这项工作得到了加拿大自然科学和工程研究理事会（NSERC;RGPIN 311680）和加拿大卫生研究所（CIHR;澳门币-93796）。RAK 由安大略省研究生奖学金支持，ALC 则由 NSERC CREATE 资助。本手稿中描述的实验仪器得到了加拿大创新基金会的支持。加拿大第一研究卓越基金（BrainsCAN）提供了额外的支持。

所有程序都得到西安大略大学健康科学研究伦理委员会的批准。所有参与者都提供了知情的同意，并支付了参与费用，并可随时退出实验。
1. 学员准备
注:对一小组健康、年轻的参与者进行了研究（3名女性，2名男性;平均年龄:26岁+/- 3.5岁）。所有参与者都是右手，视力正常或矫正到正常，没有当前的视觉、神经或肌肉骨骼疾病。有肌肉骨骼损伤或紊乱的参与者被排除在外。
<ol><li>将 EMG 传感器应用于正在研究的伸展运动所涉及的目标上肢肌肉。在这里，EMG记录是由右胸肌的角骨，这是招募的跨体（左）达到。 注:记录可以从上肢的其他肌肉，或从胸骨或横向部分的主要肌肉。<ol>
<li>通过请求已知招募感兴趣的肌肉的动作来可视化目标肌肉。对于胸腔主要肌肉的胸腔头部，请参与者放松肘部，将手掌推在一起。如果难以可视化目标肌肉，在让参与者重复执行请求的动作时，会苍白感兴趣的区域，并瞄准肌肉中明显变化的区域进行电极放置。 注:可视化是指通过覆盖的皮肤看到肌肉的形状，在参与者执行招募肌肉的动作时，识别目标肌肉。可视化有助于目标肌肉的定位。</li>
		<li>使用酒精拭子，清洁电极放置目标肌肉上的皮肤表面，以及地面电极放置区域的皮肤表面。</li>
		<li>通过涂抹粘合剂和电极凝胶来准备表面传感器。</li>
		<li>要求参与者再次执行与肌肉招募相关的动作，并在肌肉腹部上粘附传感器，定位它们与目标肌肉纤维的方向平行。将接地电极放在锁骨上，与伸手臂相对。用医用胶带将传感器和接地电极固定到周围皮肤上。打开 EMG 系统，在整个实验中允许 EMG 收集。 注:EMG电极放置后，EMG数据通过E姆格系统在整个实验中被动连续收集，并保存为模拟数据流供以后分析。</li>
		<li>使用连接到 EMG 系统的桌面显示器或示波器检查 EMG 信号的质量。要确定合适的质量，请让参与者在感兴趣的肌肉的首选方向上或相反进行伸展运动，并确保 EMG 活动分别增加或减少。如果处于休息位置没有活动，则确保 EMG 活动不会增加，以用于在非首选方向的移动。 注:来自表面电极的肌肉信号质量取决于许多特征（例如，脂肪组织的特殊分布、主体姿势）。建议与首选（合同）方向移动相关的峰值 EMG 活动至少为休息活动水平的 2 倍，但应高出得多。</li>
		<li>如有必要，重新定位电极，以确保观察到这些活性水平。在整个实验中保持观察监视器或示波器连接，以持续监控 EMG 输出。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>在机器人接触装置中设置应用 EMG 传感器的特定参与者，该装置允许在水平平面上达到运动，并施加力到机械平面上。 注:对感兴趣的肌肉添加力会增加背景活动，允许单反在肌肉首选或非首选方向的刺激呈现后，将单反表现为肌肉活动的增加或减少。基线活动水平在非首选方向上特别有用，因为基线和非首选的到达活动如果没有背景载荷力是无法区分的。右向 5N 施加力和 2N 力下降（相对于相对于开始位置的左侧显示目标），在整个实验过程中可能就足够了。在整个实验中，力应保持不变，因此必要时可以使用较低的力。<ol>
<li>将参与者坐在实验椅上，优先安排参与者对肢体的添加舒适性，以尽量减少整个实验过程中姿势的变化。</li>
	</ol></li>
</ol>2. 刺激结构/装置
<ol><li>通过内置的视觉显示在机器人接触装置中生成所有实验程序和刺激。 注:确保机器人接触装置配备视觉输出和马尼普兰杜姆电机输出之间的接口，允许同时模拟（例如，马尼普兰杜姆位置、光电二极管输出）和 EMG 录制。确保本设备配备的软件能够运行具有所有预编程视觉组件的单个预编程试验块。内置视觉显示器可为标准显示器或定制高品质投影仪;但是，建议使用更高质量的投影仪，以确保显示目标的时间和视觉分辨率。<ol><li>通过驱动视觉显示的内置软件生成新兴目标范 式中的 4个主要组件（参见补充图 1）。 注:组件应全部通过内置软件生成，该软件在每个数据收集会话期间将指定的组件投影到可视化显示上。每个组件都手动输入到软件中，软件将形状的输入坐标转换为在视觉显示器上看到的形状。所有组件和目标运动的完整编码是在数据收集之前完成的，因此，在数据收集过程中不需要对范例进行实验干预，因为该范式根据参与者的响应自动运行。以下坐标（以厘米表示）与用于从当前手稿中参与者收集数据的机器人接触装置中两个机器人毛化源的中点相关。范例的所有组件在整个试验过程中对参与者可见，但移动目标出现后消失的启动位置除外。不同的设备可能使用不同的参考框架。<ol>
<li>通过手动输入具有以下坐标的六个矩形的坐标（y: - 19（倒 y 的顶部）或 -34（倒 y 的底部）、x:-/+2（内、底部反转 y）、-/=8（外底反转 y）;宽度.5 高度:20（顶部）或 15（底部）。</li>
			<li>通过手动输入一个大矩形的坐标（居中:0，-29;宽度:35 高度:15）覆盖倒 y 路径的中心，生成一个圆角。此水线的颜色可能因试用而异，为参与者提供指导。 注:在两个输出（0，-29;宽度:5高度:5）之间的中心底部包含一个切口。参与者被指示:"当目标在凹槽后面时固定凹口"。这样做可确保眼睛在目标出现时保持稳定。每次试验开始时，occluder 将红色或绿色。</li>
			<li>通过手动输入一个圆的坐标来生成移动目标，该圆最终将向下移动 y 和在圆弧（开始: 0，-17;半径:1;速度:10 厘米/s，速度后速度:30 厘米/s）。 注:移动目标 （T1） 在每次试验开始时都是可见的和静止的。</li>
			<li>通过指定目标运动的 x 和 y 坐标，生成目标在软件中的移动。 注:目标速度由连续 x 和 y 坐标的距离计算。目标运动的正确呈现取决于软件和视觉显示快速连续正确更新每个 x 和 y 位置的能力。在软件中，当目标的 x 和 y 位置完全移动到 occluder 以下，直到 x 和 y 位置完全从 occluder 中出现时，将移动目标的状态更改为"对参与者不可见"。</li>
			<li>生成开始位置（0，-42;半径 1）。参与者需要获得此职位才能启动每个试用。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>实时生成实时光标 （RTC），实时表示参与者在屏幕上的手部位置。 注:在实验中，参与者的手/手臂通过一面朝上反射向下显示目标的镜子被遮挡。这可以通过特定于设备内置的软件功能完成，该软件功能将目标放在不断更新的 x 和 y 坐标之上。</li>
	</ol></li>
</ol>3. 程序
<ol><li>单击"开始"在实验者屏幕上显示的相关软件上的按钮，它启动第一次试验，并启动应用于参与者上肢的机器人接触装置产生的力。 注:实验者单击启动后，实验者无需干预，直到实验者必须再次按下的块之间。如果 EMG 信号不断被监视变化，或者参与者无法完成实验，则可能还需要实验者干预。如果发生紧急情况，应立即停止所有实验。如果参与者通过内置的任务程序离开手柄，将会自动停止对参与者手施加的强制。建议在紧急情况下使用带按钮的装置来终止实验。<ol><li>口头指示参与者开始第一次试验，将 RTC（由马尼普兰图姆的位置指示）带到开始位置 （T0），持续时间为 1- 1.5 s）。occluder 会更改颜色，以指示主题即将进行的试用需要支持或抗接触。 注:将 RTC 引入 T0 将启动每个试用。如果参与者在规定时间之前退出 T0 开始位置，则一旦 RTC 回到 T0，试用将重新开始。</li>
		<li>确保在倒置 y （2.1.1.3） 顶部对参与者保持静止且可见的移动目标 （T1） 沿倒 y 路径开始向参与者移动，该路径由参与者在上一步中将 RTC 引入 T0 启动。 注:当 T1 开始移动时，T0 将消失。在此时间之后，对参与者的手臂没有限制，但是，参与者被指示留在 T0 的想象范围内。</li>
		<li>确保 T1 在 occluder 后面移动，并且对参与者不可见。在此时间间隔内，学员在想象中的 T0 下保持手部位置。</li>
		<li>确保 T1 沿 y 轴以 30 厘米/s 的恒定速度沿学员向学员移动， 在车后移动。一旦 T1 达到 occluder 长度的一半，它将沿着一个倒置的 y 输出与附加的 x 速度分量进行分叉。因此，沿 y 轴的速度保持不变。目标在 ±0.5 s 的恒定延迟下消失，延迟取决于水线的大小和 T1 运动的速度。</li>
		<li>当 T1 到达最接近参与者的 occluder 边缘时，确保软件程序不会通过滑过 occluder 的边缘来呈现 T1，因为这样做最初会向视觉系统呈现"半月"刺激。相反，请检查软件程序是否保持 T1 不可见，直到出现完整目标，然后向参与者显示它。 注:这是为了控制部分刺激的视觉处理效果，特别是如果使用不同的目标速度，这将在不同的时间跨越边界。目标的部分出现（例如，半月刺激）产生一个最初由较高空间频率组成的目标，根据先前的结果，该目标将导致单反延迟增加，减少10级。</li>
