感谢海南省自然科学基金（批准号：323QN262）、国家自然科学基金（批准号31701843和32172483）、江苏省农业科技创新基金（批准号：323QN262）、国家自然科学基金（批准号：、、国家自然科学基金（批准号、、国家自然科学基金CX（22）3012 和 CX（21）3008）、江苏省“双创医生”基金会（批准号202030472）和南京农业大学创业基金（批准号804018）。

1. 昆虫饲养
<ol><li>在26±1°C的温度和40%±10%的相对湿度下，在玉米粉上饲喂 Corcyra cephalonica 。</li>
	<li>以头孢芽卵为寄主，在室内繁殖吉林昆虫的T. dendrolimi菌株。在果蝇管中饲料黄蜂成虫10%蔗糖水，温度为26±1°C，相对湿度为70%±10%，光照（L）：深色（D）周期为14小时：10小时。</li>
</ol>2、聚乙烯塑料薄膜蛋卡的制备
<ol><li>取长 16 厘米、宽 12 厘米、厚 20 μm 的聚乙烯塑料薄膜。根据96孔的标准PCR板布局，使用玻璃研磨棒压出30个直径为2-3mm，高度约为3mm的半圆形突起。 注意： 使用玻璃研磨棒压出 30 个半圆形突起的过程需要注意压力，因为压力太大会刺穿塑料并污染提取的无毒研棒。</li>
	<li>通过将两面暴露在紫外线（UV）下1小时来对压制的聚乙烯塑料薄膜进行消毒。</li>
	<li>在半圆形表面上加入少量10%聚乙烯醇。</li>
</ol>3. 木滴虫 寄生
<ol><li>CO2麻醉后，将T. dendrolimi雌性黄蜂放入收集箱中，黄蜂数量为~3000。</li>
	<li>将薄膜蛋卡的凸面朝向收集盒，并用橡皮筋固定边缘。</li>
	<li>向每个半圆形突起加入 4 μL 氨基酸溶液（6 g/L 亮氨酸、4 g/L 苯丙氨酸、4.25 g/L 组氨酸）。用长 16 厘米、宽 12 厘米的扁平聚乙烯塑料薄膜覆盖。用橡皮筋用两张塑料片紧紧地盖住收集箱。</li>
	<li>让 T. dendrolimi 黄蜂自由寄生4-8小时，并通过湿棉提供10%的蔗糖水。</li>
</ol>4. 采集 T. dendrolimi 毒液
<ol><li>从人工卵卡的内突处获得寄生的氨基酸溶液，并将其转移到1.5mL试管的盖子上。</li>
	<li>用直径为 10 毫米的 25 μm 尼龙网盖住管盖，紧固尼龙网和离心管。使用小型离心机（1360× g）将离心管直立放置以进行短离心10秒，并收集过滤的溶液（~100μLT . dendrolimi 毒液）。</li>
	<li>使用二辛可宁酸（BCA）测定试剂盒（材料表）测量收集的T. dendrolimi毒液的浓度。</li>
	<li>将毒液储存在-80°C以进行进一步分析。</li>
</ol>5. SDS-PAGE分析
<ol><li>将30μLT . dendrolimi 毒液加入10μL4x十二烷基硫酸钠 - 聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（SDS-PAGE）样品上样缓冲液（材料表）中，并在95°C下加热10分钟。</li>
	<li>在130 V下进行SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳120分钟。</li>
	<li>使用蛋白质染色装置（材料表）对SDS-PAGE凝胶进行染色和脱色。</li>
</ol>

