本出版物中报告的研究得到了 NIH Grants R01EY018341 and R01EY019250 （CSS）、NIH Grant F31EY035156 （AH） 和 P30 EY011373 的支持。资助组织在这项研究的设计或实施中没有任何作用。

本研究中动物受试者的使用得到了凯斯西储大学机构动物护理和使用委员会 （IACUC） 的批准。
1. 试剂制备
<ol><li>通过补充 Hank 平衡盐溶液 （HBSS）、无钙、无镁、无酚红和 10 mM HEPES 缓冲溶液来制备洗涤缓冲液。将溶液保持在 4 °C 直至使用。</li>
	<li>通过在 Dulbecco 改良 Eagle 培养基中补充 4.5 g/L 葡萄糖、1.25x GlutaMAX 补充剂（储备液浓度 100 倍或 200 mM;终浓度为 2.5 mM L-谷氨酰胺）、10% 胎牛血清、1% 青霉素/链霉素和 1x MEM 非必需氨基酸溶液 （100x） 来制备 RPE 培养基。使用前，在水浴中将培养基预热至 37 °C。</li>
</ol>2. 小鼠眼睛摘除
<ol><li>使用 IACUC 批准的安乐死方法对小鼠实施安乐死，最好在 3 至 14 周龄之间（在麻醉下使用氯胺酮/甲苯噻嗪混合物以每 20 克小鼠 0.1 mL [87.5 mg/kg 氯胺酮和 12.5 mg/kg 甲苯噻嗪] 是本研究中使用的方法）。 注意：随着时间的推移，从年轻小鼠收集的眼睛将有助于增加视网膜色素上皮细胞的产量，并延长连续传代的能力。</li>
	<li>将鼠标平放在一侧，眼睛朝上。</li>
	<li>将食指和拇指分别放在眼睛的上方和下方。轻轻按压眼睛周围的骨骼结构，以诱导眼球突出。</li>
	<li>将略微张开的剪刀的尖端插入眼睛下方，轻轻地将手腕从眼睛向外旋转 90°，直到眼睛从眼窝上脱落。 注意： 不要用剪刀剪伤眼睛或视神经，因为这会使眼罩的解剖更加困难。</li>
	<li>立即将眼睛放入 70% 乙醇中并转动不超过 5 秒，然后将其转移到保存在冰上的洗涤缓冲液培养基中。</li>
	<li>在解剖显微镜下，一次将一只眼睛转移到装有洗涤缓冲液和浸泡纱布条的培养皿中。</li>
	<li>用镊子握住视神经来稳定眼睛。使用 3.00 毫米 45° 手术刀或 0.009 英寸剃须刀片在锯齿孔水平轻轻切开。</li>
	<li>使用 Vannas 剪刀，轻轻地将剪刀插入切口，并在锯齿孔的圆周周围剪断，直到可以去除和丢弃前段和玻璃体。</li>
	<li>使用系留镊子轻轻地从眼罩上剥离视网膜，小心不要干扰 RPE 层。 注意：为了使视网膜更容易去除，请在移液管中加入洗涤缓冲液，然后小心地将其涂抹在眼罩的边缘，以轻轻提起视网膜。</li>
	<li>最后，用剪刀从眼罩上去除视神经和多余的结缔组织。小心不要刺穿眼罩。</li>
</ol>3. 原发性 RPE 的分离
<ol><li>将眼罩转移到含有 1 mL 0.25% 胰蛋白酶 + 0.02% EDTA 的 1.5 mL 微量离心管中。 注意：可以将两个眼罩添加到一份胰蛋白酶-EDTA 中，以提高可培养 RPE 的产量。</li>
	<li>将微量离心管转移到设定为 37 °C 的水浴中并孵育 10 分钟。每 2 分钟，从水浴中取出试管，然后将试管底部用力敲击台面 40 次。</li>
	<li>10 分钟后，使用 P1000 或 2 mL 血清移液管上下移液不超过 3 次，轻轻地机械地破坏眼罩。 注意：RPE 片材的碎裂是必不可少的，因为大片材无法正确粘附。</li>
	<li>通过将分离的 RPE 片而不是眼罩分层到 15 mL 锥形管中的 0.5 mL 胎牛血清 （FBS） 上，立即中和胰蛋白酶。</li>
	<li>此外，通过将 3 mL RPE 培养基滴加到 FBS 和 RPE 片层上来稀释胰蛋白酶。</li>
	<li>将 RPE 以 340 x g 离心 3 分钟。</li>
	<li>弃去上清液，将细胞重悬于适量的 RPE 培养基中，用于 24 孔板 （1.9 cm2/孔） 或 48 孔板 （0.75 cm2/孔）。 注：RPE 可以接种到涂有细胞外基质蛋白（特别是层粘连蛋白、IV 型胶原或纤连蛋白）的孔板上，以提高粘附性11。RPE 也可以重悬于 1 mL RPE 培养基中，并分层到 40% 密度分离梯度上，以进一步分离纯 RPE 细胞。此外，以 340 x g 旋转板 3-5 分钟可能会增加细胞粘附13。</li>
	<li>在 37 °C 下，5% CO2 孵育。</li>
</ol>4. 培养 RPE
<ol><li>至少 3 天内不要破坏分离的 RPE。72 小时后，轻轻去除旧培养基，并用新鲜的预热培养基替换。</li>
	<li>前 3 天后每 48 小时更换一次培养基。</li>
	<li>一旦细胞达到汇合，使用 0.25% 胰蛋白酶 + 0.02% EDTA 传代细胞，并将 RPE 培养基中的 FBS 降低至 2%。 注意：先前报道原发性 RPE 在 5-7 代后开始去分化，并将开始失去其六边形和色素沉着14。</li>
</ol>

