Name: key factors affecting the performance of sb2s3-sensitized solar cells during an sb2s3 deposition via sbcl3-thiourea complex solution-processing
Uploaded: 2018-07-16T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 8 min 24 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Key Factors Affecting the Performance of Sb2S3-sensitized Solar Cells During an Sb2S3 Deposition via SbCl3-thiourea Complex Solution-processing at JoVE.com

这项工作得到了大韩民国科学和信息和通信技术部 (DGIST) 研究 & 发展方案 (Gyeongbuk 18-ET-01 和 18-01-HRSS-04) 项目的支持。

1.2-BL 溶液的合成
<ol><li>准备2透明的小瓶, 50 毫升的体积。</li>
	<li>添加20毫升乙醇到1瓶 (V1) 和密封 V1。</li>
	<li>将 V1 转移到一个 N2填充的手套箱中, 湿度控制系统的 H2O 水平 < 1 ppm。</li>
	<li>添加1.225 毫升钛 (IV) 异丙醇 (TTIP) V1 使用一个注射器与0.45 µm PVDF 过滤器, 并轻轻搅拌混合物至少30分钟。 注: 此步骤必须在手套箱 (或在非常低的湿度条件下) 执行, 因为 TTIP 对湿气高度敏感。如果 TTIP 溶液不透明或在溶液内部观察到白色沉淀, 则不应使用, 因为在溶液中已经发生了不良反应。</li>
	<li>在其他准备的小瓶 (V2), 添加 18 ul HNO3 (70%) 和 138 ul 的 H2O 到20毫升乙醇使用微, 并轻轻搅拌混合物至少30分钟。 注: 此步骤不得在手套箱中执行, 因为使用了 H2O。</li>
	<li>将 V2 溶液倒入 V1 溶液中混合2溶液, 搅拌2多小时, 合成透明0.1 米的2BL 溶液。 注意: 最终解决方案必须是透明的。如果解决方案不透明, resynthesize 它, 直到获得透明解决方案。在 < 50% 的湿度条件下, 成功地制备了2-BL 溶液, 稳定了好几天。</li>
</ol>2. SbCl3/土摩尔比的 SbCl3-土溶液的合成
注: 必须在手套盒中进行合成, 因为 SbCl3对水分的敏感性非常高。
<ol><li>准备 SbCl3库存解决方案 [1 毫摩尔 SbCl3在1毫升的n, n-甲基酰胺 (DMF)] 在手套箱内。例如, 添加6.486 克 SbCl3到30毫升的 DMF 为32.2 毫升库存解决方案。</li>
	<li>将适量的库存溶液添加到含有一定量的土瓶中, 以合成 SbCl3-土溶液, 所需的摩尔比为 SbCl3/tu。例如, 假设2个小瓶每包含0.1 克的 TU, 增加0.9394 毫升的库存解决方案, 以一瓶和0.5637 毫升, 以综合解决方案与 SbCl3/涂比 1/1.5 和 1/2.5, 分别。</li>
</ol>3. 由 mp2/2-BL/微晶玻璃组成的基材的制备
<ol><li>将25毫米 x 25 毫米的玻片玻璃 (钢化玻璃) 用丙酮清洗10分钟, 然后用乙醇冲洗。 注: 要制造光伏设备, 使用预图案的玻璃, 其中 5-10 毫米 x 25 毫米的表面被完全蚀刻。</li>
	<li>通过在样品上吹压缩空气立即干燥该玻璃。</li>
	<li>用 UV/O3清洁剂对玻璃杯进行20分钟的处理。</li>
	<li>自旋涂层乙醇在5000转每分钟六十年代。</li>
	<li>立刻旋转外套与准备的2BL 解答在步3.4 的同样条件下。</li>
	<li>将该玻璃干燥2分钟, 将其放在预热的热板上, 在200摄氏度。</li>
	<li>重复步骤3.5 和3.6 以获得所需的2BL 厚度。</li>
	<li>使用与2糊 (50 nm2粒子) 和聚酯面具的丝网印刷法, 将 mp2层存放在2-BL/微晶玻璃上。</li>
	<li>将 mp2/2-BL/在500°c 的玻璃退火为30分钟。</li>
	<li>将退火后的基体浸在透明的水下40毫米 TiCl4溶液中, 然后冷却至室温。 注:40 mM TiCl4溶液必须是透明的。如果基体在冷却前浸在 TiCl4溶液中, 由于基体和溶液之间的温差大, 它们很容易断裂。</li>
	<li>将基板转移到60摄氏度的烤箱上, 并将其存储1小时。</li>
	<li>用温水冲洗基体几次, 然后用 blowingcompressed 的空气立即将其烘干。 注: 为防止基体开裂, 冲洗时应使用温水 (约60°c)。</li>
	<li>再退火基体在500°c 为30分钟。</li>
</ol>4.2S3的沉积物在 mp 的基板2/在2-BL/玻璃
<ol><li>用 UV/O3清洁剂处理衬底以20分钟清洁表面, 并将其转移到手套盒中。</li>
	<li>自旋涂层在基板上的 DMF 溶剂在六十年代转 3000 rpm 之前, 与 SbCl3涂的解决方案。</li>
	<li>将涂层基体加热5分钟, 将其放在150°c 的热板上进行局部热分解和非晶相形成。</li>
	<li>将样品放在预热的热板上, 温度为300摄氏度, 为结晶相形成提供10分钟。</li>
	<li>将样品冷却到室温后, 将其从手套箱中取出。</li>
</ol>5. 制备锑2S3敏化太阳能电池
<ol><li>加入15毫克的聚 (3-基噻吩) (P3HT) 到1毫升的氯苯, 并轻轻搅拌, 直到得到一个明确的红溶液。</li>
	<li>自旋涂层氯苯在锑2S3沉积基板在3000转每分钟六十年代。</li>
	<li>立即旋转外套与准备 P3HT 解决方案在相同条件下使用的步骤5.2。</li>
	<li>将样品转移到蒸发器的真空室中。</li>