		<li>检查软件程序是否将 T1 呈现在两个倒置 y 路径之一的随机侧，而参与者的手在 T0 时保持静止。 注:同时，在从 occluder 下方出现 T1 时，屏幕一角、光电二极管覆盖的位置会显示一个辅助目标。对象不会看到向光电二极管呈现的此目标，但为集成在机器人接触设备中的光电二极管提供模拟信号。此光电二极管信号允许将目标外观与肌肉活动精确对齐，并确保机器人接触装置内不存在滞后或延迟。</li>
		<li>当 T1 从 occluder 后面出现时，查看参与者是否能够根据 occluder 的颜色生成视觉引导的触角。当 occluder 为绿色时，请参与者使用 RTC 拦截 T1。当 occluder 为红色时，请学员将 RTC 移离 T1。 注:绿色光度颜色（2.1.1.2）表示亲光度（即朝向遮挡器），红色表示远离移动目标 T1（即反光接触）。在反到达条件下，正确的拦截不是基于 T1 的镜像，而是相对于 T0 的水平距离。</li>
		<li>根据他们的到达行为，在试验间间隔内提供反馈，如"命中"（正确拦截）、"错误路线"（亲/反到达方向不正确）或"错过"（未检测到正确或不正确的响应）。此反馈包含写在 occluder 上的文本。</li>
		<li>确保 T1 和 T0 在参与者的到达行为完成后重新出现在各自的原始位置 200 ms。当参与者将 RTC 带到 T0 时，开始下一个试用。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>要求每个参与者执行 4 块 100 个试验，每个条件产生 100 个到达。随机化试验类型与左、右刺激后与亲或反达到混合。每个块大约需要 7.5 分钟才能完成。 注:建议每个条件在使用表面记录时至少包含 80 次重复，因为下一个分析步骤依赖于许多单反检测试验的数据。<ol>
<li>最小化每个块之间的参与者移动，以确保录制的一致性。在口头确认参与者已准备好开始下一个块后，启动下一个块并继续监视参与者的绩效和 EMG 输出。 注:可能需要通过台式机监视器持续监视 EMG 输出，以检测表面 EMG 录像的问题。例如，在长时间接触运动期间，表面 EMG 电极可能会因出汗而从参与者的皮肤中解开。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>从控制静态范式收集数据，以便将数据与新兴目标范式中获得的数据进行比较。 注意:这可能在新兴目标范式之前或之后完成。要创建控制静态范式，请重复步骤 2.1.1.3、2.1.1.5、2.2、3.1、3.1.1、3.1.7、3.2 和 3.2.1;但是，在步骤 2.1.1.3 中，不要从屏幕顶部开始向参与者移动，对 T1 进行编码。相反，将 T1 定位到 T0 的左侧或右侧。此外，T0 现在要么红色，要么绿色，类似于新兴目标范式中使用的 occluder。审判继续进行，如下所述。<ol>
<li>口头指示参与者将 RTC 引入 T0 以开始第一个试验，该试验与新兴目标范式中的相同位置。</li>
		<li>确保软件程序将 T0 呈现为红色或绿色，分别指示亲或反覆盖。随机化 1-2 的保留期，使参与者在 T0 中保留 RTC。</li>
		<li>确保软件程序在左侧或右侧显示静态目标，从 T0 10 厘米。跨试验随机化目标端。</li>
		<li>与新兴目标范式一样，如果 T0 为绿色，请要求学员向目标目标前进;如果 T0 为红色，请向目标向相反的方向伸张。下一次试验在与目标或反目标位置接触后继续进行。</li>
		<li>确保每个参与者执行 4 块 100 次试验，每个条件达到 100 个。试验类型是随机混合的。</li>
	</ol></li>
</ol>4. 分析
<ol><li>分析脱机自定义脚本中的所有数据并放弃错误试验。 注:错误试验由不正确的到达方向（3.5 厘米）、长 RT（>500 ms）定义，指示假定的漫不经心或短 RT（<120）表示预期。<ol>
<li>通过确定运动超过峰值切向速度的 8% 的时间，得出每个试验达到运动的反应时间 （RT）。 注:可以使用其他方法来定义 RT。</li>
		<li>要分析肌肉活动，请使用离线脚本将 EMG 信号转换为源微伏，移除任何直流偏移，校正 EMG 信号，并使用 7 点移动平均滤波器过滤信号。</li>
		<li>使用时间序列接收器操作特性 （ROC） 分析来检测单反6、 7的存在和延迟。 注:可以使用用于确定单反活动时间锁定性质的替代方法。<ol>
<li>要执行时间序列 ROC 分析，请根据目标表示和试验条件一侧分离 EMG 数据（图 1a 显示了支持到达的左数据与右数据）。</li>
			<li>计算两个基点 ROC 曲线下的面积，每次样本 （1 ms） 从目标表示前的 100 ms 到 300 ms（例如， 图 2c）。 注:ROC 值 0.5 表示机会歧视，而值 1 或 0 分别表示与目标表示相比完全正确或不正确的歧视。</li>
			<li>确定歧视延迟为超过 0.6 值的 10 个连续点中的 8 个点中的第一个（图 2c 以垂直红色或蓝色线表示）。 注:阈值和超过阈值的点数可能会根据表面或肌肉内 EMG 记录的质量和数量而变化，并且可以使用引导分析来客观地确定置信区间。过去的工作表明，值 0.6 大约等于 95% 置信区间12。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>要确定在亲接触试验中是否存在单反，请使用RT分割分析（参见 图18），根据该分析步骤4.1.3.2和4.1.3.3，根据RT（图1a紫色 试验和绿色试验），在接触的早期和后期分别执行。<ol>
<li>绘制早期歧视时间， 将早期 Rt 作为一个点， 然后绘制后期歧视时间， 并意味着后期 Rt 作为同一情节的第二个点。用一条线连接这两个点（图1c）。当这条线的斜率超过 67.5°时，检测到单反。 注:对于这条线，90° 的斜率表示 EMG 歧视时间完全锁定在刺激表示上（因为 EMG 活动以相同的延迟启动，而无论随后的移动时间如何），而 45° 的斜率表示 EMG 歧视完全锁定在运动开始。实际上，67.5° 的截止坡度（介于 45° 和 90° 之间）用于检测单反是否存在（坡度 > 67.5°）（坡度 < 67.5°）;这表明 EMG 活动更锁定刺激而不是运动开始。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>如果确定单反存在，则通过所有试验（4.1.3.3）的歧视延迟定义单反延迟。</li>
		<li>将单反幅度定义为左和右之间的差值意味着 EMG 跟踪（例如，图 2c 深红色与 浅红色轨迹，或深蓝色与浅蓝色轨迹）从单反延迟到 30 ms 后歧视延迟。 注:幅度时间值可能会延长或缩短。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Veerman, M. M., Brenner, E., Smeets, J. B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+latency+for+correcting+a+movement+depends+on+the+visual+attribute+that+defines+the+target.">The latency for correcting a movement depends on the visual attribute that defines the target.</a> Experimental Brain Research. 187 (2), 219-228 (2008).</li><li>Soechting, J. F., Lacquaniti, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modification+of+trajectory+of+a+pointing+movement+in+response+to+a+change+in+target+location.">Modification of trajectory of a pointing movement in response to a change in target location.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 49 (2), 548-564 (1983).</li><li>Day, B. L., Lyon, I. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Voluntary+modification+of+automatic+arm+movements+evoked+by+motion+of+a+visual+target.">Voluntary modification of automatic arm movements evoked by motion of a visual target.</a> Experimental Brain Research. 130 (2), 159-168 (2000).</li><li>Gaveau, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Automatic+online+control+of+motor+adjustments+in+reaching+and+grasping.">Automatic online control of motor adjustments in reaching and grasping.