1。去除胚胎和胎盘夹层<ol><li>首先，胚胎必须先隔离怀孕水坝。 </li><li>动物安乐死按照批准的程序 - 在我们的例子中，我们将使用致死剂量的麻醉药异氟醚</li><li>首先，喷用乙醇腹部和一把剪刀做一个小切口。 </li><li>用双手撕离皮肤，发现腹部切开腹膜。 </li><li>用血管钳，拿起子宫角和收集他们用剪刀在每个末端。放置在培养皿用PBS置于冰上填补了子宫角。此外，请记住用PBS隔离胎盘前几次。现在，我们可以分离出胎盘。 </li><li>随着两钳，开始仔细剥离了子宫内膜的胚胎conceptuses周围的组织。要小心不要穿刺或以其他方式造成的结构性破坏胚胎，因为这将随后清扫步骤复杂。 </li><li>放置在一个新的培养皿用PBS冰盘上的隔离conceptuses和继续下去，直到所有conceptuses已经从子宫内膜释放。 </li><li>传输conceptus到一个新的培养皿放置在显微镜下，用两个离胎盘剥离的蜕膜钳菜用PBS。删除尽可能多蜕膜，蜕膜细胞，会干扰单细胞悬液，流式细胞仪检测。一个平滑的连续剥离的议案，建议，以达到最佳效果。 </li><li>切离卵黄囊胎盘在两个机构之间的交界处，轻轻一拉，从胎盘卵黄囊和卵黄船只靠近。应采取不破坏，特别是与早期胚胎的胎盘绒毛膜板。 </li><li>仔细一对钳和脐带与另一胎盘的绒毛膜板，拉远离胎盘脐带和连接的胚胎。 </li><li>删除多余的巨细胞组织在胎盘的边缘，以减少细胞聚集在单细胞悬液的制备。 </li><li>收集在一个合适的容器，如15毫升猎鹰管，的胎盘，用PBS +5％胎牛血清和冰。所有解剖​​胎盘。 </li><li>在这一点上，你可以进行准备一个单细胞悬液，流式细胞仪，功能分析，如在体外培养或移植，，或准备整个胎盘组织固定和固定的冻结块嵌入最终的免疫组织化学。 </li></ol> 2。胎盘组织中的单细胞悬浮液的制备<ol><li>现在，我们将告诉你如何从胎盘中产生的流式细胞仪分析单细胞悬浮液。 </li><li>为了准备从胎盘的单细胞悬液，机械和酶解是必需的。首先准备在PBS中含10％FCS和1％青霉素/链霉素溶液0.1％胶原酶溶液。 </li><li>胶原酶溶液中添加适当体积的胎盘，取决于你有多少。一个量的两倍胎盘量与25毫升建议。 </li><li>使用16 G针装上的5毫升注射器，机械破坏，通过针3次传代胶原酶的解决方案和胎盘组织。重复18 - G针。 </li><li>在37℃，5％CO2培养箱中放置45分钟的样品。 </li><li> 45分钟的孵育后胶原酶，通过20 G针通过电池解决方案，并培育一个额外的45分钟，在37 ° C。 </li><li> 1.5小时，通过22 - G和25 - G针胶原酶，通过细胞溶液的总孵化后的3倍，每针。 </li><li>通过连接到一个新的15毫升猎鹰管的50微米过滤器过滤的样品，用PBS 5％胎牛血清和离心机在4℃在300℃× 5分钟G. </li><li>在这一点上，我们有一个合适的单细胞悬液，流式细胞仪分析或功能分析。 </li></ol> 3。冰冻切片的组织固定<ol><li>后立即隔离从每个胚胎的胎盘，它们被放置在冷1X PBS。通常一个96孔板工程最年轻胎盘（E8.5 - 11.5），但E12.5和老年人，年纪较大的胎盘，24孔板可能会更方便。 </li><li>每个胎盘转移到刚刚解冻的4％paraformaldahyde或PFA，以及填补了一个新的。 E12.5胎盘组织转移到一个新的以及手工，但在E10.5，您可以删除的PBS仔细地用移液器和添加的煤灰。重要的是，胎盘完全浸泡2-4小时，在4 ° C，取决于组织的大小和年龄。 </li><li>组织转移到30％的蔗糖，或如果该组织是非常小的和脆弱的，吸的煤灰和直接添加蔗糖。在这个阶段，胎盘将漂浮在溶液中。让组织停留在4℃过夜° C。</li><li>组织应在30％的蔗糖过夜一步后，最终沉到井底，表明适当的冷冻保存。一半的蔗糖溶液中取出，并更换与华侨城的数量和地方组织在4 ° C的1-2个小时。这有利于华侨城渗透。 </li><li>组织转移至100％，华侨城，1小时后，它可以嵌入。 </li></ol> 4。嵌入固定的组织<ol><li>适当的组织鉴定（显示例如模具）标签的塑料模具。 </li><li>将组织OCT的解决方案，并削减了一半的方向与圆盘形的胎盘和脐带朝下仔细之前释放压力，以确保一个干净的刀片一定要来回移动刀片切片胎盘一个连斩。胎盘是削减了一半，到后来的可视化胎盘造血干细胞，以达到最佳prientation。 </li><li>在模具的底部放置一个与切边模具的底部表面接触的胎盘一半。重复与另一半的新模具。 E10.5胎盘，两半，可放置到相同的模具使用相同的技术。 </li><li>华侨城入模浇筑时，它可以很难保持正确的方向胎盘。安全与组织半钳胎盘到位。慢慢地倒入模具华侨城的解决方案，避免产生任何气泡。 E10.5胎盘，由钳举行​​一个组织的一半和其他组织的一半靠在外面的镊子。慢慢倒入华侨城的解决方案，为E12.5胎盘。 </li><li>一旦华侨城充满模具，快速模具放到干冰，华侨城将冻结的组织变为白色闪光</li><li>放入一个小塑料包，包含Drierite的模具，并立即储存在-80 ° C冰箱。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Gekas, C., Dieterlen-Lievre, F., Orkin, S. H., Mikkola, H. K. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+placenta+is+a+niche+for+hematopoietic+stem+cells.">The placenta is a niche for hematopoietic stem cells.</a> Dev Cell. 8, 365-375 (2005).</li><li>Rhodes, K. E., Gekas, C., Wang, Y., Lux, C. T., Francis, C. S., Chan, D. N., Conway, S., Orkin, S. H., Yoder, M. C., Mikkola, H. K. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Emergence+of+Hematopoietic+Stem+Cells+Is+Initiated+in+the+Placental+Vasculature+in+the+Absence+of+Circulation.">The Emergence of Hematopoietic Stem Cells Is Initiated in the Placental Vasculature in the Absence of Circulation.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 2, 252-263 (2008).</li></ol>

