to the standard task, can be used to systematically tax the neural systems controlling either attention or impulse control. Importantly, these challenges have consistent effects on behavior across laboratories in intact animals and can reveal either enhancements or deficits in cognitive function that are not apparent when rats are only tested on the standard task. The variety of behavioral measures that are collected can be used to determine if other factors (i.e., sedation, motivation deficits, locomotor impairments) are contributing to changes in performance. The versatility of the 5CSRTT is further enhanced because it is amenable to combination with pharmacological, molecular, and genetic techniques.

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. Test day challenges, which are modifications of the standard task, increase flexibility of the task and can be combined with other manipulations to more fully characterize behavior.

5选择序列反应时任务：注意的任务和脉冲控制鼠害

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. ...

The Attentional Set Shifting Task: A Measure of Cognitive Flexibility in Mice

Cognitive impairment, particularly involving dysfunction of circuitry within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), represents a core feature of many neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, including depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder. Deficits in cognitive function also represent the most difficult symptom domain&#160;to successfully treat, as serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants have only modest effects. Functional neuroimaging studies and postmortem analysis of human brain tissue implicate the PFC as being a primary region of dysregulation in patients with these disorders. However, preclinical behavioral assays used to assess these deficits in mouse models which can be readily manipulated genetically and could provide the basis for studies of new treatment avenues have been underutilized. Here we describe the adaptation of a behavioral assay, the attentional set shifting task (AST), to be performed in mice to assess prefrontal cortex mediated cognitive deficits. The neural circuits underlying behavior during the AST are highly conserved across humans, nonhuman primates and rodents, providing excellent face, construct and predictive validity.

The goal of this protocol is to perform a behavioral assay such as the attentional set shifting task (AST) to assess prefrontal cortex-mediated cognitive flexibility in mice.

在注意定势转移任务:测量小鼠认知的灵活性

Cognitive impairment, particularly involving dysfunction of circuitry within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), represents a core feature of many ...

Operant Procedures for Assessing Behavioral Flexibility in Rats

Executive functions consist of multiple high-level cognitive processes that drive rule generation and behavioral selection. An emergent property of these processes is the ability to adjust behavior in response to changes in one&#8217;s environment (i.e., behavioral flexibility). These processes are essential to normal human behavior, and may be disrupted in diverse neuropsychiatric conditions, including schizophrenia, alcoholism, depression, stroke, and Alzheimer&#8217;s disease. Understanding of the neurobiology of executive functions has been greatly advanced by the availability of animal tasks for assessing discrete components of behavioral flexibility, particularly strategy shifting and reversal learning. While several types of tasks have been developed, most are non-automated, labor intensive, and allow testing of only one animal at a time. The recent development of automated, operant-based tasks for assessing behavioral flexibility streamlines testing, standardizes stimulus presentation and data recording, and dramatically improves throughput. Here, we describe automated strategy shifting and reversal tasks, using operant chambers controlled by custom written software programs. Using these tasks, we have shown that the medial prefrontal cortex governs strategy shifting but not reversal learning in the rat, similar to the dissociation observed in humans. Moreover, animals with a neonatal hippocampal lesion, a neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia, are selectively impaired on the strategy shifting task but not the reversal task. The strategy shifting task also allows the identification of separate types of performance errors, each of which is attributable to distinct neural substrates. The availability of these automated tasks, and the evidence supporting the dissociable contributions of separate prefrontal areas, makes them particularly well-suited assays for the investigation of basic neurobiological processes as well as drug discovery and screening in disease models.

The ability to assess executive functions such as behavioral flexibility in rats is useful for investigating the neurobiology of cognition in both intact animals and disease models. Here we describe automated tasks for assessing strategy shifting and reversal learning, which are particularly sensitive to disruptions in prefrontal cortical networks.

操作性程序，以评估大鼠的行为灵活性

Executive functions consist of multiple high-level cognitive processes that drive rule generation and behavioral selection. An emergent property of these ...

A Fully Automated and Highly Versatile System for Testing Multi-cognitive Functions and Recording Neuronal Activities in Rodents

We have developed a fully automated system for operant behavior testing and neuronal activity recording by which multiple cognitive brain functions can be investigated in a single task sequence. The unique feature of this system is a custom-made, acoustically transparent chamber that eliminates many of the issues associated with auditory cue control in most commercially available chambers. The ease with which operant devices can be added or replaced makes this system quite versatile, allowing for the implementation of a variety of auditory, visual, and olfactory behavioral tasks. Automation of the system allows fine temporal (10 ms) control and precise time-stamping of each event in a predesigned behavioral sequence. When combined with a multi-channel electrophysiology recording system, multiple cognitive brain functions, such as motivation, attention, decision-making, patience, and rewards, can be examined sequentially or independently.

In this report, we present a fully automated and highly versatile system capable of simultaneously testing multi-cognitive behaviors and recording neuronal activities for rodents.

一个多认知功能测试，并记录在啮齿动物的神经元活动的完全自动化和高度灵活的系统

We have developed a fully automated system for operant behavior testing and neuronal activity recording by which multiple cognitive brain functions can be ...