	<li>存入100纳米金, 速率为1.0 Å/秒。</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Choi, Y. C., Lee, D. U., Noh, J. H., Kim, E. K., Seok, S. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Highly+Improved+Sb2S3+Sensitized-Inorganic-Organic+Heterojunction+Solar+Cells+and+Quantification+of+Traps+by+Deep-Level+Transient+Spectroscopy.">Highly Improved Sb2S3 Sensitized-Inorganic-Organic Heterojunction Solar Cells and Quantification of Traps by Deep-Level Transient Spectroscopy.</a> Advanced Functional Materials. 24 (23), 3587-3592 (2014).</li><li>Kim, D. -. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Highly+reproducible+planar+Sb2S3-sensitized+solar+cells+based+on+atomic+layer+deposition.">Highly reproducible planar Sb2S3-sensitized solar cells based on atomic layer deposition.</a> Nanoscale. 6 (23), 14549-14554 (2014).</li><li>Choi, Y. C., Seok, S. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+Sb2S3-Sensitized+Solar+Cells+Via+Single-Step+Deposition+of+Sb2S3+Using+S/Sb-Ratio-Controlled+SbCl3-Thiourea+Complex+Solution.">Efficient Sb2S3-Sensitized Solar Cells Via Single-Step Deposition of Sb2S3 Using S/Sb-Ratio-Controlled SbCl3-Thiourea Complex Solution.</a> Advanced Functional Materials. 25 (19), 2892-2898 (2015).</li><li>Godel, K. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+room+temperature+aqueous+Sb2S3+synthesis+for+inorganic-organic+sensitized+solar+cells+with+5.1%+efficiencies.">Efficient room temperature aqueous Sb2S3 synthesis for inorganic-organic sensitized solar cells with 5.1% efficiencies.</a> Chemical Communications. 51 (41), 8640-8643 (2015).</li><li>Choi, Y. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sb2Se3-Sensitized+Inorganic-Organic+Heterojunction+Solar+Cells+Fabricated+Using+a+Single-Source+Precursor.">Sb2Se3-Sensitized Inorganic-Organic Heterojunction Solar Cells Fabricated Using a Single-Source Precursor.</a> Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 53 (5), 1329-1333 (2014).</li><li>Chen, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=6.5%+Certified+Efficiency+Sb2Se3+Solar+Cells+Using+PbS+Colloidal+Quantum+Dot+Film+as+Hole-Transporting+Layer.">6.5% Certified Efficiency Sb2Se3 Solar Cells Using PbS Colloidal Quantum Dot Film as Hole-Transporting Layer.</a> ACS Energy Letters. 2 (9), 2125-2132 (2017).</li><li>Choi, Y. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+Inorganic-Organic+Heterojunction+Solar+Cells+Employing+Sb2(Sx/Se1-x)3+Graded-Composition+Sensitizers.">Efficient Inorganic-Organic Heterojunction Solar Cells Employing Sb2(Sx/Se1-x)3 Graded-Composition Sensitizers.</a> Advanced Energy Materials. 4 (7), 1301680 (2014).</li><li>Choi, Y. C., Yeom, E. J., Ahn, T. K., Seok, S. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CuSbS2-Sensitized+Inorganic-Organic+Heterojunction+Solar+Cells+Fabricated+Using+a+Metal-Thiourea+Complex+Solution.">CuSbS2-Sensitized Inorganic-Organic Heterojunction Solar Cells Fabricated Using a Metal-Thiourea Complex Solution.</a> Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 54 (13), 4005-4009 (2015).</li><li>Versavel, M. Y., Haber, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structural+and+optical+properties+of+amorphous+and+crystalline+antimony+sulfide+thin-films.">Structural and optical properties of amorphous and crystalline antimony sulfide thin-films.</a> Thin Solid Films. 515 (18), 7171-7176 (2007).