</a> Neuropsychologia. 55 (1), 25-40 (2014).</li><li>Day, B. L., Brown, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence+for+subcortical+involvement+in+the+visual+control+of+human+reaching.">Evidence for subcortical involvement in the visual control of human reaching.</a> Brain A Journal of Neurology. 124, 1832-1840 (2001).</li><li>Pruszynski, A. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stimulus-locked+responses+on+human+arm+muscles+reveal+a+rapid+neural+pathway+linking+visual+input+to+arm+motor+output.">Stimulus-locked responses on human arm muscles reveal a rapid neural pathway linking visual input to arm motor output.</a> European Journal of Neuroscience. 32 (6), 1049-1057 (2010).</li><li>Corneil, B. D., Olivier, E., Munoz, D. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visual+responses+on+neck+muscles+reveal+selective+gating+that+prevents+express+saccades.">Visual responses on neck muscles reveal selective gating that prevents express saccades.</a> Neuron. 42 (5), 831-841 (2004).</li><li>Wood, D. K., Gu, C., Corneil, B. D., Gribble, P. L., Goodale, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transient+visual+responses+reset+the+phase+of+low-frequency+oscillations+in+the+skeletomotor+periphery.">Transient visual responses reset the phase of low-frequency oscillations in the skeletomotor periphery.</a> European Journal of Neuroscience. 42 (3), 1919-1932 (2015).</li><li>Gu, C., Wood, D. K., Gribble, P. L., Corneil, B. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Trial-by-Trial+Window+into+Sensorimotor+Transformations+in+the+Human+Motor+Periphery.">A Trial-by-Trial Window into Sensorimotor Transformations in the Human Motor Periphery.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 36 (31), 8273-8282 (2016).</li><li>Kozak, R. A., Kreyenmeier, P., Gu, C., Johnston, K., Corneil, B. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stimulus-locked+responses+on+human+upper+limb+muscles+and+corrective+reaches+are+preferentially+evoked+by+low+spatial+frequencies.">Stimulus-locked responses on human upper limb muscles and corrective reaches are preferentially evoked by low spatial frequencies.</a> eNeuro. 6 (5), (2019).</li><li>Kowler, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cognitive+expectations,+not+habits,+control+anticipatory+smooth+oculomotor+pursuit.">Cognitive expectations, not habits, control anticipatory smooth oculomotor pursuit.</a> Vision Research. 29 (9), 1049-1057 (1989).</li><li>Goonetilleke, S. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cross-species+comparison+of+anticipatory+and+stimulus-driven+neck+muscle+activity+well+before+saccadic+gaze+shifts+in+humans+and+nonhuman+primates.">Cross-species comparison of anticipatory and stimulus-driven neck muscle activity well before saccadic gaze shifts in humans and nonhuman primates.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 114 (2), 902-913 (2015).</li><li>Franklin, D. W., Reichenbach, A., Franklin, S., Diedrichsen, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temporal+evolution+of+spatial+computations+for+visuomotor+control.">Temporal evolution of spatial computations for visuomotor control.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 36 (8), 2329-2341 (2016).</li><li>Krekelberg, B., Vatakis, A., Kourtzi, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Implied+motion+from+form+in+the+human+visual+cortex.">Implied motion from form in the human visual cortex.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 94 (6), 4373-4386 (2005).</li><li>Gribble, P. L., Everling, S., Ford, K., Mattar, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hand-eye+coordination+for+rapid+pointing+movements:+Arm+movement+direction+and+distance+are+specified+prior+to+saccade+onset.">Hand-eye coordination for rapid pointing movements: Arm movement direction and distance are specified prior to saccade onset.</a> Experimental Brain Research. 145 (3), 372-382 (2002).</li><li>Par&#233;, M., Munoz, D. 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作者没有什么可透露的。

