Name: in situ high pressure hydrogen tribological testing of common polymer materials used in the hydrogen delivery infrastructure
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这项研究是在太平洋西北国家实验室 (PNNL) 进行的, 该实验由能源部巴特利纪念研究所根据合同编号进行管理。DE-AC05-76RL01830。

这里所描述的实验要求使用的氢气是无嗅的, 无色的, 从而无法检测到人类的感官。氢气是高度易燃和燃烧与几乎无形的蓝色火焰, 可以形成爆炸性混合物在存在的氧气。高压力超过6.9 兆帕增加额外的爆炸危险, 必须适当规划, 以准备任何测试。这种储存的能量意味着严重的安全隐患, 因此, 在进行这样的试验之前, 必须进行尽职调查、规划和安全评估, 以确保减轻这些危险。这里的实验是按照美国机械工程师协会 (ASME) 认证的压力容器中的适当的安全预防措施进行的, 并在适当的通风条件下将爆裂盘设置为34.5 兆帕。
1. 制备高分子板材
<ol><li>将洗涤剂应用于 EDPM 聚合物板材, 使用非磨料海绵, 在水下冲洗约3分钟, 以除去在制造和运输过程中应用的油和滑石粉。</li>
	<li>干燥的聚合物板材在烘干烤箱在材料的工作温度的 85%, 大约75°c 为 EPDM, 大约72小时驱动任何水剩余从洗涤。</li>
	<li>关闭烤箱, 并允许聚合物板材材料冷却到室温内的烤箱。</li>
	<li>用指向聚合物片顶部的箭头标记钣金件的一角。这支箭将有助于确定在样品券产生的方向的工作表, 确保从聚合物片切割样品将始终如一的相同的方向。</li>
	<li>在室温、湿度控制环境下, 在摩擦学试验之前, 将聚合物板材贮存在室温下, 温度接近25% 相对湿度。</li>
</ol>2. 生成和安装样品优惠券
<ol><li>在佩戴无粉手套的同时, 在聚合物薄板的制备过程中, 用箭头在预期的息票区域标记聚合物板材, 使两个箭头具有相同的方向。</li>
	<li>使用2.222 厘米直径圆形模具和槌, 戳出一个样品券围绕箭头标记。</li>
	<li>松开在原位摩擦上固定样品钳的六角帽螺钉, 从样品夹最容易接近的拐角处卸下六角帽螺钉和精密弹簧。</li>
	<li>滑动样品券到样品夹, 注意确保样品是面向的箭头指向面向下和朝向背面的钳, 这是最接近背面板的摩擦。</li>
	<li>更换精密弹簧和六角帽螺钉在样品钳的空角, 并着手收紧所有四的六角帽螺钉的钳, 直到舒适, 使弹性体样品压缩10% 的原始高度。假设一个0.318 厘米的样本高度, 10% 的压缩可以达到通过使用 0.287 cm 标尺块之间的两个板块的夹具。</li>
</ol>3. 准备就地摩擦
<ol><li>在摩擦的墙和样品雪橇之间放置一个2.413 厘米的量规块, 直接位于驱动螺钉的下方。请确保数据收集框已关闭, 然后按顺时针方向旋转驱动器链以返回示例雪橇, 这样, 雪橇的边缘就会从摩擦壁2.413 厘米。</li>
	<li>用软布或不起毛的纸巾轻轻擦拭柜台表面的钢球, 并在大约30秒内用丙酮等适当的溶剂, 直到柜台表面表面没有任何碎屑。</li>
