这项工作得到了退伍军人事务部康复研发服务职业发展奖（CDA-1，RX002111;CDA-2;RX002928）到RSA和（CDA-2，RX002342）到AJF和美国国立卫生研究院（NIH-NICHD F31 HD097918到DACT和NIH-NIEHS T32 ES012870到DACT）和NEI核心授权P30EY006360。

所有程序均由亚特兰大退伍军人事务机构动物护理和使用委员会批准，并符合美国国立卫生研究院关于实验室动物护理和使用的指南（NIH出版物，第 8版，2011年更新）。
1. 光运动响应 （OMR）
<ol><li>设置 OMR 设备（材料表中有关设备和软件的详细信息）
	<ol>
<li>为啮齿动物选择适当大小的平台:小鼠，大鼠或大型/受损大鼠（图1A）。</li>
		<li>打开OMR软件，该软件应打开一个窗口，其中包含多个选项选项卡和OMR/虚拟鼓内部的实时视频源（图1B）。根据需要使用摄像机放大或缩小，以便平台及其周围环境可见。</li>
		<li>请注意实时图像左侧的图标（图1C）。单击星号图标和旋转条纹图标，以便绿色星号和绿色旋转条纹从实时源中消失。</li>
		<li>单击 指南针图标 ，以便显示一个绿色圆圈和两条垂直线。拉伸绿色圆圈，使其与平台上的黑色圆圈完美对齐，这将确保OMR完全对齐。</li>
		<li>单击 指南针图标 ，因为在测试期间不必看到圆圈。单击 绿色星号图标 和 绿色旋转条纹图标 以使它们重新出现。请注意，绿色条纹的旋转方向与鼓中的条纹相同，使研究人员能够知道条纹的方向。</li>
		<li>单击" 测试 "选项卡。在" 测试"下，单击" 心理物理学 "选项卡。在 阈值下，选择 频率 以测量空间频率。 注意:OMR 软件使用楼梯范例自动计算空间频率 （SF）。对比度将保持在100%。</li>
		<li>在" 测试"下，单击" 预设 "选项卡。选择鼠标 18 或 Rat20 的默认设置。</li>
		<li>在" 测试"下，单击" 消隐 "选项卡。选中 "跟踪时空白 "框，每当鼠标右键单击时，它将暂停鼓中的条纹/空白计算机屏幕。</li>
		<li>单击" 结果 "选项卡，这是显示测试结果的位置。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>评估空间频率
	<ol>
<li>将啮齿动物放在虚拟现实室中心的圆形平台上，该室由四个计算机监视器组成，显示垂直正弦波光栅以12°/s的速度环绕腔室（图1D）。</li>
		<li>请注意，位于腔室顶部的摄像机正在将啮齿动物的行为实时投影到计算机监视器上。</li>
		<li>寻找啮齿动物头部在光栅顺时针或逆时针方向移动时是否存在反射动作。确保图示条在程序中可见 - 这些条形图将显示光栅运动的方向。<ol>
<li>注意啮齿动物的头部与光栅相同的方向移动。等到有一个平稳的追逐，而不是不稳定的头部运动爆发，才算作跟踪。</li>
			<li>根据需要单击" 是" 或" 否 "。请注意，SF 将从 0.042 cyc/deg 开始，并按"是"和"否"进行调整，以变得更容易或更困难（图 1E）。如果由于意外或错误地单击"是"和"否"而需要重置测试，请单击" 重置 "。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>在对啮齿动物进行测试时，请确保将星号放在啮齿动物的头部上方。 注意:这有两个效果:1）它保持正确的空间频率。例如，如果星号位于肩膀之间，则空间频率将较低，条形将更容易看到，从而导致错误的高分。2）对于头部有轻微运动的啮齿动物，星号可以更容易地判断头部是否实际在移动。</li>
		<li>注意系统在达到啮齿动物的空间频率时说"完成"。请注意，" 是" 和" 否 "按钮将不再可单击。</li>
		<li>单击" 结果 "选项卡，这将显示左眼、右眼和组合眼的空间频率。 注意:有时软件的设置是翻转结果，即右眼报告为左眼，左眼报告为右眼。这是在评估青光眼模型中只有一只眼睛病变的啮齿动物时发现的。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>评估对比度灵敏度 注意:对比度灵敏度测试可以在空间频率测量步骤后立即进行，或者如果啮齿动物在空间频率测试后出现疲劳，则可以在同一天或另一天单独进行（如果仅测试对比度灵敏度，请遵循步骤1-2.2）。<ol>