在本议定书中所描述的实验程序将允许胎盘组织造血干细胞和祖细胞的分离和可视化。对于预计在胎盘和其他胎儿造血器官的造血干细胞产量和胎儿发育的整个全面的总结，我们指的格卡斯，等。 2005年。对于发展中的造血干细胞和胎盘中的其他造血细胞的本地化，我们是指罗得岛等。 2008年。

材料清单 ： 100mm的葡萄糖 10mm的叠氮化钠 15 ml锥形管（BD） 16 - G，18 - G，20 - G，22 - G和25 - G的针头（BD） 30％的蔗糖溶液 35毫米培养皿光盘（BD） 4％多聚甲醛 50 - M细胞过滤器（Celltrics） 5毫升注射器（BD） 碱性磷酸酶底物试剂盒我（向量红，矢量） 碱性磷酸酶底物包III（矢量蓝，矢量） 抗生素（青霉素/链霉素，P / S）的解决方案 I型胶原酶（Sigma公司） Cryomold一次性乙烯标本模具（采用10mm x 10mm x 5毫米，组织TEK） 主细胞角蛋白抗体（DakoCytomation） 解剖钳，不锈钢或钛，编号为5或55 Drierite 胎牛血清（FBS） Fisherbrand塑料显微镜幻灯片梅勒（费舍尔） 葡萄糖氧化酶1000u/ml 左旋咪唑（矢量） 安装媒体，水性安装中（VectamountTM AQ） 马的正常血清（矢量） 最佳切削温度（华侨城，组织康） 民建联过氧化物酶底物试剂盒（矢量） 磷酸盐缓冲液（PBS钙/镁（瓦特的Ca2 + / Mg2 +的）） 磷酸盐缓冲液（PBS无钙/镁（W / O的Ca2 + / Mg2 +的）） 塑料滑动盒（可容纳100张幻灯片） 塑料管材（180 NALGENE聚氯乙烯非毒性高压灭菌） 聚丙烯圆底试管中，5毫升（12x75毫米，BD​​猎鹰） 蛋白酶K 20mg/ml解决方案（AMRESCO） 研究产品国际公司超巴氏笔HT *幻灯片标记（2,5毫米，费舍尔） 组织培养处理的U形（圆底）96孔或24孔板（BD猎鹰） Tween20，SigmaUltra（Sigma公司） 酪胺扩增试剂盒（Invitrogen公司） Vectastain ABC碱性磷酸酶标准工具包（矢量） Vectastain ABC标准精英套件（矢量）