	<li>滑动青铜计数器表面载体和青铜重量, 总正常载荷为 7.5 N, 垂直于试样雪橇的导轨上, 允许计数器球滑入孔内并在聚合物样品上休息。</li>
	<li>使用六角键和两个青铜螺钉, 将线性可变差动变压器 (LVDT) 测量臂重新连接到青铜计数器表面支架上, 使 LVDT 的自由浮动气缸靠在手臂上。</li>
	<li>调整夹持 LVDT 的钳位, LVDT 在零点附近测量, 然后拧紧夹具以确保 LVDT 到位。</li>
	<li>将摩擦组件降低到压力容器中, 确保容器顶部法兰上的热电偶套管降低到摩擦和容器壁之间的间隙。</li>
	<li>包装密封 o 形环, 共两个半层的聚四氟乙烯胶带。这是通过包装聚四氟乙烯胶带, 使每一个额外的包装重叠约一半的程序圈, 直到绕 o 形环直径两次。然后将 o 形环的直径包装成最后一次, 不加任何重叠。一旦 o 形环被包裹, 把它放在凹槽中的压力容器的唇。</li>
	<li>考虑到接线标签, 重新连接摩擦马达的五个电源线、四个负载单元的数据线和五个 LVDT 的数据线。</li>
</ol>4. 密封压力容器
<ol><li>降低压力容器的顶部法兰, 将其关闭, 注意将顶部法兰轻轻地放到聚四氟乙烯包裹密封 o 形环上。</li>
	<li>将螺栓插入到制造商以升序指示的顶部法兰上的编号孔中, 直到手指紧固为止。</li>
	<li>使用手动十六进制键, 扭矩的法兰螺栓升序, 以手紧, 重复, 直到螺栓不能再收紧。</li>
	<li>从120毫微米开始, 并增加 40 nm 增量, 使用扭矩扳手扭矩的法兰螺栓以升序为每 ~ 40 Nm 增量, 直到它们被扭转到 280 nm。</li>
</ol>5. 灌装压力容器
<ol><li>压力容器密封后, 将气体配件连接到高压釜盖上, 将低压 (0.55 兆帕) 氩气的压力容器冲洗约1小时, 直到容器中的氧含量降到 10 ppm 以下, 使用氧气传感器探测到压力容器的输出。</li>
	<li>慢慢地 (< 0.25 兆帕/秒) 用氢气将容器冲洗至6.9 兆帕, 然后慢慢地将气体排放到大气压。重复冲洗过程两次。</li>
	<li>在冲洗压力容器后, 缓慢地 (< 0.25 兆帕) 填充压力容器, 氢气高达13.75 兆帕, 允许容器休息10分钟, 使容器内气体的温度 equilibrates 室温。</li>
	<li>将容器装满20.7 兆帕, 再等10分钟。</li>
	<li>把船上的目标 27.6 MPa 和关闭所有阀门。</li>
	<li>在开始实验之前, 允许聚合物样品在氢气中浸泡至少12小时, 以便完全渗透。</li>
</ol>6. 运行实验
<ol><li>双检查所有进出压力容器的直通导线是否正确连接到连接到摩擦控制箱的标签线束, 然后打开摩擦。</li>
	<li>在摩擦软件设置实验时间到1小时以 0.1 cm/s 速度以 0.140 cm 的路径长度。这对应于距离大约 3.5 m。</li>
	<li>对负载单元进行包装, 并确保 LVDT 在摩擦软件中报告适当的深度, 应接近0毫米。</li>
	<li>开始实验。</li>
</ol>7. 后实验
<ol><li>实验完成后, 将氢气的压力容器慢慢排出大约0.35 兆帕, 确保压力容器温度不会降到0摄氏度以下。</li>
	<li>最后, 在大气压下用氩气冲洗压力容器容积10分钟, 以确保容器内没有剩余的氢气。</li>
</ol>