Trichogramma dendrolimi 和毒液提取的人工宿主寄生

<ol>
	<li>Pennacchio, F., Strand, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evolution+of+developmental+strategies+in+parasitic+hymenoptera.">Evolution of developmental strategies in parasitic hymenoptera.</a> Annual Review of Entomology. 51, 233-258 (2006).</li><li>Yan, Z. C., Ye, X. H., Wang, B. B., Fang, Q., Ye, G. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Research+advances+on+composition,+function+and+evolution+of+venom+proteins+in+parasitoid+wasps.">Research advances on composition, function and evolution of venom proteins in parasitoid wasps.</a> Chinese Journal of Biological Control. 33 (1), 1-10 (2017).</li><li>Asgari, S., Rivers, D. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Venom+proteins+from+endoparasitoid+wasps+and+their+role+in+host-parasite+interactions.">Venom proteins from endoparasitoid wasps and their role in host-parasite interactions.</a> Annual Review of Entomology. 56, 313-335 (2011).</li><li>Moreau, S. J. M., Guillot, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advances+and+prospects+on+biosynthesis,+structures,+and+functions+of+venom+proteins+from+parasitic+wasps.">Advances and prospects on biosynthesis, structures, and functions of venom proteins from parasitic wasps.</a> Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 35 (11), 1209-1223 (2005).</li><li>Yan, Z. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+venom+serpin+splicing+isoform+of+the+endoparasitoid+wasp+Pteromalus+puparum+suppresses+host+prophenoloxidase+cascade+by+forming+complexes+with+host+hemolymph+proteinases.">A venom serpin splicing isoform of the endoparasitoid wasp Pteromalus puparum suppresses host prophenoloxidase cascade by forming complexes with host hemolymph proteinases.</a> Journal Biological Chemistry. 292 (3), 1038-1051 (2017).</li><li>Woelke, J. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Description+and+biology+of+two+new+egg+parasitoid+species+(Hymenoptera:+Trichogrammatidae)+reared+from+eggs+of+Heliconiini+butterflies+(Lepidoptera:+Nymphalidae:+Heliconiinae)+in+Panama.">Description and biology of two new egg parasitoid species (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) reared from eggs of Heliconiini butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) in Panama.</a> Journal of Natural History. 53 (11-12), 639-657 (2019).</li><li>Zang, L. S., Wang, S., Zhang, F., Desneux, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biological+control+with+Trichogramma+in+China:+History,+present+status,+and+perspectives.">Biological control with Trichogramma in China: History, present status, and perspectives.</a> Annual Review of Entomology. 66, 463-484 (2021).</li><li>Nettles, W. C. J., Morrison, R. K., Xie, Z. N., Ball, D., Shenkir, C. A., Vinson, S. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synergistic+action+of+potassium+chloride+and+magnesium+sulfate+on+parasitoid+wasp+oviposition.">Synergistic action of potassium chloride and magnesium sulfate on parasitoid wasp oviposition.</a> Science. 218, 4568 (1982).</li><li>Tilden, R. L., Ferkovich, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kairomonal+stimulation+of+oviposition+into+an+artificial+substrate+by+the+endoparasitoid+Microplitis+croceipes+(Hymenoptera)Braconidae).">Kairomonal stimulation of oviposition into an artificial substrate by the endoparasitoid Microplitis croceipes (Hymenoptera)Braconidae).</a> Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 81 (1), 152-156 (1988).</li><li>Xie, Z. N., Li, L., Xie, Y. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+culture+of+Habrobracon+hebetor.">In vitro culture of Habrobracon hebetor.</a> Chinese Journal of Biological Control. 5 (2), 49-51 (1989).</li><li>Han, S. T., Liu, W. H., Li, L. Y., Chen, Q. X., Zeng, B. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Breeding+Trichogramma+ostriniae+with+artificial+eggs.">Breeding Trichogramma ostriniae with artificial eggs.</a> Journal of Environmental Entomology. 21 (1), 9-12 (1999).</li><li>Li, L. Y., Chen, Q. X., Liu, W. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oviposition+behavior+of+twelve+species+of+Trichogramma+and+its+influence+on+the+efficiency+of+rearing+them+in+vitro.">Oviposition behavior of twelve species of Trichogramma and its influence on the efficiency of rearing them in vitro.</a> Journal of Environmental Entomology. 11 (1), 31-35 (1989).</li><li>Xing, J. Q., Li, L. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rearing+of+an+egg+parasite+Anastatus+japonicus+Ashmead+in+vitro.">Rearing of an egg parasite Anastatus japonicus Ashmead in vitro.</a> Acta Entomologica Sinica. 33 (2), 166-173 (1990).</li><li>Moreau, S. J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=&#34;It+stings+a+bit+but+it+cleans+well&#34;:+Venoms+of+Hymenoptera+and+their+antimicrobial+potential.">&#34;It stings a bit but it cleans well&#34;: Venoms of Hymenoptera and their antimicrobial potential.</a> Journal of Insect Physiology. 59 (2), 186-204 (2013).</li><li>Moreau, S. J. M., Asgari, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Venom+proteins+from+parasitoid+wasps+and+their+biological+function.">Venom proteins from parasitoid wasps and their biological function.</a> Toxins. 7 (7), 2385-2412 (2015).</li></ol>