<li>单击" 测试 "选项卡，然后单击" 心理物理学 "选项卡。在 "阈值"下，选择" 对比度 （单）"以测量对比度灵敏度。</li>
		<li>同样使用楼梯范例，在对比度灵敏度（CS）曲线的峰值处开始SF常数的光栅。为此，请单击" 刺激 "选项卡，然后单击" 光栅 "选项卡。在 "空间频率 "框中，为大鼠键入 0.064 ，为小鼠键入 0.103 。</li>
		<li>从100%开始对比度，并寻找与空间频率测试期间相同的反射性头部运动。请注意，随着测试的进展，对比度会降低，直到啮齿动物不再对刺激有反射性的头部运动（图1E）。</li>
		<li>注意系统是否显示"完成"，一旦啮齿动物不再对视觉刺激做出反应并且达到对比度灵敏度阈值， " 是"和" 否 "按钮将不再可点击。单击" 结果 "选项卡，其中将列出左眼、右眼和组合眼的对比度灵敏度。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>执行测试后分析
	<ol>
<li>对于糖尿病视网膜病变研究，其中两只眼睛预计具有相似的缺陷，请使用综合评分（左右眼的平均值）进行分析。对于对眼睛造成差异性损伤（即原始细胞损伤或青光眼）的模型，请保持左眼和右眼数据分开。</li>
		<li>对于"空间频率"，请使用原始分数（" 结果 "选项卡中的数据）进行分析，并按组（即糖尿病患者、对照组等）对这些分数一起平均。</li>
		<li>对于"对比度敏感度"，请使用原始值通过迈克尔逊对比度计算报告的对比度灵敏度，该对比度来自之前对屏幕亮度的测量值。</li>
	</ol></li>
</ol>2. Y迷宫
<ol><li>
准备啮齿动物进行测试
	<ol>
<li>在测试之前，使啮齿动物适应房间30分钟。 注意:研究人员可以留在房间里开着灯，但在此期间应保持沉默。</li>
		<li>用消毒液清洁Y迷宫，对动物安全，并用纸巾擦去所有消毒液。确保迷宫是干燥的。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
进行Y迷宫
	<ol>
<li>将Y迷宫的初始臂标记为B，将其他2个臂标记为A和C（图2A）。将一只啮齿动物放在靠近Y迷宫中心的最靠近研究人员（手臂B）的手臂上。放置啮齿动物后，启动计时器（ 材料表中有关迷宫和计时器的详细信息）。<ol>
<li>让每只啮齿动物探索Y迷宫8分钟。在此期间进行录音并记下任何观察结果。坐在离迷宫几英尺远的地方，同时让它保持在视线范围内，避免发出任何噪音。</li>
			<li>将起始位置记录为A，每次啮齿动物进入新手臂时，记录啮齿动物的新位置（图2B）。将条目定义为啮齿动物的所有四肢都在其中一个手臂中。</li>
			<li>注意啮齿动物隐藏并保持静止在迷宫的一只手臂上。如果啮齿动物在同一位置停留超过60秒，并且似乎没有表现出探索行为，请将啮齿动物向Y迷宫的中心移动，然后继续试验。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>每只啮齿动物后，取出所有粪便并用消毒液清洁迷宫。<ol>
<li>确保用纸巾擦去所有消毒溶液，并且迷宫完全干燥，然后再将下一只啮齿动物放入迷宫中。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
计算自发替和探索性行为
	<ol>
<li>将探索性行为计算为 8 分钟内所做的条目总数。</li>
		<li>计算通过自发交替测量的空间认知: 成功交替的次数/（参赛作品总数 - 2）<ol>
<li>当啮齿动物依次移动到三个不同的位置时，定义成功的交替（例如:ABC，CAB，BCA等）。记下每个成功的交替（图2B）。</li>
			<li>如果运动被记录为ACABCABABCABC，则在计算自发交替时忽略两个初始起始位置（使得分母中有11个运动）。计算准确运动的数量（准确运动 = 8）。准确率的计算公式为:8/（13 - 2） = 72.7%。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>