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作者没有什么可透露的。

现有的用于高分子材料摩擦学测试的前向原位技术要求样品暴露在高压氢气上, 然后减压使用商用摩擦进行测试。15,24,25本协议中的测试方法旨在允许在高压环境下对聚合物样品的摩擦学性能进行测试,原位。通过对以上所述的高分子材料 (如三元乙丙橡胶试样的加压) 进行测试, 本协议允许对在氢输送基础设施组件?...

近年来, 在车辆和固定动力源中, 氢气作为潜在的零排放或近零排放燃料的兴趣一直很大。由于氢气存在于室温下的低密度气体中, 大多数应用都使用某种形式的压缩氢气作为燃料。1,2使用压缩高压氢气的潜在缺点与基础结构2、3、4和车载应用程序5中发现的许多材料不兼容, 其中兼容性问题与反复压力和温度循环相结合。一个纯净的氢环境是已知的损害金属成分, 包括某些钢和钛通过不同的机制, 包括氢化物形成, 膨胀, 表面起泡和脆化。2,6,7,8在压电陶瓷中使用的锆钛酸铅 (PZT) 等非金属元件也被证明易受降解, 因为氢不相容效应, 如表面起泡和铅迁移。9,10,11,12虽然以前曾研究过氢暴露造成的损害的这些例子, 但在氢环境中聚合物组分的相容性最近才引起关注。13,14,15,16这主要是由于金属部件在核和石油和天然气应用中提供结构完整性, 而聚合物成分通常充当屏障或密封。17,18,19,20因此, 在诸如聚四氟乙烯 (PTFE) 阀座和丁腈橡胶 (丁腈橡胶) O 形环等元件内的高分子材料的摩擦和磨损特性成为其功能能力的重要因素。
在氢基础设施的情况下, 诸如阀门、压缩机和储罐等部件含有与金属表面接触的高分子材料。聚合物和金属表面之间的摩擦相互作用导致每个表面的磨损。两个相互作用表面的摩擦和磨损之间的关系的科学被称为摩擦学。聚合物的弹性模量和强度比金属低, 因此高分子材料的摩擦学性能与金属材料有很大的不同。因此, 在与金属表面摩擦接触后, 聚合物表面往往表现出更大的磨损和损伤。21,22在氢基础设施应用中, 快速压力和温度循环导致聚合物与金属表面反复相互作用, 增加了聚合物组分摩擦和磨损的可能性。量化这一损害可能是挑战前现场由于可能爆炸减压的聚合物样品后减压, 可能会导致非摩擦学损伤。23此外, 许多商业聚合物产品含有许多填充剂和添加剂, 如氧化镁 (氧化镁), 它们可能通过氢与氢气产生负面作用, 进一步使原位分析的磨损在这些材料.24,25
由于摩擦磨损对聚合物材料损伤的判别复杂度为原位, 因此需要直接研究非金属材料的摩擦特性原位在可能存在于氢传递基础结构中的高压氢环境中。在本议定书中, 我们演示了一种测试方法, 用于在高压氢环境中利用专门构建的原位摩擦来量化聚合物材料的摩擦和磨损特性。26我们还提供使用原位摩擦和乙烯丙二烯单体 (三元乙丙橡胶) 获得的具有代表性的数据, 这是一种常见的聚合物密封和阻隔材料。使用下面的协议生成具有代表性数据的三元乙丙橡胶材料是以60.96 厘米见方的0.3175 厘米厚的方形板材购买的, 并由供应商报告其硬度等级为60A。

<table><tbody><tr><td>EPDM Polymer Stock Sheet</td><td>McMaster-Carr</td><td>8525T68</td><td>24&quot; x 24&quot;, 1/8&quot; Thick</td></tr><tr><td>Pressure Vessel, Autoclave</td><td>Fluitron Inc.</td><td>8308-1788-U</td><td>5&quot; diameter, 1&#039; height</td></tr><tr><td>High Purity Hydrogen Gas</td><td>Praxair</td><td>HY4.5</td><td>Grade 4.5, 5ppm O2, 5 ppm H20</td></tr><tr><td>O2 Sensor</td><td>Advanced Micro Instruments</td><td>T2</td><td>0-5ppm min. range, 10,0000ppm max.</td></tr><tr><td>Pre-purified Argon Gas</td><td>Oxarc</td><td>LCCO-HP818</td><td>High-purity, 99.998%</td></tr><tr><td>Liquid Dishwashing Detergent</td><td>McMaster-Carr</td><td>98365T89</td><td>32 oz pour bottle, lemon scented</td></tr><tr><td>Mildew Resistant Sponge</td><td>McMaster-Carr</td><td>7309T1</td><td>6&quot; long x 3 -1/2&quot; Wide x 1&quot; High, yellow</td></tr><tr><td>PTFE Pipe Thread Sealant Tape</td><td>McMaster-Carr</td><td>4591K12</td><td>1/2&quot; wide, white color</td></tr><tr><td>Gas Tube Fittings</td><td>Swagelok</td><td>SS-400-1-4</td><td>1/4&quot; OD, stainless steel, male NPT threading</td></tr><tr><td>Hammer Driven Die</td><td>McMaster-Carr</td><td>3427A22</td><td>7/8&quot; Hammer driven hole punch</td></tr><tr><td>Linear Variable Differential Transformer</td><td>Omega</td><td>LD320-2.5&amp;nbsp;</td><td>2.5mm, AC output, guided w/spring</td></tr><tr><td>Autoclave O-ring Seal</td><td>Fluitron Inc.</td><td>A-4511</td><td>Hastelloy C-276, 5-3/4&quot; OD x 5&quot; ID x 3/8&quot;</td></tr><tr><td>Torque Wrench</td><td>McMaster-Carr</td><td>85555A422</td><td>Adjustable Torque-Limiting Wrench, Quick-Release, 1/2&quot; Square Drive, 50-250 ft.-lbs. Torque</td></tr><tr><td>Mallet</td><td>McMaster-Carr</td><td>5939A11</td><td>Hard and Extra-Hard Rubber Hammer, 2-1/4 lbs.</td></tr><tr><td>iLoad Mini Capacitive Load Sensor</td><td>Loadstar Sensors</td><td>MFM-050-050-S*C03</td><td>50 lb, U Calibration, 0.5% Accuracy, Steel</td></tr></tbody></table>

