ai_agent

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>探索胞间连丝功能:靶向蛋白的共聚焦显微镜检查

<ol><li>Lee, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((A+plasmodesmata-localized+protein+mediates+crosstalk+between+cell-to-cell+communication+and+innate+immunity+in+Arabidopsis%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22The+Plant+Cell%22%5BJournal%5D)">A plasmodesmata-localized protein mediates crosstalk between cell-to-cell communication and innate immunity in Arabidopsis.</a> The Plant Cell. 23 (9), 3353-3373 (2011).</li>
<li>Benitez-Alfonso, Y., Faulkner, C., Ritzenthaler, C., Maule, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Plasmodesmata+gateways+to+local+and+systemic+virus+infection%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Mol+Plant-Microbe+Interact%22%5BJournal%5D)">Plasmodesmata gateways to local and systemic virus infection.</a> Mol Plant-Microbe Interact. 23 (11), 1403-1412 (2010).</li>
<li>Bayer, E. M., Benitez-Alfonso, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Plasmodesmata%3A+Channels+under+pressure%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Annu+Rev+Plant+Biol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Plasmodesmata: Channels under pressure.</a> Annu Rev Plant Biol. 75, 21(2024).</li>
<li>Maule, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Plasmodesmata%3A+Structure%2C+function+and+biogenesis%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Curr+Opin+Plant+Biol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Plasmodesmata: Structure, function and biogenesis.</a> Curr Opin Plant Biol. 11, 680-686 (2008).</li>
<li>Fernandez-Calvino, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Arabidopsis+plasmodesmal+proteome%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22PLoS+One%22%5BJournal%5D)">Arabidopsis plasmodesmal proteome.</a> PLoS One. 6 (4), e18880(2011).</li>
<li>Kirk, P., Amsbury, S., German, L., Gaudioso-Pedraza, R., Benitez-Alfonso, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((A+comparative+meta-proteomic+pipeline+for+the+identification+of+plasmodesmata+proteins+and+regulatory+conditions+in+diverse+plant+species%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22BMC+Biol%22%5BJournal%5D)">A comparative meta-proteomic pipeline for the identification of plasmodesmata proteins and regulatory conditions in diverse plant species.</a> BMC Biol. 20, 128(2022).</li>
<li>Levy, A., Erlanger, M., Rosenthal, M., Epel, B. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((A+plasmodesmata-associated+%CE%B2-1%2C3-glucanase+in+Arabidopsis%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22The+Plant+J%22%5BJournal%5D)">A plasmodesmata-associated β-1,3-glucanase in Arabidopsis.</a> The Plant J. 49 (4), 669-682 (2007).</li>
<li>Kankanala, P., Czymmek, K., Valent, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Roles+for+rice+membrane+dynamics+and+plasmodesmata+during+biotrophic+invasion+by+the+blast+fungus%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22The+Plant+Cell%22%5BJournal%5D)">Roles for rice membrane dynamics and plasmodesmata during biotrophic invasion by the blast fungus.</a> The Plant Cell. 19 (2), 706-724 (2007).</li>
<li>Aung, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Pathogenic+bacteria+target+plant+plasmodesmata+to+colonize+and+invade+surrounding+tissues%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22The+Plant+Cell%22%5BJournal%5D)">Pathogenic bacteria target plant plasmodesmata to colonize and invade surrounding tissues.</a> The Plant Cell. 32 (3), 595-611 (2020).</li>
<li>Cui, W., Lee, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Arabidopsis+callose+synthases+CalS1%2F8+regulate+plasmodesmal+permeability+during+stress%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nat+Plants%22%5BJournal%5D)">Arabidopsis callose synthases CalS1/8 regulate plasmodesmal permeability during stress.</a> Nat Plants. 2 (5), 160(2016).</li>
<li>Liu, N. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Phytosphinganine+affects+plasmodesmata+permeability+via+facilitating+PDLP5-stimulated+callose+accumulation+in+Arabidopsis%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Mol+Plant%22%5BJournal%5D)">Phytosphinganine affects plasmodesmata permeability via facilitating PDLP5-stimulated callose accumulation in Arabidopsis.</a> Mol Plant. 13 (1), 128-143 (2020).</li>
<li>Caillaud, M. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((The+plasmodesmal+protein+PDLP1+localizes+to+haustoria-associated+membranes+during+downy+mildew+infection+and+regulates+callose+deposition%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22PLoS+Pathog%22%5BJournal%5D)">The plasmodesmal protein PDLP1 localizes to haustoria-associated membranes during downy mildew infection and regulates callose deposition.</a> PLoS Pathog. 10 (11), e1004496(2014).</li>
<li>Li, Z., Su-Ling, L., Christian, M., Walley, J. W., Aung, K. Plasmodesmata-located protein 6 regulates plasmodesmal function in Arabidopsis vasculature. <a target="_blank" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&safe=off&q=author%3aLi%2C+Z+%22The+Plant+Cell%22">The Plant Cell</a>. , (2024).</li>
<li>Chen, X., et al. Arabidopsis PDLP7 modulated plasmodesmata function is related to BG10-dependent glucosidase activity required for callose degradation. <a target="_blank" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&safe=off&q=author%3aChen%2C+X+%22Sci+Bull%22">Sci Bull</a>. , (2024).</li>
<li>Simpson, C., Thomas, C., Findlay, K., Bayer, E., Maule, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((An+Arabidopsis+GPI-anchor+plasmodesmal+neck+protein+with+callose+binding+activity+and+potential+to+regulate+cell-to-cell+trafficking%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22The+Plant+Cell%22%5BJournal%5D)">An Arabidopsis GPI-anchor plasmodesmal neck protein with callose binding activity and potential to regulate cell-to-cell trafficking.</a> The Plant Cell. 21 (2), 581-594 (2009).</li>