</li><li>Yang, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hydrazine+solution+processed+Sb2S3,+Sb2Se3+and+Sb2(S1-xSex)3+film:+molecular+precursor+identification,+film+fabrication+and+band+gap+tuning.">Hydrazine solution processed Sb2S3, Sb2Se3 and Sb2(S1-xSex)3 film: molecular precursor identification, film fabrication and band gap tuning.</a> Scientific Reports. 5, 10978 (2015).</li><li>Peng, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systematic+investigation+of+the+role+of+compact+TiO2+layer+in+solid+state+dye-sensitized+TiO2+solar+cells.">Systematic investigation of the role of compact TiO2 layer in solid state dye-sensitized TiO2 solar cells.</a> Coordination Chemistry Reviews. 248 (13-14), 1479-1489 (2004).</li><li>Chen, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accelerated+Optimization+of+TiO2/Sb2Se3+Thin+Film+Solar+Cells+by+High-Throughput+Combinatorial+Approach.">Accelerated Optimization of TiO2/Sb2Se3 Thin Film Solar Cells by High-Throughput Combinatorial Approach.</a> Advanced Energy Materials. 7 (20), 1700866 (2017).</li><li>Sung, S. -. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systematic+control+of+nanostructured+interfaces+of+planar+Sb2S3+solar+cells+by+simple+spin-coating+process+and+its+effect+on+photovoltaic+properties.">Systematic control of nanostructured interfaces of planar Sb2S3 solar cells by simple spin-coating process and its effect on photovoltaic properties.</a> Journals of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. 56, 196-202 (2017).</li><li>Gong, J., Liang, J., Sumathy, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Review+on+dye-sensitized+solar+cells+(DSSCs):+Fundamental+concepts+and+novel+materials.">Review on dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs): Fundamental concepts and novel materials.</a> Renewable &amp; Sustainable Energery Reviews. 16 (8), 5848-5860 (2012).</li><li>Jeon, N. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Solvent+engineering+for+high-performance+inorganic-organic+hybrid+perovskite+solar+cells.">Solvent engineering for high-performance inorganic-organic hybrid perovskite solar cells.</a> Nature Materials. 13 (9), 897-903 (2014).</li><li>Choi, Y. C., Lee, S. W., Jo, H. J., Kim, D. -. H., Sung, S. -. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Controlled+growth+of+organic-inorganic+hybrid+CH3NH3PbI3+perovskite+thin+films+from+phase-controlled+crystalline+powders.">Controlled growth of organic-inorganic hybrid CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite thin films from phase-controlled crystalline powders.</a> RSC Advances. 6 (106), 104359-104365 (2016).</li><li>Choi, Y. C., Lee, S. W., Kim, D. -. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antisolvent-assisted+powder+engineering+for+controlled+growth+of+hybrid+CH3NH3PbI3+perovskite+thin+films.">Antisolvent-assisted powder engineering for controlled growth of hybrid CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite thin films.</a> APL Materials. 5 (2), 026101 (2017).</li></ol>

