这项工作得到了退伍军人事务部康复研发服务职业发展奖（CDA-1，RX002111;CDA-2;RX002928）到RSA和（CDA-2，RX002342）到AJF和美国国立卫生研究院（NIH-NICHD F31 HD097918到DACT和NIH-NIEHS T32 ES012870到DACT）和NEI核心授权P30EY006360。

所有程序均由亚特兰大退伍军人事务机构动物护理和使用委员会批准，并符合美国国立卫生研究院关于实验室动物护理和使用的指南（NIH出版物，第 8版，2011年更新）。
1. 光运动响应 （OMR）
<ol><li>设置 OMR 设备（材料表中有关设备和软件的详细信息）
	<ol>
<li>为啮齿动物选择适当大小的平台：小鼠，大鼠或大型/受损大鼠（图1A）。</li>
		<li>打开OMR软件，该软件应打开一个窗口，其中包含多个选项选项卡和OMR/虚拟鼓内部的实时视频源（图1B）。根据需要使用摄像机放大或缩小，以便平台及其周围环境可见。</li>
		<li>请注意实时图像左侧的图标（图1C）。单击星号图标和旋转条纹图标，以便绿色星号和绿色旋转条纹从实时源中消失。</li>
		<li>单击 指南针图标 ，以便显示一个绿色圆圈和两条垂直线。拉伸绿色圆圈，使其与平台上的黑色圆圈完美对齐，这将确保OMR完全对齐。</li>
		<li>单击 指南针图标 ，因为在测试期间不必看到圆圈。单击 绿色星号图标 和 绿色旋转条纹图标 以使它们重新出现。请注意，绿色条纹的旋转方向与鼓中的条纹相同，使研究人员能够知道条纹的方向。</li>
		<li>单击" 测试 "选项卡。在" 测试"下，单击" 心理物理学 "选项卡。在 阈值下，选择 频率 以测量空间频率。 注意：OMR 软件使用楼梯范例自动计算空间频率 （SF）。对比度将保持在100%。</li>
		<li>在" 测试"下，单击" 预设 "选项卡。选择鼠标 18 或 Rat20 的默认设置。</li>
		<li>在" 测试"下，单击" 消隐 "选项卡。选中 "跟踪时空白 "框，每当鼠标右键单击时，它将暂停鼓中的条纹/空白计算机屏幕。</li>
		<li>单击" 结果 "选项卡，这是显示测试结果的位置。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>评估空间频率
	<ol>
<li>将啮齿动物放在虚拟现实室中心的圆形平台上，该室由四个计算机监视器组成，显示垂直正弦波光栅以12°/s的速度环绕腔室（图1D）。</li>
		<li>请注意，位于腔室顶部的摄像机正在将啮齿动物的行为实时投影到计算机监视器上。</li>
		<li>寻找啮齿动物头部在光栅顺时针或逆时针方向移动时是否存在反射动作。确保图示条在程序中可见 - 这些条形图将显示光栅运动的方向。<ol>
<li>注意啮齿动物的头部与光栅相同的方向移动。等到有一个平稳的追逐，而不是不稳定的头部运动爆发，才算作跟踪。</li>
			<li>根据需要单击" 是" 或" 否 "。请注意，SF 将从 0.042 cyc/deg 开始，并按"是"和"否"进行调整，以变得更容易或更困难（图 1E）。如果由于意外或错误地单击"是"和"否"而需要重置测试，请单击" 重置 "。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>在对啮齿动物进行测试时，请确保将星号放在啮齿动物的头部上方。 注意：这有两个效果：1）它保持正确的空间频率。例如，如果星号位于肩膀之间，则空间频率将较低，条形将更容易看到，从而导致错误的高分。2）对于头部有轻微运动的啮齿动物，星号可以更容易地判断头部是否实际在移动。</li>
		<li>注意系统在达到啮齿动物的空间频率时说"完成"。请注意，" 是" 和" 否 "按钮将不再可单击。</li>
		<li>单击" 结果 "选项卡，这将显示左眼、右眼和组合眼的空间频率。 注意：有时软件的设置是翻转结果，即右眼报告为左眼，左眼报告为右眼。这是在评估青光眼模型中只有一只眼睛病变的啮齿动物时发现的。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>评估对比度灵敏度 注意：对比度灵敏度测试可以在空间频率测量步骤后立即进行，或者如果啮齿动物在空间频率测试后出现疲劳，则可以在同一天或另一天单独进行（如果仅测试对比度灵敏度，请遵循步骤1-2.2）。<ol>
<li>单击" 测试 "选项卡，然后单击" 心理物理学 "选项卡。在 "阈值"下，选择" 对比度 （单）"以测量对比度灵敏度。</li>
		<li>同样使用楼梯范例，在对比度灵敏度（CS）曲线的峰值处开始SF常数的光栅。为此，请单击" 刺激 "选项卡，然后单击" 光栅 "选项卡。在 "空间频率 "框中，为大鼠键入 0.064 ，为小鼠键入 0.103 。</li>
		<li>从100%开始对比度，并寻找与空间频率测试期间相同的反射性头部运动。请注意，随着测试的进展，对比度会降低，直到啮齿动物不再对刺激有反射性的头部运动（图1E）。</li>
		<li>注意系统是否显示"完成"，一旦啮齿动物不再对视觉刺激做出反应并且达到对比度灵敏度阈值， " 是"和" 否 "按钮将不再可点击。单击" 结果 "选项卡，其中将列出左眼、右眼和组合眼的对比度灵敏度。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>执行测试后分析
	<ol>
<li>对于糖尿病视网膜病变研究，其中两只眼睛预计具有相似的缺陷，请使用综合评分（左右眼的平均值）进行分析。对于对眼睛造成差异性损伤（即原始细胞损伤或青光眼）的模型，请保持左眼和右眼数据分开。</li>
		<li>对于"空间频率"，请使用原始分数（" 结果 "选项卡中的数据）进行分析，并按组（即糖尿病患者、对照组等）对这些分数一起平均。</li>
		<li>对于"对比度敏感度"，请使用原始值通过迈克尔逊对比度计算报告的对比度灵敏度，该对比度来自之前对屏幕亮度的测量值。</li>
	</ol></li>
</ol>2. Y迷宫
<ol><li>
准备啮齿动物进行测试
	<ol>
<li>在测试之前，使啮齿动物适应房间30分钟。 注意：研究人员可以留在房间里开着灯，但在此期间应保持沉默。</li>
		<li>用消毒液清洁Y迷宫，对动物安全，并用纸巾擦去所有消毒液。确保迷宫是干燥的。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
进行Y迷宫
	<ol>
<li>将Y迷宫的初始臂标记为B，将其他2个臂标记为A和C（图2A）。将一只啮齿动物放在靠近Y迷宫中心的最靠近研究人员（手臂B）的手臂上。放置啮齿动物后，启动计时器（ 材料表中有关迷宫和计时器的详细信息）。<ol>
<li>让每只啮齿动物探索Y迷宫8分钟。在此期间进行录音并记下任何观察结果。坐在离迷宫几英尺远的地方，同时让它保持在视线范围内，避免发出任何噪音。</li>
			<li>将起始位置记录为A，每次啮齿动物进入新手臂时，记录啮齿动物的新位置（图2B）。将条目定义为啮齿动物的所有四肢都在其中一个手臂中。</li>
			<li>注意啮齿动物隐藏并保持静止在迷宫的一只手臂上。如果啮齿动物在同一位置停留超过60秒，并且似乎没有表现出探索行为，请将啮齿动物向Y迷宫的中心移动，然后继续试验。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>每只啮齿动物后，取出所有粪便并用消毒液清洁迷宫。<ol>
<li>确保用纸巾擦去所有消毒溶液，并且迷宫完全干燥，然后再将下一只啮齿动物放入迷宫中。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
计算自发替和探索性行为
	<ol>
<li>将探索性行为计算为 8 分钟内所做的条目总数。</li>
		<li>计算通过自发交替测量的空间认知： 成功交替的次数/（参赛作品总数 - 2）<ol>
<li>当啮齿动物依次移动到三个不同的位置时，定义成功的交替（例如：ABC，CAB，BCA等）。记下每个成功的交替（图2B）。</li>
			<li>如果运动被记录为ACABCABABCABC，则在计算自发交替时忽略两个初始起始位置（使得分母中有11个运动）。计算准确运动的数量（准确运动 = 8）。准确率的计算公式为：8/（13 - 2） = 72.7%。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>