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S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+functional+and+structural+consequences+of+primary+blast+overpressure+to+the+eye.">Long-term functional and structural consequences of primary blast overpressure to the eye.</a> Journal of Neurotrauma. 35 (17), 2104-2116 (2018).</li><li>Maaswinkel, H., Li, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatio-temporal+frequency+characteristics+of+the+optomotor+response+in+zebrafish.">Spatio-temporal frequency characteristics of the optomotor response in zebrafish.</a> Vision Research. 43 (1), 21-30 (2003).</li><li>Benkner, B., Mutter, M., Ecke, G., M&#252;nch, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterizing+visual+performance+in+mice:+an+objective+and+automated+system+based+on+the+optokinetic+reflex.">Characterizing visual performance in mice: an objective and automated system based on the optokinetic reflex.</a> Behavioral Neuroscience. 127 (5), 788-796 (2013).</li><li>Lehmann, K., Schmidt, K. F., L&#246;wel, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vision+and+visual+plasticity+in+ageing+mice.">Vision and visual plasticity in ageing mice.</a> Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience. 30, 161-178 (2012).</li><li>Leinonen, H., Tanila, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vision+in+laboratory+rodents-tools+to+measure+it+and+implications+for+behavioral+research.">Vision in laboratory rodents-tools to measure it and implications for behavioral research.</a> Behavioral Brain Research. 352, 172-182 (2018).</li><li>Spielmann, M., Schr&#246;ger, E., Kotz, S. A., Pechmann, T., Bendixen, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Using+a+staircase+procedure+for+the+objective+measurement+of+auditory+stream+integration+and+segregation+thresholds.">Using a staircase procedure for the objective measurement of auditory stream integration and segregation thresholds.</a> Frontiers in Psychology. 4, 534 (2013).</li><li>Shi, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimization+of+optomotor+response-based+visual+function+assessment+in+mice.">Optimization of optomotor response-based visual function assessment in mice.</a> Scientific Reports. 8 (1), 9708 (2018).</li><li>You, M., Yamane, T., Tomita, H., Sugano, E., Akashi, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+rat+head+gaze+determination+system+based+on+optomotor+responses.">A novel rat head gaze determination system based on optomotor responses.</a> PLoS One. 12 (4), 0176633 (2017).</li><li>Whyte, A. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reward-related+expectations+trigger+dendritic+spine+plasticity+in+the+mouse+ventrolateral+orbitofrontal+cortex.">Reward-related expectations trigger dendritic spine plasticity in the mouse ventrolateral orbitofrontal cortex.</a> The Journal of Neuroscience. 39 (23), 4595-4605 (2019).</li></ol>

作者没有什么可透露的。

OMR和Y迷宫允许随着时间的推移对啮齿动物的视觉功能和认知功能缺陷进行非侵入性评估。在该协议中，OMR和Y迷宫被证明可以跟踪糖尿病啮齿动物模型中的视觉和认知缺陷。
协议中的关键步骤
奥姆雷
在执行OMR以评估视觉功能时要考虑的一些重要要点是使用的测试参数，实验设计和测试时间以及执行测量的研究人员的经验...