人类有非凡的能力，如果需要，产生快速，视觉引导的延迟，接近最小的发向和发速延迟。我们以前曾描述过上肢的刺激锁定反应（SRS）是快速视觉运动反应的新措施6，9，10。虽然有利于提供一个试验基准的上肢肌肉招募的第一个方面受视觉刺激的影响，肢体SRS并没有在所有受试者中表达，并往往依赖于侵入性肌肉内记录。?...

当我们注意到手机上的消息时，系统会提示我们执行视觉引导的到达，以拿起手机并阅读消息。视觉功能，如手机的形状和大小被转换成电机命令，使我们能够成功地达到目标。这种粘胶电机转换可以研究在实验室条件下，这允许高度控制。但是，在某些情况下，响应时间很重要，例如，如果手机要掉下去，则抓住电话。快速视觉运动行为的实验室研究通常依赖于置换目标范式，在目标位置发生一些变化后，在飞行中对移动进行修改（例如，见参考文献1，2）。虽然这种在线修正可能发生在 <150 ms3中，但由于手臂的低通滤波特性，并且由于快速粘胶运动输出取代已在飞行中的运动，因此很难确定仅使用运动学技术进行快速粘热电机输出的确切时间。这种并发症导致快速粘附运动反应的基质的不确定性（见参考4，供审查）。一些研究表明，皮下结构，如优越的胶合体，而不是前皮皮质区域，可以启动在线修正5。
这种关于基础神经基质的不确定性可能是由于，至少部分是由于缺乏一个可靠的生物标志物，为快速视觉运动系统的输出。最近，我们描述了一种快速的视觉运动响应的测量方法，这些反应可能由静态姿势产生，并通过肌电图 （EMG） 进行记录。刺激锁定响应 （SRS） 是时间锁定的 EMG 活动爆发之前自愿运动6，7，在刺激启动后持续演变约 100 ms.正如这个名字所暗示的，SRS是由刺激的开始唤起的，即使最终的移动被隐瞒8或向相反的方向9移动，SRS也持续存在。此外，动态范式中目标位移所唤起的 SL 与较短的延迟在线修正10 相关。因此，SRS 提供了一个客观的衡量标准，用于系统地研究短延迟 RT 中涉及的快速粘性电机系统的输出，因为它们可能来自静态姿势，并且从与快速粘性电机响应的初始阶段无关的其他 EMG 信号中解析。
当前研究的目标是呈现一个视觉引导的到达范式，有力地引出 SR。先前研究单反的研究报告说，参与者的检测率低于100%，即使使用更具侵入性的肌肉内记录6，8，9。低检测率和对侵入性记录的依赖限制了单反措施在未来对疾病或整个生命周期的快速视觉运动系统的调查中的有用性。虽然有些受试者可能根本无法表达单反，但以前使用的刺激和行为范式可能并不理想地唤起单反。过去关于 SRS 的报告通常使用范例，其中参与者生成视觉引导到达到静态，突然出现目标6，9。然而，在必须快速与坠落或飞行物体交互的情况下，最可能需要的快速视觉运动系统，导致人们怀疑移动而不是静态刺激是否能更好地唤起SLR。因此，我们调整了用于研究眼动11的移动目标范式，并结合一个亲/反视觉引导的到达任务，用于检查单反9。与以前使用的6、8、9的范式结果相比，发现新兴目标范式中的SR进化得更快，达到更高的幅度，在我们的参与者样本中更为普遍。总体而言，新兴目标范式促进快速视觉运动反应的表达，使目标E动量测量可以通过表面记录进行可靠，在临床人群中和整个生命周期内进行有效的研究。此外，新兴的目标范式可以通过许多不同的方式进行修改，促进对促进或改变快速视觉运动反应的感官、认知和运动因素进行更彻底的调查。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Bagnoli-8 Desktop Surface EMG System</td><td>Delsys Inc.</td><td></td><td>Another reaching apparatus may be used</td></tr><tr><td>Kinarm End-Point Robot</td><td>Kinarm, Kingston, Ontario, Canada</td><td></td><td>Another reaching apparatus may be used</td></tr><tr><td>MATLAB (version R2016a) Stateflow and Simulink applications</td><td>The MathWorks, Inc., Natick, Massachusetts, United States</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PROPixx projector</td><td>VPIXX Saint-Bruno, QC, Canada</td><td></td><td>This is a custom built addon for the Kinarm. Other displays may be used. Resolution: 1920 x 1080. Standard viewing monitors may also be used.</td></tr></tbody></table>