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S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+functional+and+structural+consequences+of+primary+blast+overpressure+to+the+eye.">Long-term functional and structural consequences of primary blast overpressure to the eye.</a> Journal of Neurotrauma. 35 (17), 2104-2116 (2018).</li><li>Maaswinkel, H., Li, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatio-temporal+frequency+characteristics+of+the+optomotor+response+in+zebrafish.">Spatio-temporal frequency characteristics of the optomotor response in zebrafish.</a> Vision Research. 43 (1), 21-30 (2003).</li><li>Benkner, B., Mutter, M., Ecke, G., M&#252;nch, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterizing+visual+performance+in+mice:+an+objective+and+automated+system+based+on+the+optokinetic+reflex.">Characterizing visual performance in mice: an objective and automated system based on the optokinetic reflex.</a> Behavioral Neuroscience. 127 (5), 788-796 (2013).</li><li>Lehmann, K., Schmidt, K. F., L&#246;wel, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vision+and+visual+plasticity+in+ageing+mice.">Vision and visual plasticity in ageing mice.</a> Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience. 30, 161-178 (2012).</li><li>Leinonen, H., Tanila, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vision+in+laboratory+rodents-tools+to+measure+it+and+implications+for+behavioral+research.">Vision in laboratory rodents-tools to measure it and implications for behavioral research.</a> Behavioral Brain Research. 352, 172-182 (2018).</li><li>Spielmann, M., Schr&#246;ger, E., Kotz, S. A., Pechmann, T., Bendixen, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Using+a+staircase+procedure+for+the+objective+measurement+of+auditory+stream+integration+and+segregation+thresholds.">Using a staircase procedure for the objective measurement of auditory stream integration and segregation thresholds.</a> Frontiers in Psychology. 4, 534 (2013).</li><li>Shi, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimization+of+optomotor+response-based+visual+function+assessment+in+mice.">Optimization of optomotor response-based visual function assessment in mice.</a> Scientific Reports. 8 (1), 9708 (2018).</li><li>You, M., Yamane, T., Tomita, H., Sugano, E., Akashi, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+rat+head+gaze+determination+system+based+on+optomotor+responses.">A novel rat head gaze determination system based on optomotor responses.</a> PLoS One. 12 (4), 0176633 (2017).</li><li>Whyte, A. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reward-related+expectations+trigger+dendritic+spine+plasticity+in+the+mouse+ventrolateral+orbitofrontal+cortex.">Reward-related expectations trigger dendritic spine plasticity in the mouse ventrolateral orbitofrontal cortex.</a> The Journal of Neuroscience. 39 (23), 4595-4605 (2019).</li></ol>