<li>Thomas, C. L., Bayer, E. M., Ritzenthaler, C., Fernandez-Calvino, L., Maule, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Specific+targeting+of+a+plasmodesmal+protein+affecting+cell-to-cell+communication%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22PLoS+Biol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Specific targeting of a plasmodesmal protein affecting cell-to-cell communication.</a> PLoS Biol. 6 (1), e7(2008).</li>
<li>Lim, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Plasmodesmata+localizing+proteins+regulate+transport+and+signaling+during+systemic+acquired+immunity+in+plants%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Cell+Host+Microbe%22%5BJournal%5D)">Plasmodesmata localizing proteins regulate transport and signaling during systemic acquired immunity in plants.</a> Cell Host Microbe. 19 (4), 541-549 (2016).</li>
<li>Sheludko, Y. V., Sindarovska, Y. R., Gerasymenko, I. M., Bannikova, M. A., Kuchuk, N. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Comparison+of+several+Nicotiana+species+as+hosts+for+high-scale+Agrobacterium-mediated+transient+expression%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Biotechnol+Bioeng%22%5BJournal%5D)">Comparison of several Nicotiana species as hosts for high-scale Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression.</a> Biotechnol Bioeng. 96 (3), 608-614 (2007).</li>
<li>Walhout, A. J. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((GATEWAY+recombinational+cloning%3A+Application+to+the+cloning+of+large+numbers+of+open+reading+frames+or+ORFeomes%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Methods+Enzymol%22%5BJournal%5D)">GATEWAY recombinational cloning: Application to the cloning of large numbers of open reading frames or ORFeomes.</a> Methods Enzymol. 328, 575-592 (2000).</li>
<li>Huang, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((dsRNA-induced+immunity+targets+plasmodesmata+and+is+suppressed+by+viral+movement+proteins%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22The+Plant+Cell%22%5BJournal%5D)">dsRNA-induced immunity targets plasmodesmata and is suppressed by viral movement proteins.</a> The Plant Cell. 35 (10), 3845-3869 (2023).</li>
<li>Roberts, I. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Dynamic+changes+in+the+frequency+and+architecture+of+plasmodesmata+during+the+sink-source+transition+in+tobacco+leaves%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Protoplasma%22%5BJournal%5D)">Dynamic changes in the frequency and architecture of plasmodesmata during the sink-source transition in tobacco leaves.</a> Protoplasma. 218, 31-44 (2001).</li>
<li>Yuan, C., Lazarowitz, S. G., Citovsky, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((The+plasmodesmal+localization+signal+of+TMV+MP+is+recognized+by+plant+synaptotagmin+SYTA%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22mBio%22%5BJournal%5D)">The plasmodesmal localization signal of TMV MP is recognized by plant synaptotagmin SYTA.</a> mBio. 9 (4), e01314-e01318 (2018).</li>
<li>Ward, S. J., Ramirez, M. D., Neelakantan, H., Walker, E. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Cannabidiol+prevents+the+development+of+cold+and+mechanical+allodynia+in+paclitaxel-treated+female+C57Bl6+mice%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Anesth+Analg%22%5BJournal%5D)">Cannabidiol prevents the development of cold and mechanical allodynia in paclitaxel-treated female C57Bl6 mice.</a> Anesth Analg. 113 (4), 947-950 (2011).</li>
<li>Erkkilä, M. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Widefield+fluorescence+lifetime+imaging+of+protoporphyrin+IX+for+fluorescence-guided+neurosurgery%3A+An+ex+vivo+feasibility+study%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Biophotonics%22%5BJournal%5D)">Widefield fluorescence lifetime imaging of protoporphyrin IX for fluorescence-guided neurosurgery: An ex vivo feasibility study.</a> J Biophotonics. 12 (6), e201800378(2019).</li>
<li>Levy, A., Zheng, J. Y., Lazarowitz, S. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((The+tobamovirus+Turnip+vein+clearing+virus+30-kilodalton+movement+protein+localizes+to+novel+nuclear+filaments+to+enhance+virus+infection%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Virol%22%5BJournal%5D)">The tobamovirus Turnip vein clearing virus 30-kilodalton movement protein localizes to novel nuclear filaments to enhance virus infection.</a> J Virol. 87 (11), 6428-6440 (2013).</li>
<li>Yuan, C., Lazarowitz, S. G., Citovsky, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Identification+of+a+functional+plasmodesmal+localization+signal+in+a+plant+viral+cell-to-cell-movement+protein%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22mBio%22%5BJournal%5D)">Identification of a functional plasmodesmal localization signal in a plant viral cell-to-cell-movement protein.</a> mBio. 7 (1), e2052-e2015 (2016).</li>
<li>Kumar, G., Dasgupta, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Variability%2C+functions+and+interactions+of+plant+virus+movement+proteins%3A+what+do+we+know+so+far%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Microorganisms%22%5BJournal%5D)">Variability, functions and interactions of plant virus movement proteins: what do we know so far.</a> Microorganisms. 9 (4), 695(2021).</li>
<li>Waigmann, E., Ueki, S., Trutnyeva, K., Citovsky, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((The+ins+and+outs+of+nondestructive+cell-to-cell+and+systemic+movement+of+plant+viruses%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Crit+Rev+Plant+Sci%22%5BJournal%5D)">The ins and outs of nondestructive cell-to-cell and systemic movement of plant viruses.</a> Crit Rev Plant Sci. 23 (3), 195-250 (2004).</li>
</ol>