神经科学

Automated, Long-term Behavioral Assay for Cognitive Functions in Multiple Genetic Models of Alzheimer's Disease, Using IntelliCage

Multiple factors&#8212;such as aging and genes&#8212;are frequently associated with cognitive decline. Genetically modified mouse models of cognitive decline, such as Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD), have become a promising tool to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and promote the therapeutic advances. An important step is the validation and characterization of expected behavioral abnormality in the models, in the case of AD, cognitive decline. The long-term behavioral investigations of laboratory animals to study the effect of aging demand substantial efforts from researchers. The IntelliCage system is a high-throughput and cost-effective test battery for mice that eliminates the need for daily human handling. Here, we describe how the system is utilized in the long-term phenotyping of a genetic Alzheimer&#39;s disease model, specifically focusing on the cognitive functions. The experiment employs repeated battery of tests that assess spatial learning and executive functions. This cost-effective age-dependent phenotyping allows us to identify the transient and/or permanent effects of genes on various cognitive aspects.

This paper describes a protocol for cognitive assessments for genetic models of the Alzheimer&#39;s disease using the IntelliCage system, which is a high throughput automated behavioral monitoring system with operant conditioning.

基于 IntelliCage 的阿尔茨海默病多基因模型认知功能的自动、长期行为检测

Multiple factors&#8212;such as aging and genes&#8212;are frequently associated with cognitive decline. Genetically modified mouse models of cognitive ...

Automated Rat Single-Pellet Reaching with 3-Dimensional Reconstruction of Paw and Digit Trajectories

Rodent skilled reaching is commonly used to study dexterous skills, but requires significant time and effort to implement the task and analyze the behavior. Several automated versions of skilled reaching have been developed recently. Here, we describe a version that automatically presents pellets to rats while recording high-definition video from multiple angles at high frame rates (300 fps). The paw and individual digits are tracked with DeepLabCut, a machine learning algorithm for markerless pose estimation. This system can also be synchronized with physiological recordings, or be used to trigger physiologic interventions (e.g., electrical or optical stimulation).

Rodent skilled reaching is commonly used to study dexterous skills, but requires significant time and effort to implement the task and analyze the behavior. We describe an automated version of skilled reaching with motion tracking and three-dimensional reconstruction of reach trajectories.

自动大鼠单丸到达与3维重建的爪子和数字轨迹

Rodent skilled reaching is commonly used to study dexterous skills, but requires significant time and effort to implement the task and analyze the ...

Tracking Rats in Operant Conditioning Chambers Using a Versatile Homemade Video Camera and DeepLabCut

Operant conditioning chambers are used to perform a wide range of behavioral tests in the field of neuroscience. The recorded data is typically based on the triggering of lever and nose-poke sensors present inside the chambers. While this provides a detailed view of when and how animals perform certain responses, it cannot be used to evaluate behaviors that do not trigger any sensors. As such, assessing how animals position themselves and move inside the chamber is rarely possible. To obtain this information, researchers generally have to record and analyze videos. Manufacturers of operant conditioning chambers can typically supply their customers with high-quality camera setups. However, these can be very costly and do not necessarily fit chambers from other manufacturers or other behavioral test setups. The current protocol describes how to build an inexpensive and versatile video camera using hobby electronics components. It further describes how to use the image analysis software package DeepLabCut to track the status of a strong light signal, as well as the position of a rat, in videos gathered from an operant conditioning chamber. The former is a great aid when selecting short segments of interest in videos that cover entire test sessions, and the latter enables analysis of parameters that cannot be obtained from the data logs produced by the operant chambers.

This protocol describes how to build a small and versatile video camera, and how to use videos obtained from it to train a neural network to track the position of an animal inside operant conditioning chambers. This is a valuable complement to standard analyses of data logs obtained from operant conditioning tests.

使用多功能自制摄像机和 DeepLabCut 跟踪操作调节室中的大鼠

Operant conditioning chambers are used to perform a wide range of behavioral tests in the field of neuroscience. The recorded data is typically based on ...

An Open-Source, Fully Customizable 5-Choice Serial Reaction Time Task Toolbox for Automated Behavioral Training of Rodents

The 5-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT) is a behavioral test often used to study visuospatial attention and impulsiveness in rodents. The task requires animals to allocate attention to a horizontal array of five small apertures equipped with light sources and, within a limited time window, nose-poke one illuminated target aperture to get a food reward at the food magazine located in the opposite wall of the chamber. The task considers behavioral control measures such as response accuracy and reaction times and allows to infer selective attention and impulsivity. Task difficulty can be controlled by modifying the stimulus duration and task design in general. Commercially available apparatus usually consists of an experimental chamber and particular software to specify task parameters, but due to fixed hard- and software, they pose many limitations on changes in the general experimental design and specific task requirements and the related data output. This article explains a fully customizable alternative based on an easy-to-use single-board microcontroller and standard electrotechnical components, an open-access Arduino script, and a Matlab-toolbox for hardware control and behavioral task specifications, respectively. The toolbox includes an optional staircase procedure, enabling automated behavioral training. The complete hardware setup, which can be installed in customized chambers, and the freely adaptable software encourage non-standardized task and chamber design. The design of the system and the open-source code for hardware control and experimental setup are described.

The present protocol describes the development of an open-source 5-choice serial reaction time task toolbox for rodent animal models, using Arduino and related hardware and a versatile Matlab toolbox, including an optional script for automated behavioral training. The scripts are customizable and facilitate the implementation of different trial-and-test designs.

一个开源的，完全可定制的5选择串行反应时间任务工具箱，用于啮齿动物的自动行为训练

The 5-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT) is a behavioral test often used to study visuospatial attention and impulsiveness in rodents. The task ...