这项研究由LC工业博士后研究金资助，RR和博斯马企业博士后研究金资助AK。作者要感谢劳拉·沃克博士和唐纳德·弗莱彻博士在学科招聘方面的宝贵建议和帮助。

下文所述的所有程序和规程均由堪萨斯州威奇托州立大学机构审查委员会审查和批准。所有与会者都同意知情同意。
1. 参与者选择
<ol><li>招募的正常视力参与者（n=5，4女性，平均±SE:39.8±2.6岁），中央视力丧失（n=15，11女性，78.3±2.3岁），由于黄斑变性（与年龄相关/青少年）。请注意，这两组人的严重年龄与中央视力丧失受试者的人口统计学相次要（与年龄相关的黄斑变性影响老年受试者，在女性中更为普遍）。此外，这项研究的目的不是比较这两个群体。</li>
</ol>2. 实验准备
<ol><li>使用无线 3D 主动快门眼镜（材料表），可与任何 3D 就绪显示器同步。要使快门眼镜处于活动状态，红外发射器（一个小金字塔形黑匣子）和快门眼镜鼻桥上的红外接收器（传感器）之间不应有干扰。</li>
	<li>在 3D 显示器上显示所有视觉刺激（1920 x 1080 像素，144 Hz）。要使显示器和 3D 眼镜无缝工作，请确保安装适当的驱动程序。</li>
	<li>使用台式红外视频跟踪器（材料表），该跟踪器能够测量此协议的 1000 Hz 采样时的眼睛运动。将红外照明和眼睛跟踪器的摄像头分开，使用任何具有可调节高度和角度的三脚架（材料表）将其牢牢地保持到位。将相机放置在距离参与者 20-30 厘米的距离，并将屏幕放置在距离参与者 100 厘米处。</li>
	<li>使用红外反射贴片（材料表），以避免眼动器的红外照明与快门眼镜的红外系统之间的干扰（图1，右）。</li>
	<li>使用市售软件（材料表）集成快门眼镜和3D现成显示器，以分目呈现视觉刺激，控制眼动器。</li>
	<li>为了稳定头部运动，使用高大宽的下巴和额头休息（材料表），并夹在可调节的桌子上。下巴和额头休息的宽维度允许戴着快门眼镜的参与者舒适地定位。 注: 图1 显示使用3D快门眼镜和3D就绪显示器进行眼动的设置。红外反射贴片战略性地放置在3D快门眼镜鼻桥上的红外传感器下方（图1，右）。</li>
	<li>通过停用 3D 就绪监视器中的光增强选项，最大限度地减少发光信息的泄漏。发光信息从一只眼睛泄漏到另一只眼睛被称为发光泄漏或相声13。这在高亮度条件下的立体显示器中容易发生。</li>
	<li>由于百叶窗，红外照明（从眼动追踪系统）到达瞳孔的数量可以显著减少13 - 平均而言，约65%的亮度减少（补充表1）。要克服此问题，将眼动器的红外 LED 强度从默认电源设置增加到 100%或（最大设置）。使用红外视频眼动追踪器（材料表）时，如 图 2所示，在左下屏幕的"照明电源"设置中更改此设置。</li>
</ol>3. 运行实验
注:本研究的主要实验是使用二分法刺激对中央视场进行双目眼跟踪和筛查。中央视场放映可与商用仪器的视觉现场测试（材料表）相媲美。视觉刺激的物理特性，如目标的亮度（+22 cd/m2）、背景的亮度（约10 cd/m2）、目标的大小（Goldmann III = 4 mm2）、视觉场网格（极地 3 网格 28 分、 图 3）和刺激持续时间（200 毫秒）与商用仪器的视觉场测试相同。请注意，这些亮度值是在快门打开时通过快门眼镜测量的（补充表 1）。对于此处讨论的测试目的，刺激的亮度是恒定的，不像视觉现场测试，其中刺激的亮度被更改以获得检测阈值。换句话说，该实验采用超阈值筛选，而不是阈值。因此，筛选的结果是二元响应（看到或没有看到刺激），而不是数值。
<ol><li>实验前检查<ol>
<li>在参与者到达进行测试前几分钟，确保眼睛跟踪器和主机计算机（运行实验）都打开并确认主机计算机已连接到眼动器。</li>
		<li>通常，在开始实验之前确认显示器的同步精度（使用平台特定命令）。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>启动主要实验 注:下面的步骤非常具体，取决于运行主实验的脚本。请参阅包含用于设计和运行实验的代码样本的 辅助材料。<ol>
