Diese Arbeit wird durch RO1 DK064938 (TH) unterstützt.

<ol>
	<li>Shapiro, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Islet+transplantation+in+seven+patients+with+type+1+diabetes+mellitus+using+a+glucocorticoid-free+immunosuppressive+regimen.">Islet transplantation in seven patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus using a glucocorticoid-free immunosuppressive regimen.</a> N Engl J Med. 343, 230-238 (2000).</li><li>Weir, G. C., Bonner-Weir, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Islet+transplantation+as+a+treatment+for+diabetes.">Islet transplantation as a treatment for diabetes.</a> J Am Optom Assoc. 69, 727-732 (1998).</li><li>Gangemi, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Islet+transplantation+for+brittle+type+1+diabetes:+the+UIC+protocol.">Islet transplantation for brittle type 1 diabetes: the UIC protocol.</a> Am J Transplant. 8, 10-1111 (2008).</li><li>Zmuda, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deficiency+of+ATF3,+an+adaptive-response+gene,+protects+islets+and+ameliorates+inflammation+in+a+syngenic+transplantation+model.">Deficiency of ATF3, an adaptive-response gene, protects islets and ameliorates inflammation in a syngenic transplantation model.</a> Diabetologia. , (2010).</li><li>Bottino, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Response+of+Human+Islets+to+Isolation+Stress+and+the+Effect+of+Antioxidant+Treatment.">Response of Human Islets to Isolation Stress and the Effect of Antioxidant Treatment.</a> Diabetes. 53, 2559-2568 (2004).</li><li>Markmann, J. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+islet+cell+culture+in+vitro+at+24+degrees+C+on+graft+survival+and+MHC+antigen+expression.">The effect of islet cell culture in vitro at 24 degrees C on graft survival and MHC antigen expression.</a> Transplantation. 49, 272-277 (1990).</li><li>Terasaka, R., Lacy, P. E., Hauptfeld, V., Bucy, R. P., Davie, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+cyclosporin-A,+low-temperature+culture,+and+anti-Ia+antibodies+on+prevention+of+rejection+of+rat+islet+allografts.">The effect of cyclosporin-A, low-temperature culture, and anti-Ia antibodies on prevention of rejection of rat islet allografts.</a> Diabetes. 35, 83-88 (1986).</li><li>Ricordi, C., Lacy, P. E., Sterbenz, K., Davie, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Low-temperature+culture+of+human+islets+or+in+vivo+treatment+with+L3T4+antibody+produces+a+marked+prolongation+of+islet+human-to-mouse+xenograft+survival.">Low-temperature culture of human islets or in vivo treatment with L3T4 antibody produces a marked prolongation of islet human-to-mouse xenograft survival.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 84, 8080-8084 (1987).</li><li>Schnedl, W. J., Ferber, S., Johnson, J. H., Newgard, C. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=STZ+transport+and+cytotoxicity.+Specific+enhancement+in+GLUT2-expressing+cells.">STZ transport and cytotoxicity. Specific enhancement in GLUT2-expressing cells.</a> Diabetes. 43, 1326-1333 (1994).</li><li>Eckhard, M., Brandhorst, D., Brandhorst, H., Brendel, M. D., Bretzel, R. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimization+in+osmolality+and+range+of+density+of+a+continuous+ficoll-sodium-diatrizoate+gradient+for+isopycnic+purification+of+isolated+human+islets.">Optimization in osmolality and range of density of a continuous ficoll-sodium-diatrizoate gradient for isopycnic purification of isolated human islets.</a> Transplantation Proceedings. 36, 2849-2854 (2004).</li><li>Gores, P. F., Rabe, F., Sutherland, D. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prolonged+survival+of+intraportal+versus+subrenal+capsular+transplanted+islet+allografts.">Prolonged survival of intraportal versus subrenal capsular transplanted islet allografts.</a> Transplantation. 43, 747-749 (1987).</li><li>Nasr, I. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Testicular+Immune+Privilege+Promotes+Transplantation+Tolerance+by+Altering+the+Balance+between+Memory+and+Regulatory+T+Cells.">Testicular Immune Privilege Promotes Transplantation Tolerance by Altering the Balance between Memory and Regulatory T Cells.</a> J Immunol. 174, 6161-6168 (2005).</li><li>Merani, S., Toso, C., Emamaullee, J., Shapiro, A. M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimal+implantation+site+for+pancreatic+islet+transplantation.">Optimal implantation site for pancreatic islet transplantation.</a> British Journal of Surgery. 95, 1449-1461 (2008).</li><li>Inoue, M., Maeno, T., Hatchell, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Survival+of+allografted+pancreatic+islets+in+the+subretinal+space+in+rats.">Survival of allografted pancreatic islets in the subretinal space in rats.</a> Ophthalmic Res. 35, 48-53 (2003).</li></ol>

