这项工作部分得到了日本科学促进会（JSPS）科研资助（C）18K08956和福冈大学中央研究所（第201045号）的资助。

这项研究得到了日本福冈大学机构审查委员会（IRB）的批准（IRB No. 2017M017）。在参与之前，所有患者都提供书面知情同意。
1. 准备 fNIRS 实验
注:本实验使用了多通道连续波激光基NIRS系统。近红外光的波长为780纳米、805纳米和830纳米，采样率为7.8赫兹。时间和空间分辨率（发射光器和探测器探测器之间的距离）分别为0.13 s和3.0厘米。
<ol><li>将 fNIRS 设备设置在一个黑暗无噪音的地方。在室温下进行实验。在实验前30分钟启动fNIRS仪器。 注:fNIRS系统在受控温度和湿度条件下使用，以确保设备稳定运行。</li>
	<li>使用整个头盖进行 fNIRS 记录，并将头盖固定在主体的头上，以便对应于国际 10-20 系统中央 （Cz） 的位置位于头盖第 245 号的支架上。（图1） 。</li>
	<li>将标记贴纸附在参考位置点:鼻腔 （Nz）、右外部听觉肉 （AR） 和左外部听觉肉 （AL）。 注:由于三维 （3D） 坐标围绕 Nz、AR、AL 标记贴纸和 Cz 支架的位置进行读取，因此在拍照前必须附加标记贴纸。</li>
	<li>在高分辨率数码相机进行空间注册校准后，用探头位置拍摄受试者头部的照片，同时从 15 个角度显示参考点（Cz、Nz、AR 和 LR）。 注意:请在放置探头之前拍照。如果放置探头后拍摄照片，则探头和布线可能隐藏标记地标。根据制造商的建议，在拍摄 12 张照片 30° 对角线向前到主体的右侧后，在稍微高于 3 张或更多照片，使 Cz（持有人 No. 245）出现在图片中。这是因为在总共拍摄 15 张或更多张照片时，很容易使其成为三维拍摄。</li>
	<li>使用发光二极管 （LED） 照明塑料棒连接探头，小心地分离受试者干扰光极的头发。安排探头，使光极连接到从头皮表面的最小距离，并与头皮接触。 注意:仔细检查是否有任何压力或不适的病人由于附件的光子，因为增加强度的全身混淆与自主神经系统激活23。</li>
	<li>将带有 32 个光极（16 个光源和 16 个探测器;每个半球 4 x 4 个阵列）的 48 通道系统安排在正面和相干区域作为感兴趣区域的头部盖上（图 2）。</li>
	<li>开始并使用 3D 数字化软件来确定空间注册。</li>
	<li>扫描整个头部的图片数据后，通过自动测量确定每个患者的空间坐标，并保存为 "起源 " 文件和其他 文件（*CSV 文件）。 注意:如果无法使用自动测量从图像中检测到坐标点，请手动输入调整。</li>
</ol>2. 运行实验
<ol><li>为实验选择块设计，任务可以是研究的任何兴趣运动，如手开/闭，手指敲击等。在我们以前的研究中，任务是机器人辅助肘部运动15。 注:每个周期由三个方块（15 s 休息 - 15 s 任务 - 15 s 休息）组成，每个患者在每个会话中完成 7 个周期。</li>
	<li>让参与者在舒适的位置等待，直到启动信号。指示受试者在休息和任务期间闭上眼睛。</li>
	<li>给开始和停止提示（即"重复弯曲和肘部延伸"，"停止和放松"）。 注意:测量时不要说话。测量期间，仔细检查监视器屏幕上是否有人工制品。</li>
	<li>以相同的姿势执行块设计任务。直立姿势与站立或坐姿是可取的，不要扭曲耳机。 注意:如果患者在长时间佩戴头架后感到不舒服，请在机器人辅助练习中取出或松开探头。</li>
	<li>完成 NIRS 测量后，取下头架并标记贴纸以结束实验。 注意:仔细检查由于长时间佩戴对头皮的皮肤损伤。</li>
</ol>3. 使用 NIRS-SPM 软件进行定性 GLM 分析