An erratum was issued for:&#160;<a href="https://www.jove.com/t/61806">Behavioral Assessment of Visual Function via Optomotor Response and Cognitive Function via Y-Maze in Diabetic Rats</a>. The author list was updated.
The author list was updated from:
Kaavya Gudapati*1,2, Anayesha Singh*1,3, Danielle Clarkson-Townsend1,4, Andrew J. Feola1,2, Rachael S. Allen1,2 
1Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, 
2Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 
3Department of Neuroscience, Emory University, 
4Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Emory University 
* These authors contributed equally
to:
Kaavya Gudapati*1,2, Anayesha Singh*1,3, Danielle Clarkson-Townsend1,4, Stephen Q. Phillips1, Amber Douglass1, Andrew J. Feola1,2, Rachael S. Allen1,2 
1Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, 
2Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 
3Department of Neuroscience, Emory University, 
4Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Emory University 
* These authors contributed equally

An erratum was issued for:&#160;<a href="https://www.jove.com/t/61806">Behavioral Assessment of Visual Function via Optomotor Response and Cognitive Function via Y-Maze in Diabetic Rats</a>. The author list was updated.

Erratum: Behavioral Assessment of Visual Function via Optomotor Response and Cognitive Function via Y-Maze in Diabetic Rats

超过 4.63 亿人患有糖尿病，使其成为全球最大的疾病流行之一1。糖尿病引起的严重并发症之一是糖尿病视网膜病变（DR），这是美国工作年龄成年人失明的主要原因2。在未来 30 年内，面临 DR 风险的人口比例预计将翻一番，因此在早期阶段找到诊断 DR 的新方法以预防和缓解 DR 发展至关重要3。DR通常被认为是一种血管疾病4，5，6。然而，现在有证据表明在血管病理学之前视网膜中存在神经元功能障碍和细胞凋亡，DR被定义为具有神经元和血管成分4，5，6，7，8，9。诊断DR的一种方法是检查视网膜中的神经异常，视网膜组织可能比其他神经组织更容易受到糖尿病的氧化应激和代谢应变的影响10。
认知和运动功能的下降也发生在糖尿病中，并且通常与视网膜变化有关。与对照组参与者相比，II型糖尿病患者的基线认知表现较差，认知能力下降程度更高11。此外，视网膜已被确定为中枢神经系统的延伸，病理可以表现在视网膜12中。临床上，视网膜与大脑之间的关系已经在阿尔茨海默氏症和其他疾病的背景下进行了研究，但糖尿病并不常见12，13，14，15，16。糖尿病进展过程中大脑和视网膜的变化可以使用动物模型进行探索，包括STZ大鼠（I型糖尿病的模型，其中毒素，链脲佐菌素或STZ用于损害胰腺β细胞）和Goto-Kakizaki大鼠（II型糖尿病的多基因模型，其中动物在3周龄左右自发地发展高血糖）。在该协议中，提供了Y迷宫和视运动反应的描述，以分别评估糖尿病啮齿动物的认知和视觉变化。视运动反应 （OMR） 通过监测特征反射性头部跟踪运动来评估空间频率（类似于视敏度）和对比度灵敏度，以测量每只眼睛的视觉阈值17。空间频率是指条形的厚度或细度，对比度灵敏度是指条形和背景之间的对比度（图1E）。同时，Y迷宫测试短期空间记忆和探索功能，通过自发的交替和通过迷宫的手臂进入观察到。
这两种测试都可以在清醒的非麻醉动物中进行，并且具有利用动物先天反应的优点，这意味着它们不需要训练。两者都是相对敏感的，因为它们可以用来检测啮齿动物糖尿病进展的早期缺陷，并且是可靠的，因为它们产生的结果与其他视觉，视网膜或行为测试相关。此外，将OMR和Y迷宫与视网膜电图和光学相干断层扫描等测试结合使用，可以提供关于视网膜，结构和认知变化何时在疾病模型中相对发展的信息。这些检查可能有助于识别由糖尿病引起的神经变性。最终，这可能导致新的诊断方法，在进展的早期阶段有效地识别DR。
用于开发该协议的OMR和Y迷宫系统在 材料表中进行了描述。Prusky等人先前对OMR的研究和Maurice等人对Y迷宫的研究被用作开发该协议的起点。