作者没有什么可透露的。

OMR和Y迷宫允许随着时间的推移对啮齿动物的视觉功能和认知功能缺陷进行非侵入性评估。在该协议中，OMR和Y迷宫被证明可以跟踪糖尿病啮齿动物模型中的视觉和认知缺陷。
协议中的关键步骤
奥姆雷
在执行OMR以评估视觉功能时要考虑的一些重要要点是使用的测试参数，实验设计和测试时间以及执行测量的研究人员的经验...

An erratum was issued for:&#160;<a href="https://www.jove.com/t/61806">Behavioral Assessment of Visual Function via Optomotor Response and Cognitive Function via Y-Maze in Diabetic Rats</a>. The author list was updated.
The author list was updated from:
Kaavya Gudapati*1,2, Anayesha Singh*1,3, Danielle Clarkson-Townsend1,4, Andrew J. Feola1,2, Rachael S. Allen1,2 
1Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, 
2Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 
3Department of Neuroscience, Emory University, 
4Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Emory University 
* These authors contributed equally
to:
Kaavya Gudapati*1,2, Anayesha Singh*1,3, Danielle Clarkson-Townsend1,4, Stephen Q. Phillips1, Amber Douglass1, Andrew J. Feola1,2, Rachael S. Allen1,2 
1Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, 
2Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 
3Department of Neuroscience, Emory University, 
4Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Emory University 
* These authors contributed equally

An erratum was issued for:&#160;<a href="https://www.jove.com/t/61806">Behavioral Assessment of Visual Function via Optomotor Response and Cognitive Function via Y-Maze in Diabetic Rats</a>. The author list was updated.

Erratum: Behavioral Assessment of Visual Function via Optomotor Response and Cognitive Function via Y-Maze in Diabetic Rats