isolation and analysis of hematopoietic stem cells from the placenta

造血干细胞（HSCs）有能力自我更新，并生成整个一个人的一生血液谱系的所有类型的细胞。所有的造血干细胞出现在胚胎发育期间，后池的大小是保持自我更新的细胞分裂。已确定的造血干细胞和调节HSC的发展过程中的关键发育事件的解剖来源复杂，很多解剖部位参与在胎儿造血。最近，我们发现胎盘作为一个主要的造血器官的造血干细胞是生成和独特的微环境龛扩大（格卡斯，等2005年，罗德等2008）。因此，胎盘是造血干细胞在它们的出现和最初的扩张的重要来源。 在这篇文章中，我们解剖小鼠胎盘从E10.5和E12.5的胚胎，分别对应启动造血干细胞，并在胎盘的HSC的池的大小高峰期的发育阶段，隔离技术。此外，我们目前的胎盘组织中的酶和机械解离成单细胞停止使用流式细胞仪或功能分析的优化协议。我们已经发现，胎盘单细胞悬浮液胶原酶的使用提供了足够的造血干细胞的产量。从胎盘影响HSC的收益率的一个重要因素是机械分离的程度之前，和持续时间，酶处理。 我们还提供了编制固定冷冻胎盘组织切片的可视化开发造血干细胞免疫组织化学在其精确的细胞龛的协议。由于造血特异性抗原是不是保存在石蜡包埋切片做准备，我们经常使用固定的冰冻切片本地化胎盘造血干细胞和祖细胞。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Analysis of Hematopoietic Stem Cells from the Placenta at JoVE.com

Isolation and Analysis of Hematopoietic Stem Cells from the Placenta

我们已经确定了在开发过程中作为一个主要的造血器官，胎盘。我们发现，造血干细胞（HSCs）都产生和扩大，在胎盘中的独特的微环境龛。在这里，我们描述了在小鼠胎盘中的造血干细胞的分离和可视化所需的实验技术。

从胎盘中的造血干细胞的分离和分析

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) have the ability to self-renew and generate all cell types of the blood lineages throughout the lifetime of an individual. ...

isolation-and-analysis-of-hematopoietic-stem-cells-from-the-placenta

Research

Education

JoVE Journal

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

Biology

Unit 1

A Hierarchical Stem-Cell System: Blood Cell Formation

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

20.2K 次观看.  University of California, Los Angeles. 我们已经确定了在开发过程中作为一个主要的造血器官，胎盘。我们发现，造血干细胞（HSCs）都产生和扩大，在胎盘中的独特的微环境龛。在这里，我们描述了在小鼠胎盘中的造血干细胞的分离和可视化所需的实验技术。

视频: Isolation and Analysis of Hematopoietic Stem Cells from the Placenta

Isolation and Transplantation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs)

Isolation and Transplantation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells HSCs