<table><tbody><tr><td>OptoMotry HD</td><td>CerebralMechanics Inc.</td><td></td><td>OMR apparatus &amp;amp; software</td></tr><tr><td>Timer</td><td>Thomas Scientific</td><td>810029AR</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Y-Maze apparatus</td><td>San Diego Instruments</td><td>7001-043</td><td>Available specifically for rats</td></tr></tbody></table>

behavioral assessment of visual function via optomotor response and cognitive function via y-maze in diabetic rats

视运动反应和Y迷宫分别是用于评估视觉和认知功能的行为测试。视神经膜反应是一种有价值的工具，用于跟踪许多视网膜疾病模型（包括糖尿病视网膜病变）中空间频率（SF）和对比度敏感性（CS）阈值随时间的变化。同样，Y迷宫可用于监测影响中枢神经系统的许多疾病模型中的空间认知（通过自发交替测量）和探索性行为（由许多条目测量）。光运动反应和Y迷宫的优点包括灵敏度，测试速度，先天反应的使用（不需要训练），以及在清醒（非麻醉）动物身上进行的能力。在这里，描述了光运动反应和Y迷宫的协议，以及它们在I型和II型糖尿病模型中显示的使用示例。方法包括准备啮齿动物和设备，光运动响应和Y迷宫的性能以及测试后数据分析。

如果可以从啮齿动物获得空间频率和对比度灵敏度阈值，则OMR被认为是成功的。在这里，使用OMR评估空间频率在幼稚对照Brown-Norway和Long-Evans大鼠中得到了说明，它们都是年轻（3-6个月）和老年（9-12个月）。褐-挪威大鼠通常比长埃文斯大鼠表现出更高的基线空间频率。此外，在Long-Evans大鼠中观察到对空间频率的老化影响（图3A）。使用单因素方差分析分析数据，然后进行Holm...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Behavioral Assessment of Visual Function via Optomotor Response and Cognitive Function via Y-Maze in Diabetic Rats at JoVE.com

Behavioral Assessment of Visual Function via Optomotor Response and Cognitive Function via Y-Maze in Diabetic Rats

糖尿病导致的眼睛和大脑的神经变性可以通过对啮齿动物进行的行为测试来观察。Y迷宫（空间认知的量度）和光运动反应（视觉功能的度量）都提供了对潜在诊断和治疗的洞察。

通过视运动反应进行视觉功能的行为评估，通过Y迷宫对糖尿病大鼠的认知功能进行行为评估

The optomotor response and the Y-maze are behavioral tests useful for assessing visual and cognitive function, respectively. The optomotor response is a ...

behavioral-assessment-visual-function-via-optomotor-response

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

5.5K 次观看.  Atlanta VA Medical Center. 糖尿病导致的眼睛和大脑的神经变性可以通过对啮齿动物进行的行为测试来观察。Y迷宫（空间认知的量度）和光运动反应（视觉功能的度量）都提供了对潜在诊断和治疗的洞察。

视频: Behavioral Assessment of Visual Function via Optomotor Response and Cognitive Function via Y-Maze in Diabetic Rats

A Laser-induced Mouse Model of Chronic Ocular Hypertension to Characterize Visual Defects

Glaucoma, frequently associated with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), is one of the leading causes of blindness. We sought to establish a mouse model of ocular hypertension to mimic human high-tension glaucoma. Here laser illumination is applied to the corneal limbus to photocoagulate the aqueous outflow, inducing angle closure. The changes of IOP are monitored using a rebound tonometer before and after the laser treatment. An optomotor behavioral test is used to measure corresponding changes in visual capacity. The representative result from one mouse which developed sustained IOP elevation after laser illumination is shown. A decreased visual acuity and contrast sensitivity is observed in this ocular hypertensive mouse. Together, our study introduces a valuable model system to investigate neuronal degeneration and the underlying molecular mechanisms in glaucomatous mice.

Chronic ocular hypertension is induced using laser photocoagulation of the trabecular meshwork in mouse eyes. The intraocular pressure (IOP) is elevated for several months after laser treatment. The decrease of visual acuity and contrast sensitivity of experimental animals are monitored using the optomotor test.