<ol><li>在马特拉布软件上启动 NIRS-SPM。将与从 NIRS 设备获得的 HbO2 和 HHb 浓度变化相关的数据文件转换为用于 NIRS-SPM 分析的文件格式。</li>
	<li>从弹出式菜单中选择使用 NIRS 系统的选项。选择加载按钮并选择转换的 HbO2 和 HHb 浓度更改选项。</li>
	<li>检测 NIRS 通道位置的空间注册。选择 独立 复选框，然后选择 带 3D 数字化复 选框。</li>
	<li>在从真实坐标到 MNI 空间中，使用对话框选择 _origin。CSV 是指坐标参考点文件， 并_others。CSV 是指坐标探头/通道文件。</li>
	<li>选择 "注册 "按钮。选择要进行空间估计的点，然后单击 "确定 "按钮。单击 "渲染大脑"按钮的项目 MNI 坐标 。 注:根据蒙特利尔神经研究所 （MNI） 大脑模板估计 NIRS 通道位置的空间位置。</li>
	<li>选择 "多萨尔视图" 选项，然后单击 "保存" 按钮。</li>
	<li>在指定第 1级部分时，请选择 NIRS 数据文件名和 SPM 目录。选择血红蛋白复选框;HbO2或HHb.突出显示指定设计选项并选择Sec选项。突出显示条件/试验选项的数量，并输入数字7。</li>
	<li>突出显示发病和持续时间选项的矢量，并输入按以下实验条件持续时间乘以的发病媒介。 注意:在这种情况下，发病时间的向量应指定为[15:45:285] 或 [15 60 105 150 195 240 285]。持续时间的向量应指定为[15* （7，1）] 或 [15 15 15 15 15 15 15] 。</li>
	<li>要进行去趋势化，请选择 波莱特-MDL 按钮。使用 预着色方法:低通滤清器 并选择 hrf 按钮，并纠正串行相关性，然后选择 无 按钮。</li>
	<li>在估计时间相关性时，请检查 个人分析。 注意:保存单独的 MNI 坐标系统中 fNIRS 通道位置的空间本地化作为文本文件。同样，将地图保存在基于单个布罗德曼区域 （BA） 作为文本文件。</li>
	<li>在估计时间相关性时，请查看 组分析。NIRS-SPM 根据 MNI 标准化的大脑坐标系统对参与者人数的平均光学位置进行对齐。</li>
	<li>根据标准化大脑血红蛋白水平的变化计算激活图。HbO2 和 HHb 水平在 p < 0.01 的未更正阈值下被认为显著。 注:左/右信息在受右影响的侧翻转，用于组分析。</li>
</ol>4. 基于分层混合模型的多渠道比较分析
<ol><li>启动 SAS 软件。转换文本文档（。使用低通路滤波器处理的 NIRS 数据文件中 HbO2 和 HHb 的浓度变化的 TXT（截止频率设置为 0.1 Hz）到电子表格软件逗号分离值文件（）。CSV）。</li>
	<li>使用程序创建导入 SAS 数据 （.sas7bdat）。</li>
	<li>输出导入文件，并下列命令，以"导入文件"为名</li>
	<li>为每个主题输出干预前文件，在分析 SAS 中运行以下命令。（图3）在创建导入文件时，给出一个可以识别主题信息和干预前与干预后（例如 id1 预，id1 帖子）的名称。。。</li>
	<li>运行每个通道的干预前和干预后数据命令（ch1-48;HbO2 和 HHb 如下所示 （图 4）。</li>
	<li>根据从输出结果中获得的数据，在电子表格工作簿文件（.xlsx）中输入每个通道的干预前差异（任务和休息差异）、休息和任务值（估计值、上限和下限）。</li>
	<li>同样，将固定效果类型 3 测试的交互项的自由度、F 值和 P 值的数字和分母度输入到电子表格工作簿文件（.xlsx）中。</li>
	<li>要控制多通道测试中的误发现率 （FDR），请使用本杰明和霍奇伯格方法27， 并将 FDR 控制在 p 值< 0.01。</li>
</ol>