<table><tbody><tr><td>ABT AC 1 phase motor</td><td>BRANDTECH</td><td>&amp;nbsp;ABF63/4C-7RQ</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;Agrobacterium tumefaciens &lt;/em&gt;EHA105</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Contamination control&amp;nbsp;</td><td>CCI</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gateway BP Clonase II Enzyme mix</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>#11789020</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gateway LR Clonase II Enzyme mix</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>#11791020</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>GraphPad Prism 8.0.1.</td><td>GraphPad Software Inc.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Image J</td><td>National Institutes of Health and the Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Laser scanning confocal microscope</td><td>Zeiss</td><td>LSM 900</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;Nicotiana benthamiana&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>Plant species</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>pDONR207</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>#12213013</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Q5 High-Fidelity DNA Polymerase</td><td>NEB</td><td>#M0491S</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

confocal microscopy analysis of protein sorting to plasmodesmata in nicotiana benthamiana

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>作者聚焦:植物胞间连丝蛋白质定位的显微分析

本氏烟草中胞间连丝蛋白分选的共聚焦显微镜分析

Plasmodesmata are membranous nanopores that connect the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells and enable the cell-to-cell trafficking of nutrients, ...

confocal-microscopy-analysis-protein-sorting-to-plasmodesmata

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Confocal Microscopy Analysis of Protein Sorting to Plasmodesmata in Nicotiana benthamiana

2.5K 次观看.  State University of New York. 我的研究重点是植物从细胞到细胞的各种运动。我正在努力了解感染后局部传播过程中各种植物相互作用的机制。最近，我们发现胞间连丝定位的蛋白 5 可以在 nicotiana benthamiana 中从一个细胞移动到另一个细胞。这一结果将有助于我们在未来了解胞间连丝功能的机制。了解蛋白质的亚细胞定位对于了解其功能非常重要。该方案提供了良好的胞间?...