培养的原代鼠 RPE 的表征和形态动力学

<ol>
	<li>Strauss, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+retinal+pigment+epithelium+in+visual+function.">The retinal pigment epithelium in visual function.</a> Physiol Rev. 85 (3), 845-881 (2005).</li><li>Lakkaraju, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+cell+biology+of+the+retinal+pigment+epithelium.">The cell biology of the retinal pigment epithelium.</a> Prog Retin Eye Res. 100846, (2020).</li><li>Lambros, M. L., Plafker, S. 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O., Clark, V., Abrams, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+improved+method+for+isolation+and+culture+of+rat+retinal+pigment+epithelial+cells.">An improved method for isolation and culture of rat retinal pigment epithelial cells.</a> Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 26 (11), 1599-1609 (1985).</li><li>Chang, C. W., Roque, R. S., Defoe, D. M., Caldwell, R. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+improved+method+for+isolation+and+culture+of+pigment+epithelial+cells+from+rat+retina.">An improved method for isolation and culture of pigment epithelial cells from rat retina.</a> Curr Eye Res. 10 (11), 1081-1086 (1991).</li><li>Wang, N., Koutz, C. A., Anderson, R. 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W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+method+for+the+isolation+and+culture+of+adult+rat+retinal+pigment+epithelial+(RPE)+cells+to+study+retinal+diseases.">A method for the isolation and culture of adult rat retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells to study retinal diseases.</a> Front Cell Neurosci. 9, 449 (2015).</li><li>Shen, J., He, J., Wang, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+culture+of+primary+mouse+retinal+pigment+epithelial+(RPE)+cells+with+Rho-Kinase+and+TGFbetaR-1/ALK5+inhibitor.">Isolation and culture of primary mouse retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells with Rho-Kinase and TGFbetaR-1/ALK5 inhibitor.</a> Med Sci Monit. 23, 6132-6136 (2017).</li><li>Hood, E. M. 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在本文中，我们概述了一种分离和培养小鼠视网膜色素上皮的简化方案。从成年小鼠的眼睛中分离的 RPE 细胞表达 RPE 特异性标志物 RPE65 和细胞间连接标志物 ZO-1。此外，培养的细胞在培养物中发育成有色的六边形片材。
之前已经发表了几种在啮齿动物中分离 RPE 的方法6、7、8、9<...