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G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Applications+of+functional+near-infrared+spectroscopy+(fNIRS)+neuroimaging+in+exercise(-)cognition+science:+A+systematic,+methodology-focused+review.">Applications of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) neuroimaging in exercise(-)cognition science: A systematic, methodology-focused review.</a> Journal of Clinial Medicine. 7 (12), (2018).</li><li>Boden, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+oxygenation+response+to+functional+stimulation:+is+there+a+physiological+meaning+to+the+lag+between+parameters.">The oxygenation response to functional stimulation: is there a physiological meaning to the lag between parameters.</a> Neuroimage. 36 (1), 100-107 (2007).</li><li>Pinti, P., Scholkmann, F., Hamilton, A., Burgess, P., Tachtsidis, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Current+status+and+issues+regarding+pre-processing+of+fNIRS+neuroimaging+data:+An+investigation+of+diverse+signal+filtering+Methods+within+a+general+linear+model+Framework.">Current status and issues regarding pre-processing of fNIRS neuroimaging data: An investigation of diverse signal filtering Methods within a general linear model Framework.</a> Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 12, 505 (2018).</li><li>Udina, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+near-infrared+spectroscopy+to+study+cerebral+hemodynamics+in+older+adults+during+cognitive+and+motor+tasks:+a+review.">Functional near-infrared spectroscopy to study cerebral hemodynamics in older adults during cognitive and motor tasks: a review.</a> Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 11, 367 (2019).</li><li>Verghese, J., Wang, C., Ayers, E., Izzetoglu, M., Holtzer, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brain+activation+in+high-functioning+older+adults+and+falls:+Prospective+cohort+study.">Brain activation in high-functioning older adults and falls: Prospective cohort study.</a> Neurology. 88 (2), 191-197 (2017).</li><li>Yucel, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Short+separation+regression+improves+statistical+significance+and+better+localizes+the+hemodynamic+response+obtained+by+near-infrared+spectroscopy+for+tasks+with+differing+autonomic+responses.">Short separation regression improves statistical significance and better localizes the hemodynamic response obtained by near-infrared spectroscopy for tasks with differing autonomic responses.</a> Neurophotonics. 2 (3), 035005 (2015).</li><li>Torricelli, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Time+domain+functional+NIRS+imaging+for+human+brain+mapping.">Time domain functional NIRS imaging for human brain mapping.</a> Neuroimage. 85, 28-50 (2014).</li><li>Giacalone, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Time-domain+near-infrared+spectroscopy+in+acute+ischemic+stroke+patients.">Time-domain near-infrared spectroscopy in acute ischemic stroke patients.</a> Neurophotonics. 6 (1), 015003 (2019).</li><li>Saita, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contralateral+cerebral+hypometabolism+after+cerebellar+stroke:+a+functional+near-infrared+spectroscopy+study.">Contralateral cerebral hypometabolism after cerebellar stroke: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study.</a> Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases. 26 (4), 69-71 (2017).</li></ol>