an emerging target paradigm to evoke fast visuomotor responses on human upper limb muscles

要到达看到的对象，视觉信息必须转换为电机命令。视觉信息，如物体的颜色、形状和大小，被处理并整合到许多大脑区域中，然后最终传递到运动外围。在某些情况下，需要尽可能快的反应。这些快速的粘膜运动转化，及其潜在的神经基质，在人类中知之甚少，因为它们缺乏可靠的生物标志物。刺激锁定响应 （SRS） 是短延迟 （<100 ms） 的肌电学 （EMG） 爆发活动，代表受视觉刺激演示影响的第一波肌肉招募。SRS 提供快速粘胶电机变换的可量化输出，但在过去研究中，所有受试者的 SRS 都未得到一致观察到。在这里，我们描述了一个新的行为范式，其中一个移动目标突然出现在一个障碍之下，这个障碍始终唤起着强大的SRS。 人类参与者使用机器人男力表，在表面电极记录从胸托利斯主要肌肉的E姆格活动时，产生的视觉引导到达或远离新兴目标。与以前使用静态刺激调查单位比的研究相比，使用这种新兴目标范式调用的 SR 更大，进化得更早，并且存在于所有参与者中。在新兴的目标范式中，到达反应时间（RT）也加快了。这种模式提供了许多修改的机会，可以系统研究各种感官、认知和运动操纵对快速视觉运动反应的影响。总体而言，我们的结果表明，新兴的目标范式能够在快速的 visuomotor 系统中持续而有力地唤起活动。