作者没有什么可透露的。

2-BL 被广泛用作太阳能电池中的堵孔层。如图 2所示, 在设备性能上观察到的大差异取决于2-BL 厚度。因此, 它的厚度应进行优化, 以获得最佳的整体设备性能, 因为它作为一个孔堵塞层, 以防止任何直接接触的11和孔运输材料。应注意的是, 最佳厚度的变化取决于2-BL 溶液种类, 各种类型, 方法, 光吸收器和设备体系结构。除2-BL ?...

锑基硫属化合物 (锑), 包括 sb2S3, 锑2Se3, 锑2(S, Se)3, 和 CuSbS2, 被认为是新兴材料, 可用于下一代太阳能电池1 ,2,3,4,5,6,7,8。然而, 基于锑光吸收器的光伏设备尚未达到证明可行商业化所需的10% 功率转换效率 (四氯乙烯)。
为了克服这些局限性, 采用了各种方法和技术, 如硫乙酰胺诱导表面处理1、室温沉积法4、原子层沉积技术2以及利用胶体点量子点6。在这些不同的方法中, 基于化学浴分解的溶液处理表现出最高的性能1。然而, 对化学反应和后处理的精确控制需要达到最佳性能1,3。
最近, 我们开发了一个简单的解决方案-处理高性能的 Sb2S3敏化太阳能电池使用 SbCl3-硫脲 (TU) 复合溶液3。使用这种方法, 我们能够制造一个质量为2S3的人, 控制的人/S 比, 这是适用于太阳能电池, 以达到可比的设备性能6.4% 四氯乙烯。我们也能够有效地减少处理时间, 因为2S3是由单步沉积制造。
在这项工作中, 我们描述了 2S3沉积物的详细实验程序, 该基板由介孔的2 (mp2)/.) 玻璃用于制造 Sb2S3敏化太阳电池通过SbCl3涂复合溶液处理3。此外, 还对2S3沉积过程中影响光伏性能的三关键因素进行了识别和讨论。该方法的概念可以很容易地应用于其它基于金属硫化物的敏化型太阳能电池。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Ethyl alcohol, Pure, &gt;99.5%</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>459836</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Titanium(IV) isopropoxide 97%</td><td>Aldrich</td><td>205273</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nitic acid, ACS reagent, 70%</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>438073</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Antimony(III) chloride</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>311375</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Thiourea</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>T7875</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>N,N-Dimethylformamide, anhydrous, 99.8%</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>227056</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TiO2 paste with 50 nm particles</td><td>ShareChem</td><td>SC-HT040</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Poly(3-hexylthiophene)</td><td>1-Material</td><td>PH0148</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Chlorobenzene</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>284513</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FTO/glass (8 Ohmos/sq)</td><td>Pilkington</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Spin coater</td><td>DONG AH TRADE CORP</td><td>ACE-200</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hot plate</td><td>AS ONE Corporation</td><td>HHP-411</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glove box</td><td>KIYON</td><td>KK-021AS</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>UV OZONE Cleaner</td><td>AHTECH LTS</td><td>AC-6</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Furnace</td><td>WiseTherm</td><td>FP-14</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>UV/Vis Absorption spectroscopy</td><td>PerkinElmer</td><td>Lambda 750</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Multifunctional evaporator with glove box</td><td>DAEDONG HIGH TECHNOLOGIES</td><td>DDHT-SDP007</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

key factors affecting the performance of sb2s3-sensitized solar cells during an sb2s3 deposition via sbcl3-thiourea complex solution-processing

锑2S3被认为是新兴的光吸收器之一, 可以应用于下一代太阳能电池, 因为其独特的光学和电学性质。最近, 我们展示了它的潜力作为下一代太阳能电池通过实现高光伏效率 > 6% 在2S3敏化太阳能电池, 使用简单的硫脲 (土) 为基础的复杂溶液方法。在这里, 我们描述了2S3在介孔的2 (mp-SbCl2) 层上的关键实验程序, 使用一个在太阳能电池的制造中的3-土复合溶液。首先, SbCl3-土溶液是通过溶解 SbCl3和 TU 在n, n-甲基酰胺在不同的摩尔比 SbCl3: 土。然后, 该溶液沉积在制备的基材上, 由2/2阻挡层/F 掺杂的 SnO2玻璃经自旋涂层组成。最后, 为了形成结晶锑2S3, 样品被退火在一个 N2填充手套盒在300°c。文中还讨论了实验参数对光伏器件性能的影响。

图 1显示了2S3沉积在 mp2/在2-BL/玻璃基板上的实验过程的示意图。图 1d显示了本文所述方法所制造的典型产品的基本性能和方案。主要的 X 射线衍射 (XRD) 模式与 stibnite2S3结构1、3、4和杂质相有很好的匹配, 如锑...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Key Factors Affecting the Performance of Sb2S3-sensitized Solar Cells During an Sb2S3 Deposition via SbCl3-thiourea Complex Solution-processing at JoVE.com

Key Factors Affecting the Performance of Sb2S3-sensitized Solar Cells During an Sb2S3 Deposition via SbCl3-thiourea Complex Solution-processing

利用SbCl3-硫脲复合溶液处理锑23沉积物对锑2S3敏化太阳能电池性能影响的关键因素

这项工作提供了一个详细的实验程序, 以沉积2S3在介孔的2层, 使用 SbCl3硫脲复合溶液的应用于锑2的3敏化太阳能电池。本文还确定了控制沉积过程的关键因素。

Sb2S3 is considered as one of the emerging light absorbers that can be applied to next-generation solar cells because of its unique optical and electrical ...

key-factors-affecting-performance-sb2s3-sensitized-solar-cells-during

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

Key Factors Affecting the Performance of Sb2S3-sensitized Solar Cells During an Sb2S3 Deposition via SbCl3-thiourea Complex Solution-processing

7.8K 次观看.  Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST). 这项工作提供了一个详细的实验程序, 以沉积2S3在介孔的2层, 使用 SbCl3硫脲复合溶液的应用于锑2的3敏化太阳能电池。本文还确定了控制沉积过程的关键因素。