作者与本研究无关，不得披露利益冲突。

在我们的 fNIRS 小组分析方法中，除了通过定性 t统计映射执行成像分析方法外，我们还使用比较多通道分析比较干预前与干预后（机器人辅助练习）。在定性分析方面，我们使用 NIRS-SPM 软件作为基于通用线性模型的大规模不变方法。NIRS-SPM 分析通过在任务期间可视化激活区域来显示每个会话的定性结果。此外，非侵入性 3D 数字化器的信息能够估计 fNIRS 通道相对于大脑的位置。使用NIRS-SPM?...

神经康复在感官运动障碍后的功能恢复中起着重要作用。为了澄清神经可塑性相关功能恢复的机制，我们使用了各种神经成像技术，如功能磁共振成像 （fMRI）、负电子发射断层扫描 （PET）、脑电图 （EEG） 和功能近红外光谱 （fNIRS）。不同的成像模式有不同的优点和缺点。虽然fMRI是最典型的设备，它受磁场的影响，具有高成本，高物理限制，和有限的感官运动任务1，2，3，4。fNIRS 设备是一种非侵入性光学神经成像，空间分辨率相对较低，但与 fMRI4相比，它具有更好的时间分辨率。fNIRS在验证治疗效果时是合适的，因为它比较了干预前和干预后的效果，具有动态运动任务，便携，在自然环境中比fMRI1、2、4功能更显著。据报道，NIRS在脑血管疾病、癫痫病、严重脑损伤、帕金森病和认知障碍等领域更为适用。在感官运动任务方面，它广泛应用于步态和站立平衡6、7、8、上肢功能（抓手、手指敲击）8、9、复杂运动技能训练10、11、机器人12、13、14、15和脑-计算机界面16、17、18。fNIRS基于光学神经成像和神经血管耦合原理，测量皮质代谢活动，增加血液流动，从而皮质活性作为次要信号19。据报道，fNIRS信号与血氧水平依赖性fMRI20信号有很强的相关性。连续波 fNIRS 使用修改后的啤酒-兰伯特定律，根据宽带近红外光衰减21、22的测量变化，确定含氧血红蛋白 （HbO2）和脱氧血红蛋白 （HHb） 皮质浓度水平的变化。由于无法使用连续波 NIRS 系统测量微分路径长度因子 （DPF），因此我们假设 DPF 是恒定的，血红蛋白信号变化表示为任意单位毫米 （mM x mm）2，18。
fNIRS 实验需要选择最充分的方法，包括探针设置、实验设计和分析方法。在探针设置方面，EEG测量中采用的国际10-20方法是许多研究人员在神经成像中使用的设定标准。近年来，根据蒙特利尔神经学研究所（MNI）坐标，基于标准大脑的坐标设置被使用。该实验使用块设计，通常用于感官运动任务，以及事件相关设计。这是比较休息和任务期间血红蛋白浓度变化的方法:HbO2 浓度水平增加，HHb 浓度水平随着与任务依赖皮质活动相关的脑血流量变化而降低。虽然有各种分析方法，但 NIRS-SPM 免费软件能够进行类似于 fMRI 统计参数映射 （SPM） 的分析。NIRS 数据的处理使用基于一般线性模型 （GLM） 的大规模不变方法。在执行任务依赖性大脑活动分析时，fNIRS 测量可受脑部和脑外隔间23中唤起或非唤起的神经元活动和全身生理干扰（心率、血压、呼吸速率和自主神经系统活动）的影响。因此，预分析处理、过滤、波转换和主要组件分析是有用的。关于使用 NIRS-SPM 进行数据处理的过滤和人工制品，使用低通滤9 和波段最小描述长度 （Wavelet-MDL）24 去趋势来克服运动或其他噪声/神器来源。有关此分析方法的详细信息，请参阅 Ye 等人25 的报告。虽然只有使用 SPM 的报告，但它只是图像分析的定性指标，由于 NIRS 的空间分辨率较低，因此组分析需要极其谨慎。此外，当 DPF 是恒定的时，不应执行通道和个人之间的数字比较，但可以验证每个通道的变化差异。基于上述条件，为了补充NIRS-SPM组分析结果，在提高空间注册精度后，采用了原有的多通道分析分析方法。这种多渠道分析比较了治疗前后每个通道的 HbO2 和 HHb 水平变化幅度，使用具有固定干预（之前或之后）、固定周期（休息或任务）和随机单个效果的分层混合模型。
这样，有几个fNIRS测量和分析方法:但是，尚未确定标准方法。本文介绍了基于GLM的定性统计参数映射和比较多层次的分层混合模型，利用具有感官运动任务的块设计，分析多通道fNIRS干预前与干预后实验获得的数据。

<table><tbody><tr><td>3D-digitizer software</td><td>TOPCON</td><td>-</td><td>NS-1000 software ver.1.50</td></tr><tr><td>NIRS system</td><td>Shimadzu</td><td>-</td><td>FOIRE-3000</td></tr><tr><td>Robot</td><td>CYBERDYNE</td><td>-</td><td>Single-joint type Hybrid Assitive Limb (HAL-SJ)</td></tr></tbody></table>

qualitative and comparative cortical activity data analyses from a functional near-infrared spectroscopy experiment applying block design

神经成像研究在评估介入前神经系统疾病（如康复和手术治疗）方面起着关键作用。在用于测量大脑活动的众多神经成像技术中，功能近红外光谱 （fNIRS） 通过测量类似于功能磁共振成像 （fMRI） 的局部血红蛋白水平，能够评估动态皮质活动。此外，由于 fNIRS 中的物理限制较小，可以评估感官运动任务的多个变体。许多实验室已经开发出几种用于fNIRS数据分析的方法:然而，尽管一般原则是相同的，但没有普遍标准化的方法。在这里，我们介绍了使用块设计从多通道 fNIRS 实验中获得的数据的定性和比较分析方法。在定性分析方面，我们使用 NIRS 软件作为基于通用线性模型的大规模不变方法。NIRS-SPM 分析通过在任务期间可视化激活区域来显示每个会话的定性结果。此外，非侵入性三维数字化器可用于估计 fNIRS 通道相对于大脑的位置。为了证实NIRS-SPM的发现，可以通过比较使用多通道分层混合模型从同一研究对象的两个不同会话（干预前后）获得的数据进行统计分析。我们的方法可用于测量各种神经系统疾病（如运动障碍、脑血管疾病和神经精神病）的干预前与干预后分析。