刺激锁定反应 （SRS） 是肌肉活动时间短暂爆发锁定到刺激发作之前， 进化的肌肉招募与运动开始相关的大排球。单反的时锁性质产生了一个"带状"的肌肉活动可见在+100 ms时，查看所有试验排序的反应时间（RT）（图1a，突出显示的灰色框）。如图1a所示，SRS 取决于目标位置，右胸腔上的 SRS 主要包括左向或右向目标呈现后肌肉招募的增加或减少。使用R...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Emerging Target Paradigm to Evoke Fast Visuomotor Responses on Human Upper Limb Muscles at JoVE.com

An Emerging Target Paradigm to Evoke Fast Visuomotor Responses on Human Upper Limb Muscles

这里展示的是一种行为范式，在视觉引导的到达过程中，它能对人类上肢肌肉产生强大的快速视觉运动反应。

唤起人类上肢肌肉快速视觉运动反应的新兴目标范式

To reach towards a seen object, visual information has to be transformed into motor commands. Visual information such as the object&#8217;s color, shape, ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

4.2K 次观看.  Western University. 这里展示的是一种行为范式，在视觉引导的到达过程中，它能对人类上肢肌肉产生强大的快速视觉运动反应。

视频: An Emerging Target Paradigm to Evoke Fast Visuomotor Responses on Human Upper Limb Muscles

Corticospinal Excitability Modulation During Action Observation

This study used the transcranial magnetic stimulation/motor evoked potential (TMS/MEP) technique to pinpoint when the automatic tendency to mirror someone else's action becomes anticipatory simulation of a complementary act. TMS was delivered to the left primary motor cortex corresponding to the hand to induce the highest level of MEP activity from the abductor digiti minimi (ADM; the muscle serving little finger abduction) as well as the first dorsal interosseus (FDI; the muscle serving index finger flexion/extension) muscles. A neuronavigation system was used to maintain the position of the TMS coil, and electromyographic (EMG) activity was recorded from the right ADM and FDI muscles. Producing original data with regard to motor resonance, the combined TMS/MEP technique has taken research on the perception-action coupling mechanism a step further. Specifically, it has answered the questions of how and when observing another person's actions produces motor facilitation in an onlooker's corresponding muscles and in what way corticospinal excitability is modulated in social contexts.

Single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation over the primary motor cortex, neuronavigation, and registration of electromyographic activity of hand muscles were used in this study to explore corticospinal excitability while participants were observing action sequences.

行动观察期间皮质脊体兴奋调节

This study used the transcranial magnetic stimulation/motor evoked potential (TMS/MEP) technique to pinpoint when the automatic tendency to mirror someone ...

科研

行为学

Methods to Explore the Influence of Top-down Visual Processes on Motor Behavior

Kinesthetic awareness is important to successfully navigate the environment. When we interact with our daily surroundings, some aspects of movement are deliberately planned, while others spontaneously occur below conscious awareness. The deliberate component of this dichotomy has been studied extensively in several contexts, while the spontaneous component remains largely under-explored. Moreover, how perceptual processes modulate these movement classes is still unclear. In particular, a currently debated issue is whether the visuomotor system is governed by the spatial percept produced by a visual illusion or whether it is not affected by the illusion and is governed instead by the veridical percept. Bistable percepts such as 3D depth inversion illusions (DIIs) provide an excellent context to study such interactions and balance, particularly when used in combination with reach-to-grasp movements. In this study, a methodology is developed that uses a DII to clarify the role of top-down processes on motor action, particularly exploring how reaches toward a target on a DII are affected in both deliberate and spontaneous movement domains.

It is unclear how top-down signals from the ventral visual stream affect movement. We developed a paradigm to test motor behavior towards a target on a 3D depth inversion illusion. Significant differences are reported in both deliberate, goal-directed movements and automatic actions under illusory and veridical viewing conditions.

方法探索自上而下视觉过程对电机性能的影响

Kinesthetic awareness is important to successfully navigate the environment. When we interact with our daily surroundings, some aspects of movement are ...

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy of the Sensory and Motor Brain Regions with Simultaneous Kinematic and EMG Monitoring During Motor Tasks

There are several advantages that functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) presents in the study of the neural control of human movement. It is relatively flexible with respect to participant positioning and allows for some head movements during tasks. Additionally, it is inexpensive, light weight, and portable, with very few contraindications to its use. This presents a unique opportunity to study functional brain activity during motor tasks in individuals who are typically developing, as well as those with movement disorders, such as cerebral palsy. An additional consideration when studying movement disorders, however, is the quality of actual movements performed and the potential for additional, unintended movements. Therefore, concurrent monitoring of both blood flow changes in the brain and actual movements of the body during testing is required for appropriate interpretation of fNIRS results. Here, we show a protocol for the combination of fNIRS with muscle and kinematic monitoring during motor tasks. We explore gait, a unilateral multi-joint movement (cycling), and two unilateral single-joint movements (isolated ankle dorsiflexion, and isolated hand squeezing). The techniques presented can be useful in studying both typical and atypical motor control, and can be modified to investigate a broad range of tasks and scientific questions.

Monitoring brain activity during upright motor tasks is of great value when investigating the neural source of movement disorders. Here, we demonstrate a protocol that combines functional near infrared spectroscopy with continuous monitoring of muscle and kinematic activity during 4 types of motor tasks.