<li>启动程序（见 辅助材料 - "ELScreenblr.m"），从适当的界面运行主实验。如果由程序提示，请输入使用唯一文件名保存数据文件夹中的输出数据文件所需的参与者信息（如参与者 ID、测试距离）。</li>
		<li>灰色屏幕，带有"按下输入切换相机:按下输入切换相机:按 C 校准，按 V 校准"将显示在屏幕上。在此阶段，调整眼睛跟踪器的摄像头，以与参与者的学生对齐，如 图 2所示。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>眼动追踪校准和验证<ol>
<li>启动眼动追踪器的校准。指示参与者通过移动眼睛（而不是头部）来跟踪目标，并查看目标的中心。</li>
		<li>校准成功后，启动验证。提供与校准相同的说明。</li>
		<li>阅读验证步骤的结果（通常显示在屏幕上）。重复校准和验证，直到获得"良好/公平"（如眼动手动手册建议）结果。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>漂移校正<ol>
<li>完成眼动追踪器的校准和验证后，启动漂移校正。</li>
		<li>指示参与者"查看中央固定目标，并尽可能稳定地保持眼睛"。 注:经过校准、验证和漂移校正后，眼动跟踪将与主要实验同时启动。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>视觉现场筛选<ol>
<li>重新指导/提醒参与者在实验期间必须完成的任务。要求受试者在整个测试过程中保持双眼张开。</li>
		<li>对于此视觉场实验，指示他们按下响应按钮中的"输入"按钮（图 1，材料表）来响应"看到的任何白光"，从而将固定在中央固定目标上。指示他们不要移动眼睛和寻找新的白灯。此外，提醒他们，简短的白灯可以出现在屏幕上的任何位置。 注:在视觉现场筛查期间，使用可以融合成完整感知的单体目标来探测快门眼镜的功能（见 补充图 2 - 捕捉试验）。</li>
		<li>在整个实验中多次重新迭代指令以"保持固定"，以确保固定在所需的区域内。 注意:音频反馈（如错误音）可用于提醒固定丢失（如眼睛移出容差窗口）。当固定失效时，重新指示参与者只固定在交叉目标上。视觉刺激演示可以暂时停止，直到参与者将固定回到容差窗口内（如中央 2°）。</li>
		<li>在视觉场实验结束时，屏幕将以不同的方式显示测试结果，突出显示已看到的位置和未看到的位置（例如图 6）。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>保存数据文件<ol>
<li>所有可视字段数据（例如保存为"。垫"文件）和眼睛运动数据（如保存为".edf"文件）将自动保存，用于事后分析。但是，请确保在退出运行实验的程序/平台之前保存文件。</li>
	</ol></li>
</ol>4. 分析
注:眼睛运动和视觉场数据的分析可以通过多种方式进行，并取决于用于运行眼动跟踪器输出的实验和数据格式的软件。下面的步骤是特定于设置和程序（见 补充材料）。
<ol><li>眼动分析（事后） 注:保存的眼睛运动数据文件 （EDF） 是一种高度压缩的二元格式，它包含多种类型的数据，包括眼动事件、消息、按钮按压和凝视位置示例。<ol>
<li>使用翻译程序 （EDF2ASC） 将 EDF 转换为 ASC-II 文件。</li>
		<li>运行"管道眼动分析.m"，以初始化眼动分析，并按照代码中注明的说明操作（请参阅代码脚本的 辅助材料 ）。</li>
		<li>运行"EM_plots.m"，提取水平和垂直的眼睛位置，并绘制 如图4 和 图5所示。 注:可以进一步分析眼睛运动数据，以计算固定稳定性，检测微科学院等。然而，这超出了本文件的范围。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>视觉字段<ol>
<li>要获得视场测试报告，可运行"VF_plot.m"。 注:所有与视觉场实验相关的数据集，如看到/未看到的点，都将绘制为 图 6中显示的可视场图。如果看到某个点，则将其绘制为"绿色"填充方块，否则将绘制红色填充方块。无需对可视场数据进行事后分析。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>