In den vorangegangenen Abschnitten haben wir beschrieben, detaillierte Schritte zur Isolierung und Transplantation der Maus Pankreasinseln. Hier haben wir kurz auf die Schritte, die entscheidend für den Erfolg der Verfahren sind. 1. Islet Isolation Die entscheidenden Schritte sind die Identifizierung eine optimale enzymatische Verdauung der Zeit (1,4), die Positionierung der hemostat Klammer über den Zwölffingerdarm Eröffnung des Choledochus (2.2.3), cannulating den gemeinsamen Gallengang (2,3), kräftiges Schütteln der Bauchspeicheldrüse nach der 37 ° C verdauen (3,2) und für die Beseitigung der exokrinen Zellen Verunreinigungen (3.3.7 und 3.3.16). Diese Schritte haben einen dramatischen Einfluss auf die Qualität, Ausbeute und Reinheit von Inselchen. Vielleicht ist der technisch anspruchsvollsten Schritt ist die Kanülierung des Choledochus. In vielen Mäusen kann der Choledochus nur schwer zu visualisieren aufgrund umgebenden Faszien. Daher ist es üblich, dass Versuche, die Choledochus Ergebnis der Penetration der Faszie Gewebe nur kanülieren. In diesen Fällen beginnt die Liberase auf das umgebende Bindegewebe zu füllen und nicht perfuse der Bauchspeicheldrüse. Wenn dies eingehalten wird, stoppen den Fluss der Liberase und positionieren Sie die Nadel so, dass es dringt in das Lumen des Gallengangs. Mit etwas Übung ist es möglich, schnell die optimale Position für Nadel-Platzierung und die Kanülierung ohne Beschädigung der brüchigen Kanal abgeschlossen. 2. Inseltransplantation Die entscheidenden Schritte sind die STZ Induktion von Diabetes (5,1) und die effiziente Bereitstellung von kleinen Inseln, die subkapsulären Beutel (5.3.14-5.3.16). STZ ist ein natürlich vorkommendes Glucose-Analogon, das selektiv toxisch auf die Insulin-sezernierenden Zellen β-Zellen der Inseln 9 ist. Allerdings tritt diese selektive Toxizität in einem relativ engen Konzentrationsbereich. Dies wird durch die Tatsache, dass hohe Dosen von STZ kann in schnellen (2-3 Tage) Letalität in der Abwesenheit von Hyperglykämie Ergebnis belegt. Daher sollte darauf geachtet werden, um die optimale Dosis von STZ für den Stamm und Alter der Mäuse sein, bevor eine breit angelegte Erprobung eingeleitet zu identifizieren sein. Die physische Lieferung der Inseln, die subkapsulären Beutel ist auch ein wichtiger Schritt. Um dies zu erreichen konsistente Ergebnisse, ist es unerlässlich, den Verlust der Inseln während der Auslieferung zu minimieren. Dies kann auftreten, wenn Mängel oder Tränen in die Nierenkapsel für die Tasche sind oder wenn das injizierte Volumen ist zu groß. Eine Beschädigung der Kapsel kann durch sanfte und schonende Manipulation und mit glatten Glas-Sonde, die subkapsulären Beutel Vorbereitung vermieden werden. Darüber hinaus kann das Injektionsvolumen mit sorgfältiger Entfernung des Überstands in Schritt 5.3.6.3 minimiert werden. Wenn der Überstand bis auf die Ebene des sedimentierten Inseln entfernt, gibt es in der Regel mehr als genug Platz in der subkapsulären Beutel zu 400 bis 500 Inseln statt. Allerdings, wenn das Injektionsvolumen zu groß ist, sind die Inseln eher Leck aus dem Beutel während der Transplantation, dabei die Reproduzierbarkeit des Experiments. In diesem Protokoll ist es möglich, einige der Schritte verändern und immer noch zufriedenstellende Ergebnisse. Dazu gehören die folgenden: (a) die Verwendung eines anderen Enzyms der Bauchspeicheldrüse verdauen, (b) eine andere Methode für die Bereitstellung des Enzyms an der