in situ high pressure hydrogen tribological testing of common polymer materials used in the hydrogen delivery infrastructure

众所周知, 高压氢气对压缩机、阀门、软管和驱动器的金属部件产生不利影响。然而, 对高压氢对聚合物密封和阻隔材料的影响的认识相对较少。为了确定在氢燃料输送基础设施的组分中发现的普通高分子材料与高压氢气的相容性, 需要进行更多的研究。因此, 重要的是考虑物理性能的变化, 如摩擦和磨损的就地, 而聚合物暴露在高压氢。在本协议中, 我们提出了一种用自定义内置的就地针平直线往复法测试 28 MPa 高压氢环境中的乙丙二烯单体 (EPDM) 弹性体试样的摩擦磨损性能的方法。摩擦.试验结果表明, 在高压氢气中, 三元乙丙橡胶试样与钢柜台表面的摩擦系数与相似的摩擦系数相比, 在周围的空气。

利用所提出的方法, 在高压氢环境下, 可以测量弹性试样的运动摩擦系数和磨损因数。图 1中提供的代表性数据表明, 在高压氢环境下, 在钢柜台表面下移动三元乙丙基聚合物试样需要更大的力。使用正常力 fN与摩擦力 fK之间的关系, 可以确定三元乙丙橡胶试样与钢球之间的摩擦系数, µ。此数据显示在图 2中, 其中?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Situ High Pressure Hydrogen Tribological Testing of Common Polymer Materials Used in the Hydrogen Delivery Infrastructure at JoVE.com

In Situ High Pressure Hydrogen Tribological Testing of Common Polymer Materials Used in the Hydrogen Delivery Infrastructure

介绍了用于氢基础设施服务的聚合物摩擦学性能量化的试验方法, 并讨论了常用弹性体的特性结果。

就地氢气输送基础设施用普通高分子材料的高压氢摩擦学试验

High pressure hydrogen gas is known to adversely affect metallic components of compressors, valves, hoses, and actuators. However, relatively little is ...

in-situ-high-pressure-hydrogen-tribological-testing-common-polymer

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

In Situ High Pressure Hydrogen Tribological Testing of Common Polymer Materials Used in the Hydrogen Delivery Infrastructure

7.5K 次观看.  Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. 介绍了用于氢基础设施服务的聚合物摩擦学性能量化的试验方法, 并讨论了常用弹性体的特性结果。

视频: In Situ High Pressure Hydrogen Tribological Testing of Common Polymer Materials Used in the Hydrogen Delivery Infrastructure

A Testing Platform for Durability Studies of Polymers and Fiber-reinforced Polymer Composites under Concurrent Hygrothermo-mechanical Stimuli

The durability of polymers and fiber-reinforced polymer composites under service condition is a critical aspect to be addressed for their robust designs and condition-based maintenance. These materials are adopted in a wide range of engineering applications, from aircraft and ship structures, to bridges, wind turbine blades, biomaterials and biomedical implants. Polymers are viscoelastic materials, and their response may be highly nonlinear and thus make it challenging to predict and monitor their in-service performance. The laboratory-scale testing platform presented herein assists the investigation of the influence of concurrent mechanical loadings and environmental conditions on these materials. The platform was designed to be low-cost and user-friendly. Its chemically resistant materials make the platform adaptable to studies of chemical degradation due to in-service exposure to fluids. An example of experiment was conducted at RT on closed-cell polyurethane foam samples loaded with a weight corresponding to ~50% of their ultimate static and dry load. Results show that the testing apparatus is appropriate for these studies. Results also highlight the larger vulnerability of the polymer under concurrent loading, based on the higher mid-point displacements and lower residual failure loads. Recommendations are made for additional improvements to the testing apparatus.