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作者没有什么可透露的。在2019年美国光学学会年会上，本研究的部分内容以"Macular退化中的双目中央视觉功能"为摘要。

在二分法观察条件下测量眼动的拟议方法有许多潜在的应用。评估中心视力丧失参与者的双目视觉场（此处显示）就是其中之一。我们使用这种方法评估了15名中央视力丧失参与者的双目视觉场，以研究双筒望远镜观看如何影响异构中央视场损失。
协议中最重要的步骤是定位（从眼睛和角度的距离）眼睛跟踪器的红外源，以获得最佳照明。这对眼动追踪器始终如一地捕捉角膜...

黄斑变性通常是影响中央视力的双边条件，视觉丧失的模式可能是异质的。中央视觉损失可能是对称或不对称的两只眼睛之间1。目前，有几种技术可用于评估黄斑变性的中央视觉场。Amsler 网格图包含一个网格模式，可用于手动筛选中央视场。自动外围（例如汉弗莱视觉场分析仪）在标准化的甘兹费尔德碗中呈现不同亮度和大小的闪光，以探测视觉场。凝视视线微周线在 LCD 显示屏上呈现视觉刺激。微周长可以通过跟踪视网膜上感兴趣的区域来补偿微眼运动。微周长可以探测中央视网膜的局部区域，以观察功能的变化，但一次只能测试一只眼睛。因此，微围测试无法解释每只眼睛的异质缺陷如何影响双目交互和真实世界功能。对于一种在接近真实世界观看的观看条件下可靠评估视场的方法，需要得到满足。这种评估对于了解一只眼睛的视觉场缺陷如何影响/促造成双目视场缺陷是必要的。我们提出了一种在二分法观察条件下评估中央视觉损失的人的中央视觉场的新方法（即当视觉刺激独立呈现给两只眼睛时）。
要可靠地测量视觉字段，必须将固定维护在给定位点。因此，将目光跟踪和二分法演示相结合进行双目评估非常重要。然而，由于眼动追踪器的照明系统（例如红外 LED）和二分法呈现系统的光学元件（例如，单镜的镜面或立体镜棱镜）之间的干扰，这两种技术的结合可能具有挑战性。另一种选择是使用眼睛跟踪技术，不干扰视线（如硬线圈技术）或眼睛跟踪器，与护目镜2集成。虽然每种方法都有其自身的好处，但也有缺点。前一种方法被认为是侵入性的，可引起相当大的不适3，后者的方法具有低时间分辨率（60 Hz）4。为了克服这些问题，布拉尚和纳伯（2017）5和钱和布拉斯坎普（2017）6使用一对冷镜（传输红外光，但反射95%的可见光）和一对显示器在冷镜的两侧，以创建一个二分法演示。红外视频跟踪器用于跟踪眼部运动在单镜设置7，8。
但是，使用单镜型二分法演示有一个缺点。仪器的旋转中心（单镜）与眼睛旋转的中心不同。因此，需要额外的计算（如附录中所述 - Raveendran A （2013）9） 需要进行适当和准确的眼动测量。此外，住宿和边缘的平面必须对齐（即对住宿和边缘的需求必须相同）。例如，如果工作距离（总光学距离）为 40 厘米，则住宿和边缘需求分别为 2.5 分头和 2.5 米角。如果我们将镜面完全对齐正交，则单镜对齐以进行远距离查看（即所需边缘为零），但所需的适应条件仍然是 2.5D。因此，必须将一对凸透镜（+2.50 分轴）放置在单镜的眼睛和镜面排列之间，以将住宿平面推向无穷大（即所需住宿为零）。这种安排需要更多的空间，眼睛和镜子排列的单镜是必需的，这带我们回到旋转中心的差异。通过将单倍镜对齐到近视，使两架飞机都对齐，可以最大限度地减少对齐住宿和边缘平面的问题。但是，这需要测量每个参与者的校际距离，以及单镜镜/刺激显示器的相应对齐。
本文采用无线3D快门眼镜和3D就绪显示器，将红外视频眼动和二分法刺激演示相结合的方法。此方法不需要任何额外的计算和/或假设，如与单体镜方法一样。快门眼镜已与眼睛跟踪器一起用于理解双目融合10，圣人适应11，和眼手协调12。然而，应该指出的是，Maiello 及其同事10、11、12使用的立体快门眼镜是第一代快门眼镜，它通过电线连接，与显示器刷新速度同步。此外，第一代快门眼镜现在在商业上不可用。在这里，我们演示了使用市售的第二代无线快门眼镜（材料表），以呈现二分法刺激和可靠测量单体和双目眼运动。此外，我们还演示了一种评估中央视场损失受试者的单体/双目视觉场的方法。虽然视觉刺激的二分法呈现能够对视觉场进行单体和双目评估，但在二分法观察条件下，双目眼跟踪有助于以凝视控制的范式进行视觉场测试。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>3D monitor</td>
			<td>Benq</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>Approximate Cost (in USD): 500 
			https://zowie.benq.com/en/product/monitor/xl/xl2720.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3D shutter glass</td>
			<td>NVIDIA</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>Approximate Cost (in USD): 300 