视频: 作者聚焦:植物胞间连丝蛋白质定位的显微分析

A Cell-to-cell Macromolecular Transport Assay in Planta Utilizing Biolistic Bombardment

Here, we present a simple and rapid protocol to detect and assess the extent of cell-to-cell macromolecular transport in planta. In this protocol, a fluorescently tagged-protein of interest is transiently expressed in plant tissue following biolistic delivery of its encoding DNA construct. The intra- and intercellular distribution of the tagged protein is then analyzed by confocal microscopy. We describe this technology in detail, providing step-by-step protocols to assay and evaluate the extent of symplastic protein transport in three plant species, Arabidopsis thaliana, Nicotiana benthamiana and N. tabacum (tobacco).

利用生物轰炸的植物细胞间大分子转运测定

Macromolecular trafficking between plant cells can be assessed by transiently expressing a fluorescently-tagged protein of interest and analyzing its intra- and intercellular distribution by confocal microscopy.

细胞的细胞大分子运输检测在植物利用基因枪法

Here, we present a simple and rapid protocol to detect and assess the extent of cell-to-cell macromolecular transport in planta. In this protocol, a ...

科研

生物学

Protein Membrane Overlay Assay: A Protocol to Test Interaction Between Soluble and Insoluble Proteins in vitro

Validating interactions between different proteins is vital for investigation of their biological functions on the molecular level. There are several methods, both in vitro and in vivo, to evaluate protein binding, and at least two methods that complement the shortcomings of each other should be conducted to obtain reliable insights. 
For an in vivo assay, the bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assay represents the most popular and least invasive approach that enables to detect protein-protein interaction within living cells, as well as identify the intracellular localization of the interacting proteins 1,2. In this assay, non-fluorescent N- and C-terminal halves of GFP or its variants are fused to tested proteins, and when the two fusion proteins are brought together due to the tested proteins&#x2019; interactions, the fluorescent signal is reconstituted3-6. Because its signal is readily detectable by epifluorescence or confocal microscopy, BiFC has emerged as a powerful tool of choice among cell biologists for studying about protein-protein interactions in living cells 3. This assay, however, can sometimes produce false positive results. For example, the fluorescent signal can be reconstituted by two GFP fragments arranged as far as 7 nm from each other due to close packing in a small subcellular compartment, rather that due to specific interactions7.
Due to these limitations, the results obtained from live cell imaging technologies should be confirmed by an independent approach based on a different principle for detecting protein interactions. Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) or glutathione transferase (GST) pull-down assays represent such alternative methods that are commonly used to analyze protein-protein interactions in vitro. However, iIn these assays, however, the tested proteins must be readily soluble in the buffer that supportsused for the binding reaction. Therefore, specific interactions involving an insoluble protein cannot be assessed by these techniques.
 Here, we illustrate the protocol for the protein membrane overlay binding assay, which circumvents this difficulty. In this technique, interaction between soluble and insoluble proteins can be reliably tested because one of the proteins is immobilized on a membrane matrix. This method, in combination with in vivo experiments, such as BiFC, provides a reliable approach to investigate and characterize interactions faithfully between soluble and insoluble proteins. In this article, binding between Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) movement protein (MP), which exerts multiple functions during viral cell-to-cell transport8-14, and a recently identified plant cellular interactor, tobacco ankyrin repeat-containing protein (ANK) 15, is demonstrated using this technique.

蛋白质膜覆盖测定：体外测试可溶性和不溶性蛋白质之间相互作用的方案

Testing protein-protein interaction is indispensable for dissection of protein functionality. Here, we introduce an in vitro protein-protein binding assay to probe a membrane-immobilized protein with a soluble protein. This assay provides a reliable method to test interaction between an insoluble protein and a protein in solution.

蛋白膜覆盖含量:一个协议测试可溶性和不溶性蛋白质之间的相互作用在体外</em

Validating interactions between different proteins is vital for investigation of their biological functions on the molecular level.  There are several ...