I am Christina Ceso. I am a postdoc in David's Den lab and I work on the hematopoietic stem cells. Today we are going to purify long-term recuperating hematopoietic stem cells and we'll transplant them into a mouse.We start by spraying the mice with alcohol so that first of all, the mind starts sterilized and also the hair doesn't interfere with the dissection. We use PBS with 2%serum for the dissection. I cut the back skin and I pull the skin apart in order to expose the tissue.In order to isolate the tibia, I hold the tibia with tweezers. I cut the tendon on top of the knee and I cut the muscles below the knee and after that I cut through the knee so that the TBI is not connected to the rest of the limb anymore and I pull in order to isolate it. I then hold the TB upside down and with the scissors I separate the foot from the tibia In order to obtain the femur.I cut the muscles around the femur and then I dislocate the femur from the hip. In order to isolate the hip, I cut the muscle around the hip bone on the side of the tail of the mouse and then I pull the hip away from the body of the mouth In order to isolate the spine. I cut through the tail as close as I can to the beginning of the back and then I cut on the two sides of the spine and below the spine, trying to stay as close as possible to the spine so that the peritoneum is not cut and the intestine is left untouched.A first round of cleaning of the bones is done with a scalpel, which is used to scrape the bone, the muscles away from the bone. The scalpel is good to clean the femurs, the hip and the spine. In order to clean the tibia, I hold them with forceps and I use the forceps to remove as much tissue as possible.A second round of cleaning is done using clean wipe to completely clean the bones outta the muscle, and I use the F wipe to clean the tibia, the femurs and the hips. So this is how bones look. After cleaning, I prefer 50 amount tubes with filters on top and I transfer the bones into the mortar.I add the section media and I crush the bones ask of the first round of crashing of the bones. I piped the mixture in order to release as many styles as possible into solution and reduce clumps. I transferred the mixture on the tubes through the filters and this is what the bone fragments look like after the first round of crushing.So I add more dissection medium to the bone fragments and I flash them again. I transferred the seline mixture to the tubes through the filters and at this point the remaining bone fragments are white and there is no bone marrow left. The tubes are filled with PBS 2%serum and in order to have them all with the same weight so that they're balanced in the centrifuge, but also in order to wash the filters so that we obtain as many cells as possible, I then centrifuge the cell mixture and after centrifugation, the palt includes the bone marrow cells.I aspirate the medium and I move back and forward the tube on the rack so that the pelle is becomes loose and fewer clamps are formed. When I add medium, at this point I add one ml of medium per tube and I ics since I'm sorting hematopoietic stem cells. Later on, I'm going to store an ALI output of total bone marrow sizes at this point, which I will use later for the fact single color control.I add lineage antibody cocktail. I ordered the samples to mix them well and I invaded four degrees for 15 minutes. In the meantime, I start preparing the columns for the lineage division.I put the columns on the magnet and I prepare Ian tubes under the columns. I also prepared the gas PBS using aster flip filter and attaching it to the vacuum so that all the bubbles of air move in the top part of the filter. I then add three ml of the gas DBS to each column in order for the column to become wet.After the incubation with the antibodies, I add medium to the cell samples and I centrifuge them in order to remove the excess of antibodies. After the centrifugation, the stain cells are in the pallet. I aspirate the medium and I suspend the pallet in one mile of the gas PBSI Add the strip tab beans, I mix the cells and I incubate for 15 minutes at four degrees.After the incubation, I put new elucian tubes under the columns. I add two ml of PBS to each tube with the cells and I transferred the cell mixture to the column through a 40 micron filter. I wash the tubes with more medium in order to collect all the cells remaining and I apply the remaining medium through the filters to the columns.The progenitor cells lineage low are alluded into the collection views. I pulled the luted samples and I sent tofu them. So after the centrifugation, the depleted cells are in a white pate.I aspirate the medium and re suspend the cells. I store an adequate of the depleted cells and I add the antibodies to the cell mixture for the sorting and also to all the single color controls. The antibodies are incubated in that with the size for 15 minutes in the fridge.After the ation, I add medium to the cells and and centrifuge them to remove the ex excess of antibodies. After the centrifugation, the cells are in the pt, I aspirate the media that I suspend the cells and I transfer the cells into fox tubes with a blue filter. At this point, the cells are ready to be sorted.I place, I place the mouse under a heating lamp for a few minutes so that the veins dilate and they are more easily seen. When preparing the syringe, you have to be careful to eliminate all the bubbles from the, the mixture that is in the syringe and then you bend the needle at 90 degrees. I put the mouse under a glass cup with a weight on top so that it can run away.I sterilize the tail with the alcohol pad so that the site of injection is sterile, but also it's easier to identify the vein. If you look at the tail of the mouse from the top in the middle and top of the tail, there is an artery while on the two sides there are the two veins and we inject the cells in one of the two veins. I insert the needle into the vein and I inject following injection.It is to wait for a couple of seconds before removing the needle, the needle, and after that I clean the side of injection. This is a representation of the syringe with the ben needle bent at 90 degrees with the knee, the at this ankle compared to the tail, which makes the injection the easiest. When you injecting the tail of the mouse, you have to keep in mind that the tail vein is extremely superficial, so really this is the orientation of the needle compared to the tail.And it looks like you will just keep sliding on top of the tail, but actually you will get into the tail then. I am Christina Ceso. I am a post in David Kaden lab, and I work on the hematopoietic stem cells.I usually use for animals to start with, and I had more variability at the beginning, but once you become consistent with your methods, I consistently get about 50, 000 to 60, 000 stem cells out for mice. I did my PhD in London with Dr.Fiona Wat working on derma stem cells. After that, I just wanted to have a wider knowledge of adult stem cells in various tissues, and so I decided to move to David Kaden lab to work on hematopoietic stem cells, mainly because the things that are known about hematopoietic stem cells are the things that are not known for the epidermic stem cells and a number of assays that can be done with epi.Epidermal stem cells are not really done yet with the hematopoietic stem cells, and so at this point I'm trying to put together the, the knowledge from the two different fields and ultimately I'm interested in the study of the mechanism to regulate adult tissue sensors in general, so not just the epidermis or the stem cells, but also different tissues because there are, there are similar mechanism that is, it's always the same genes that are involved in the regulation that just interact with each other in different ways, and it's just interesting to understand what makes each stem cell be a stem, but then ultimately a stem cell in a different tissue. So giving rise to a different protein.