激光诱导的慢性高眼压表征视觉缺陷的小鼠模型

Glaucoma, frequently associated with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), is one of the leading causes of blindness. We sought to establish a mouse model ...

科研

医学

An Ultrasonic Tool for Nerve Conduction Block in Diabetic Rat Models

Nerve conduction block with a high intensity-focused ultrasound (HIFU) transducer has been performed in normal and diabetic animal models recently. HIFU can reversibly block the conduction of peripheral nerves without damaging the nerves while using an appropriate ultrasonic parameter. Temporary and partial block of the action potentials of nerves shows that HIFU has the potential to be a useful clinical treatment for pain relief. This work demonstrates the procedures for suppressing the action potentials of neuropathic nerves in diabetic rats in vivo using an HIFU transducer. The first step is to generate adult male diabetic neuropathic rats by streptozotocin (STZ) injection. The second step is to evaluate the peripheral diabetic neuropathy in STZ-induced diabetic rats by an electronic von Frey probe and a hot plate. The final step is to record in vivo extracellular action potentials of the nerve exposed to HIFU sonication. The method showed here may benefit the study of ultrasound analgesic applications.

This work presents the methodology of applying high intensity-focused ultrasound to block the action potentials of diabetic neuropathic nerves.

糖尿病大鼠模型神经传导阻滞的超声工具

Nerve conduction block with a high intensity-focused ultrasound (HIFU) transducer has been performed in normal and diabetic animal models recently. HIFU ...

生物工程

In vivo Structural Assessments of Ocular Disease in Rodent Models using Optical Coherence Tomography

Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) is useful for visualizing retinal and ocular structures in vivo. In research, SD-OCT is a valuable tool to evaluate and characterize changes in a variety of retinal and ocular disease and injury models. In light induced retinal degeneration models, SD-OCT can be used to track thinning of the photoreceptor layer over time. In glaucoma models, SD-OCT can be used to monitor decreased retinal nerve fiber layer and total retinal thickness and to observe optic nerve cupping after inducing ocular hypertension. In diabetic rodents, SD-OCT has helped researchers observe decreased total retinal thickness as well as decreased thickness of specific retinal layers, particularly the retinal nerve fiber layer with disease progression. In mouse models of myopia, SD-OCT can be used to evaluate axial parameters, such as axial length changes. Advantages of SD-OCT include in vivo imaging of ocular structures, the ability to quantitatively track changes in ocular dimensions over time, and its rapid scanning speed and high resolution. Here, we detail the methods of SD-OCT and show examples of its use in our laboratory in models of retinal degeneration, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and myopia. Methods include anesthesia, SD-OCT imaging, and processing of the images for thickness measurements.

Here, we describe the use of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) to visualize retinal and ocular structures in vivo in models of retinal degeneration, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and myopia.

使用光学相干断层扫描对啮齿动物模型中眼部疾病的体内结构评估

Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) is useful for visualizing retinal and ocular structures in vivo. In research, SD-OCT is a valuable ...

Using Retinal Imaging to Study Dementia

The retina offers a unique &#8220;window&#8221; to study pathophysiological processes of dementia in the brain, as it is an extension of the central nervous system (CNS) and shares prominent similarities with the brain in terms of embryological origin, anatomical features and physiological properties.&#160; The vascular and neuronal structure in the retina can now be visualized easily and non-invasively using retinal imaging techniques, including fundus photography and optical coherence tomography (OCT), and quantified semi-automatically using computer-assisted analysis programs. Studying the associations between vascular and neuronal changes in the retina and dementia could improve our understanding of dementia and, potentially, aid in diagnosis and risk assessment.&#160; This protocol aims to describe a method of quantifying and analyzing retinal vasculature and neuronal structure, which are potentially associated with dementia. This protocol also provides examples of retinal changes in subjects with dementia, and discusses technical issues and current limitations of retinal imaging.

The retina shares prominent similarities with the brain and thus represents a unique window to study vasculature and neuronal structure in the brain non-invasively. This protocol describes a method to study dementia using retinal imaging techniques. This method can potentially aid in diagnosis and risk assessment of dementia.