视网膜色素上皮 （RPE） 是位于 Bruch 膜上的一种特殊细胞单层，位于光感受器和脉络膜1 之间。RPE 细胞在视网膜的正常功能中起着关键作用。RPE 细胞将葡萄糖和维生素 A 运输到光感受器，通过将全反式视网膜再异构化为 11-顺式视网膜来促进视力，并通过吞噬脱落的外段来维持光感受器的外段，从视网膜下空间去除水分，通过紧密连接的存在形成外血视网膜屏障并分泌嗜神经性生长因子（如色素上皮衍生因子、 和碱性成纤维细胞生长因子）支持光感受器2。RPE 细胞功能障碍参与各种视网膜病变的发病机制，包括年龄相关性黄斑变性、色素性视网膜炎和糖尿病性视网膜病变 3,4,5。使用 RPE 细胞的体外研究对于提高我们对这些疾病发病机制的理解至关重要。原代 RPE 细胞是这些研究的首选，因为 RPE 细胞系虽然很容易获得，但缺乏原代 RPE 细胞的关键特征。
虽然各种物种已被用作原代 RPE 细胞的来源，但小鼠具有使用基因修饰来帮助了解视网膜病变发病机制的优势。先前描述的从啮齿动物中分离 RPE 细胞的方案要么需要使用新生动物，要么冗长，需要技术技能，要么不适合培养 6,7,8,9,10,11,12。我们描述了一种从成年小鼠中分离 RPE 细胞的简单快速方法，可产生这些细胞的高纯度培养物。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>0.009 RD Single-Edge Blades</td>
			<td>Personna</td>
			<td>941202</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle&#39;s Medium (DMEM)</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>10-013-CV</td>
			<td>with 4.5 g/L glucose, L-glutamine, sodium pyruvate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>35010CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GlutaMAX, 100x</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>35050061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hank&#39;s Balanced Salt Solution</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>14175095</td>
			<td>no Calcium, no magnesium, no phenol red</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES Buffer Solution (1M)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15630106</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEM Non-Essential Amino Acids, 100x</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11140050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro-Unitome Knife</td>
			<td>BVI Beaver</td>
			<td>377546</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin Solution, 100x</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>30-002-CI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polystyrene Microplates</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>08-772-1</td>
			<td>24-well or 48-well</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Regular Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>35-010-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin-EDTA (0.25%)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>25200056</td>
			<td>with phenol red</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vannas scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>10091-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a simplified method for isolation and culture of retinal pigment epithelial cells from adult mice

视网膜色素上皮细胞 （RPE） 对于视网膜的正常功能至关重要。RPE 功能障碍参与重要视网膜疾病的发病机制，例如年龄相关性黄斑变性、色素性视网膜炎和糖尿病性视网膜病变。我们提出了一种从小鼠成人眼中分离 RPE 的简化方法。与以前报道的方法相比，这种方法能够从成年小鼠中分离和培养高纯度 RPE。这种简单快速的方法不需要广泛的技术技能，并且可以通过基本的科学工具和试剂来实现。通过摘除眼睛，然后去除眼前节，从 3 至 14 周龄的 C57BL/6 背景小鼠中分离出原发性 RPE。酶促胰蛋白酶消化和离心用于从眼罩中解离和分离 RPE。总之，这种方法为 RPE 在视网膜功能和疾病研究中的使用提供了一种快速有效的方案。

所述方案已用于 C57BL/6 背景小鼠。性别似乎并没有改变培养 RPE 的能力。与老年小鼠相比，6 周以下的小鼠产生的 RPE 片有限，可能需要更多的眼睛才能达到最佳汇合。分离后，RPE 细胞大约需要 3 天才能稳定并附着在细胞培养板上。分离后约 24 小时，看起来无核的圆形色素沉着细胞已经开始沉降，但尚未完全粘附在板上（图 1A）。在接下来的 48-72 小时内，细胞开始附着和扩?...