超过 4.63 亿人患有糖尿病，使其成为全球最大的疾病流行之一1。糖尿病引起的严重并发症之一是糖尿病视网膜病变（DR），这是美国工作年龄成年人失明的主要原因2。在未来 30 年内，面临 DR 风险的人口比例预计将翻一番，因此在早期阶段找到诊断 DR 的新方法以预防和缓解 DR 发展至关重要3。DR通常被认为是一种血管疾病4，5，6。然而，现在有证据表明在血管病理学之前视网膜中存在神经元功能障碍和细胞凋亡，DR被定义为具有神经元和血管成分4，5，6，7，8，9。诊断DR的一种方法是检查视网膜中的神经异常，视网膜组织可能比其他神经组织更容易受到糖尿病的氧化应激和代谢应变的影响10。
认知和运动功能的下降也发生在糖尿病中，并且通常与视网膜变化有关。与对照组参与者相比，II型糖尿病患者的基线认知表现较差，认知能力下降程度更高11。此外，视网膜已被确定为中枢神经系统的延伸，病理可以表现在视网膜12中。临床上，视网膜与大脑之间的关系已经在阿尔茨海默氏症和其他疾病的背景下进行了研究，但糖尿病并不常见12，13，14，15，16。糖尿病进展过程中大脑和视网膜的变化可以使用动物模型进行探索，包括STZ大鼠（I型糖尿病的模型，其中毒素，链脲佐菌素或STZ用于损害胰腺β细胞）和Goto-Kakizaki大鼠（II型糖尿病的多基因模型，其中动物在3周龄左右自发地发展高血糖）。在该协议中，提供了Y迷宫和视运动反应的描述，以分别评估糖尿病啮齿动物的认知和视觉变化。视运动反应 （OMR） 通过监测特征反射性头部跟踪运动来评估空间频率（类似于视敏度）和对比度灵敏度，以测量每只眼睛的视觉阈值17。空间频率是指条形的厚度或细度，对比度灵敏度是指条形和背景之间的对比度（图1E）。同时，Y迷宫测试短期空间记忆和探索功能，通过自发的交替和通过迷宫的手臂进入观察到。
这两种测试都可以在清醒的非麻醉动物中进行，并且具有利用动物先天反应的优点，这意味着它们不需要训练。两者都是相对敏感的，因为它们可以用来检测啮齿动物糖尿病进展的早期缺陷，并且是可靠的，因为它们产生的结果与其他视觉，视网膜或行为测试相关。此外，将OMR和Y迷宫与视网膜电图和光学相干断层扫描等测试结合使用，可以提供关于视网膜，结构和认知变化何时在疾病模型中相对发展的信息。这些检查可能有助于识别由糖尿病引起的神经变性。最终，这可能导致新的诊断方法，在进展的早期阶段有效地识别DR。
用于开发该协议的OMR和Y迷宫系统在 材料表中进行了描述。Prusky等人先前对OMR的研究和Maurice等人对Y迷宫的研究被用作开发该协议的起点。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>OptoMotry HD</td>
			<td>CerebralMechanics Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>OMR apparatus &#38; software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Timer</td>
			<td>Thomas Scientific</td>
			<td>810029AR</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Y-Maze apparatus</td>
			<td>San Diego Instruments</td>
			<td>7001-043</td>
			<td>Available specifically for rats</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

behavioral assessment of visual function via optomotor response and cognitive function via y-maze in diabetic rats

视运动反应和Y迷宫分别是用于评估视觉和认知功能的行为测试。视神经膜反应是一种有价值的工具，用于跟踪许多视网膜疾病模型（包括糖尿病视网膜病变）中空间频率（SF）和对比度敏感性（CS）阈值随时间的变化。同样，Y迷宫可用于监测影响中枢神经系统的许多疾病模型中的空间认知（通过自发交替测量）和探索性行为（由许多条目测量）。光运动反应和Y迷宫的优点包括灵敏度，测试速度，先天反应的使用（不需要训练），以及在清醒（非麻醉）动物身上进行的能力。在这里，描述了光运动反应和Y迷宫的协议，以及它们在I型和II型糖尿病模型中显示的使用示例。方法包括准备啮齿动物和设备，光运动响应和Y迷宫的性能以及测试后数据分析。

如果可以从啮齿动物获得空间频率和对比度灵敏度阈值，则OMR被认为是成功的。在这里，使用OMR评估空间频率在幼稚对照Brown-Norway和Long-Evans大鼠中得到了说明，它们都是年轻（3-6个月）和老年（9-12个月）。褐-挪威大鼠通常比长埃文斯大鼠表现出更高的基线空间频率。此外，在Long-Evans大鼠中观察到对空间频率的老化影响（图3A）。使用单因素方差分析分析数据，然后进行Holm...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Behavioral Assessment of Visual Function via Optomotor Response and Cognitive Function via Y-Maze in Diabetic Rats at JoVE.com

Behavioral Assessment of Visual Function via Optomotor Response and Cognitive Function via Y-Maze in Diabetic Rats

糖尿病导致的眼睛和大脑的神经变性可以通过对啮齿动物进行的行为测试来观察。Y迷宫（空间认知的量度）和光运动反应（视觉功能的度量）都提供了对潜在诊断和治疗的洞察。

通过视运动反应进行视觉功能的行为评估，通过Y迷宫对糖尿病大鼠的认知功能进行行为评估

The optomotor response and the Y-maze are behavioral tests useful for assessing visual and cognitive function, respectively. The optomotor response is a ...