The durability of polymers and fiber-reinforced polymer composites in service is a critical aspect for their designs and condition-based maintenance. We present a novel low-cost laboratory testing platform for the investigation of the influence of concurrent mechanical and environmental loadings, and may help design more efficient yet safer composite structures.

一个测试平台为聚合物的耐久性研究，并在同期Hygrothermo机械刺激纤维增强聚合物复合材料

The durability of polymers and fiber-reinforced polymer composites under service condition is a critical aspect to be addressed for their robust designs ...

科研

工程学

Atomically Traceable Nanostructure Fabrication

Reducing the scale of etched nanostructures below the 10 nm range eventually will require an atomic scale understanding of the entire fabrication process being used in order to maintain exquisite control over both feature size and feature density. Here, we demonstrate a method for tracking atomically resolved and controlled structures from initial template definition through final nanostructure metrology, opening up a pathway for top-down atomic control over nanofabrication. Hydrogen depassivation lithography is the first step of the nanoscale fabrication process followed by selective atomic layer deposition of up to 2.8 nm of titania to make a nanoscale etch mask. Contrast with the background is shown, indicating different mechanisms for growth on the desired patterns and on the H passivated background. The patterns are then transferred into the bulk using reactive ion etching to form 20 nm tall nanostructures with linewidths down to ~6 nm. To illustrate the limitations of this process, arrays of holes and lines are fabricated. The various nanofabrication process steps are performed at disparate locations, so process integration is discussed. Related issues are discussed including using fiducial marks for finding nanostructures on a macroscopic sample and protecting the chemically reactive patterned Si(100)-H surface against degradation due to atmospheric exposure.

We report a protocol for combining the atomic metrology of the Scanning Tunneling Microscope for surface patterning with selective Atomic Layer Deposition and Reactive Ion Etching. Using a robust process involving numerous atmospheric exposures and transport, 3D nanostructures with atomic metrology are fabricated.

原子纳米结构可追溯制造

Reducing the scale of etched nanostructures below the 10 nm range eventually will require an atomic scale understanding of the entire fabrication process ...

Experiments on Ultrasonic Lubrication Using a Piezoelectrically-assisted Tribometer and Optical Profilometer

Friction and wear are detrimental to engineered systems. Ultrasonic lubrication is achieved when the interface between two sliding surfaces is vibrated at a frequency above the acoustic range (20 kHz). As a solid-state technology, ultrasonic lubrication can be used where conventional lubricants are unfeasible or undesirable. Further, ultrasonic lubrication allows for electrical modulation of the effective friction coefficient between two sliding surfaces. This property enables adaptive systems that modify their frictional state and associated dynamic response as the operating conditions change. Surface wear can also be reduced through ultrasonic lubrication. We developed a protocol to investigate the dependence of friction force reduction and wear reduction on the linear sliding velocity between ultrasonically lubricated surfaces. A pin-on-disc tribometer was built which differs from commercial units in that a piezoelectric stack is used to vibrate the pin at 22 kHz normal to the rotating disc surface. Friction and wear metrics including effective friction force, volume loss, and surface roughness are measured without and with ultrasonic vibrations at a constant pressure of 1 to 4 MPa and three different sliding velocities: 20.3, 40.6, and 87 mm/sec. An optical profilometer is utilized to characterize the wear surfaces. The effective friction force is reduced by 62% at 20.3 mm/sec. Consistently with existing theories for ultrasonic lubrication, the percent reduction in friction force diminishes with increasing speed, down to 29% friction force reduction at 87 mm/sec. Wear reduction remains essentially constant (49%) at the three speeds considered.

We present a protocol for using a piezoelectrically-assisted tribometer and optical profilometer to investigate the dependence of ultrasonic wear and friction reduction on linear velocity, contact pressure, and surface properties.

使用超声波润滑实验一压电辅助摩擦试验机和光学轮廓

Friction and wear are detrimental to engineered systems. Ultrasonic lubrication is achieved when the interface between two sliding surfaces is vibrated at ...

Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis

Nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) via the resonant 1H(15N,&#945;&#947;)12C reaction is a highly effective method of depth profiling that quantitatively and non-destructively reveals the hydrogen density distribution at surfaces, at interfaces, and in the volume of solid materials with high depth resolution. The technique applies a 15N ion beam of 6.385 MeV provided by an electrostatic accelerator and specifically detects the 1H isotope in depths up to about 2 &#956;m from the target surface. Surface H coverages are measured with a sensitivity in the order of ~1013 cm-2 (~1% of a typical atomic monolayer density) and H volume concentrations with a detection limit of ~1018 cm-3 (~100 at. ppm). The near-surface depth resolution is 2-5 nm for surface-normal 15N ion incidence onto the target and can be enhanced to values below 1 nm for very flat targets by adopting a surface-grazing incidence geometry. The method is versatile and readily applied to any high vacuum compatible homogeneous material with a smooth surface (no pores). Electrically conductive targets usually tolerate the ion beam irradiation with negligible degradation. Hydrogen quantitation and correct depth analysis require knowledge of the elementary composition (besides hydrogen) and mass density of the target material. Especially in combination with ultra-high vacuum methods for in-situ target preparation and characterization, 1H(15N,&#945;&#947;)12C NRA is ideally suited for hydrogen analysis at atomically controlled surfaces and nanostructured interfaces. We exemplarily demonstrate here the application of 15N NRA at the MALT Tandem accelerator facility of the University of Tokyo to (1) quantitatively measure the surface coverage and the bulk concentration of hydrogen in the near-surface region of a H2 exposed Pd(110) single crystal, and (2) to determine the depth location and layer density of hydrogen near the interfaces of thin SiO2 films on Si(100).

We illustrate the application of 1H(15N,&#945;&#947;)12C resonant nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) to quantitatively evaluate the density of hydrogen atoms on the surface, in the volume, and at an interfacial layer of solid materials. The near-surface hydrogen depth profiling of a Pd(110) single crystal and of SiO2/Si(100) stacks is described.

通过与核反应分析深度剖面的表面和界面层和颗粒材料氢含量的定量

Nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) via the resonant 1H(15N,&#945;&#947;)12C reaction is a highly effective method of depth profiling that quantitatively and ...

Protocol for Relative Hydrodynamic Assessment of Tri-leaflet Polymer Valves

Limitations of currently available prosthetic valves, xenografts, and homografts have prompted a recent resurgence of developments in the area of tri-leaflet polymer valve prostheses. However, identification of a protocol for initial assessment of polymer valve hydrodynamic functionality is paramount during the early stages of the design process. Traditional in vitro pulse duplicator systems are not configured to accommodate flexible tri-leaflet materials; in addition, assessment of polymer valve functionality needs to be made in a relative context to native and prosthetic heart valves under identical test conditions so that variability in measurements from different instruments can be avoided. Accordingly, we conducted hydrodynamic assessment of i) native (n = 4, mean diameter, D = 20 mm), ii) bi-leaflet mechanical (n= 2, D = 23 mm) and iii) polymer valves (n = 5, D = 22 mm) via the use of a commercially available pulse duplicator system (ViVitro Labs Inc, Victoria, BC) that was modified to accommodate tri-leaflet valve geometries. Tri-leaflet silicone valves developed at the University of Florida comprised the polymer valve group. A mixture in the ratio of 35:65 glycerin to water was used to mimic blood physical properties. Instantaneous flow rate was measured at the interface of the left ventricle and aortic units while pressure was recorded at the ventricular and aortic positions. Bi-leaflet and native valve data from the literature was used to validate flow and pressure readings. The following hydrodynamic metrics were reported: forward flow pressure drop, aortic root mean square forward flow rate, aortic closing, leakage&#160;and regurgitant volume, transaortic closing, leakage, and total energy losses. Representative results indicated that hydrodynamic metrics from the three valve groups could be successfully obtained by incorporating a custom-built assembly into a commercially available pulse duplicator system and subsequently, objectively compared to provide insights on functional aspects of polymer valve design.

There has been renewed interest in developing polymer valves. Here, the objectives are to demonstrate the feasibility of modifying a commercial pulse duplicator to accommodate tri-leaflet geometries and to define a protocol to present polymer valve hydrodynamic data in comparison to native and prosthetic valve data collected under near-identical conditions.