分离和造血干细胞移植（造血干细胞）

科研

生物学

Derivation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells from Murine Embryonic Stem Cells

A stem cell is defined as a cell with the capacity to both self-renew and generate multiple differentiated progeny.  Embryonic stem cells (ESC) are derived from the blastocyst of the early embryo and are pluripotent in differentiative ability.  Their vast differentiative potential has made them the focus of much research centered on deducing how to coax them to generate clinically useful cell types.  The successful derivation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) from mouse ESC has recently been accomplished and can be visualized in this video protocol.  HSC, arguably the most clinically exploited cell population, are used to treat a myriad of hematopoietic malignancies and disorders.  However, many patients that might benefit from HSC therapy lack access to suitable donors.  ESC could provide an alternative source of HSC for these patients.  The following protocol establishes a baseline from which ESC-HSC can be studied and inform efforts to isolate HSC from human ESC.  In this protocol, ESC are differentiated as embryoid bodies (EBs) for 6 days in commercially available serum pre-screened for optimal hematopoietic differentiation.  EBs are then dissociated and infected with retroviral HoxB4.  Infected EB-derived cells are plated on OP9 stroma, a bone marrow stromal cell line derived from the calvaria of  M-CSF-/- mice, and co-cultured in the presence of hematopoiesis promoting cytokines for ten days.  During this co-culture, the infected cells expand greatly, resulting in the generation a heterogeneous pool of 100s of millions of cells.  These cells can then be used to rescue and reconstitute lethally irradiated mice.

This protocol details the derivation of transplantable hematopoietic stem cells from mouse embryonic stem cells (ESC) and their subsequent injection into lethally irradiated recipient mice. Briefly, ESC are differentiated as embryoid bodies, which are then infected with retroviral HoxB4 and co-cultured with OP9 stromal cells and hematopoietic cytokines.

从小鼠胚胎干细胞的造血干细胞的推导

A stem cell is defined as a cell with the capacity to both self-renew and generate multiple differentiated progeny.  Embryonic stem cells (ESC) are ...

Isolation of Early Hematopoietic Stem Cells from Murine Yolk Sac and AGM

In the mouse embryo, early hematopoiesis occurs simultaneously in multiple organs, which includes the yolk sac and aorta-gonad-mesonephros region. These regions are crucial in establishing the blood system in the embryos and leads to the eventual movement of stem cells into the fetal liver and then development of adult stem cells in the bonemarrow. Early hematopoietic stem cells can be isolated from these organs through microdissection of the embryo followed by flow cytometric sorting to obtain a more pure population. It remains unclear how these stem cell populations contribute to the fetal and adult stem cell pool.   Also, our lab investigates how early stem cells functionally differ from fetal and adult hematopoietic stem cells. Furthermore, our lab sorts different populations of hematopoietic stem cells and test their functional role in the context of a variety of genetic models. In this video, we demonstrate the micro-dissection procedure we commonly use and also show the results of a typical FACS plotfter isolating these rare populations, it is possible to perform a variety of functional assays including: colony assays and bone marrow transplants. 



This video shows how to micro-dissect the yolk sac and aorta-gonad-mesonephros region from embryos and use flow cytometry to sort hematopoietic stem cells.

小鼠卵黄囊和AGM早期造血干细胞的分离

In the mouse embryo, early hematopoiesis occurs simultaneously in multiple organs, which includes the yolk sac and aorta-gonad-mesonephros region. These ...