Detection of Protein Interactions in Plant using a Gateway Compatible Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (BiFC) System

We have developed a BiFC technique to test the interaction between two proteins in vivo. This is accomplished by splitting a yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) into two non-overlapping fragments. Each fragment is cloned in-frame to a gene of interest. These constructs can then be co-transformed into Nicotiana benthamiana via Agrobacterium mediated transformation, allowing the transit expression of fusion proteins. The reconstitution of YFP signal only occurs when the inquest proteins interact 1-7. To test and validate the protein-protein interactions, BiFC can be used together with yeast two hybrid (Y2H) assay. This may detect indirect interactions which can be overlooked in the Y2H. Gateway technology is a universal platform that enables researchers to shuttle the gene of interest (GOI) into as many expression and functional analysis systems as possible8,9. Both the orientation and reading frame can be maintained without using restriction enzymes or ligation to make expression-ready clones. As a result, one can eliminate all the re-sequencing steps to ensure consistent results throughout the experiments. We have created a series of Gateway compatible BiFC and Y2H vectors which provide researchers with easy-to-use tools to perform both BiFC and Y2H assays10. Here, we demonstrate the ease of using our BiFC system to test protein-protein interactions in N. benthamiana plants.

使用 Gateway 兼容的双分子荧光互补 BiFC 系统检测植物中的蛋白质相互作用

We have developed a technique to test protein-protein interactions in plant. A yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) is split into two non-overlapping fragments. Each fragment is cloned in-frame to a gene of interest via Gateway system, enabling expression of fusion proteins. Reconstitution of YFP signal only occurs when the inquest proteins interact.

使用网关兼容双分子荧光互补（附设）系统在植物蛋白相互作用检测

We have developed a BiFC technique to test the interaction between two proteins in vivo. This is accomplished by splitting a yellow fluorescent protein ...

Protein-protein Interactions Visualized by Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation in Tobacco Protoplasts and Leaves

Many proteins interact transiently with other proteins or are integrated into multi-protein complexes to perform their biological function. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) is an in vivo method to monitor such interactions in plant cells. In the presented protocol the investigated candidate proteins are fused to complementary halves of fluorescent proteins and the respective constructs are introduced into plant cells via agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Subsequently, the proteins are transiently expressed in tobacco leaves and the restored fluorescent signals can be detected with a confocal laser scanning microscope in the intact cells. This allows not only visualization of the interaction itself, but also the subcellular localization of the protein complexes can be determined. For this purpose, marker genes containing a fluorescent tag can be coexpressed along with the BiFC constructs, thus visualizing cellular structures such as the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, the Golgi apparatus or the plasma membrane. The fluorescent signal can be monitored either directly in epidermal leaf cells or in single protoplasts, which can be easily isolated from the transformed tobacco leaves. BiFC is ideally suited to study protein-protein interactions in their natural surroundings within the living cell. However, it has to be considered that the expression has to be driven by strong promoters and that the interaction partners are modified due to fusion of the relatively large fluorescence tags, which might interfere with the interaction mechanism. Nevertheless, BiFC is an excellent complementary approach to other commonly applied methods investigating protein-protein interactions, such as coimmunoprecipitation, in vitro pull-down assays or yeast-two-hybrid experiments.

通过烟草原生质体和叶片中的双分子荧光互补可视化的蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用

Formation of protein complexes in vivo can be visualized by bimolecular fluorescence complementation. Interaction partners are fused to complementary parts of fluorescent tags and transiently expressed in tobacco leaves, resulting in a reconstituted fluorescent signal upon close proximity of the two proteins.

蛋白质 - 蛋白质相互作用的双分子荧光互补的烟草原生质体和叶片可视化

Many proteins interact transiently with other proteins or are integrated into multi-protein complexes to perform their biological function. Bimolecular ...

Imaging Spatial Reorganization of a MAPK Signaling Pathway Using the Tobacco Transient Expression System

Visualization of dynamic signaling events in live cells has been a challenge. We expanded an established transient expression system, the biomolecular fluorescent complementation (BiFC) assay in tobacco epidermal cells, from testing protein-protein interaction to monitoring spatial distribution of signal transduction in plant cells. In this protocol, we used the BiFC assay to show that the interaction and the signaling between the Arabidopsis MAPKKK YODA and MAPK6 occur at the plasma membrane. When the scaffold protein BASL was co-expressed, the YODA-MAPK interaction redistributed and spatially co-polarized with CFP-BASL. This modified tobacco expression system allows for quick examination of signaling localization and dynamic changes (less than 4 days) and can accommodate multiple of fluorescent protein colors (at least three). We also presented detailed methods to quantify protein distribution (asymmetric spatial localization, or &#34;polarization&#34;) in tobacco cells. This advanced tobacco expression system has a potential to be used widely for quick testing of dynamic signaling events in live plant cells.