利用视网膜成像研究痴呆

The retina offers a unique &#8220;window&#8221; to study pathophysiological processes of dementia in the brain, as it is an extension of the central ...

Using Optical Coherence Tomography and Optokinetic Response As Structural and Functional Visual System Readouts in Mice and Rats

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a fast, non-invasive, interferometric technique allowing high-resolution retinal imaging. It is an ideal tool for the investigation of processes of neurodegeneration, neuroprotection and neuro-repair involving the visual system, as these often correlate well with retinal changes. As a functional readout, visually evoked compensatory eye and head movements are commonly used in experimental models involving the visual function. Combining both techniques allows a quantitative in vivo investigation of structure and function, which can be used to investigate the pathological conditions or to evaluate the potential of novel therapeutics. A great benefit of the presented techniques is the possibility to perform longitudinal analyses allowing the investigation of dynamic processes, reducing variability and cuts down the number of animals needed for the experiments. The protocol described aims to provide a manual for acquisition and analysis of high quality retinal scans of mice and rats using a low cost customized holder with an option to deliver inhalational anesthesia. Additionally, the proposed guide is intended as an instructional manual for researchers using optokinetic response (OKR) analysis in rodents, which can be adapted to their specific needs and interests.

A detailed protocol for the assessment of structural and visual readouts in rodents by optical coherence tomography and optokinetic response is presented. The results provide valuable insights for ophthalmologic as well as neurologic research.

光学相干层析成像和光运动响应在小鼠和大鼠中的结构和功能视觉系统读数

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a fast, non-invasive, interferometric technique allowing high-resolution retinal imaging. It is an ideal tool for ...

神经科学

Alternate Immersion in Glucose to Produce Prolonged Hyperglycemia in Zebrafish

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are an excellent model to investigate the effects of chronic hyperglycemia, a hallmark of Type II Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). This alternate immersion protocol is a noninvasive, step-wise method of inducing hyperglycemia for up to eight weeks. Adult zebrafish are alternately exposed to sugar (glucose) and water for 24 hours each. The zebrafish begin treatment in a 1% glucose solution for 2 weeks, then a 2% solution for 2 weeks, and finally a 3% solution for the remaining 4 weeks. Compared to water-treated (stress) and mannitol-treated (osmotic) controls, glucose-treated zebrafish have significantly higher blood sugar levels. The glucose-treated zebrafish show blood sugar levels of 3-times that of controls, suggesting that after both four and eight weeks hyperglycemia can be achieved. Sustained hyperglycemia was associated with increased Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) and increased nuclear factor Kappa B (NF-kB)&#160;levels in retina and decreased physiological responses, as well as cognitive deficits suggesting this protocol can be used to model disease complications.

This protocol noninvasively induces hyperglycemia in zebrafish for up to 8 weeks. Using this protocol, an in-depth study of the adverse effects of hyperglycemia can be made.

交替浸入葡萄糖中，在斑马鱼中产生长期血糖超血症

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are an excellent model to investigate the effects of chronic hyperglycemia, a hallmark of Type II Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). This ...

A New Optokinetic Testing Method to Measure Rat Vision

Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) is a reflexive eye movement initiated by the motion of visual stimuli in the field of vision. The head-tracking movement associated with OKN is commonly used as a measure of visual function in rodents. To record OKN responses in normal and experimental rats, a simple and inexpensive apparatus has been developed. This setup uses two tablet screens to display the OKN visual stimulus consisting of high contrast black and white stripes generated using the OKN Stripes Visualization Web Application, a freely available software. The rat is placed inside a clear Plexiglass holder that limits&#160;movement so that the&#160;rat&#39;s head continuously faces the OKN display screen. The position of the rat holder can be changed to adjust the distance between the rat and the display screen. A micro-camera positioned above the rat holder is used to record the rat&#39;s visual activities. These recordings can be used for quantitative assessments. Based on the presence or absence of clear head-tracking, the OKN responses at different spatial frequencies can be determined. The collected data demonstrates a novel technique for reliable measurement of visual acuity in normal and retinal degenerate rats.