behavioral-assessment-visual-function-via-optomotor-response

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

5.4K 次观看.  Atlanta VA Medical Center. 糖尿病导致的眼睛和大脑的神经变性可以通过对啮齿动物进行的行为测试来观察。Y迷宫（空间认知的量度）和光运动反应（视觉功能的度量）都提供了对潜在诊断和治疗的洞察。

视频: Behavioral Assessment of Visual Function via Optomotor Response and Cognitive Function via Y-Maze in Diabetic Rats

Assessment of Sensorimotor Function in Mouse Models of Parkinson's Disease

Sensitive and reliable behavioral outcome measures are essential to the evaluation of potential therapeutic treatments in preclinical trials for many neurodegenerative diseases. In Parkinson's disease, sensorimotor tests sensitive to varying degrees of nigrostriatal dysfunction are fundamental for testing the efficacy of potential therapeutics. Reliable and quite elegant sensorimotor measures exist for rats, however many of these tests measure sensorimotor asymmetry within the rat and are not entirely suitable for the newer genetic mouse models of PD. We have put together a battery of sensorimotor tests inspired by the sensitive tests in rats and adapted for mice. The test battery highlighted in this study is chosen for a) its sensitivity in a wide variety of mouse models of PD, b) its ease in implementing into a study, and c) its low expense. These tests have proven useful in characterizing novel genetic mouse models of PD as well as in testing potential disease-modifying therapies.

Assessment of Sensorimotor Function in Mouse Models of Parkinson&#039;s Disease

In Parkinson's disease and movement disorders in general, sensitive and reliable behavioral assays are essential for testing novel potential therapeutics. Here, we describe a manageable battery of sensorimotor tests for mice that are sensitive to varying degrees of injury to the nigrostriatal system and useful for preclinical studies.

帕金森氏症小鼠模型的感觉功能评估

Sensitive and  reliable behavioral outcome measures are essential to the evaluation of  potential therapeutic treatments in preclinical trials for many  ...

科研

行为学

The Crossmodal Congruency Task as a Means to Obtain an Objective Behavioral Measure in the Rubber Hand Illusion Paradigm

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden hand is touched. If the viewed and felt touches are given at the same time then this is sufficient to induce the compelling experience that the rubber hand is one's own hand. The RHI can be used to investigate exactly how the brain constructs distinct body representations for one's own body. Such representations are crucial for successful interactions with the external world. To obtain a subjective measure of the RHI, researchers typically ask participants to rate statements such as "I felt as if the rubber hand were my hand". Here we demonstrate how the crossmodal congruency task can be used to obtain an objective behavioral measure within this paradigm.
The variant of the crossmodal congruency task we employ involves the presentation of tactile targets and visual distractors. Targets and distractors are spatially congruent (i.e. same finger) on some trials and incongruent (i.e. different finger) on others. The difference in performance between incongruent and congruent trials - the crossmodal congruency effect (CCE) - indexes multisensory interactions. Importantly, the CCE is modulated both by viewing a hand as well as the synchrony of viewed and felt touch which are both crucial factors for the RHI.
The use of the crossmodal congruency task within the RHI paradigm has several advantages. It is a simple behavioral measure which can be repeated many times and which can be obtained during the illusion while participants view the artificial hand. Furthermore, this measure is not susceptible to observer and experimenter biases. The combination of the RHI paradigm with the crossmodal congruency task allows in particular for the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the RHI.

We demonstrate how an objective measure can be employed in the widely employed rubber hand illusion paradigm. This measure is obtained by modifying the well-established crossmodal congruency task. This task allows the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the rubber hand illusion.

一致性的任务作为一种手段来获取目标行为的措施中的橡胶手错觉范式Crossmodal

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden ...

Irrelevant Stimuli and Action Control: Analyzing the Influence of Ignored Stimuli via the Distractor-Response Binding Paradigm

Selection tasks in which simple stimuli (e.g. letters) are presented and a target stimulus has to be selected against one or more distractor stimuli are frequently used in the research on human action control. One important question in these settings is how distractor stimuli, competing with the target stimulus for a response, influence actions. The distractor-response binding paradigm can be used to investigate this influence. It is particular useful to separately analyze response retrieval and distractor inhibition effects. Computer-based experiments are used to collect the data (reaction times and error rates). In a number of sequentially presented pairs of stimulus arrays (prime-probe design), participants respond to targets while ignoring distractor stimuli. Importantly, the factors response relation in the arrays of each pair (repetition vs. change) and distractor relation (repetition vs. change) are varied orthogonally. The repetition of the same distractor then has a different effect depending on response relation (repetition vs. change) between arrays. This result pattern can be explained by response retrieval due to distractor repetition. In addition, distractor inhibition effects are indicated by a general advantage due to distractor repetition. The described paradigm has proven useful to determine relevant parameters for response retrieval effects on human action.