协议相对液力评估的三单张聚合物阀

Limitations of currently available prosthetic valves, xenografts, and homografts have prompted a recent resurgence of developments in the area of ...

生物工程

Synthesis and Testing of Supported Pt-Cu Solid Solution Nanoparticle Catalysts for Propane Dehydrogenation

A convenient method for the synthesis of bimetallic Pt-Cu catalysts and performance tests for propane dehydrogenation and characterization are demonstrated here. The catalyst forms a substitutional solid solution structure, with a small and uniform particle size around 2 nm. This is realized by careful control over the impregnation, calcination, and reduction steps during catalyst preparation and is identified by advanced in situ synchrotron techniques. The catalyst propane dehydrogenation performance continuously improves with increasing Cu:Pt atomic ratio.

A convenient method for the synthesis of 2 nm supported bimetallic nanoparticle Pt-Cu catalysts for propane dehydrogenation is reported here. In situ synchrotron X-ray techniques allow for the determination of the catalyst structure, which is typically unobtainable using laboratory instruments.

用于丙烷脱氢的负载型Pt-Cu固溶体纳米粒子催化剂的合成与测试

A convenient method for the synthesis of bimetallic Pt-Cu catalysts and performance tests for propane dehydrogenation and characterization are ...

化学

Determining Tribocorrosion Rate and Wear-Corrosion Synergy of Bulk and Thin Film Aluminum Alloys

The increasing complexity and severity of service conditions in areas, such as aerospace and marine industries, nuclear systems, microelectronics, batteries, and biomedical devices, etc., impose great challenges on the reliable performance of alloys exposed to extreme conditions where mechanical and electrochemical attack co-exist. Finding ways for alloys to mitigate the combined attack of wear and corrosion (i.e., tribocorrosion) under such extreme conditions is thus highly critical for improving their reliability and service lifetime when used in such conditions. The challenge lies in the fact that wear and corrosion are not independent of each other, but rather work synergistically to accelerate the total material loss. Thus, a reliable method to evaluate the tribocorrosion resistance of metals and alloys is needed. Here, a protocol for measuring the tribocorrosion rate and wear-corrosion synergy of Al-based bulk and thin film samples in a corrosive environment under room temperature is presented.

Here, we present a protocol to measure the tribocorrosion rate and wear-corrosion synergy of thin film and bulk Al alloys in simulated sea water at room temperature.

Tribocorrosion 和薄膜铝合金的磨损与腐蚀协同性测定

The increasing complexity and severity of service conditions in areas, such as aerospace and marine industries, nuclear systems, microelectronics, ...

Hydrogen Charging of Aluminum using Friction in Water

A new method of hydrogen charging of aluminum was developed by means of a friction in water (FW) procedure. This procedure can easily introduce high amounts of hydrogen into aluminum based on the chemical reaction between water and non-oxide coated aluminum.

In order to introduce high amounts of hydrogen in aluminum and aluminum alloys, a new method of hydrogen charging was developed, called the friction in water procedure.

利用水中摩擦力对铝进行氢充电

A new method of hydrogen charging of aluminum was developed by means of a friction in water (FW) procedure. This procedure can easily introduce high ...

Microfluidic Fabrication Techniques for High-Pressure Testing of Microscale Supercritical CO2 Foam Transport in Fractured Unconventional Reservoirs

Pressure limitations of many microfluidic platforms have been a significant challenge in microfluidic experimental studies of fractured media. As a result, these platforms have not been fully exploited for direct observation of high-pressure transport in fractures. This work introduces microfluidic platforms that enable direct observation of multiphase flow in devices featuring surrogate permeable media and fractured systems. Such platforms provide a pathway to address important and timely questions such as those related to CO2 capture, utilization and storage. This work provides a detailed description of the fabrication techniques and an experimental setup that may serve to analyze the behavior of supercritical CO2 (scCO2) foam, its structure and stability. Such studies provide important insights regarding enhanced oil recovery processes and the role of hydraulic fractures in resource recovery from unconventional reservoirs. This work presents a comparative study of microfluidic devices developed using two different techniques: photolithography/wet-etching/thermal-bonding versus Selective Laser-induced Etching. Both techniques result in devices that are chemically and physically resistant and tolerant of high pressure and temperature conditions that correspond to subsurface systems of interest. Both techniques provide pathways to high-precision etched microchannels and capable lab-on-chip devices. Photolithography/wet-etching, however, enables fabrication of complex channel networks with complex geometries, which would be a challenging task for laser etching techniques. This work summarizes a step-by-step photolithography, wet-etching and glass thermal-bonding protocol and, presents representative observations of foam transport with relevance to oil recovery from unconventional tight and shale formations. Finally, this work describes the use of a high-resolution monochromatic sensor to observe scCO2 foam behavior where the entirety of the permeable medium is observed simultaneously while preserving the resolution needed to resolve features as small as 10 &#181;m.