视频: Key Factors Affecting the Performance of Sb2S3-sensitized Solar Cells During an Sb2S3 Deposition via SbCl3-thiourea Complex Solution-processing

Integrating a Triplet-triplet Annihilation Up-conversion System to Enhance Dye-sensitized Solar Cell Response to Sub-bandgap Light

The poor response of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) to red and infrared light is a significant impediment to the realization of higher photocurrents and hence higher efficiencies. Photon up-conversion by way of triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA-UC) is an attractive technique for using these otherwise wasted low energy photons to produce photocurrent, while not interfering with the photoanodic performance in a deleterious manner. Further to this, TTA-UC has a number of features, distinct from other reported photon up-conversion technologies, which renders it particularly suitable for coupling with DSC technology. In this work, a proven high performance TTA-UC system, comprising a palladium porphyrin sensitizer and rubrene emitter, is combined with a high performance DSC (utilizing the organic dye D149) in an integrated device. The device shows an enhanced response to sub-bandgap light over the absorption range of the TTA-UC sub-unit resulting in the highest figure of merit for up-conversion assisted DSC performance to date.

An integrated device, incorporating a dye-sensitized solar cell and triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversion unit was produced, affording enhanced light harvesting, from a wider section of the solar spectrum. Under modest irradiation levels a significantly enhanced response to low energy photons was demonstrated, yielding a record figure of merit for dye-sensitized solar cells.

集成的三重态 - 三重态湮灭上转换系统，提高染料敏化太阳能电池的响应子带隙光

The poor response of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) to red and infrared light is a significant impediment to the realization of higher photocurrents ...

科研

工程学

Making Record-efficiency SnS Solar Cells by Thermal Evaporation and Atomic Layer Deposition

Tin sulfide (SnS) is a candidate absorber material for Earth-abundant, non-toxic solar cells. SnS offers easy phase control and rapid growth by congruent thermal evaporation, and it absorbs visible light strongly. However, for a long time the record power conversion efficiency of SnS solar cells remained below 2%. Recently we demonstrated new certified record efficiencies of 4.36% using SnS deposited by atomic layer deposition, and 3.88% using thermal evaporation. Here the fabrication procedure for these record solar cells is described, and the statistical distribution of the fabrication process is reported. The standard deviation of efficiency measured on a single substrate is typically over 0.5%. All steps including substrate selection and cleaning, Mo sputtering for the rear contact (cathode), SnS deposition, annealing, surface passivation, Zn(O,S) buffer layer selection and deposition, transparent conductor (anode) deposition, and metallization are described. On each substrate we fabricate 11 individual devices, each with active area 0.25 cm2. Further, a system for high throughput measurements of current-voltage curves under simulated solar light, and external quantum efficiency measurement with variable light bias is described. With this system we are able to measure full data sets on all 11 devices in an automated manner and in minimal time. These results illustrate the value of studying large sample sets, rather than focusing narrowly on the highest performing devices. Large data sets help us to distinguish and remedy individual loss mechanisms affecting our devices.

Tin sulfide (SnS) is a candidate material for Earth-abundant, non-toxic solar cells. Here, we demonstrate the fabrication procedure of the SnS solar cells employing atomic layer deposition, which yields 4.36% certified power conversion efficiency, and thermal evaporation which yields 3.88%.

通过热蒸发和原子层沉积使记录效率的SnS太阳能电池

Tin sulfide (SnS) is a candidate absorber material for Earth-abundant, non-toxic solar cells. SnS offers easy phase control and rapid growth by congruent ...

Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization

Polymer-based materials hold promise as low-cost, flexible efficient photovoltaic devices. Most laboratory efforts to achieve high performance devices have used devices prepared by spin coating, a process that is not amenable to large-scale fabrication. This mismatch in device fabrication makes it difficult to translate quantitative results obtained in the laboratory to the commercial level, making optimization difficult. Using a mini-slot die coater, this mismatch can be resolved by translating the commercial process to the laboratory and characterizing the structure formation in the active layer of the device in real time and in situ as films are coated onto a substrate. The evolution of the morphology was characterized under different conditions, allowing us to propose a mechanism by which the structures form and grow. This mini-slot die coater offers a simple, convenient, material efficient route by which the morphology in the active layer can be optimized under industrially relevant conditions. The goal of this protocol is to show experimental details of how a solar cell device is fabricated using a mini-slot die coater and technical details of running in situ structure characterization using the mini-slot die coater.

Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization

Here, we present a protocol to fabricate organic thin film solar cells using a mini-slot die coater and related in-line structure characterizations using synchrotron scattering techniques.