			https://www.nvidia.com/object/product-geforce-3d-vision2-wireless-glasses-kit-us.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chin/forehead rest</td>
			<td>UHCO</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>Approximate Cost (in USD): 750 
			https://www.opt.uh.edu/research-at-uhco/uhcotech/headspot/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eyetracker</td>
			<td>SR Research</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>Approximate Cost (in USD): 27,000 
			https://www.sr-research.com/eyelink-1000-plus/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IR reflective patch</td>
			<td>Tactical</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>Approximate Cost (in USD): 10 
			https://www.empiretactical.org/infrared-reflective-patches/tactical-infrared-ir-square-patch-with-velcro-hook-fastener-1-inch-x-1-inch</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MATLAB Software</td>
			<td>Mathworks</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>Approximate Cost (in USD): 2150 
			https://www.mathworks.com/pricing-licensing.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Numerical Keypad</td>
			<td>Amazon</td>
			<td>CP001878 (model), B01E8TTWZ2 (ASIN)</td>
			<td>Approximate Cost (in USD): 15 
			https://www.amazon.com/Numeric-Jelly-Comb-Portable-Computer/dp/B01E8TTWZ2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Psychtoolbox - Add on</td>
			<td>Freeware</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>Approximate Cost (in USD): FREE 
			http://psychtoolbox.org/download.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tripod (Dekstop)</td>
			<td>Manfrotto</td>
			<td>MTPIXI-B (model), B00D76RNLS (ASIN)</td>
			<td>Approximate Cost (in USD): 30 
			https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00D76RNLS</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

assessing binocular central visual field and binocular eye movements in a dichoptic viewing condition

黄斑变性通常会导致异构双目中央视觉缺陷。目前可用于评估中央视场的方法，如微周线，一次只能测试一只眼睛。因此，他们无法解释每只眼睛的缺陷如何影响双目交互和真实世界功能。带凝视控制系统的分形刺激演示可以提供单体/双目视觉场的可靠测量。然而，二分法刺激演示和同时进行眼动追踪是具有挑战性的，因为以两种方式呈现刺激的仪器的光学设备（例如，单镜）总是干扰眼动器（例如红外视频眼动器）。因此，目标是 1） 开发一种同时进行眼动的二分制刺激演示方法，使用不受干扰的 3D 快门眼镜和 3D 就绪监视器，2） 使用此方法制定评估中央视力丧失受试者的中央视场的协议。结果表明，此设置为可靠测量二分法观察条件下的眼动提供了实用的解决方案。此外，还证明，这种方法可以评估中央视力丧失受试者的目光控制双目中央视场。