Microfluidic Fabrication Techniques for High-Pressure Testing of Microscale Supercritical CO2 Foam Transport in Fractured Unconventional Reservoirs

This paper describes a protocol along with a comparative study of two microfluidic fabrication techniques, namely photolithography/wet-etching/thermal-bonding and Selective Laser-induced Etching (SLE), that are suitable for high-pressure conditions. These techniques constitute enabling platforms for direct observation of fluid flow in surrogate permeable media and fractured systems under reservoir conditions.

破碎非常规储层微尺度超临界CO泡沫运输的高压 试验微流体制造技术

Pressure limitations of many microfluidic platforms have been a significant challenge in microfluidic experimental studies of fractured media. As a ...

Hydrogen Production and Utilization in a Membrane Reactor

Industrial hydrogenation consumes ~11 Mt of fossil-derived H2 gas yearly. Our group invented a membrane reactor to bypass the need to use H2 gas for hydrogenation chemistry. The membrane reactor sources hydrogen from water and drives reactions using renewable electricity. In this reactor, a thin piece of Pd separates an electrochemical hydrogen production compartment from a chemical hydrogenation compartment. The Pd in the membrane reactor acts as (i) a hydrogen-selective membrane, (ii) a cathode, and (iii) a catalyst for hydrogenation. Herein, we report the use of atmospheric mass spectrometry (atm-MS) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to demonstrate that an applied electrochemical bias across a Pd membrane enables efficient hydrogenation without direct H2 input in a membrane reactor. With atm-MS, we measured a hydrogen permeation of 73%, which enabled the hydrogenation of propiophenone to propylbenzene with 100% selectivity, as measured by GC-MS. In contrast to conventional electrochemical hydrogenation, which is limited to low concentrations of starting material dissolved in a protic electrolyte, the physical separation of hydrogen production from utilization in the membrane reactor enables hydrogenation in any solvent or at any concentration. The use of high concentrations and a wide range of solvents is particularly important for reactor scalability and future commercialization.

Membrane reactors enable hydrogenation in ambient conditions without direct H2 input. We can track the hydrogen production and utilization in these systems using atmospheric mass spectrometry (atm-MS) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS).

膜反应器中的氢气生产和利用

Industrial hydrogenation consumes ~11 Mt of fossil-derived H2 gas yearly. Our group invented a membrane reactor to bypass the need to use H2 gas for ...

就地氢气输送基础设施用普通高分子材料的高压氢摩擦学试验

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

一个测试平台为聚合物的耐久性研究，并在同期Hygrothermo机械刺激纤维增强聚合物复合材料

原子纳米结构可追溯制造

使用超声波润滑实验一压电辅助摩擦试验机和光学轮廓

通过与核反应分析深度剖面的表面和界面层和颗粒材料氢含量的定量

协议相对液力评估的三单张聚合物阀

用于丙烷脱氢的负载型Pt-Cu固溶体纳米粒子催化剂的合成与测试

Tribocorrosion 和薄膜铝合金的磨损与腐蚀协同性测定

利用水中摩擦力对铝进行氢充电

破碎非常规储层微尺度超临界CO泡沫运输的_高压试验微流体制造技术

膜反应器中的氢气生产和利用

就地氢气输送基础设施用普通高分子材料的高压氢摩擦学试验

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

一个测试平台为聚合物的耐久性研究，并在同期Hygrothermo机械刺激纤维增强聚合物复合材料

原子纳米结构可追溯制造

使用超声波润滑实验一压电辅助摩擦试验机和光学轮廓

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