使用烟草瞬时表达系统对 MAPK 信号通路进行空间重组成像

At the subcellular level, signaling events are dynamically modulated by developmental and environmental cues. Here we describe a protocol that employs the tobacco transient expression system to monitor dynamic protein-protein interaction and to disclose spatial organization of signal transduction in plant cells.

成像使用烟草瞬时表达系统MAPK信号通路的空间重组

Visualization of dynamic signaling events in live cells has been a challenge. We expanded an established transient expression system, the biomolecular ...

Identification of Plasmodesmal Localization Sequences in Proteins In Planta

Plasmodesmata (Pd) are cell-to-cell connections that function as gateways through which small and large molecules are transported between plant cells. Whereas Pd transport of small molecules, such as ions and water, is presumed to occur passively, cell-to-cell transport of biological macromolecules, such proteins, most likely occurs via an active mechanism that involves specific targeting signals on the transported molecule. The scarcity of identified plasmodesmata (Pd) localization signals (PLSs) has severely restricted the understanding of protein-sorting pathways involved in plant cell-to-cell macromolecular transport and communication. From a wealth of plant endogenous and viral proteins known to traffic through Pd, only three PLSs have been reported to date, all of them from endogenous plant proteins. Thus, it is important to develop a reliable and systematic experimental strategy to identify a functional PLS sequence, that is both necessary and sufficient for Pd targeting, directly in the living plant cells. Here, we describe one such strategy using as a paradigm the cell-to-cell movement protein (MP) of the Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). These experiments, that identified and characterized the first plant viral PLS, can be adapted for discovery of PLS sequences in most Pd-targeted proteins.

植物蛋白中胞间连丝定位序列的鉴定

Plant intercellular connections, the plasmodesmata (Pd), play central roles in plant physiology and plant-virus interactions. Critical to Pd transport are sorting signals that direct proteins to Pd. However, our knowledge about these sequences is still in its infancy. We describe a strategy to identify Pd localization signals in Pd-targeted proteins.

蛋白质中 Plasmodesmal 定位序列的识别在底中

Plasmodesmata (Pd) are cell-to-cell connections that function as gateways through which small and large molecules are transported between plant cells. ...

免疫与感染

Luciferase Complementation Imaging Assay in Nicotiana benthamiana Leaves for Transiently Determining Protein-protein Interaction Dynamics

Protein-protein interactions are fundamental mechanisms for relaying signal transduction in most cellular processes; therefore, identification of novel protein-protein interaction pairs and monitoring protein interaction dynamics are of particular interest for revealing how plants respond to environmental factors and/or developmental signals. A plethora of approaches have been developed to examine protein-protein interactions, either in vitro or in vivo. Among them, the recently established luciferase complementation imaging (LCI) assay is the simplest and fastest method for demonstrating in vivo protein-protein interactions. In this assay, protein A or protein B is fused with the amino-terminal or carboxyl-terminal half of luciferase, respectively. When protein A interacts with protein B, the two halves of luciferase will be reconstituted to form a functional and active luciferase enzyme. Luciferase activity can be recorded with a luminometer or CCD-camera. Compared with other approaches, the LCI assay shows protein-protein interactions both qualitatively and quantitatively. Agrobacterium infiltration in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves is a widely used system for transient protein expression. With the combination of LCI and transient expression, these approaches show that the physical interaction between COP1 and SPA1 was gradually reduced after jasmonate treatment.

本氏烟草叶中的荧光素酶互补成像测定用于瞬时确定蛋白质 - 蛋白质相互作用动力学

This manuscript describes an easy and rapid experimental procedure for determining protein-protein interactions based on the measurement of luciferase activity.

荧光互补成像检测在烟草烟叶中瞬时测定蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用动力学

Protein-protein interactions are fundamental mechanisms for relaying signal transduction in most cellular processes; therefore, identification of novel ...