The distractor-response binding paradigm is described. It can be used to shed light on the influence irrelevant stimuli, competing with targets for a response, can have on human action. Both response retrieval effects and distractor inhibition effects can be analyzed within the paradigm.

不相干的刺激和动作控制：通过分心 - 响应绑定范式忽略刺激的影响分析

Selection tasks in which simple stimuli (e.g. letters) are presented and a target stimulus has to be selected against one or more distractor stimuli are ...

A Procedure to Observe Context-induced Renewal of Pavlovian-conditioned Alcohol-seeking Behavior in Rats

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate drug-seeking behavior and prompt relapse in abstinent drug users. We have developed a procedure to study the behavioral and neural processes that mediate the impact of context on alcohol-seeking behavior in rats. Following acclimation to the taste and pharmacological effects of 15% ethanol in the home cage, male Long-Evans rats receive Pavlovian discrimination training (PDT) in conditioning chambers. In each daily (Mon-Fri) PDT session, 16 trials each of two different 10 sec auditory conditioned stimuli occur. During one stimulus, the CS+, 0.2 ml of 15% ethanol is delivered into a fluid port for oral consumption. The second stimulus, the CS-, is not paired with ethanol. Across sessions, entries into the fluid port during the CS+ increase, whereas entries during the CS- stabilize at a lower level, indicating that a predictive association between the CS+ and ethanol is acquired. During PDT each chamber is equipped with a specific configuration of visual, olfactory and tactile contextual stimuli. Following PDT, extinction training is conducted in the same chamber that is now equipped with a different configuration of contextual stimuli. The CS+ and CS- are presented as before, but ethanol is withheld, which causes a gradual decline in port entries during the CS+. At test, rats are placed back into the PDT context and presented with the CS+ and CS- as before, but without ethanol. This manipulation triggers a robust and selective increase in the number of port entries made during the alcohol predictive CS+, with no change in responding during the CS-. This effect, referred to as context-induced renewal, illustrates the powerful capacity of contexts associated with alcohol consumption to stimulate alcohol-seeking behavior in response to Pavlovian alcohol cues.

A procedure to study the capacity of an alcohol associated environmental context to trigger the renewal of alcohol-seeking behavior in rats is described.

一个过程来观察大鼠巴甫洛夫空调酒精寻求行为的背景下引发的重建

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate ...

The Knob Supination Task: A Semi-automated Method for Assessing Forelimb Function in Rats

Tasks that accurately measure dexterity in animal models are critical to understand hand function. Current rat behavioral tasks that measure dexterity largely use video analysis of reaching or food manipulation. While these tasks are easy to implement and are robust across disease models, they are subjective and laborious for the experimenter. Automating traditional tasks or creating new automated tasks can make the tasks more efficient, objective, and quantitative. Since rats are less dexterous than primates, central nervous system (CNS) injury produces more subtle deficits in dexterity, however, supination is highly affected in rodents and crucial to hand function in primates. Therefore, we designed a semi-automated task that measures forelimb supination in rats. Rats are trained to reach and grasp a knob-shaped manipulandum and turn the manipulandum in supination to receive a reward. Rats can acquire the skill within 20 &plusmn; 5 days. While the early part of training is highly supervised, much of the training is done without direct supervision. The task reliably and reproducibly captures subtle deficits after injury and shows functional recovery that accurately reflects clinical recovery curves. Analysis of data is performed by specialized software through a graphical user interface that is designed to be intuitive. We also give solutions to common problems encountered during training, and show that minor corrections to behavior early in training produce reliable acquisition of supination. Thus, the knob supination task provides efficient and quantitative evaluation of a critical movement for dexterity in rats.

This manuscript describes a semi-automated task that quantifies supination in rats. Rats reach, grasp, and supinate a spherical manipulandum. The rat is rewarded with a pellet if the turn angle exceeds a criterion set by the user. This task increases throughput, sensitivity to injury, and objectivity compared to traditional tasks.

旋钮旋任务: 一种半自动评估大鼠前肢功能的方法

Tasks that accurately measure dexterity in animal models are critical to understand hand function. Current rat behavioral tasks that measure dexterity ...