提交人没有什么可披露的，也没有相互竞争的经济利益。

在这里，我们提出了一种使用人工宿主从T. dendrolimi中提取毒液的方法。毒液采集实验的要点如下。（1）在制备过程中，必须用适当浓度的CO2迅速麻醉树状枸杞。如果 CO2 浓度过低，则不足以快速麻醉 Trichogramma。相反，如果浓度过高，Trichogramma可能会死亡，从而降低它们寄生在人工宿主上的能力。（2）必须保证氨基酸溶液的无菌性，因为氨基酸溶液的污...

寄生蜂是寄生膜翅目昆虫，是生物防治的重要资源1。寄生蜂种类繁多，估计有超过 600,000 种2.寄生蜂的多样性远远超过其他有毒节肢动物，如蛇、锥形蜗牛、蜘蛛、蝎子和蜜蜂。毒液是寄生蜂的重要寄生因子。为了成功寄生，将毒液注射到宿主体内，调节宿主的行为、免疫、发育和新陈代谢3.此外，寄生蜂的毒液在其分子结构、靶点和功能上表现出显著的多样性，反映了与宿主的复杂协同进化。因此，寄生虫毒液是一种有价值且被低估的活性分子资源，用于杀虫或医疗目的4.与蛇、锥形蜗牛、蜘蛛、蝎子和蜜蜂的毒液不同，寄生蜂毒液不能通过直接刺激或电刺激收集5.目前提取寄生蜂毒液的方法是解剖毒液库。然而，寄生蜂通常很小，解剖寄生蜂需要很高的技术技能。因此，如果我们能找到一种高效方便地收集寄生蜂毒液的方法，对研究寄生蜂的毒液将有很大的帮助。
毛螨（膜翅目：Trichogrammatidae）是微小（~0.5毫米长）寄生蜂属 6.这些黄蜂是使用最广泛的生物防治剂之一，特别是针对农业和森林中各种鳞翅目害虫的卵。例如，中国应用最广泛的木霉菌种之一——枸杞已被广泛用于防治多种农林害虫，如石斛、毛竹、桫椤等。先前的研究表明，Trichogramma黄蜂可以将其卵注射到人工宿主中7。可以使用蜡8、琼脂9、封口膜10 和塑料薄膜11 等材料创建人工宿主。在人工宿主中诱导足够的Trichogramma产卵的溶液可以很简单，例如氨基酸或无机盐12。基于树状毛蛾能寄生人工寄主的特点，本研究提供了一种利用人工寄主从寄生蜂中提取毒液的新方法。这种方法旨在解决当前提取技术中产量低、纯度低和易受污染的缺点。利用该方法，可提取大量高纯度的石栖毒液，满足了杀虫或医用生物活性分子的科学研究和筛选需求。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>10 &#956;m Nylon Net</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>NY1002500</td>
			<td>For filtering the eggs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10% Polyvinyl alcohol</td>
			<td>Aladdin</td>
			<td>P139533</td>
			<td>For attractting&#160; T. dendrolimi&#160; to lay eggs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10% Sucrose water</td>
			<td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent&#160;</td>
			<td>10021463</td>
			<td>Feed Trichogramma dendrolimi</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4x LDS loading buffer</td>
			<td>Ace Hardware</td>
			<td>B23010301</td>
			<td>SDS-PAGE</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collection box</td>
			<td>Deli</td>
			<td>8555</td>
			<td>Container for T. dendrolimi parasitism</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Future PAGE&#160; 4&#8211;12% (12 wells)</td>
			<td>Ace Hardware</td>
			<td>J70236502X</td>
			<td>SDS-PAGE</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GenScript eStain L1 protein staining apparatus</td>
			<td>GenScript</td>
			<td>L00753</td>
			<td>SDS-PAGE</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass grinding rod&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>Applygen</td>
			<td>tb6268</td>
			<td>Semicircular protrudations&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L- Leucine</td>
			<td>Solarbio</td>
			<td>L0011</td>
			<td>Artificial host components</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Histidine</td>
			<td>Aladdin</td>
			<td>A2219458</td>
			<td>Artificial host components</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Phenylalanine</td>
			<td>Solarbio</td>
			<td>P0010</td>
			<td>Artificial host components</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mini-Centrifuges</td>
			<td>Scilogex</td>
			<td>D1008</td>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MOPS-SDS running buffer</td>
			<td>Ace Hardware</td>
			<td>B23021</td>
			<td>SDS-PAGE</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Omni-Easy Instant BCA protein assay kit</td>
			<td>Shanghai Yamay Biomedical Technology&#160;</td>
			<td>ZJ102</td>
			<td>For esimation of venom protein concentration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PCR plate layout of 96 holes</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>AB1400L</td>
			<td>Semicircular protrudations&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyethylene plastic film</td>
			<td>Suzhou Aopang Trading &#160;</td>
			<td>001c5427</td>
			<td>Artificial egg card</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prestained color protein marker(10&#8211;180 kDa)</td>
			<td>YiFeiXue Biotech</td>
			<td>YWB007</td>
			<td>SDS-PAGE</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber band</td>
			<td>Guangzhou qianrui biology science and technology</td>
			<td>009</td>
			<td>Tighten the plastic film and the collection box</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silicone rubber septa mat, 96-well, round hole</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>F504416-0001</td>
			<td>Semicircular protrudations&#160;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