Isolation of Retinal Stem Cells from the Mouse Eye

The adult mouse retinal stem cell (RSC) is a rare quiescent cell found within the ciliary epithelium (CE) of the mammalian eye1,2,3. The CE is made up of non-pigmented inner and pigmented outer cell layers, and the clonal RSC colonies that arise from a single pigmented cell from the CE are made up of both pigmented and non-pigmented cells which can be differentiated to form all the cell types of the neural retina and the RPE. There is some controversy about whether all the cells within the spheres all contain at least some pigment4; however the cells are still capable of forming the different cell types found within the neural retina1-3. In some species, such as amphibians and fish, their eyes are capable of regeneration after injury5, however; the mammalian eye shows no such regenerative properties. We seek to identify the stem cell in vivo and to understand the mechanisms that keep the mammalian retinal stem cells quiescent6-8, even after injury as well as using them as a potential source of cells to help repair physical or genetic models of eye injury through transplantation9-12. Here we describe how to isolate the ciliary epithelial cells from the mouse eye and grow them in culture in order to form the clonal retinal stem cell spheres. Since there are no known markers of the stem cell in vivo, these spheres are the only known way to prospectively identify the stem cell population within the ciliary epithelium of the eye.

In this video, we will demonstrate how to isolate retinal stem cells from the ciliary epithelium of the mouse eye and grow them in culture to form clonal retinal spheres. The spheres that are isolated possess the cardinal properties of stem cells: self-renewal and multipotentiality.

从鼠眼视网膜干细胞的分离

The adult mouse retinal stem cell (RSC) is a rare quiescent cell found within the ciliary epithelium (CE) of the mammalian eye1,2,3. The CE is made up of ...

Lentiviral-mediated Knockdown During Ex Vivo Erythropoiesis of Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Erythropoiesis is a commonly used model system to study cell differentiation. During erythropoiesis, pluripotent adult human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) differentiate into oligopotent progenitors, committed precursors and mature red blood cells 1. This process is regulated for a large part at the level of gene expression, whereby specific transcription factors activate lineage-specific genes while concomitantly repressing genes that are specific to other cell types 2. Studies on transcription factors regulating erythropoiesis are often performed using human and murine cell lines that represent, to some extent, erythroid cells at given stages of differentiation 3-5. However transformed cell lines can only partially mimic erythroid cells and most importantly they do not allow one to comprehensibly study the dynamic changes that occur as cells progress through many stages towards their final erythroid fate. Therefore, a current challenge remains the development of a protocol to obtain relatively homogenous populations of primary HSCs and erythroid cells at various stages of differentiation in quantities that are sufficient to perform genomics and proteomics experiments.
Here we describe an ex vivo cell culture protocol to induce erythroid differentiation from human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells that have been isolated from either cord blood, bone marrow, or adult peripheral blood mobilized with G-CSF (leukapheresis). This culture system, initially developed by the Douay laboratory 6, uses cytokines and co-culture on mesenchymal cells to mimic the bone marrow microenvironment. Using this ex vivo differentiation protocol, we observe a strong amplification of erythroid progenitors, an induction of differentiation exclusively towards the erythroid lineage and a complete maturation to the stage of enucleated red blood cells. Thus, this system provides an opportunity to study the molecular mechanism of transcriptional regulation as hematopoietic stem cells progress along the erythroid lineage. 
Studying erythropoiesis at the transcriptional level also requires the ability to over-express or knockdown specific factors in primary erythroid cells. For this purpose, we use a lentivirus-mediated gene delivery system that allows for the efficient infection of both dividing and non-dividing cells 7. Here we show that we are able to efficiently knockdown the transcription factor TAL1 in primary human erythroid cells. In addition, GFP expression demonstrates an efficiency of lentiviral infection close to 90%. Thus, our protocol provides a highly useful system for characterization of the regulatory network of transcription factors that control erythropoiesis.

Lentiviral-mediated Knockdown During Ex Vivo Erythropoiesis of Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells

An ex vivo protocol to generate mature human red blood cells from hematopoietic stem/progenitors is described. Additionally we describe an efficient lentiviral-delivery method to knockdown the transcription factor TAL1 in primary erythroid cells. The efficiency of lentivirus mediated gene delivery is demonstrated using GFP expressing viruses.

慢病毒介导的击倒在体外</em人造血干细胞>红细胞

Erythropoiesis is a commonly used model system to study cell differentiation. During erythropoiesis, pluripotent adult human hematopoietic stem cells ...