在两种不同的观察条件下，显示一个具有正常双目视力的观察者具有代表性的双目眼运动痕迹（图4）。当两只眼睛都看到刺激（图4A）时，以及当左眼在活动快门（图4B）下用右眼观察刺激时，可以持续跟踪眼睛运动。从这些痕迹中可以明显看出，建议的方法不会影响眼动测量的质量，甚至可以测量眼睛运动的长期实验。然后，?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition at JoVE.com

Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition

在分选择性观察条件下评估双目中央视场和双目眼运动

这里介绍了一个协议，用于评估双目眼运动和凝视控制的中央视场筛查参与者与中央视力丧失。

Macular degeneration typically results in heterogeneous binocular central visual defects. Currently available approaches to assess central visual field, ...

assessing-binocular-central-visual-field-binocular-eye-movements

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

4.3K 次观看.  Envision Research Institute. 这里介绍了一个协议，用于评估双目眼运动和凝视控制的中央视场筛查参与者与中央视力丧失。

视频: Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition

Using Eye Movements to Evaluate the Cognitive Processes Involved in Text Comprehension

The present article describes how to use eye tracking methodologies to study the cognitive processes involved in text comprehension. Measuring eye movements during reading is one of the most precise methods for measuring moment-by-moment (online) processing demands during text comprehension. Cognitive processing demands are reflected by several aspects of eye movement behavior, such as fixation duration, number of fixations, and number of regressions (returning to prior parts of a text). Important properties of eye tracking equipment that researchers need to consider are described, including how frequently the eye position is measured (sampling rate), accuracy of determining eye position, how much head movement is allowed, and ease of use. Also described are properties of stimuli that influence eye movements that need to be controlled in studies of text comprehension, such as the position, frequency, and length of target words. Procedural recommendations related to preparing the participant, setting up and calibrating the equipment, and running a study are given. Representative results are presented to illustrate how data can be evaluated. Although the methodology is described in terms of reading comprehension, much of the information presented can be applied to any study in which participants read verbal stimuli.

The present article describes how to use eye tracking methodologies to study the cognitive processes involved in text comprehension. Descriptions of eye tracking equipment, how to develop experimental stimuli, and procedural recommendations are included. The information presented can be applied to most any study using verbal stimuli.

使用眼动来评估文本理解中涉及的认知过程

The present article describes how to use eye  tracking methodologies to study the cognitive processes involved in text  comprehension. Measuring eye ...

科研

行为学

A Method to Quantify Visual Information Processing in Children Using Eye Tracking

Visual problems that occur early in life can have major impact on a child's development. Without verbal communication and only based on observational methods, it is difficult to make a quantitative assessment of a child's visual problems. This limits accurate diagnostics in children under the age of 4 years and in children with intellectual disabilities. Here we describe a quantitative method that overcomes these problems. The method uses a remote eye tracker and a four choice preferential looking paradigm to measure eye movement responses to different visual stimuli. The child sits without head support in front of a monitor with integrated infrared cameras. In one of four monitor quadrants a visual stimulus is presented. Each stimulus has a specific visual modality with respect to the background, e.g., form, motion, contrast or color. From the reflexive eye movement responses to these specific visual modalities, output parameters such as reaction times, fixation accuracy and fixation duration are calculated to quantify a child's viewing behavior. With this approach, the quality of visual information processing can be assessed without the use of communication. By comparing results with reference values obtained in typically developing children from 0-12 years, the method provides a characterization of visual information processing in visually impaired children. The quantitative information provided by this method can be advantageous for the field of clinical visual assessment and rehabilitation in multiple ways. The parameter values provide a good basis to: (i) characterize early visual capacities and consequently to enable early interventions; (ii) compare risk groups and follow visual development over time; and (iii), construct an individual visual profile for each child.