extracting venom from the parasitoid wasp trichogramma dendrolimi using an artificial host

寄生蜂是一类多样化的膜翅目昆虫，是害虫生物防治的宝贵资源。为了确保成功寄生，寄生蜂将毒液注射到宿主体内，以抑制宿主的免疫力，调节宿主的发育、新陈代谢甚至行为。据估计，寄生蜂的种类超过 600,000 种，其多样性超过了其他有毒动物，如蛇、锥形蜗牛和蜘蛛。寄生蜂毒液是一种未被充分开发的生物活性分子来源，在害虫防治和医学方面具有潜在应用。然而，由于无法使用直接或电刺激，并且由于其体积小而难以解剖，因此收集寄生虫毒液具有挑战性。 Trichogramma 是一种微小的 （~0.5 毫米） 卵寄生蜂属，广泛用于农业和森林中鳞翅目害虫的生物防治。在这里，我们报道了一种使用人工宿主从 T. dendrolimi 中提取毒液的方法。这些人工宿主是用聚乙烯薄膜和氨基酸溶液产生的，然后接种有 毛滴虫 蜂进行寄生。随后收集并浓缩了毒液。这种方法能够提取大量的 毛滴虫 毒液，同时避免由解剖引起的其他组织的污染，这是毒液库解剖方案中的常见问题。这种创新方法促进了 Trichogramma 毒液的研究，为新的研究和潜在应用铺平了道路。

Parasitoid wasps are parasitic hymenopteran insects that are important resources for biological control1. There is a wide variety of parasitoid wasps, with over 600,000 estimated species2. The diversity of parasitoid wasps far exceeds that of other venomous arthropods, such as snakes, cone snails, spiders, scorpions, and bees. Venom is an important parasitic factor in parasitoid wasps. For successful parasitism, venom is injected into the host, modulating the host&#39;s behavior, immunity, development, and metabolism3. Moreover, the venom of parasitoid wasps displays remarkable diversity in its molecular structures, targets, and functions, reflecting complex coevolution with their hosts. Thus, parasitoid venom is a valuable and underappreciated resource of active molecules for insecticidal or medical purposes4. Unlike the venom of snakes, cone snails, spiders, scorpions, and bees, parasitoid wasp venom cannot be collected by direct stimulation or electrical stimulation5. The current method of extraction of parasitoid wasp venom is to dissect the venom reservoir. However, parasitoid wasps are often small, and dissection of parasitoid wasps requires high technical skills. Therefore, if we can find a way to collect the venom of parasitoid wasps efficiently and conveniently, it will be of great help to research the venom of parasitoid wasps.
Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) is a genus of tiny (~0.5 mm long) parasitoid wasps6. These wasps are among the most widely used biocontrol agents, particularly targeting eggs of various lepidopteran pests in both agriculture and forests. For example, T. dendrolimi, one of the most widely used Trichogramma species in China, has been extensively applied to control a variety of agricultural and forestry pests, such as Dendrolimus superans, Ostrinia furnacalis, and Chilo suppressalis. Previous studies showed that Trichogramma wasps could inject their eggs into artificial hosts7. Artificial hosts can be created using materials such as wax8, agar9, Parafilm10, and plastic film11. The solution in artificial hosts that induces sufficient oviposition for Trichogramma can be simple, such as amino acids or inorganic salts12. Based on the characteristic that T. dendrolimi can parasitize artificial hosts, this study provides a new method for extracting venom from parasitoid wasps using artificial hosts. This approach aims to address the shortcomings of low yield, low purity, and susceptibility to contamination in current extraction techniques. By using this method, a large amount of high-purity venom from T. dendrolimi can be extracted, which meets the needs of scientific research and screening of bioactive molecules for insecticidal or medical purposes.