Phenotypic Analysis and Isolation of Murine Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Lineage-committed Progenitors

The bone marrow is the principal site where HSCs and more mature blood cells lineage progenitors reside and differentiate in an adult organism. HSCs constitute a minute cell population of pluripotent cells capable of generating all blood cell lineages for a life-time1. The molecular dissection of HSCs homeostasis in the bone marrow has important implications in hematopoiesis, oncology and regenerative medicine. We describe the labeling protocol with fluorescent antibodies and the electronic gating procedure in flow cytometry to score hematopoietic progenitor subsets and HSCs distribution in individual mice (Fig. 1). In addition, we describe a method to extensively enrich hematopoietic progenitors as well as long-term (LT) and short term (ST) reconstituting HSCs from pooled bone marrow cell suspensions by magnetic enrichment of cells expressing c-Kit. The resulting cell preparation can be used to sort selected subsets for in vitro and in vivo functional studies (Fig. 2).
Both trabecular osteoblasts2,3 and sinusoidal endothelium4 constitute functional niches supporting HSCs in the bone marrow. Several mechanisms in the osteoblastic niche, including a subset of N-cadherin+ osteoblasts3 and interaction of the receptor tyrosine kinase Tie2 expressed in HSCs with its ligand angiopoietin-15 concur in determining HSCs quiescence. "Hibernation" in the bone marrow is crucial to protect HSCs from replication and eventual exhaustion upon excessive cycling activity6. Exogenous stimuli acting on cells of the innate immune system such as Toll-like receptor ligands7 and interferon-&alpha;6 can also induce proliferation and differentiation of HSCs into lineage committed progenitors. Recently, a population of dormant mouse HSCs within the lin- c-Kit+ Sca-1+ CD150+ CD48- CD34- population has been described8. Sorting of cells based on CD34 expression from the hematopoietic progenitors-enriched cell suspension as described here allows the isolation of both quiescent self-renewing LT-HSCs and ST-HSCs9. A similar procedure based on depletion of lineage positive cells and sorting of LT-HSC with CD48 and Flk2 antibodies has been previously described10. In the present report we provide a protocol for the phenotypic characterization and ex vivo cell cycle analysis of hematopoietic progenitors, which can be useful for monitoring hematopoiesis in different physiological and pathological conditions. Moreover, we describe a FACS sorting procedure for HSCs, which can be used to define factors and mechanisms regulating their self-renewal, expansion and differentiation in cell biology and signal transduction assays as well as for transplantation.

A method to analyse the distribution of bone marrow hematopoietic progenitors in flow cytometry as well as to efficiently isolate highly purified hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is described. The isolation procedure is essentially based on magnetic enrichment of c-Kit+ cells and cell sorting to purify HSCs for cellular and molecular studies.

表型分析和分离小鼠造血干细胞和传承的承诺祖

The bone marrow is the principal site where HSCs and more mature blood cells lineage progenitors reside and differentiate in an adult organism. HSCs ...

Induction and Analysis of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition

Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is essential for proper morphogenesis during development. Misregulation of this process has been implicated as a key event in fibrosis and the progression of carcinomas to a metastatic state. Understanding the processes that underlie EMT is imperative for the early diagnosis and clinical control of these disease states. Reliable induction of EMT in vitro is a useful tool for drug discovery as well as to identify common gene expression signatures for diagnostic purposes. Here we demonstrate a straightforward method for the induction of EMT in a variety of cell types. Methods for the analysis of cells pre- and post-EMT induction by immunocytochemistry are also included. Additionally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of this method through antibody-based array analysis and migration/invasion assays.

A straightforward method is described for the induction of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in a variety of cell types. Methods for the analysis of cells in EMT states by immunocytochemistry are included.

诱导上皮和分析间质转化

Epithelial  to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is essential for proper morphogenesis during  development. Misregulation of this  process has been implicated ...

Retroviral Infection of Murine Embryonic Stem Cell Derived Embryoid Body Cells for Analysis of Hematopoietic Differentiation

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are an outstanding model for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of cellular differentiation. They are especially useful for investigating the development of early hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs). Gene expression in ESCs can be manipulated by several techniques that allow the role for individual molecules in development to be determined. One difficulty is that expression of specific genes often has different phenotypic effects dependent on their temporal expression. This problem can be circumvented by the generation of ESCs that inducibly express a gene of interest using technology such as the doxycycline-inducible transgene system. However, generation of these inducible cell lines is costly and time consuming. Described here is a method for disaggregating ESC-derived embryoid bodies (EBs) into single cell suspensions, retrovirally infecting the cell suspensions, and then reforming the EBs by hanging drop. Downstream differentiation is then evaluated by flow cytometry. Using this protocol, it was demonstrated that exogenous expression of a microRNA gene at the beginning of ESC differentiation blocks HPC generation. However, when expressed in EB derived cells after nascent mesoderm is produced, the microRNA gene enhances hematopoietic differentiation. This method is useful for investigating the role of genes after specific germ layer tissue is derived.

Manipulating temporal gene expression in differentiating embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can be achieved using inducible gene systems. However, generation of these cell lines is costly and time consuming. This protocol achieves rapid expression of a transgene in differentiating ES-derived cells and subsequent analysis of downstream hematopoietic differentiation.