Simultaneous Recordings of Cortical Local Field Potentials and Electrocorticograms in Response to Nociceptive Laser Stimuli from Freely Moving Rats

Electrocortical responses, elicited by laser heat pulses that selectively activate nociceptive free nerve endings, are widely used in many animal and human studies to investigate the cortical processing of nociceptive information. These laser-evoked brain potentials (LEPs) consist of several transient responses that are time-locked to the onset of laser stimuli. However, the functional properties of the LEP responses are still largely unknown, due to the lack of a sampling technique that can simultaneously record neural activities at the surface of the cortex (i.e., electrocorticogram [ECoG] and scalp electroencephalogram [scalp EEG]) and inside the brain (i.e., local field potential [LFP]). To address this issue, we present here an animal protocol using freely moving rats. This protocol is composed of three main procedures: (1) animal preparation and surgical procedures, (2) a simultaneous recording of ECoG and LFP in response to nociceptive laser stimuli, and (3) data analysis and feature extraction. Specifically, with the help of a 3D-printed protective shell, both ECoG and LFP electrodes implanted on the rat&#39;s skull were securely held together. During data collection, laser pulses were delivered on the rat&#39;s forepaws through gaps in the bottom of the chamber when the animal was in spontaneous stillness. Ongoing white noise was played to avoid the activation of the auditory system by the laser-generated ultrasounds. As a consequence, only nociceptive responses were selectively recorded. Using the standard analytical procedures (e.g., band-pass filtering, epoch extraction, and baseline correction) to extract stimulus-related brain responses, we obtained results showing that LEPs with a high signal-to-noise ratio were simultaneously recorded from ECoG and LFP electrodes. This methodology makes the simultaneous recording of ECoG and LFP activities possible, which provides a bridge of electrocortical signals at the mesoscopic and macroscopic levels, thereby facilitating the investigation of nociceptive information processing in the brain.

We developed a technique that simultaneously records both electrocorticography and local field potentials in response to nociceptive laser stimuli from freely moving rats. This technique helps establish a direct relationship of electrocortical signals at the mesoscopic and macroscopic levels, which facilitates the investigation of nociceptive information processing in the brain.

在自由运动大鼠的反应中, 皮质局部电位和电皮质图谱的同时记录

Electrocortical responses, elicited by laser heat pulses that selectively activate nociceptive free nerve endings, are widely used in many animal and ...

Supramaximal Intensity Hypoxic Exercise and Vascular Function Assessment in Mice

Exercise training is an important strategy for maintaining health and preventing many chronic diseases. It is the first line of treatment recommended by international guidelines for patients suffering from cardiovascular diseases, more specifically, lower extremity artery diseases, where the patients' walking capacity is considerably altered, affecting their quality of life. 
Traditionally, both low continuous exercise and interval training have been used. Recently, supramaximal training has also been shown to improve athletes' performances via vascular adaptations, amongst other mechanisms. The combination of this type of training with hypoxia could bring an additional and/or synergic effect, which could be of interest for certain pathologies. Here, we describe how to perform supramaximal intensity training sessions in hypoxia on healthy mice at 150% of their maximal speed, using a motorized treadmill and a hypoxic box. We also show how to dissect the mouse in order to retrieve organs of interest, particularly the pulmonary artery, the abdominal aorta, and the iliac artery. Finally, we show how to perform ex vivo vascular function assessment on the retrieved vessels, using isometric tension studies.

High-intensity training in hypoxia is a protocol that has been proven to induce vascular adaptations potentially beneficial in some patients and to improve athletes&#39; repeated sprint ability. Here, we test the feasibility of training mice using that protocol and identify those vascular adaptations using ex vivo vascular function assessment.

小鼠低血压运动的下位强度及血管功能评估

Exercise training is an important strategy for maintaining health and preventing many chronic diseases. It is the first line of treatment recommended by ...

Investigating the Deployment of Visual Attention Before Accurate and Averaging Saccades via Eye Tracking and Assessment of Visual Sensitivity

This experimental protocol was designed to investigate whether visual attention is obligatorily deployed at the endpoint of saccades. To this end, we recorded the eye position of human participants engaged in a saccade task via eye tracking and assessed visual orientation discrimination performance at various locations during saccade preparation. Importantly, instead of using a single saccade target paradigm for which the saccade endpoint typically coincides roughly with the target, this protocol comprised the presentation of two nearby saccade targets, leading to a distinct spatial dissociation between target locations and saccade endpoint on a substantial number of trials. The paradigm allowed us to compare presaccadic visual discrimination performance at the endpoint of accurate saccades (landing at one of the saccade targets) and of averaging saccades (landing at an intermediate location in between the two targets). We observed a selective enhancement of visual sensitivity at the endpoint of accurate saccades but not at the endpoint of averaging saccades. Rather, before the execution of averaging saccades, visual sensitivity was equally enhanced at both targets, suggesting that saccade averaging follows from unresolved attentional selection among the saccade targets. These results argue against a mandatory coupling between visual attention and saccade programming based on a direct measure of presaccadic visual sensitivity rather than saccadic reaction times, which have been used in other protocols to draw similar conclusions. While our protocol provides a useful framework to investigate the relationship between visual attention and saccadic eye movements at the behavioral level, it can also be combined with electrophysiological measures to extend insights at the neuronal level.