在此，我们介绍了我们团队目前正在研究的机器人辅助康复:急性中风患者上肢运动缺陷的生物反馈效应。我们包括10名同意中风患者（平均年龄:66.8岁±12.0岁;两名妇女和8名男子）住进我们医院。在下肢中风阶段，在发病后2周多，我们使用fNIRS系统评估了这些患者在同一天上肢机器人辅助康复前后与运动相关的皮质活动。关于块设计任务，他们在每个任务周期中在 15s 内执?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Qualitative and Comparative Cortical Activity Data Analyses from a Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Experiment Applying Block Design at JoVE.com

Qualitative and Comparative Cortical Activity Data Analyses from a Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Experiment Applying Block Design

我们使用具有感官运动任务的块设计描述连续波功能近红外光谱实验的分析。为提高数据分析的可靠性，我们采用了基于定性的一般线性模型统计参数映射和多通道比较分层混合模型。

功能近红外光谱实验应用块设计的定性和比较皮质活动数据分析

Neuroimaging studies play a pivotal role in the evaluation of pre- vs. post-interventional neurological conditions such as in rehabilitation and surgical ...

qualitative-comparative-cortical-activity-data-analyses-from

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

3.7K 次观看.  Fukuoka University. 我们使用具有感官运动任务的块设计描述连续波功能近红外光谱实验的分析。为提高数据分析的可靠性，我们采用了基于定性的一般线性模型统计参数映射和多通道比较分层混合模型。

视频: Qualitative and Comparative Cortical Activity Data Analyses from a Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Experiment Applying Block Design

fMRI Validation of fNIRS Measurements During a Naturalistic Task

We present a method to compare brain activity recorded with near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in a dance video game task to that recorded in a reduced version of the task using fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging). Recently, it has been shown that fNIRS can accurately record functional brain activities equivalent to those concurrently recorded with functional magnetic resonance imaging for classic psychophysical tasks and simple finger tapping paradigms. However, an often quoted benefit of fNIRS is that the technique allows for studying neural mechanisms of complex, naturalistic behaviors that are not possible using the constrained environment of fMRI. Our goal was to extend the findings of previous studies that have shown high correlation between concurrently recorded fNIRS and fMRI signals to compare neural recordings obtained in fMRI procedures to those separately obtained in naturalistic fNIRS experiments. Specifically, we developed a modified version of the dance video game Dance Dance Revolution (DDR) to be compatible with both fMRI and fNIRS imaging procedures. In this methodology we explain the modifications to the software and hardware for compatibility with each technique as well as the scanning and calibration procedures used to obtain representative results. The results of the study show a task-related increase in oxyhemoglobin in both modalities and demonstrate that it is possible to replicate the findings of fMRI using fNIRS in a naturalistic task. This technique represents a methodology to compare fMRI imaging paradigms which utilize a reduced-world environment to fNIRS in closer approximation to naturalistic, full-body activities and behaviors. Further development of this technique may apply to neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson&#8217;s disease, late states of dementia, or those with magnetic susceptibility which are contraindicated for fMRI scanning.

We present a method to compare functional brain activity recorded during a naturalistic task using fNIRS with activity recorded during fMRI.

的fNIRS功能磁共振成像测量验证过程中一个自然主义任务

We present a method to compare brain activity recorded with near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in a dance video game task to that recorded in a reduced ...

科研

行为学

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy of the Sensory and Motor Brain Regions with Simultaneous Kinematic and EMG Monitoring During Motor Tasks

There are several advantages that functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) presents in the study of the neural control of human movement. It is relatively flexible with respect to participant positioning and allows for some head movements during tasks. Additionally, it is inexpensive, light weight, and portable, with very few contraindications to its use. This presents a unique opportunity to study functional brain activity during motor tasks in individuals who are typically developing, as well as those with movement disorders, such as cerebral palsy. An additional consideration when studying movement disorders, however, is the quality of actual movements performed and the potential for additional, unintended movements. Therefore, concurrent monitoring of both blood flow changes in the brain and actual movements of the body during testing is required for appropriate interpretation of fNIRS results. Here, we show a protocol for the combination of fNIRS with muscle and kinematic monitoring during motor tasks. We explore gait, a unilateral multi-joint movement (cycling), and two unilateral single-joint movements (isolated ankle dorsiflexion, and isolated hand squeezing). The techniques presented can be useful in studying both typical and atypical motor control, and can be modified to investigate a broad range of tasks and scientific questions.

Monitoring brain activity during upright motor tasks is of great value when investigating the neural source of movement disorders. Here, we demonstrate a protocol that combines functional near infrared spectroscopy with continuous monitoring of muscle and kinematic activity during 4 types of motor tasks.

感觉和运动脑区与运动同步和肌电图监测功能近红外光谱在运动任务

There are several advantages that functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) presents in the study of the neural control of human movement. It is ...