散装异质结太阳能电池的印刷和制作<em&gt;原位</em&gt;形态特征

Polymer-based materials hold promise as low-cost, flexible efficient photovoltaic devices. Most laboratory efforts to achieve high performance devices ...

Fabrication of Fully Solution Processed Inorganic Nanocrystal Photovoltaic Devices

We demonstrate a method for the preparation of fully solution processed inorganic solar cells from a spin and spray coating deposition of nanocrystal inks. For the photoactive absorber layer, colloidal CdTe and CdSe nanocrystals (3-5 nm) are synthesized using an inert hot injection technique and cleaned with precipitations to remove excess starting reagents. Similarly, gold nanocrystals (3-5 nm) are synthesized under ambient conditions and dissolved in organic solvents. In addition, precursor solutions for transparent conductive indium tin oxide (ITO) films are prepared from solutions of indium and tin salts paired with a reactive oxidizer. Layer-by-layer, these solutions are deposited onto a glass substrate following annealing (200-400 &#176;C) to build the nanocrystal solar cell (glass/ITO/CdSe/CdTe/Au). Pre-annealing ligand exchange is required for CdSe and CdTe nanocrystals where films are dipped in NH4Cl:methanol to replace long-chain native ligands with small inorganic Cl- anions. NH4Cl(s) was found to act as a catalyst for the sintering reaction (as a non-toxic alternative to the conventional CdCl2(s) treatment) leading to grain growth (136&#177;39 nm) during heating. The thickness and roughness of the prepared films are characterized with SEM and optical profilometry. FTIR is used to determine the degree of ligand exchange prior to sintering, and XRD is used to verify the crystallinity and phase of each material. UV/Vis spectra show high visible light transmission through the ITO layer and a red shift in the absorbance of the cadmium chalcogenide nanocrystals after thermal annealing. Current-voltage curves of completed devices are measured under simulated one sun illumination. Small differences in deposition techniques and reagents employed during ligand exchange have been shown to have a profound influence on the device properties. Here, we examine the effects of chemical (sintering and ligand exchange agents) and physical treatments (solution concentration, spray-pressure, annealing time and annealing temperature) on photovoltaic device performance.

This protocol describes the synthesis and solution deposition of inorganic nanocrystals layer by layer to produce thin film electronics on non-conductive surfaces. Solvent-stabilized inks can produce complete photovoltaic devices on glass substrates via spin and spray coating following post-deposition ligand exchange and sintering.

全面解决方案处理的无机纳米晶体光伏器件的制造

We demonstrate a method for the preparation of fully solution processed inorganic solar cells from a spin and spray coating deposition of nanocrystal ...

Influence of Hybrid Perovskite Fabrication Methods on Film Formation, Electronic Structure, and Solar Cell Performance

Hybrid organic/inorganic halide perovskites have lately been a topic of great interest in the field of solar cell applications, with the potential to achieve device efficiencies exceeding other thin film device technologies. Yet, large variations in device efficiency and basic physical properties are reported. This is due to unintentional variations during film processing, which have not been sufficiently investigated so far. We therefore conducted an extensive study of the morphology and electronic structure of a large number of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite where we show how the preparation method as well as the mixing ratio of educts methylammonium iodide and lead(II) iodide impact properties like film formation, crystal structure, density of states, energy levels, and ultimately the solar cell performance.

We present an extensive study on the effects of different fabrication methods for organic/inorganic perovskite thin films by comparing crystal structures, density of states, energy levels, and ultimately the solar cell performance.

上成膜钙钛矿型混合制造方法，电子结构和太阳能电池性能的影响

Hybrid organic/inorganic halide perovskites have lately been a topic of great interest in the field of solar cell applications, with the potential to ...

化学

Monovalent Cation Doping of CH3NH3PbI3 for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells

Here, we demonstrate the incorporation of monovalent cation additives into CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite in order to adjust the optical, excitonic, and electrical properties. The possibility of doping was investigated by adding monovalent cation halides with similar ionic radii to Pb2+, including Cu+, Na+, and Ag+. A shift in the Fermi level and a remarkable decrease of sub-bandgap optical absorption, along with a lower energetic disorder in the perovskite, was achieved. An order-of-magnitude enhancement in the bulk hole mobility and a significant reduction of transport activation energy within an additive-based perovskite device was attained. The confluence of the aforementioned improved properties in the presence of these cations led to an enhancement in the photovoltaic parameters of the perovskite solar cell. An increase of 70 mV in open circuit voltage for AgI and a 2 mA/cm2 improvement in photocurrent density for NaI- and CuBr-based solar cells were achieved compared to the pristine device. Our work paves the way for further improvements in the optoelectronic quality of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite and subsequent devices. It highlights a new avenue for investigations on the role of dopant impurities in crystallization and controls the electronic defect density in perovskite structures.