Bauchspeicheldrüse, (c) die Verwendung eines kontinuierlichen Ficoll-Natrium-Diatrizoat (FSD) Gradienten anstelle des einzigen Dichte Histopaque1077 Schritt, und (d) Inseltransplantation zu anderen Orten als der Niere subcapsule. <ol class="lalpha"><li> In diesem Protokoll wird Liberase verwendet, um die Zell-Zell-Kontakte in der Bauchspeicheldrüse zu schwächen. Liberase ist im Wesentlichen ein Gemisch aus hochreinem Kollagenasen, die sich bewährt haben, bei der Freisetzung von Inseln aus der Bauchspeicheldrüse. Allerdings sind weniger gereinigt Kollagenasen zu leisten imstande ein ähnliches Ergebnis. Daher ist es möglich, verschiedene kommerziell erhältliche Enzympräparate für die Verdauung der Bauchspeicheldrüse zu verwenden, solange die Verdauung optimal eingestellt ist, um hohe Qualität zu erreichen Insel, Ausbeute und Reinheit. </li><li> Es ist auch möglich, die Bauchspeicheldrüse ohne duktale Perfusion des Enzyms zu verdauen. Lieferung von Liberase durch den Choledochus ermöglicht maximale Exposition von Pankreas-Fläche an das Enzym. Dies führt zu mehr auch die Verdauung der Bauchspeicheldrüse und eine größere Freisetzung von intakten Inseln. Jedoch können auch andere Schritte, um die Oberfläche der Bauchspeicheldrüse an das Enzym zu erhöhen verwendet werden. Zum Beispiel kann Zerkleinern der Bauchspeicheldrüse vor Inkubation in Liberase oder direkt injiziert Liberase durch die Pankreas-Kapsel verwendet, um Inseln zu isolieren. Allerdings ist kein anderes Verfahren zur Liberase Lieferung so effektiv wie Perfusion durch den gemeinsamen Gallengang. Daher sollten Zerkleinern oder Direkteinspritzung als letztes Mittel reserviert werden, wenn der Choledochus ist beschädigt und nicht perfundierbaren. </li><li> Eine alternative Methode zur Trennung von den Inseln aus dem exokrinen Zellen umfasst dieVerwendung eines FSD Farbverlauf statt Histopaque1077 10. Die effiziente Trennung von Inseln aus exokrinen Zellen in diesem Protokoll ist zum Teil auf eine Dichte Differenz zwischen den beiden Zelltypen. Histopaque1077 hat eine Dichte von 1,0771 g / ml bei 25 ° C. Bei dieser Temperatur ist Histopaque dichter als die Inseln, aber weniger dicht als die exokrinen Zellen. Daher unter der Kraft der Zentrifugation Histopaque1077 Pellets der exokrinen Zellen beim Anheben der Inseln an der Oberfläche. Im Prinzip kann jede andere Substanz mit einer Dichte, dass Inseln von exokrinen Zellen trennen kann in diesem Schritt verwendet werden und die FSD Gradient ist ein solcher Stoff. </li><li> In Bezug auf die Lage für kleine Inseln Transplantation wird die Nierenkapsel in diesem Protokoll verwendet eine der wenigen möglichen Standorten. Während der Niere subcapsule ist die am häufigsten berichteten Ort der Transplantation in Mäuse, haben andere Transplantation Standorten als wirksam erwiesen, und sie gehören der Pfortader, subretinalen Raum, Hoden, Nebenhoden Fettpolster, Milz, Bauchspeicheldrüse und sogar 11-14. Jeder dieser Orte hat seine eigenen Vorteile und Herausforderungen. Daher sollte die Auswahl eines Standortes für Inseltransplantation durch die Fragen angesprochen und spezifischen Gegebenheiten der Experimente bestimmt werden. </li></ol> Es wird angenommen, dass die Strategien, die die Grenzen auf Inseltransplantation überwinden können, werden drastisch verbessern sein therapeutisches Potential. Daher bietet der Einsatz von einem Mausmodell so detailliert durch dieses Protokoll einen attraktiven Ansatz zur Identifizierung solcher Strategien.