The Optokinetic Nystagmus (OKN) behavioral testing method is used for the assessment of visual acuity in rodents. Here a simple method is demonstrated that can be easily set up in research laboratories for a reliable assessment of visual function in both normal and experimental rats.

Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) is a reflexive eye movement initiated by the motion of visual stimuli in the field of vision. The head-tracking movement ...

Retinal Pathophysiological Evaluation in a Rat Model

A posterior segment eye disease like diabetic retinopathy alters the physiology of the retina. Diabetic retinopathy is characterized by a retinal detachment, breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB), and retinal angiogenesis. An in vivo rat model is a valuable experimental tool to examine the changes in the structure and function of the retina. We propose three different experimental techniques in the rat model to identify morphological changes of retinal cells, retinal vasculature, and compromised BRB. Retinal histology is used to study the morphology of various retinal cells. Also, quantitative measurement is performed by retinal cell count and thickness measurement of different retinal layers. A BRB breakdown assay is used to determine the leakage of extraocular proteins from the plasma to vitreous tissue due to the breakdown of BRB. Fluorescence angiography is used to study angiogenesis and leakage of blood vessels by visualizing retinal vasculature using FITC-dextran dye.

Diabetic retinopathy is one of the leading causes of blindness. Histology, blood-retinal barrier breakdown assay, and fluorescence angiography are valuable techniques to understand the pathophysiology of the retina, which could further enhance the efficient drug screening against diabetic retinopathy.

大鼠模型中的视网膜病理生理学评估

A posterior segment eye disease like diabetic retinopathy alters the physiology of the retina. Diabetic retinopathy is characterized by a retinal ...

糖尿病视网膜病变发病机制研究的新型视网膜保护试验

An Assay to Detect Protection of the Retinal Vasculature from Diabetes-Related Death in Mice

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a complex and progressive ocular disease characterized by two distinct phases in its pathogenesis. The first phase involves the loss of protection from diabetes-induced damage to the retina, while the second phase centers on the accumulation of this damage. Traditional assays primarily focus on evaluating capillary degeneration, which is indicative of the severity of damage, essentially addressing the second phase of DR. However, they only indirectly provide insights into whether the protective mechanisms of the retinal vasculature have been compromised. To address this limitation, a novel approach was developed to directly assess the retina's protective mechanisms - specifically, its resilience against diabetes-induced insults like oxidative stress and cytokines. This protection assay, although initially designed for diabetic retinopathy, holds the potential for broader applications in both physiological and pathological contexts. In summary, understanding the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy involves recognizing the dual phases of protection loss and damage accumulation, with this innovative protection assay offering a valuable tool for research and potentially extending to other medical conditions.

作者聚焦:了解视网膜血管弹性和疾病进展

A protection assay was developed to monitor the retinal vasculature's resilience to death from diabetes/diabetic retinopathy-related insults such as oxidative stress and cytokines.

检测小鼠视网膜血管系统免受糖尿病相关死亡保护的检测方法

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a complex and progressive ocular disease characterized by two distinct phases in its pathogenesis. The first phase involves ...

通过视运动反应进行视觉功能的行为评估，通过Y迷宫对糖尿病大鼠的认知功能进行行为评估

摘要

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此视频中的章节

激光诱导的慢性高眼压表征视觉缺陷的小鼠模型

糖尿病大鼠模型神经传导阻滞的超声工具

使用光学相干断层扫描对啮齿动物模型中眼部疾病的体内结构评估

利用视网膜成像研究痴呆

光学相干层析成像和光运动响应在小鼠和大鼠中的结构和功能视觉系统读数

交替浸入葡萄糖中，在斑马鱼中产生长期血糖超血症

A New Optokinetic Testing Method to Measure Rat Vision

大鼠模型中的视网膜病理生理学评估

检测小鼠视网膜血管系统免受糖尿病相关死亡保护的检测方法

检测小鼠视网膜血管系统免受糖尿病相关死亡保护的检测方法