感觉和运动脑区与运动同步和肌电图监测功能近红外光谱在运动任务

There are several advantages that functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) presents in the study of the neural control of human movement. It is ...

Multifunctional Setup for Studying Human Motor Control Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Electromyography, Motion Capture, and Virtual Reality

The study of neuromuscular control of movement in humans is accomplished with numerous technologies. Non-invasive methods for investigating neuromuscular function include transcranial magnetic stimulation, electromyography, and three-dimensional motion capture. The advent of readily available and cost-effective virtual reality solutions has expanded the capabilities of researchers in recreating &#8220;real-world&#8221; environments and movements in a laboratory setting. Naturalistic movement analysis will not only garner a greater understanding of motor control in healthy individuals, but also permit the design of experiments and rehabilitation strategies that target specific motor impairments (e.g. stroke). The combined use of these tools will lead to increasingly deeper understanding of neural mechanisms of motor control. A key requirement when combining these data acquisition systems is fine temporal correspondence between the various data streams. This protocol describes a multifunctional system&#8217;s overall connectivity, intersystem signaling, and the temporal synchronization of recorded data. Synchronization of the component systems is primarily accomplished through the use of a customizable circuit, readily made with off the shelf components and minimal electronics assembly skills.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation, electromyography, and 3D motion capture are commonly used non-invasive techniques for investigating neuromuscular function in humans. In this paper, we describe a protocol that synchronously samples data generated by all three of these tools along with the unique addition of virtual reality stimulus presentation and feedback.

多功能设置研究人类电机控制用经颅磁刺激，肌电图，运动捕捉和虚拟现实

The study of neuromuscular control of movement in humans is accomplished with numerous technologies. Non-invasive methods for investigating neuromuscular ...

Event-related Potentials During Target-response Tasks to Study Cognitive Processes of Upper Limb Use in Children with Unilateral Cerebral Palsy

Unilateral Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is a very common cause of disability in childhood. It is characterized by unilateral motor impairments that are frequently dominated in the upper limb. In addition to a reduced movement capacity of the affected upper limb, several children with unilateral CP show a reduced awareness of the remaining movement capacity of that limb. This phenomenon of disregarding the preserved capacity of the affected upper limb is regularly referred to as Developmental Disregard (DD). Different theories have been postulated to explain DD, each suggesting slightly different guidelines for therapy. Still, cognitive processes that might additionally contribute to DD in children with unilateral CP have never been directly studied. The current protocol was developed to study cognitive aspects involved in upper limb control in children with unilateral CP with and without DD. This was done by recording event-related potentials (ERPs) extracted from the ongoing EEG during target-response tasks asking for a hand-movement response. ERPs consist of several components, each of them associated with a well-defined cognitive process (e.g., the N1 with early attention processes, the N2 with cognitive control and the P3 with cognitive load and mental effort). Due to its excellent temporal resolution, the ERP technique enables to study several covert cognitive processes preceding overt motor responses and thus allows insight into the cognitive processes that might contribute to the phenomenon of DD. Using this protocol adds a new level of explanation to existing behavioral studies and opens new avenues to the broader implementation of research on cognitive aspects of developmental movement restrictions in children.

Several children with unilateral Cerebral Palsy seem to disregard the preserved capacity of their affected upper limb. This Developmental Disregard is extensively described in the literature but the involved cognitive processes have not been studied. To study underlying cognitive factors of upper limb control, an event-related potential protocol was developed.

事件相关电位在目标响应的任务，研究的上肢使用在儿童认知过程单侧脑性麻痹

Unilateral Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is a very common cause of disability in childhood. It is characterized by unilateral ...

Combining Multiple Data Acquisition Systems to Study Corticospinal Output and Multi-segment Biomechanics

Transcranial magnetic stimulation techniques allow for an in-depth investigation into the neural mechanisms that underpin human behavior. To date, the use of TMS to study human movement, has been limited by the challenges related to precisely timing the delivery of TMS to features of the unfolding movement and, also, by accurately characterizing kinematics and kinetics. To overcome these technical challenges, TMS delivery and acquisition systems should be integrated with an online motion tracking system. The present manuscript details technical innovations that integrate multiple acquisition systems to facilitate and advance the use of TMS to study human movement. Using commercially available software and hardware systems, a step-by-step approach to both the hardware assembly and the software scripts necessary to perform TMS studies triggered by specific features of a movement is provided. The approach is focused on the study of upper limb, planar, multi-joint reaching movements. However, the same integrative system is amenable to a multitude of sophisticated studies of human motor control.

The use of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to study human motor control requires the integration of data acquisition systems to control TMS delivery and simultaneously record human behavior. The present manuscript provides a detailed methodology for integrating data acquisition systems for the purpose of investigating human movement via TMS.

合并多个数据采集系统来研究皮质输出和多段生物力学

Transcranial magnetic stimulation techniques allow for an in-depth investigation into the neural mechanisms that underpin human behavior. To date, the use ...

Design and Use of an Apparatus for Presenting Graspable Objects in 3D Workspace

Reaching and grasping are highly-coupled movements, and their underlying neural dynamics have been widely studied in the last decade. To distinguish reaching and grasping encodings, it is essential to present different object identities independent of their positions. Presented here is the design of an automatic apparatus that is assembled with a turning table and three-dimensional (3D) translational device to achieve this goal. The turning table switches different objects corresponding to different grip types while the 3D translational device transports the turning table in 3D space. Both are driven independently by motors so that the target position and object are combined arbitrarily. Meanwhile, wrist trajectory and grip types are recorded via the motion capture system and touch sensors, respectively. Furthermore, representative results that demonstrate successfully trained monkey using this system are described. It is expected that this apparatus will facilitate researchers to study kinematics, neural principles, and brain-machine interfaces related to upper limb function.