Using Fiberless, Wearable fNIRS to Monitor Brain Activity in Real-world Cognitive Tasks

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a neuroimaging technique that uses near-infrared light to monitor brain activity. Based on neurovascular coupling, fNIRS is able to measure the haemoglobin concentration changes secondary to neuronal activity. Compared to other neuroimaging techniques, fNIRS represents a good compromise in terms of spatial and temporal resolution. Moreover, it is portable, lightweight, less sensitive to motion artifacts and does not impose significant physical restraints. It is therefore appropriate to monitor a wide range of cognitive tasks (e.g., auditory, gait analysis, social interaction) and different age populations (e.g., new-borns, adults, elderly people). The recent development of fiberless fNIRS devices has opened the way to new applications in neuroscience research. This represents a unique opportunity to study functional activity during real-world tests, which can be more sensitive and accurate in assessing cognitive function and dysfunction than lab-based tests. This study explored the use of fiberless fNIRS to monitor brain activity during a real-world prospective memory task. This protocol is performed outside the lab and brain haemoglobin concentration changes are continuously measured over the prefrontal cortex while the subject walks around in order to accomplish several different tasks.

Monitoring brain activity outside the lab without physical constraints presents methodological challenges. A fiberless, wearable functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) system was used to measure brain activity during an ecological prospective memory task. It was demonstrated that this system could be used to monitor brain activity during non-lab based experiments.

用无纤维，耐磨fNIRS监视在真实世界的认知任务脑活动

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a neuroimaging technique that uses near-infrared light to monitor brain activity. Based on neurovascular ...

Cerebral Blood Flow-Based Resting State Functional Connectivity of the Human Brain using Optical Diffuse Correlation Spectroscopy

To obtain a comprehensive understanding of the human brain, utilization of cerebral blood flow (CBF) as a source of contrast is desired because it is a key hemodynamic parameter related to cerebral oxygen supply. Resting state low frequency fluctuations based on oxygenation contrast have been shown to provide correlations between functionally connected regions. The presented protocol uses optical diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) to assess blood flow-based resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) in the human brain. Results of CBF-based RSFC in human frontal cortex indicate that intra-regional RSFC is significantly higher in the left and right cortices compared to inter-regional RSFC in both cortices. This protocol should be of interest to researchers who employ multi-modal imaging techniques to study human brain function, especially in the pediatric population.

This protocol demonstrates how to measure resting state functional connectivity in the human prefrontal cortex using a custom-made diffuse correlation spectroscopy instrument. The report also discuss practical aspects of the experiment as well as detailed steps for analyzing the data.

使用光学漫反射相关光谱，基于脑血流的休息状态功能连接

To obtain a comprehensive understanding of the human brain, utilization of cerebral blood flow (CBF) as a source of contrast is desired because it is a ...

生物工程

Neuroimaging Field Methods Using Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) Neuroimaging to Study Global Child Development: Rural Sub-Saharan Africa

Portable neuroimaging approaches provide new advances to the study of brain function and brain development with previously inaccessible populations and in remote locations. This paper shows the development of field functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) imaging to the study of child language, reading, and cognitive development in a rural village setting of C&#244;te d&#39;Ivoire. Innovation in methods and the development of culturally appropriate neuroimaging protocols allow&#160;a first-time look into the brain&#39;s development and children&#39;s learning outcomes in understudied environments. This paper demonstrates protocols for transporting and setting up a mobile laboratory, discusses considerations for field versus laboratory neuroimaging, and presents a guide for developing neuroimaging consent procedures and building meaningful long-term collaborations with local government and science partners. Portable neuroimaging methods can be used to study complex child development contexts, including the impact of significant poverty and adversity on brain development. The protocol presented here has been developed for use in C&#244;te d&#39;Ivoire, the world&#39;s primary source of cocoa, and where reports of child labor in the cocoa sector are common. Yet, little is known about the impact of child labor on brain development and learning. Field neuroimaging methods have the potential to yield new insights into such urgent issues, and the development of children globally.

Neuroimaging Field Methods Using Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy NIRS Neuroimaging to Study Global Child Development: Rural Sub-Saharan Africa

Portable neuroimaging approaches (functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy) provide advances to the study of the brain in previously inaccessible regions; here, rural C&#244;te d&#39;Ivoire. Innovation in methods and development of culturally-appropriate neuroimaging protocols permits novel study of the brain&#39;s development and children&#39;s learning outcomes in environments with significant poverty and adversity.