A method is described to quantify the quality of visual information processing based on reflexive eye movements in response to specific visual modalities. Reaction times and fixation output parameters are used to characterize visual performance in children with and without visual impairments from 6 months of age.

一种方法来量化视觉信息加工儿童使用眼动追踪

Visual problems that occur early in life can have major impact on a child's development. Without verbal communication and only based on observational ...

How to Build a Dichoptic Presentation System That Includes an Eye Tracker

The presentation of different stimuli to the two eyes, dichoptic presentation, is essential for studies involving 3D vision and interocular suppression. There is a growing literature on the unique experimental value of pupillary and oculomotor measures, especially for research on interocular suppression. Although obtaining eye-tracking measures would thus benefit studies that use dichoptic presentation, the hardware essential for dichoptic presentation (e.g. mirrors) often interferes with high-quality eye tracking, especially when using a video-based eye tracker. We recently described an experimental setup that combines a standard dichoptic presentation system with an infrared eye tracker by using infrared-transparent mirrors1. The setup is compatible with standard monitors and eye trackers, easy to implement, and affordable (on the order of US$1,000). Relative to existing methods it has the benefits of not requiring special equipment and posing few limits on the nature and quality of the visual stimulus. Here we provide a visual guide to the construction and use of our setup.

We recently proposed a method that allows dichoptic visual stimulus presentation and binocular eye tracking simultaneously1. The key is the combination of an infrared eye tracker and the corresponding infrared-transparent mirrors. This manuscript provides an in depth protocol for initial setup and everyday operation.

如何建立一个包括眼球跟踪器的 Dichoptic 演示系统

The presentation of different stimuli to the two eyes, dichoptic presentation, is essential for studies involving 3D vision and interocular suppression. ...

Central and Divided Visual Field Presentation of Emotional Images to Measure Hemispheric Differences in Motivated Attention

Two dominant theories on lateralized processing of emotional information exist in the literature. One theory posits that unpleasant emotions are processed by right frontal regions, while pleasant emotions are processed by left frontal regions. The other theory posits that the right hemisphere is more specialized for the processing of emotional information overall, particularly in posterior regions.
Assessing the different roles of the cerebral hemispheres in processing emotional information can be difficult without the use of neuroimaging methodologies, which are not accessible or affordable to all scientists. Divided visual field presentation of stimuli can allow for the investigation of lateralized processing of information without the use of neuroimaging technology. 
This study compared central versus divided visual field presentations of emotional images to assess differences in motivated attention between the two hemispheres. The late positive potential (LPP) was recorded using electroencephalography (EEG) and event-related potentials (ERPs) methodologies to assess motivated attention. Future work will pair this paradigm with a more active behavioral task to explore the behavioral impacts on the attentional differences found.

This study compared central versus divided visual field presentations of emotional images to assess differences in motivated attention between the two hemispheres. The late positive potential (LPP) was recorded using electroencephalography (EEG) and event-related potentials (ERPs) methodologies to assess motivated attention.

中央和分割的视觉场表现的情绪图像, 以测量半球的差异, 激发注意

Two dominant theories on lateralized processing of emotional information exist in the literature. One theory posits that unpleasant emotions are processed ...

Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects

The present work is a description and an assessment of a methodology designed to quantify different aspects of the interaction between language processing and the perception of the visual world. The recording of eye-gaze patterns has provided good evidence for the contribution of both the visual context and linguistic/world knowledge to language comprehension. Initial research assessed object-context effects to test&#160;theories of modularity in language processing. In the introduction, we describe how subsequent investigations have taken the role of the wider visual context in language processing as a research topic in its own right, asking questions such as how our visual perception of events and of speakers contributes to&#160;comprehension informed by&#160;comprehenders&#39; experience. Among the examined aspects of the visual context are actions, events, a speaker&#39;s gaze, and emotional facial expressions, as well as spatial object configurations. Following an overview of the eye-tracking method and its different applications, we list the key steps of the methodology in the protocol, illustrating how to successfully use it to study visually-situated language comprehension. A final section presents three sets of representative results and illustrates the benefits and limitations of eye tracking for investigating the interplay between the perception of the visual world and language comprehension.