作者聚焦：从成年小鼠中有效分离原代视网膜色素上皮细胞用于视网膜病变研究

视网膜色素上皮 （RPE） 是脉络膜和视网膜之间的重要屏障，促进视网膜细胞类型（如光感受器）的健康和功能。在此，我们描述了一种简单有效的分离和培养成年小鼠 RPE 的方案。

一种从成年小鼠中分离和培养视网膜色素上皮细胞的简化方法

Retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE) are critical for the proper function of the retina. RPE dysfunction is involved in the pathogenesis of important ...

a-simplified-method-for-isolation-culture-retinal-pigment-epithelial

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

A Simplified Method for Isolation and Culture of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells from Adult Mice

904 次观看.  Case Western Reserve University. 视网膜色素上皮细胞或 RPE 位于光感受器和脉络膜之间。RPE 功能障碍在疾病的发病机制中很重要，例如年龄相关性黄斑变性、糖尿病性视网膜病变和色素性视网膜炎。原发性 RPE 的使用是提高对疾病发展方式的理解的研究的关键。虽然各种物种已被用作原发性 RPE 的来源，但小鼠的优势在于允许使用基因操作来帮助了解视网膜病变是如何发展的?...

视频: 作者聚焦：从成年小鼠中有效分离原代视网膜色素上皮细胞用于视网膜病变研究

Experimental Models for Study of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Physiology and Pathophysiology

We have developed a cell culture procedure that can produce large quantities of confluent monolayers of primary human fetal retinal pigment epithelium (hfRPE) cultures with morphological, physiological and genetic characteristics of native human RPE. These hfRPE cell cultures exhibit heavy pigmentation, and electron microscopy show extensive apical membrane microvilli. The junctional complexes were identified with immunofluorescence labeling of various tight junction proteins. Epithelial polarity and function of these easily reproducible primary cultures closely resemble previously studied mammalian models of native RPE, including human. These results were extended by the development of therapeutic interventions in several animal models of human eye disease. We have focused on strategies for the removal of abnormal fluid accumulation in the retina or subretinal space. The extracellular subretinal space separates the photoreceptor outer segments and the apical membrane of the RPE and is critical for maintenance of retinal attachments and a whole host of RPE/retina interactions.

We provide a reproducible method for culturing confluent monolayers of human fetal retinal pigment epithelial cells (hfRPE) cells that exhibit morphology, physiology, polarity, and protein and gene expression patterns of adult native tissue. This work has been extended to an animal model of several eye diseases.

视网膜色素上皮的生理与病理生理学研究的实验模型

We have developed a cell culture procedure that can produce large quantities of confluent monolayers of primary human fetal retinal pigment epithelium ...

科研

神经科学

Dissection of a Mouse Eye for a Whole Mount of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) lies at the back of the mammalian eye, just under the neural retina, which contains the photoreceptors (rods and cones). The RPE is a monolayer of pigmented cuboidal cells and associates closely with the neural retina just above it. This association makes the RPE of great interest to researchers studying retinal diseases. The RPE is also the site of an in vivo assay of homology-directed DNA repair, the pun assay. The mouse eye is particularly difficult to dissect due to its small size (about 3.5mm in diameter) and its spherical shape. This article demonstrates in detail a procedure for dissection of the eye resulting in a whole mount of the RPE. In this procedure, we show how to work with, rather than against, the spherical structure of the eye. Briefly, the connective tissue, muscle, and optic nerve are removed from the back of the eye. Then, the cornea and lens are removed. Next, strategic cuts are made that result in significant flattening of the remaining tissue. Finally, the neural retina is gently lifted off, revealing an intact RPE, which is still attached to the underlying choroid and sclera. This whole mount can be used to perform the pun assay or for immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescent assessment of the RPE tissue.

A formal demonstration of the dissection of a mouse eye, resulting in a whole mount of the retinal pigment epithelium.