利用功能近红外光谱成像技术研究全球儿童发展: 农村撒哈拉以南非洲地区的神经影像场方法

Portable neuroimaging approaches provide new advances to the study of brain function and brain development with previously inaccessible populations and in ...

神经科学

Conducting Hyperscanning Experiments with Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Concurrent brain recordings of two or more interacting persons, an approach termed hyperscanning, are gaining increasing importance for our understanding of the neurobiological underpinnings of social interactions, and possibly interpersonal relationships. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is well suited for conducting hyperscanning experiments because it measures local hemodynamic effects with a high sampling rate and, importantly, it can be applied in natural settings, not requiring strict motion restrictions. In this article, we present a protocol for conducting fNIRS hyperscanning experiments with parent-child dyads and for analyzing brain-to-brain synchrony. Furthermore, we discuss critical issues and future directions, regarding the experimental design, spatial registration of the fNIRS channels, physiological influences and data analysis methods. The described protocol is not specific to parent-child dyads, but can be applied to a variety of different dyadic constellations, such as adult strangers, romantic partners or siblings. To conclude, fNIRS hyperscanning has the potential to yield new insights into the dynamics of the ongoing social interaction, which possibly go beyond what can be studied by examining the activities of individual brains.

The present protocol describes how to conduct fNIRS hyperscanning experiments and analyze brain-to-brain synchrony. Further, we discuss challenges and possible solutions.

利用功能近红外光谱进行超扫描实验

Concurrent brain recordings of two or more interacting persons, an approach termed hyperscanning, are gaining increasing importance for our understanding ...

Conducting Concurrent Electroencephalography and Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Recordings with a Flanker Task

Concurrent EEG and fNIRS recordings offer an excellent opportunity to gain a full understanding of the neural mechanism of cognitive processing by inspecting the relationship between the neural and hemodynamic signals. EEG is an electrophysiological technology that can measure the rapid neuronal activity of the cortex, whereas fNIRS relies on the hemodynamic responses to infer brain activation. The combination of EEG and fNIRS neuroimaging techniques can identify more features and reveal more information associated with the functioning of the brain. In this protocol, fused EEG-fNIRS measurements were performed for concurrent recordings of evoked-electrical potentials and hemodynamic responses during a Flanker task. In addition, the critical steps for setting up the hardware and software system as well as the procedures for data acquisition and analysis were provided and discussed in detail. It is expected that the present protocol can pave a new avenue for improving the understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying various cognitive processes by using the EEG and fNIRS signals.

The present protocol describes how to perform concurrent EEG and fNIRS recordings and how to inspect the relationship between the EEG and fNIRS data.&#160;

使用 Flanker 任务进行并发脑电图和功能近红外光谱记录

Concurrent EEG and fNIRS recordings offer an excellent opportunity to gain a full understanding of the neural mechanism of cognitive processing by ...

Simultaneous Data Collection of fMRI and fNIRS Measurements Using a Whole-Head Optode Array and Short-Distance Channels

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a portable neuroimaging methodology, more robust to motion and more cost-effective than functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), which makes it highly suitable for conducting naturalistic studies of brain function and for use with developmental and clinical populations. Both fNIRS and fMRI methodologies detect changes in cerebral blood oxygenation during functional brain activation, and prior studies have shown high spatial and temporal correspondence between the two signals. There is, however, no quantitative comparison of the two signals collected simultaneously from the same subjects with whole-head fNIRS coverage. This comparison is necessary to comprehensively validate area-level activations and functional connectivity against the fMRI gold standard, which in turn has the potential to facilitate comparisons of the two signals across the lifespan. We address this gap by describing a protocol for simultaneous data collection of fMRI&#160;and fNIRS signals that: i) provides whole-head fNIRS coverage; ii) includes short-distance measurements for regression of the non-cortical, systemic physiological signal; and iii) implements two different methods for optode-to-scalp co-registration of fNIRS measurements. fMRI and fNIRS data from three subjects are presented, and recommendations for adapting the protocol to test developmental and clinical populations are discussed. The current setup with adults allows scanning sessions for an average of approximately 40 min, which includes both functional and structural scans. The protocol outlines the steps required to adapt the fNIRS equipment for use in the magnetic resonance (MR) environment, provides recommendations for both data recording and optode-to-scalp co-registration, and discusses potential modifications of the protocol to fit the specifics of the available MR-safe fNIRS system. Representative subject-specific responses from a flashing-checkerboard task illustrate the feasibility of the protocol to measure whole-head fNIRS signals in the MR environment. This protocol will be particularly relevant for researchers interested in validating fNIRS signals against fMRI across the lifespan.