Monovalent Cation Doping of CH3NH3PbI3 for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells

Here, we present a protocol to adjust the properties of solution-processed CH3NH3PbI3 through the incorporation of monovalent cation additives in order to achieve highly efficient perovskite solar cells.

CH的单价阳离子兴奋剂<sub&gt; 3</sub&gt; NH<sub&gt; 3</sub&gt;碘化铅<sub&gt; 3</sub&gt;对钙钛矿型高效太阳能电池

Here, we demonstrate the incorporation of monovalent cation additives into CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite in order to adjust the optical, excitonic, and electrical ...

In Situ Monitoring of the Accelerated Performance Degradation of Solar Cells and Modules: A Case Study for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Solar Cells

The levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of photovoltaic (PV) systems is determined by, among other factors, the PV module reliability. Better prediction of degradation mechanisms and prevention of module field failure can consequently decrease investment risks as well as increase the electricity yield. An improved knowledge level can for these reasons significantly decrease the total costs of PV electricity. 
In order to better understand and minimize the degradation of PV modules, the occurring degradation mechanisms and conditions should be identified. This should preferably happen under combined stresses, since modules in the field are also simultaneously exposed to multiple stress factors. Therefore, two 'Combined Stress test with in situ measurement' setups have been designed and constructed. These setups allow the simultaneous use of humidity, temperature, illumination, and electrical biases as independently controlled stress factors on solar cells and minimodules. The setups also allow real-time monitoring of the electrical properties of these samples. This protocol presents these setups and describes the experimental possibilities. Moreover, results obtained with these setups are also presented: various examples about the influence of both deposition and degradation conditions on the stability of thin film Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) as well as Cu2ZnSnSe4 (CZTS) solar cells are described. Results on the temperature dependency of CIGS solar cells are also presented.

In Situ Monitoring of the Accelerated Performance Degradation of Solar Cells and Modules: A Case Study for CuIn,GaSe2 Solar Cells

Two &#39;Combined Stress test with in situ measurement&#39; setups, which allow real-time monitoring of accelerated degradation of solar cells and modules, were designed and constructed. These setups allow the simultaneous use of humidity, temperature, electrical biases, and illumination as independently controlled stress factors. The setups and various experiments executed are presented.

就地太阳能电池和模块加速性能退化的监测: 铜 (in, Ga) Se2太阳能电池的实例研究

The levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of photovoltaic (PV) systems is determined by, among other factors, the PV module reliability. Better prediction ...

The Effect of Ultraviolet Radiation on the Chemical Bath Deposition of Bis(thiourea) Cadmium Chloride Crystals and the Subsequent CdS Obtention

In this work, the effects on the preparation of bis(thiourea) cadmium chloride crystals when illuminated with ultraviolet (UV) light at a wavelength of 367 nm using the chemical bath deposition technique are studied comparatively. Two experiments are performed to make a comparison: one without UV light and the other with the aid of UV light. Both experiments are performed under equal conditions, at a temperature of 343 K and with a pH of 3.2. The precursors used are cadmium chloride (CdCl2) and thiourea [CS(NH2)2], which are dissolved in 50 mL of deionized water with an acidic pH. In this experiment, the interaction of electromagnetic radiation is sought at the moment the chemical reaction is carried out. The results demonstrate the existence of an interaction between the crystals and the UV light; the UV light assistance causes crystal growths in an acicular shape. Also, the final product obtained is cadmium sulfide and shows no evident difference when synthesized with or without the use of UV light.

The Effect of Ultraviolet Radiation on the Chemical Bath Deposition of Bisthiourea Cadmium Chloride Crystals and the Subsequent CdS Obtention

This article presents a protocol for the synthesis of bis(thiourea) cadmium chloride crystals by chemical bath deposition. Two experiments are described: one aided by ultraviolet light compared to one without ultraviolet light.

紫外辐射对双 (硫脲) 氯化镉晶体化学镀液沉积的影响及随后的 CdS 获得

In this work, the effects on the preparation of bis(thiourea) cadmium chloride crystals when illuminated with ultraviolet (UV) light at a wavelength of ...