解剖鼠标眼的视网膜色素上皮的全山

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) lies at the back of the mammalian eye, just under the neural retina, which contains the photoreceptors (rods and ...

Isolation and Culture of Hippocampal Neurons from Prenatal Mice

Primary cultures of rat and murine hippocampal neurons are widely used to reveal cellular mechanisms in neurobiology. By isolating and growing individual neurons, researchers are able to analyze properties related to cellular trafficking, cellular structure and individual protein localization using a variety of biochemical techniques. Results from such experiments are critical for testing theories addressing the neural basis of memory and learning. However, unambiguous results from these forms of experiments are predicated on the ability to grow neuronal cultures with minimum contamination by other brain cell types. In this protocol, we use specific media designed for neuron growth and careful dissection of embryonic hippocampal tissue to optimize growth of healthy neurons while minimizing contaminating cell types (i.e. astrocytes). Embryonic mouse hippocampal tissue can be more difficult to isolate than similar rodent tissue due to the size of the sample for dissection. We show detailed dissection techniques of hippocampus from embryonic day 19 (E19) mouse pups. Once hippocampal tissue is isolated, gentle dissociation of neuronal cells is achieved with a dilute concentration of trypsin and mechanical disruption designed to separate cells from connective tissue while providing minimum damage to individual cells. A detailed description of how to prepare pipettes to be used in the disruption is included. Optimal plating densities are provided for immuno-fluorescence protocols to maximize successful cell culture. The protocol provides a fast (approximately 2 hr) and efficient technique for the culture of neuronal cells from mouse hippocampal tissue.

We provide a protocol for the culture of highly purified hippocampal neurons from prenatal mouse brains without the use of a feeder glial cell layer.

从产前小鼠海马神经元的分离和培养

Primary cultures of rat and murine hippocampal neurons are widely used to reveal cellular mechanisms in neurobiology. By isolating and growing individual ...

Isolation and Culture of Neural Crest Cells from Embryonic Murine Neural Tube

The embryonic neural crest (NC) is a multipotent progenitor population that originates at the dorsal aspect of the neural tube, undergoes an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and migrates throughout the embryo, giving rise to diverse cell types 1-3. NC also has the unique ability to influence the differentiation and maturation of target organs4-6. When explanted in vitro, NC progenitors undergo self-renewal, migrate and differentiate into a variety of tissue types including neurons, glia, smooth muscle cells, cartilage and bone. 
NC multipotency was first described from explants of the avian neural tube7-9. In vitro isolation of NC cells facilitates the study of NC dynamics including proliferation, migration, and multipotency. Further work in the avian and rat systems demonstrated that explanted NC cells retain their NC potential when transplanted back into the embryo10-13. Because these inherent cellular properties are preserved in explanted NC progenitors, the neural tube explant assay provides an attractive option for studying the NC in vitro. 
To attain a better understanding of the mammalian NC, many methods have been employed to isolate NC populations. NC-derived progenitors can be cultured from post-migratory locations in both the embryo and adult to study the dynamics of post-migratory NC progenitors11,14-20, however isolation of NC progenitors as they emigrate from the neural tube provides optimal preservation of NC cell potential and migratory properties13,21,22. Some protocols employ fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) to isolate a NC population enriched for particular progenitors11,13,14,17. However, when starting with early stage embryos, cell numbers adequate for analyses are difficult to obtain with FACS, complicating the isolation of early NC populations from individual embryos. Here, we describe an approach that does not rely on FACS and results in an approximately 96% pure NC population based on a Wnt1-Cre activated lineage reporter23. 
The method presented here is adapted from protocols optimized for the culture of rat NC11,13. The advantages of this protocol compared to previous methods are that 1) the cells are not grown on a feeder layer, 2) FACS is not required to obtain a relatively pure NC population, 3) premigratory NC cells are isolated and 4) results are easily quantified. Furthermore, this protocol can be used for isolation of NC from any mutant mouse model, facilitating the study of NC characteristics with different genetic manipulations. The limitation of this approach is that the NC is removed from the context of the embryo, which is known to influence the survival, migration and differentiation of the NC2,24-28.