小鼠胚胎的逆转录病毒感染干细胞衍生胚体细胞造血分化的分析

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are an outstanding model for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of cellular differentiation. They are especially useful for ...

Identification of Key Factors Regulating Self-renewal and Differentiation in EML Hematopoietic Precursor Cells by RNA-sequencing Analysis

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are used clinically for transplantation treatment to rebuild a patient&#39;s hematopoietic system in many diseases such as leukemia and lymphoma. Elucidating the mechanisms controlling HSCs self-renewal and differentiation is important for application of HSCs for research and clinical uses. However, it is not possible to obtain large quantity of HSCs due to their inability to proliferate in vitro. To overcome this hurdle, we used a mouse bone marrow derived cell line, the EML (Erythroid, Myeloid, and Lymphocytic) cell line, as a model system for this study.
RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) has been increasingly used to replace microarray for gene expression studies. We report here a detailed method of using RNA-Seq technology to investigate the potential key factors in regulation of EML cell self-renewal and differentiation. The protocol provided in this paper is divided into three parts. The first part explains how to culture EML cells and separate Lin-CD34+ and Lin-CD34- cells. The second part of the protocol offers detailed procedures for total RNA preparation and the subsequent library construction for high-throughput sequencing. The last part describes the method for RNA-Seq data analysis and explains how to use the data to identify differentially expressed transcription factors between Lin-CD34+ and Lin-CD34- cells. The most significantly differentially expressed transcription factors were identified to be the potential key regulators controlling EML cell self-renewal and differentiation. In the discussion section of this paper, we highlight the key steps for successful performance of this experiment.
In summary, this paper offers a method of using RNA-Seq technology to identify potential regulators of self-renewal and differentiation in EML cells. The key factors identified are subjected to downstream functional analysis in vitro and in vivo.

RNA-sequencing and bioinformatics analyses were used to identify significantly and differentially expressed transcription factors in Lin-CD34+ and Lin-CD34- subpopulations of mouse EMLcells. These transcription factors might play important roles in determining the switch between self-renewing Lin-CD34+ and partially differentiated Lin-CD34- cells.

在EML造血前体细胞调节自我更新和分化的关键因素，通过RNA测序分析鉴定

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are used clinically for transplantation treatment to rebuild a patient&#39;s hematopoietic system in many diseases such as ...

Isolation, Characterization, and Differentiation of Cardiac Stem Cells from the Adult Mouse Heart

Myocardial infarction (MI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. A major goal of regenerative medicine is to replenish the dead myocardium after MI. Although several strategies have been used to regenerate myocardium, stem cell therapy remains a major approach to replenish the dead myocardium of an MI heart. Accumulating evidence suggests the presence of resident cardiac stem cells (CSCs) in the adult heart and their endocrine and/or paracrine effects on cardiac regeneration. However, CSC isolation and their characterization and differentiation toward myocardial cells, especially cardiomyocytes, remains a technical challenge. In the present study, we provided a simple method for the isolation, characterization, and differentiation of CSCs from the adult mouse heart. Here, we describe a density gradient method for the isolation of CSCs, where the heart is digested by a 0.2% collagenase II solution. To characterize the isolated CSCs, we evaluated the expression of CSCs/cardiac markers Sca-1, NKX2-5, and GATA4, and pluripotency/stemness markers OCT4, SOX2, and Nanog. We also determined the proliferation potential of isolated CSCs by culturing them in a Petri dish and assessing the expression of the proliferation marker Ki-67. For evaluating the differentiation potential of CSCs, we selected seven- to ten-days cultured CSCs. We transferred them to a new plate with a cardiomyocyte differentiation medium. They are incubated in a cell culture incubator for 12 days, while the differentiation medium is changed every three days. The differentiated CSCs express cardiomyocyte-specific markers: actinin and troponin I. Thus, CSCs isolated with this protocol have stemness and cardiac markers, and they have a potential for proliferation and differentiation toward cardiomyocyte lineage.

The overall goal of this article is to standardize the protocol for the isolation, characterization, and differentiation of cardiac stem cells (CSCs) from the adult mouse heart. Here, we describe a density gradient centrifugation method to isolate murine CSCs and elaborated methods for CSC culture, proliferation, and differentiation into cardiomyocytes.

成人小鼠心脏干细胞的分离、鉴定及分化

Myocardial infarction (MI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. A major goal of regenerative medicine is to replenish the dead ...