The present article reviews an eye-tracking methodology for studies on language comprehension. To obtain reliable data, key steps of the protocol must be followed. Among these are the correct set-up of the eye tracker (e.g., ensuring good quality of the eye and head images) and accurate calibration.

视觉语言理解中的眼动追踪: 发现视觉语境效果的灵活性和局限性

The present work is a description and an assessment of a methodology designed to quantify different aspects of the interaction between language processing ...

Using Eye Movements Recorded in the Visual World Paradigm to Explore the Online Processing of Spoken Language

In a typical eye tracking study using the visual world paradigm, participants' eye movements to objects or pictures in the visual workspace are recorded via an eye tracker as the participant produces or comprehends a spoken language describing the concurrent visual world. This paradigm has high versatility, as it can be used in a wide range of populations, including those who cannot read and/or who cannot overtly give their behavioral responses, such as preliterate children, elderly adults, and patients. More importantly, the paradigm is extremely sensitive to fine grained manipulations of the speech signal, and it can be used to study the online processing of most topics in language comprehension at multiple levels, such as the fine grained acoustic phonetic features, the properties of words, and the linguistic structures. The protocol described in this article illustrates how a typical visual world eye tracking study is conducted, with an example showing how the online processing of some semantically complex statements can be explored with the visual world paradigm.

The visual world paradigm monitors participants' eye movements in the visual workspace as they are listening to or speaking a spoken language. This paradigm can be used to investigate the online processing of a wide range of psycholinguistic questions, including semantically complex statements, such as disjunctive statements.

利用视觉世界范式中的眼球运动探索口语的在线处理

In a typical eye tracking study using the visual world paradigm, participants' eye movements to objects or pictures in the visual workspace are recorded ...

Visual Classical Conditioning in Wood Ants

Several species of insects have become model systems for studying learning and memory formation. Although many studies focus on freely moving animals, studies implementing classical conditioning paradigms with harnessed insects have been important for investigating the exact cues that individuals learn and the neural mechanisms underlying learning and memory formation. Here we present a protocol for evoking visual associative learning in wood ants through classical conditioning. In this paradigm, ants are harnessed and presented with a visual cue (a blue cardboard), the conditional stimulus (CS), paired with an appetitive sugar reward, the unconditional stimulus (US). Ants perform a Maxilla-Labium Extension Reflex (MaLER), the unconditional response (UR), which can be used as a readout for learning. Training consists of 10 trials, separated by a 5-minute intertrial interval (ITI). Ants are also tested for memory retention 10 minutes or 1 hour after training. This protocol has the potential to allow researchers to analyze, in a precise and controlled manner, the details of visual memory formation and the neural basis of learning and memory formation in wood ants.

We present a protocol for the classical conditioning of harnessed ants that permits researchers to study visual learning and memory formation at a level of analysis not possible with freely moving individuals.

木蚁视觉经典调理

Several species of insects have become model systems for studying learning and memory formation. Although many studies focus on freely moving animals, ...

Eye-tracking to Distinguish Comprehension-based and Oculomotor-based Regressive Eye Movements During Reading

Regressive eye movements are eye movements that move backwards through the text and comprise approximately 10-25% of eye movements during reading. As such, understanding the causes and mechanisms of regressions plays an important role in understanding eye movement behavior. Inhibition of return (IOR) is an oculomotor effect that results in increased latency to return attention to a previously attended target versus a target that was not previously attended. Thus, IOR may affect regressions. This paper describes how to design materials to distinguish between regressions caused by comprehension-related and oculomotor processes; the latter is subject to IOR. The method allows researchers to identify IOR and control the causes of regressions. While the method requires tightly controlled materials and large numbers of participants and materials, it allows researchers to distinguish and control the types of regressions that occur in their reading studies.