Isolation of embryonic neural crest from the neural tube facilitates the use of in vitro methods for studying migration, self-renewal, and multipotency of neural crest.

从小鼠胚胎神经管的神经嵴细胞的分离和培养

The embryonic neural crest (NC) is a multipotent progenitor population that originates at the dorsal aspect of the neural tube, undergoes an epithelial to ...

Dissection, Culture, and Analysis of Xenopus laevis Embryonic Retinal Tissue

The process by which the anterior region of the neural plate gives rise to the vertebrate retina continues to be a major focus of both clinical and basic research. In addition to the obvious medical relevance for understanding and treating retinal disease, the development of the vertebrate retina continues to serve as an important and elegant model system for understanding neuronal cell type determination and differentiation1-16. The neural retina consists of six discrete cell types (ganglion, amacrine, horizontal, photoreceptors, bipolar cells, and M&uuml;ller glial cells) arranged in stereotypical layers, a pattern that is largely conserved among all vertebrates 12,14-18.
While studying the retina in the intact developing embryo is clearly required for understanding how this complex organ develops from a protrusion of the forebrain into a layered structure, there are many questions that benefit from employing approaches using primary cell culture of presumptive retinal cells 7,19-23. For example, analyzing cells from tissues removed and dissociated at different stages allows one to discern the state of specification of individual cells at different developmental stages, that is, the fate of the cells in the absence of interactions with neighboring tissues 8,19-22,24-33. Primary cell culture also allows the investigator to treat the culture with specific reagents and analyze the results on a single cell level 5,8,21,24,27-30,33-39. Xenopus laevis, a classic model system for the study of early neural development 19,27,29,31-32,40-42, serves as a particularly suitable system for retinal primary cell culture 10,38,43-45.
Presumptive retinal tissue is accessible from the earliest stages of development, immediately following neural induction 25,38,43. In addition, given that each cell in the embryo contains a supply of yolk, retinal cells can be cultured in a very simple defined media consisting of a buffered salt solution, thus removing the confounding effects of incubation or other sera-based products 10,24,44-45.
However, the isolation of the retinal tissue from surrounding tissues and the subsequent processing is challenging. Here, we present a method for the dissection and dissociation of retinal cells in Xenopus laevis that will be used to prepare primary cell cultures that will, in turn, be analyzed for calcium activity and gene expression at the resolution of single cells. While the topic presented in this paper is the analysis of spontaneous calcium transients, the technique is broadly applicable to a wide array of research questions and approaches (Figure 1).

Dissection, Culture, and Analysis of Xenopus laevis Embryonic Retinal Tissue

Xenopus laevis provides an ideal model system for studying cell fate specification and physiological function of individual retinal cells in primary cell culture. Here we present a technique for dissecting retinal tissues and generating primary cell cultures that are imaged for calcium activity and analyzed by in situ hybridization.

解剖，文化与分析<em&gt;非洲爪蟾</em&gt;胚胎视网膜组织

The process by which  the anterior region of the neural plate gives rise to the vertebrate retina  continues to be a major focus of both clinical and ...

Isolation and Culture of Endothelial Cells from the Embryonic Forebrain

Embryonic brain endothelial cells can serve as an important tool in the study of angiogenesis and neurovascular development and interactions. The two vascular networks of the embryonic forebrain, pial and periventricular, are spatially distinctive and have different origins and growth patterns. Endothelial cells from the pial and periventricular vascular networks have unique gene expression profiles and functions. Here we present a step-by-step protocol for isolation, culture, and verification of pure populations of endothelial cells from the periventricular vascular network (PVECs) of the embryonic forebrain (telencephalon). In this approach, telencephalon devoid of pial membrane obtained from embryonic day 15 mice is minced, digested with collagenase/dispase, and dispersed mechanically into a single cell suspension. PVECs are purified from cell suspension using positive selection with anti-CD-31/PECAM-1 antibody conjugated to MicroBeads using a strong magnetic separation method. Purified cells are cultured on collagen 1&#160;coated culture dishes in endothelial cell culture medium until they become confluent and further subcultured. PVECs obtained with this protocol exhibit cobblestone and spindle shaped phenotypes, as visualized by phase-contrast light microscopy and fluorescence microscopy. Purity of PVEC cultures was established with endothelial cell markers. In our hands, this method reliably and consistently yields pure populations of PVECs. This protocol will benefit studies aimed at gaining mechanistic insights into forebrain angiogenesis, understanding PVEC interactions, and cross-talks with neuronal cell types and holds tremendous potential for therapeutic angiogenesis.