Fabrication of Robust Nanoscale Contact between a Silver Nanowire Electrode and CdS Buffer Layer in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Thin-film Solar Cells

Silver nanowire transparent electrodes have been employed as window layers for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin-film solar cells. Bare silver nanowire electrodes normally result in very poor cell performance. Embedding or sandwiching silver nanowires using moderately conductive transparent materials, such as indium tin oxide or zinc oxide, can improve cell performance. However, the solution-processed matrix layers can cause a significant number of interfacial defects between transparent electrodes and the CdS buffer, which can eventually result in low cell performance. This manuscript describes how to fabricate robust electrical contact between a silver nanowire electrode and the underlying CdS buffer layer in a Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cell, enabling high cell performance using matrix-free silver nanowire transparent electrodes. The matrix-free silver nanowire electrode fabricated by our method proves that the charge-carrier collection capability of silver nanowire electrode-based cells is as good as that of standard cells with sputtered ZnO:Al/i-ZnO as long as the silver nanowires and CdS have high-quality electrical contact. The high-quality electrical contact was achieved by depositing an additional CdS layer as thin as 10 nm onto the silver nanowire surface.

Fabrication of Robust Nanoscale Contact between a Silver Nanowire Electrode and CdS Buffer Layer in CuIn,GaSe2 Thin-film Solar Cells

In this protocol, we describe the detailed experimental procedure for the fabrication of a robust nanoscale contact between a silver nanowire network and CdS buffer layer in a CIGS thin-film solar cell.

在 Cu(In、Ga)Se2薄膜太阳能电池中制造银纳米线电极与 CdS 缓冲层之间的强健纳米级接触

Silver nanowire transparent electrodes have been employed as window layers for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin-film solar cells. Bare silver nanowire electrodes ...

Close-Space Sublimation-Deposited Ultra-Thin CdSeTe/CdTe Solar Cells for Enhanced Short-Circuit Current Density and Photoluminescence

Developments in photovoltaic device architectures are necessary to make solar energy a cost-effective and reliable source of renewable energy amidst growing global energy demands and climate change. Thin film CdTe technology has demonstrated cost-competitiveness and increasing efficiencies due partially to rapid fabrication times, minimal material usage, and introduction of a CdSeTe alloy into a ~3 &#956;m absorber layer. This work presents the close-space sublimation fabrication of thin, 1.5 &#181;m CdSeTe/CdTe bilayer devices using an automated in-line vacuum deposition system. The thin bilayer structure and fabrication technique minimize deposition time, increase device efficiency, and facilitate future thin absorber-based device architecture development. Three fabrication parameters appear to be the most impactful for optimizing thin CdSeTe/CdTe absorber devices: substrate preheat temperature, CdSeTe:CdTe thickness ratio, and CdCl2 passivation. For proper sublimation of the CdSeTe, the substrate temperature prior to deposition must be ~540 &#176;C (higher than that for CdTe) as controlled by dwell time in a preheat source. Variation in the CdSeTe:CdTe thickness ratio reveals a strong dependence of device performance on this ratio. The optimal absorber thicknesses are 0.5 &#956;m CdSeTe/1.0 &#956;m CdTe, and non-optimized thickness ratios reduce efficiency through back-barrier effects. Thin absorbers are sensitive to CdCl2 passivation variation; a much less aggressive CdCl2 treatment (compared to thicker absorbers) regarding both temperature and time yields optimal device performance. With optimized fabrication conditions, CdSeTe/CdTe increases device short-circuit current density and photoluminescence intensity compared to single-absorber CdTe. Additionally, an in-line close-space sublimation vacuum deposition system offers material and time reduction, scalability, and attainability of future ultra-thin absorber architectures.

This work describes the complete fabrication process of thin absorber cadmium selenium telluride/cadmium telluride photovoltaic devices for enhanced efficiency. The process utilizes an automated in-line vacuum system for close-space sublimation deposition that is scalable, from fabrication of small area research devices as well as large-scale modules.

近空间升升-沉积超薄CDSeTe/CdTe太阳能电池，增强短路电流密度和光致发光

Developments in photovoltaic device architectures are necessary to make solar energy a cost-effective and reliable source of renewable energy amidst ...

利用SbCl₃-硫脲复合溶液处理锑₂₃沉积物对锑₂S₃敏化太阳能电池性能影响的关键因素

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

集成的三重态 - 三重态湮灭上转换系统，提高染料敏化太阳能电池的响应子带隙光

通过热蒸发和原子层沉积使记录效率的SnS太阳能电池

散装异质结太阳能电池的印刷和制作

全面解决方案处理的无机纳米晶体光伏器件的制造

上成膜钙钛矿型混合制造方法，电子结构和太阳能电池性能的影响

CH的单价阳离子兴奋剂

就地太阳能电池和模块加速性能退化的监测: 铜 (in, Ga) Se₂太阳能电池的实例研究

紫外辐射对双 (硫脲) 氯化镉晶体化学镀液沉积的影响及随后的 CdS 获得

在 Cu(In、Ga)Se₂薄膜太阳能电池中制造银纳米线电极与 CdS 缓冲层之间的强健纳米级接触

近空间升升-沉积超薄CDSeTe/CdTe太阳能电池，增强短路电流密度和光致发光