作者聚焦：Trichogramma 寄生黄蜂的高效毒液提取方法 

使用人工宿主从寄生蜂 Trichogramma dendrolimi 中提取毒液

The lack of efficient venom extraction methods often limits the research on the venom of parasitoid wasps, especially in tiny parasitoid wasps. This study provides an efficient method to extract the venom of Trichogramma with follow up post study of Trichogramma venom, such as the protein compensation and the venom function analysis. Previously, no methods of exchanging of parasitoid wasp venom requires the distinguishing of venom reserve.However, parasitoid wasps are tiny. Not only are the technical requirements of distinguishing venom was high, but continuation of other tissues during dissection is also common. Our normal method uses artificial host, thus avoiding such problems.In the future, we will focus on the agriculture and the medical applications of Trichogramma venom. We aim to utilize specific insecticidal venom genes for pest control. Meanwhile, we plan to investigate the untapped potential of Trichogramma venom in methodology, particularly its prospective utility in enhancing immunotherapy techniques, and in the discovery of novel antibiotic molecules.

使用蛋白质检测试剂盒测量代表性毒液样品的蛋白质浓度，结果如 表1所示。结果表明，该方法采集的毒液蛋白浓度范围为0.35 μg/μL至0.46 μg/μL，而氨基酸溶液阴性对照的蛋白浓度仅为0.03 μg/μL至0.05 μg/μL。该方法采集的毒液蛋白浓度远高于阴性对照，说明该方法能较好地采集寄生蜂的毒液。此外，寄生时间和浓度之间没有特定的相关性，因为不同批次的寄生蜂可能具有不同的活力。...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Efficient Venom Extraction Method from Trichogramma Parasitoid Wasps at JoVE.com

在这里，我们提出了一种使用由聚乙烯薄膜和氨基酸溶液制成的人工宿主从 木 霉中提取毒液的方案。

Parasitoid wasps are a diverse group of hymenopteran insects that serve as invaluable resources for pest biocontrol. To ensure successful parasitism, ...

缺乏有效的毒液提取方法往往限制了对寄生蜂毒液的研究，特别是在微小的寄生蜂中。本研究提供了一种有效的提取毛滴虫毒液的方法，并对毛滴虫毒液进行后续研究，如蛋白质补偿和毒液功能分析。以前，没有交换寄生蜂毒液的方法需要区分毒液储备。然而，寄生蜂很小。不仅区分毒液的技术要求很高，而且在解剖过程中其他组织的延续也很常见。我们的常规方法使用人工宿主，从而避免了此类问题。未来，我们将专注于Trichogramma毒液的农业和医学应用。我们的目标是利用特定的杀虫毒液基因来控制害虫。同时，我们计划研究Trichogramma毒液在方法学方面的未开发潜力，特别是其在增强免疫治疗技术和发现新型抗生素分子方面的预期效用。

extracting-venom-from-parasitoid-wasp-trichogramma-dendrolimi-using

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

Extracting Venom from the Parasitoid Wasp Trichogramma dendrolimi Using an Artificial Host

922 次观看.  Nanjing Agricultural University. 缺乏有效的毒液提取方法往往限制了对寄生蜂毒液的研究，特别是在微小的寄生蜂中。本研究提供了一种有效的提取毛滴虫毒液的方法，并对毛滴虫毒液进行后续研究，如蛋白质补偿和毒液功能分析。以前，没有交换寄生蜂毒液的方法需要区分毒液储备。然而，寄生蜂很小。不仅区分毒液的技术要求很高，而且在解剖过程中其他组织的延续也很常见。我们的常规方法使?...