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">	
		
		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>RPMI 1640</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Gibco</td>
<td>31800-022</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Liberase TL</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Roche</td>
<td>05401020001</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Gibco</td>
<td>10437-028</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Histopaque1077</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
<td>10771</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Penicillin Streptomycin </td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Gibco</td>
<td>15140</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Sodium Citrate</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
<td>S4641</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Streptozotocin</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
<td>S-0130</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>HCl</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>A144-212</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Isoflurane</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Vedco</td>
<td>ISOSOL</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Glass Capillary Tubes</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>22362574</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Insulin Syringe</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>BD Falcon</td>
<td>329461</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>27 Gauge Syringe Needle</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>BD Falcon</td>
<td>305109</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Hamilton Syringe #1702</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>14813133</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>10cm Petri Plates</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>0875712</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>6cm Petri Plates</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>07770212</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>6-0 Suture</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Ethicon</td>
<td>8726H</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>PE 50 Flexible Tubing</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>NC9083963</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>5ml Disposable Syringe</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>BD Falcon</td>
<td>309603</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>50ml Conical Tube</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>BD Falcon</td>
<td>352098</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>15ml Conical Tube</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>BD Falcon</td>
<td>352097</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>0.1mm Nylon Mesh</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>22363549</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>0.419mm Wire Mesh</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Newark Wire Cloth Company</td>
<td>0300241</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Water Bath Incubator</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>15-462-5</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Dissecting Microscope</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Zeiss</td>
<td>Stemi SV6</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Inverted Microscope</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Nikon</td>
<td>TMS</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Tissue Culture Incubator</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Napco</td>
<td>6300</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Dissecting Scissors</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Kent Scientific</td>
<td>INS14393</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>McPherson-Vannas Scissors</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Kent Scientific</td>
<td>INS500260</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Curved Forceps</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Kent Scientific</td>
<td>INS15915</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Hemostatic Forceps</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Kent Scientific</td>
<td>INS 500451</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Isoflurane Nebulizer</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Smiths Medical Surgivet</td>
<td>ISOTech 4 OHMEDA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Swing Bucket Centrifuge</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Dupont &#x2013; Sorvall</td>
<td>RT6000D</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Swing Bucket Rotor</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Dupont &#x2013; Sorvall</td>
<td>H1000B</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>pH Meter</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Mettler Toledo/ Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>09313509</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Gel Loading Tips</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>05408151</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>p200 Tips</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>USA Scientific</td>
<td>111-0730</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