This video demonstrates an easy and reliable strategy for preparation of pure cultures of endothelial cells from the embryonic forebrain within 10-12 days and will be useful for research focused on many aspects of cerebral angiogenesis.

从胚胎前脑内皮细胞的分离和培养

Embryonic brain endothelial cells can serve as an important tool in the study of angiogenesis and neurovascular development and interactions. The two ...

One Mouse, Two Cultures: Isolation and Culture of Adult Neural Stem Cells from the Two Neurogenic Zones of Individual Mice

The neurosphere assay and the adherent monolayer culture system are valuable tools to determine the potential (proliferation or differentiation) of adult neural stem cells in vitro. These assays can be used to compare the precursor potential of cells isolated from genetically different or differentially treated animals&#160;to determine the effects of exogenous factors on neural precursor cell proliferation and differentiation and to generate neural precursor cell lines that can be assayed over continuous passages. The neurosphere assay is traditionally used for the post-hoc identification of stem cells, primarily due to the lack of definitive markers with which they can be isolated from primary tissue&#160;and has the major advantage of giving a quick estimate of precursor cell numbers in brain tissue derived from individual animals. Adherent monolayer cultures, in contrast, are not traditionally used to compare proliferation between individual animals, as each culture is generally initiated from the combined tissue of between 5-8 animals. However, they have the major advantage that, unlike neurospheres, they consist of a mostly homogeneous population of precursor cells and are useful for following the differentiation process in single cells. Here, we describe, in detail, the generation of neurosphere cultures and, for the first time, adherent cultures from individual animals. This has many important implications including paired analysis of proliferation and/or differentiation potential in both the subventricular zone (SVZ) and dentate gyrus (DG) of treated or genetically different mouse lines, as well as a significant reduction in animal usage.

Here we describe a detailed protocol for the simultaneous generation of neural precursor cell cultures, as either adherent monolayers or neurospheres, from the subventricular zone and dentate gyrus of individual adult mice.

一个鼠标，两种文化:隔离和成人神经的培养干细胞从单个小鼠的两个神经源性区

The neurosphere assay and the adherent monolayer culture system are valuable tools to determine the potential (proliferation or differentiation) of adult ...

Limbal Approach-Subretinal Injection of Viral Vectors for Gene Therapy in Mice Retinal Pigment Epithelium

The eye is a small and enclosed organ which makes it an ideal target for gene therapy. Recently various strategies have been applied to gene therapy in retinopathies using non-viral and viral gene delivery to the retina and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Subretinal injection is the best approach to deliver viral vectors directly to RPE cells. Before the clinical trial of a gene therapy, it is inevitable to validate the efficacy of the therapy in animal models of various retinopathies. Thus, subretinal injection in mice becomes a fundamental technique for an ocular gene therapy. In this protocol, we provide the easy and replicable technique for subretinal injection of viral vectors to experimental mice. This technique is modified from the intravitreal injection, which is widely used technique in ophthalmology clinics. The representative results of RPE/choroid/scleral complex flat-mount will help to understand the efficacy of this technique and adjust the volume and titer of viral vectors for the extent of gene transduction.

Subretinal injection is a surgical technique for effective gene delivery to retinal pigment epithelium in the mouse eye. Here we describe an easy and replicable method for subretinal injection of viral vectors to retinal pigment epithelium in experimental mice.