Presented here is a protocol to build an automatic apparatus that guides a monkey to perform the flexible reach-to-grasp task. The apparatus combines a 3D translational device and turning table to present multiple objects in an arbitrary position in 3D space.

设计和使用用于在 3D 工作区中呈现可抓握对象的设备

Reaching and grasping are highly-coupled movements, and their underlying neural dynamics have been widely studied in the last decade. To distinguish ...

A Modified Lean and Release Technique to Emphasize Response Inhibition and Action Selection in Reactive Balance

Assessment of reactive balance traditionally imposes some type of perturbation to upright stance or gait followed by measurement of the resultant corrective behavior. These measures include muscle responses, limb movements, ground reaction forces, and even direct neurophysiological measures such as electroencephalography. Using this approach, researchers and clinicians can infer some basic principles regarding how the nervous system controls balance to avoid a fall. One limitation with the way in which these assessments are currently used is that they heavily emphasize reflexive actions without any need to revise automatic postural reactions. Such an exclusive focus on these highly stereotypical reactions would fail to adequately address how we can modify these reactions should the need arise (e.g., avoiding an obstacle with a recovery step). This would appear to be a glaring omission when one considers the enormous complexity of the environments we face daily. Overall, the status quo when evaluating the neural control of balance fails to truly expose how higher brain resources contribute to preventing falls in complex settings. The present protocol offers a way to require suppression of automatic, but inappropriate corrective balance reactions, and force a selection among alternative action choices to successfully recover balance following postural perturbation.

Here we offer a protocol that allows the user to selectively change affordances and/or constraints on movements that are relevant for recovering balance after postural perturbation.

改进的精益和释放技术，强调反应抑制和反应平衡中的动作选择

Assessment of reactive balance traditionally imposes some type of perturbation to upright stance or gait followed by measurement of the resultant ...

Capturing Dynamic Finger Gesturing with High-resolution Surface Electromyography and Computer Vision

Finger gestures are a critical element in human communication, and as such, finger gesture recognition is widely studied as a human-computer interface for state-of-the-art prosthetics and optimized rehabilitation. Surface electromyography (sEMG), in conjunction with deep learning methods, is considered a promising method in this domain. However, current methods often rely on cumbersome recording setups and the identification of static hand positions, limiting their effectiveness in real-world applications. The protocol we report here presents an advanced approach combining a wearable surface EMG and finger&#160;tracking system to capture comprehensive data during dynamic hand movements. The method records muscle activity from soft printed electrode arrays (16 electrodes) placed on the forearm as subjects perform gestures in different hand positions and during movement. Visual instructions prompt subjects to perform specific gestures while EMG and finger positions are recorded. The integration of synchronized EMG recordings and finger tracking data enables comprehensive analysis of muscle activity patterns and corresponding gestures. The reported approach demonstrates the potential of combining EMG and visual tracking technologies as an important resource for developing intuitive and responsive gesture recognition systems with applications in prosthetics, rehabilitation, and interactive technologies. This protocol aims to guide researchers and practitioners, fostering further innovation and application of gesture recognition in dynamic and real-world scenarios.

The paper presents a comprehensive protocol for simultaneously recording hand-electromyography (EMG) and visual finger tracking during natural finger gesturing. The visual data is designed to serve as the ground truth for the development of accurate EMG-based computational models for finger gesture recognition.

使用高分辨率表面肌电图和计算机视觉捕捉动态手指手势

Finger gestures are a critical element in human communication, and as such, finger gesture recognition is widely studied as a human-computer interface for ...

生物工程

Assessing Corticospinal Excitability During Goal-Directed Reaching Behavior

Reaching is a widely studied behavior in motor physiology and neuroscience research. While reaching has been examined using a variety of behavioral manipulations, there remain significant gaps in the understanding of the neural processes involved in reach planning, execution, and control. The novel approach described here combines a two-dimensional reaching task with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and concurrent electromyography (EMG) recording from multiple muscles. This method allows for the noninvasive detection of corticospinal activity at precise time points during the unfolding of reaching movements. The example task code includes a delayed response reaching task with two possible targets displayed &#177; 45&#176; off the midline. Single pulse TMS is delivered on the majority of task trials, either at the onset of the preparatory cue (baseline) or 100 ms prior to the imperative cue (delay). This sample design is suitable for investigating changes in corticospinal excitability during reach preparation. The sample code also includes a visuomotor perturbation (i.e., cursor rotation of &#177; 20&#176;) to investigate the effects of adaptation on corticospinal excitability during reach preparation. The task parameters and TMS delivery can be adjusted to address specific hypotheses about the state of the motor system during reaching behavior. In the initial implementation, motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were successfully elicited on 83% of TMS trials, and reach trajectories were recorded on all trials.

Reaching is a fundamental skill that allows humans to interact with the environment. Several studies have aimed to characterize reaching behavior using a variety of methodologies. This paper offers an open-source application of transcranial magnetic stimulation to assess the state of corticospinal excitability in humans during reaching task performance.

评估目标导向到达行为期间的皮质脊髓兴奋性

Reaching is a widely studied behavior in motor physiology and neuroscience research. While reaching has been examined using a variety of behavioral ...