Co-expression of Multiple Chimeric Fluorescent Fusion Proteins in an Efficient Way in Plants

Information about the spatiotemporal subcellular localization(s) of a protein is critical to understand its physiological functions in cells. Fluorescent proteins and generation of fluorescent fusion proteins have been wildly used as an effective tool to directly visualize the protein localization and dynamics in cells. It is especially useful to compare them with well-known organelle markers after co-expression with the protein of interest. Nevertheless, classical approaches for protein co-expression in plants usually involve multiple independent expression plasmids, and therefore have drawbacks that include low co-expression efficiency, expression-level variation, and high time expenditure in genetic crossing and screening. In this study, we describe a robust and novel method for co-expression of multiple chimeric fluorescent proteins in plants. It overcomes the limitations of the conventional methods by using a single expression vector that is composed of multiple semi-independent expressing cassettes. Each protein expression cassette contains its own functional protein expression elements, and therefore it can be flexibly adjusted to meet diverse expression demand. Also, it is easy and convenient to perform the assembly and manipulation of DNA fragments in the expression plasmid by using an optimized one-step reaction without additional digestion and ligation steps. Furthermore, it is fully compatible with current fluorescent protein derived bio-imaging technologies and applications, such as FRET and BiFC. As a validation of the method, we employed this new system to co-express fluorescently fused vacuolar sorting receptor and secretory carrier membrane proteins. The results show that their perspective subcellular localizations are the same as in previous studies by both transient expression and genetic transformation in plants.

在植物中以高效方式共表达多种嵌合荧光融合蛋白

We have developed a novel method for co-expressing multiple chimeric fluorescent fusion proteins in plants to overcome the difficulties of conventional methods. It takes advantage of using a single expression plasmid that contains multiple functionally independent protein expressing cassettes to achieve protein co-expression.

一种高效的植物多嵌合体荧光融合蛋白的协同表达

Information about the spatiotemporal subcellular localization(s) of a protein is critical to understand its physiological functions in cells. Fluorescent ...

化学

Confocal Live Imaging of Shoot Apical Meristems from Different Plant Species

The shoot apical meristem (SAM) functions as a conserved stem cell reservoir and it generates almost all aboveground tissues during the postembryonic development. The activity and morphology of SAMs determine important agronomic traits, such as shoot architecture, size and number of reproductive organs, and most importantly, grain yield. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for analyzing both the surface morphology and the internal cellular structure of the living SAMs from different species through laser scanning confocal microscope. The whole procedure from the sample preparation to the acquisition of high resolution three-dimensional (3D) images can be accomplished within as short as 20 minutes. We demonstrate that this protocol is highly efficient for studying not only the inflorescence SAMs of the model species but also the vegetative meristems from different crops, providing a simple but powerful tool to study the organization and development of meristems across different plant species.

不同植物物种的茎尖分生组织的共聚焦实时成像

This protocol presents how to live image and analyze the shoot apical meristems from different plant species using laser scanning confocal microscopy.

不同植物种的射击顶端共聚焦活图

The shoot apical meristem (SAM) functions as a conserved stem cell reservoir and it generates almost all aboveground tissues during the postembryonic ...

发育生物学

TurboID-Based Proximity Labeling for In Planta Identification of Protein-Protein Interaction Networks

Proximity labeling (PL) techniques using engineered ascorbate peroxidase (APEX) or Escherichia coli biotin ligase BirA (known as BioID) have been successfully used for identification of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) in mammalian cells. However, requirements of toxic hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in APEX-based PL, longer incubation time with biotin (16&#8211;24 h), and higher incubation temperature (37 &#176;C) in BioID-based PL severely limit their applications in plants. The recently described TurboID-based PL addresses many limitations of BioID and APEX. TurboID allows rapid proximity labeling of proteins in just 10&#8201;min under room temperature (RT) conditions. Although the utility of TurboID has been demonstrated in animal models, we recently showed that TurboID-based PL performs better in plants compared to BioID for labeling of proteins that are proximal to a protein of interest. Provided here is a step-by-step protocol for the identification of protein interaction partners using the N-terminal Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain of the nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) protein family as a model. The method describes vector construction, agroinfiltration of protein expression constructs, biotin treatment, protein extraction and desalting, quantification, and enrichment of the biotinylated proteins by affinity purification. The protocol described here can be easily adapted to study other proteins of interest in Nicotiana and other plant species.

基于 TurboID 的邻近标记，用于蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用网络的植物内鉴定

Described here is a proximity labeling method for identification of interaction partners of the TIR domain of the NLR immune receptor in Nicotiana benthamiana leaf tissue. Also provided is a detailed protocol for the identification of interactions between other proteins of interest using this technique in Nicotiana and other plant species.

本氏烟草中胞间连丝蛋白分选的共聚焦显微镜分析

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