病毒载体的基因治疗的小鼠视网膜色素上皮缘方针，视网膜下注射

The eye is a small and enclosed organ which makes it an ideal target for gene therapy. Recently various strategies have been applied to gene therapy in ...

A Simplified Method for Ultra-Low Density, Long-Term Primary Hippocampal Neuron Culture

Culturing primary hippocampal neurons in vitro facilitates mechanistic interrogation of many aspects of neuronal development. Dissociated embryonic hippocampal neurons can often grow successfully on glass coverslips at high density under serum-free conditions, but low density cultures typically require a supply of trophic factors by co-culturing them with a glia feeder layer, preparation of which can be time-consuming and laborious. In addition, the presence of glia may confound interpretation of results and preclude studies on neuron-specific mechanisms. Here, a simplified method is presented for ultra-low density (~2,000 neurons/cm2), long-term (&#62;3 months) primary hippocampal neuron culture that is under serum free conditions and without glia cell support. Low density neurons are grown on poly-D-lysine coated coverslips, and flipped on high density neurons grown in a 24-well plate. Instead of using paraffin dots to create a space between the two neuronal layers, the experimenters can simply etch the plastic bottom of the well, on which the high density neurons reside, to create a microspace conducive to low density neuron growth. The co-culture can be easily maintained for &#62;3 months without significant loss of low density neurons, thus facilitating the morphological and physiological study of these neurons. To illustrate this successful culture condition, data are provided to show profuse synapse formation in low density cells after prolonged culture. This co-culture system also facilitates the survival of sparse individual neurons grown in islands of poly-D-lysine substrates and thus the formation of autaptic connections.

Low density cultures of primary hippocampal neurons usually require glia feeder layer to supply neurotrophic factors and sustain longevity. We describe here a simplified method to culture ultra-low density neurons on glass coverslips in the presence of a high density neuronal feeder layer, which facilitates investigation of specific neuronal-autonomous mechanisms.

的简化方法超低密度，长期主要海马神经元文化

Culturing primary hippocampal neurons in vitro facilitates mechanistic interrogation of many aspects of neuronal development. Dissociated embryonic ...

Isolation and Culture of Adult Neural Stem Cells from the Mouse Subcallosal Zone

Adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) can be used for the regeneration of damaged brain tissue. NSCs have the potential for differentiation and proliferation into three types of cells: neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Identifying aNSC-derived regions and characterizing the aNSC properties are critical for the potential use of aNSCs and for the elucidation of their role in neural regeneration. The subcallosal zone (SCZ), located between white matter and the hippocampus, has recently been reported to contain aNSCs and continuously give rise to neuroblasts. A low percentage of aNSCs from the SCZ is differentiated into neurons; most cells are differentiated into glial cells, such as oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. These cells are suggested to have a therapeutic potential for traumatic cortical injury. This protocol describes in detail the process to generate SCZ-aNSCs from an adult mouse brain. A brain matrix with intervals of 1 mm is used to obtain the SCZ-containing coronal slices and to precisely dissect the SCZ from the whole brain. The SCZ sections are initially subjected to a neurosphere culture. A well-developed culture system allows for the verification of their characteristics and can increase research on NSCs. A neurosphere culture system provides a useful tool for determining proliferation and collecting the genuine NSCs. A monolayer culture is also an in vitro system to assay proliferation and differentiation. Significantly, this culture system provides a more homogenous environment for NSCs than the neurosphere culture system. Thus, using a discrete brain region, these culture systems will be helpful for expanding our knowledge about aNSCs and their applications for therapeutic uses.

Establishing culture systems for the expansion of adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) allows for the examination and application of aNSCs for therapy. The subcallosal zone (SCZ) has recently been recognized as a novel neuroblast-forming region in adult mice. Here, methods for the isolation, expansion, and differentiation of SCZ-aNSCs are described.

分离和成人神经干细胞的培养从鼠标Subcallosal区

Adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) can be used for the regeneration of damaged brain tissue. NSCs have the potential for differentiation and proliferation ...