The method was designed to investigate the role of inhibition of return (IOR) in regressive eye movements during reading. The focus is on differentiating between regressions triggered as a result of comprehension difficulty versus those triggered from oculomotor error, including the role of IOR in the two types of regressions.

眼动追踪在阅读中区分基于理解的和基于眼球的退行性眼球运动

Regressive eye movements are eye movements that move backwards through the text and comprise approximately 10-25% of eye movements during reading. As ...

Gaze in Action: Head-mounted Eye Tracking of Children's Dynamic Visual Attention During Naturalistic Behavior

Young children's visual environments are dynamic, changing moment-by-moment as children physically and visually explore spaces and objects and interact with people around them. Head-mounted eye tracking offers a unique opportunity to capture children's dynamic egocentric views and how they allocate visual attention within those views. This protocol provides guiding principles and practical recommendations for researchers using head-mounted eye trackers in both laboratory and more naturalistic settings. Head-mounted eye tracking complements other experimental methods by enhancing opportunities for data collection in more ecologically valid contexts through increased portability and freedom of head and body movements compared to screen-based eye tracking. This protocol can also be integrated with other technologies, such as motion tracking and heart-rate monitoring, to provide a high-density multimodal dataset for examining natural behavior, learning, and development than previously possible. This paper illustrates the types of data generated from head-mounted eye tracking in a study designed to investigate visual attention in one natural context for toddlers: free-flowing toy play with a parent. Successful use of this protocol will allow researchers to collect data that can be used to answer questions not only about visual attention, but also about a broad range of other perceptual, cognitive, and social skills and their development.

Young children do not passively observe the world, but rather actively explore and engage with their environment. This protocol provides guiding principles and practical recommendations for using head-mounted eye trackers to record infants' and toddlers' dynamic visual environments and visual attention in the context of natural behavior.

行动中的目光: 在自然主义行为中对儿童动态视觉注意力的头戴式眼动

Young children's visual environments are dynamic, changing moment-by-moment as children physically and visually explore spaces and objects and interact ...

Investigating the Deployment of Visual Attention Before Accurate and Averaging Saccades via Eye Tracking and Assessment of Visual Sensitivity

This experimental protocol was designed to investigate whether visual attention is obligatorily deployed at the endpoint of saccades. To this end, we recorded the eye position of human participants engaged in a saccade task via eye tracking and assessed visual orientation discrimination performance at various locations during saccade preparation. Importantly, instead of using a single saccade target paradigm for which the saccade endpoint typically coincides roughly with the target, this protocol comprised the presentation of two nearby saccade targets, leading to a distinct spatial dissociation between target locations and saccade endpoint on a substantial number of trials. The paradigm allowed us to compare presaccadic visual discrimination performance at the endpoint of accurate saccades (landing at one of the saccade targets) and of averaging saccades (landing at an intermediate location in between the two targets). We observed a selective enhancement of visual sensitivity at the endpoint of accurate saccades but not at the endpoint of averaging saccades. Rather, before the execution of averaging saccades, visual sensitivity was equally enhanced at both targets, suggesting that saccade averaging follows from unresolved attentional selection among the saccade targets. These results argue against a mandatory coupling between visual attention and saccade programming based on a direct measure of presaccadic visual sensitivity rather than saccadic reaction times, which have been used in other protocols to draw similar conclusions. While our protocol provides a useful framework to investigate the relationship between visual attention and saccadic eye movements at the behavioral level, it can also be combined with electrophysiological measures to extend insights at the neuronal level.

This experimental protocol combined eye tracking and the assessment of presaccadic visual sensitivity in a dual task paradigm, consisting of a free choice saccade task and a visual discrimination task, to investigate the deployment of visual spatial attention before both, accurate and averaging saccades.

通过视觉跟踪和视觉灵敏度评估, 探讨准确、平均的视频前视觉注意的部署

This experimental protocol was designed to investigate whether visual attention is obligatorily deployed at the endpoint of saccades. To this end, we ...