We present a method for simultaneously collecting fMRI and fNIRS signals from the same subjects with whole-head fNIRS coverage. The protocol has been tested with three young adults and can be adapted for data collection for developmental studies and clinical populations.

使用全头光电阵列和短距离通道同时收集 fMRI 和 fNIRS 测量数据

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a portable neuroimaging methodology, more robust to motion and more cost-effective than functional ...

Concurrent EEG and Functional MRI Recording and Integration Analysis for Dynamic Cortical Activity Imaging

Electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) are two of the fundamental noninvasive methods for identifying brain activity. Multimodal methods have sought to combine the high temporal resolution of EEG with the spatial precision of fMRI, but the complexity of this approach is currently in need of improvement. The protocol presented here describes the recently developed spatiotemporal fMRI-constrained EEG source imaging method, which seeks to rectify source biases and improve EEG-fMRI source localization through the dynamic recruitment of fMRI sub-regions. The process begins with the collection of multimodal data from concurrent EEG and fMRI scans, the generation of 3D cortical models, and independent EEG and fMRI processing. The processed fMRI activation maps are then split into multiple priors, according to their location and surrounding area. These are taken as priors in a two-level hierarchical Bayesian algorithm for EEG source localization. For each window of interest (defined by the operator), specific segments of the fMRI activation map will be identified as active to optimize a parameter known as model evidence. These will be used as soft constraints on the identified cortical activity, increasing the specificity of the multimodal imaging method by reducing cross-talk and avoiding erroneous activity in other conditionally active fMRI regions. The method generates cortical maps of activity and time-courses, which may be taken as final results, or used as a basis for further analyses (analyses of correlation, causation, etc.) While the method is somewhat limited by its modalities (it will not find EEG-invisible sources), it is broadly compatible with most major processing software, and is suitable for most neuroimaging studies.

An EEG-fMRI multimodal imaging method, known as the spatiotemporal fMRI-constrained EEG source imaging method, is described here. The presented method employs conditionally-active fMRI sub-maps, or priors, to guide EEG source localization in a manner that improves spatial specificity and limits erroneous results.

动态皮层活动影像的并发脑电图与功能 MRI 记录及积分分析

Electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) are two of the fundamental noninvasive methods for identifying brain ...

生物学

在下肢机器人治疗期间评估 fNIRS 的大脑激活

An Experiment Using Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Robot-Assisted Multi-Joint Pointing Movements of the Lower Limb

Stroke affects approximately 17 million individuals worldwide each year and is a leading cause of long-term disability. Robotic therapy has shown promise in helping stroke patients regain lost motor functions. One potential avenue for increasing the understanding of how motor recovery occurs is to study brain activation during the movements that are targeted by therapy in healthy individuals. Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) has emerged as a promising neuroimaging technique for examining neural underpinnings of motor function. This study aimed to investigate fNIRS neural correlates of complex lower limb movements in healthy subjects. Participants were asked to perform cycles of rest and movement for 6 min using a robotic device for motor rehabilitation. The task required coordinated knee and ankle joint movements to point to targets displayed on a computer screen. Two experimental conditions with different levels of movement assistance provided by the robot were explored. The results showed that the fNIRS protocol effectively detected brain regions associated with motor control during the task. Notably, all subjects exhibited greater activation in the contralateral premotor area during the no-assistance condition compared to the assisted condition. In conclusion, fNIRS appears to be a valuable approach for detecting changes in oxyhemoglobin concentration associated with multi-joint pointing movements of the lower limb. This research might contribute to the understanding of stroke motor recovery mechanisms and might pave the way for improved rehabilitation treatments for stroke patients. However, further research is needed to fully elucidate the potential of fNIRS in studying motor function and its applications in clinical settings.

作者聚焦：使用 fNIRS 评估机器人辅助下肢康复中的大脑活动

It is estimated that 1 in 6 individuals worldwide will have a stroke in their lifetime, causing long-term disability, whose rehabilitation mechanisms are still poorly understood. This study proposes a protocol to evaluate brain activation by functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) during a lower limb robotic therapy session.

使用功能性近红外光谱和机器人辅助下肢多关节指向运动的实验

Stroke affects approximately 17 million individuals worldwide each year and is a leading cause of long-term disability. Robotic therapy has shown promise ...