This experimental protocol combined eye tracking and the assessment of presaccadic visual sensitivity in a dual task paradigm, consisting of a free choice saccade task and a visual discrimination task, to investigate the deployment of visual spatial attention before both, accurate and averaging saccades.

通过视觉跟踪和视觉灵敏度评估, 探讨准确、平均的视频前视觉注意的部署

This experimental protocol was designed to investigate whether visual attention is obligatorily deployed at the endpoint of saccades. To this end, we ...

Integrating Visual Psychophysical Assays within a Y-Maze to Isolate the Role that Visual Features Play in Navigational Decisions

Collective animal behavior arises from individual motivations and social interactions that are critical for individual fitness. Fish have long inspired investigations into collective motion, specifically, their ability to integrate environmental and social information across ecological contexts. This demonstration illustrates techniques used for quantifying behavioral responses of fish, in this case, Golden Shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas), to visual stimuli using computer visualization and digital image analysis. Recent advancements in computer visualization allow for empirical testing in the lab where visual features can be controlled and finely manipulated to isolate the mechanisms of social interactions. The purpose of this method is to isolate visual features that can influence the directional decisions of the individual, whether solitary or with groups. This protocol provides specifics on the physical Y-maze domain, recording equipment, settings and calibrations of the projector and animation, experimental steps and data analyses. These techniques demonstrate that computer animation can elicit biologically-meaningful responses. Moreover, the techniques are easily adaptable to test alternative hypotheses, domains, and species for a broad range of experimental applications. The use of virtual stimuli allows for the reduction and replacement of the number of live animals required, and consequently reduces laboratory overhead.
This demonstration tests the hypothesis that small relative differences in the movement speeds (2 body lengths per second) of virtual conspecifics will improve the speed and accuracy with which shiners follow the directional cues provided by the virtual silhouettes. Results show that shiners directional decisions are significantly affected by increases in the speed of the visual cues, even in the presence of background noise (67% image coherency). In the absence of any motion cues, subjects chose their directions at random. The relationship between decision speed and cue speed was variable and increases in cue speed had a modestly disproportionate influence on directional accuracy.

Here, we present a protocol to demonstrate a behavioral assay that quantifies how alternative visual features, such as motion cues, influence directional decisions in fish. Representative data are presented on the speed and accuracy where Golden Shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas) follow virtual fish movements.

在 Y-Maze 中集成视觉心理物理分析,以隔离视觉特征在导航决策中扮演的角色

Collective animal behavior arises from individual motivations and social interactions that are critical for individual fitness. Fish have long inspired ...

Dynamic Digital Biomarkers of Motor and Cognitive Function in Parkinson's Disease

As Parkinson&#8217;s disease (PD) is a heterogeneous disorder, personalized medicine is truly required to optimize care. In their current form, standard scores from paper and pencil symptom- measures traditionally used to track disease progression are too coarse (discrete) to capture the granularity of the clinical phenomena under consideration, in the face of tremendous symptom diversity. For this reason, sensors, wearables, and mobile devices are increasingly incorporated into PD research and routine care. These digital measures, while more precise, yield data that are less standardized and interpretable than traditional measures, and consequently, the two types of data remain largely siloed. Both of these issues present barriers to the broad clinical application of the field&#8217;s most precise assessment tools. This protocol addresses both problems. Using traditional tasks to measure cognition and motor control, we test the participant, while co-registering biophysical signals unobtrusively using wearables. We then integrate the scores from traditional paper-and-pencil methods with the digital data that we continuously register. We offer a new standardized data type and unifying statistical platform that enables the dynamic tracking of change in the person&#8217;s stochastic signatures under different conditions that probe different functional levels of neuromotor control, ranging from voluntary to autonomic. The protocol and standardized statistical framework offer dynamic digital biomarkers of physical and cognitive function in PD that correspond to validated clinical scales, while significantly improving their precision.&#160;

This protocol offers a digitization of portions of traditional clinical tasks commonly used to measure cognition and motor control in Parkinson&#8217;s disease. Clinical tasks are digitized while biophysical rhythms are co-registered from different functional levels of the nervous systems, ranging from voluntary, spontaneous, automatic to autonomic.

帕金森病中运动与认知功能的动态数字生物标志物

As Parkinson&#8217;s disease (PD) is a heterogeneous disorder, personalized medicine is truly required to optimize care. In their current form, standard ...

Methods Article

通过视运动反应进行视觉功能的行为评估，通过Y迷宫对糖尿病大鼠的认知功能进行行为评估