a method for murine islet isolation and subcapsular kidney transplantation

Seit den frühen Pionierarbeiten von Ballinger und Reckard zeigen, dass die Transplantation von Langerhans-Inseln in diabetischen Nagern ihren Blutzuckerspiegel zu normalisieren könnte, hat Inseltransplantation vorgeschlagen worden, eine mögliche Behandlung für Diabetes Typ 1 1,2 sein. In jüngerer Zeit haben Fortschritte in der menschlichen Inseltransplantation weitere dieser Ansicht 1,3 gestärkt. Allerdings verhindern, dass zwei wesentliche Einschränkungen Inseltransplantation von einem breiten klinischen Realität: (a) die Voraussetzung für eine große Anzahl von Inseln pro Patient, die eine erhebliche Verringerung der Zahl der potenziellen Empfänger und (b) die Notwendigkeit für schwere Immunsuppression, die erheblich beeinträchtigt der pädiatrischen Population von Patienten aufgrund ihrer Anfälligkeit für langfristige Immunsuppression. Strategien, die diese Einschränkungen zu überwinden haben das Potenzial, den therapeutischen Nutzen von Inseltransplantation verbessern. Inseltransplantation unter der Maus Nierenkapsel ist ein weithin akzeptiertes Modell, um verschiedene Strategien zu untersuchen, um Inseltransplantation verbessern. Dieses Experiment erfordert die Isolierung von hoher Qualität Inselchen und Implantation von kleinen Inseln, die diabetische Empfänger. Beide Verfahren erfordern chirurgische Schritte, die besser durch Video werden als durch Text nachgewiesen. Hier dokumentieren wir die einzelnen Schritte für diese Verfahren durch Video-und schriftlichen Protokoll. Wir haben auch kurz auf verschiedene Modelle Transplantation: syngenen, allogenen, syngenen autoimmune und allogenen autoimmune.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Method for Murine Islet Isolation and Subcapsular Kidney Transplantation at JoVE.com

A Method for Murine Islet Isolation and Subcapsular Kidney Transplantation

Die Transplantation von isolierten Inseln wurde vorgeschlagen, eine potenzielle Behandlungsoption für Typ-1-Diabetes sein. Hier beschreiben wir eine Methode, um kleine Inseln aus Maus Bauchspeicheldrüsen zu isolieren und verpflanzen sie in die subkapsulären Raum der Niere.

Eine Methode zur Murine Islet Isolation und subkapsulären Nierentransplantation

Since the early pioneering work of Ballinger and Reckard demonstrating that transplantation of islets of Langerhans into diabetic rodents could normalize ...

a-method-for-murine-islet-isolation-subcapsular-kidney

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

62.9K Aufrufe.  The Ohio State University. Die Transplantation von isolierten Inseln wurde vorgeschlagen, eine potenzielle Behandlungsoption für Typ-1-Diabetes sein. Hier beschreiben wir eine Methode, um kleine Inseln aus Maus Bauchspeicheldrüsen zu isolieren und verpflanzen sie in die subkapsulären Raum der Niere.

Serie: A Method for Murine Islet Isolation and Subcapsular Kidney Transplantation

Development of Obliterative Bronchiolitis in a Murine Model of Orthotopic Lung Transplantation

Orthotopic lung transplantation in rats was first reported by Asimacopoulos and colleagues in 1971 1. Currently, this method is well accepted and standardized not only for the study of allo-rejection but also between syngeneic strains for examining mechanisms of ischemia-reperfusion injury after lung transplantation. Although the application of the rat and other large animal model 2 contributed significantly to the elucidation of these studies, the scope of those investigations is limited by the scarcity of knockout and transgenic rats. Due to no effective therapies for obliterative bronchiolitis, the leading cause of death in lung transplant patients, there has been an intensive search for pre-clinical models that replicate obliterative bronchiolitis. The tracheal allograft model is the most widely used and may reproduce some of the histopathologic features of obliterative bronchiolitis 3. However, the lack of an intact vasculature with no connection to the recipient's conducting airways, and incomplete pathologic features of obliterative bronchiolitis limit the utility of this model 4. Unlike transplantation of other solid organs, vascularized mouse lung transplants have only recently been reported by Okazaki and colleagues for the first time in 2007 5. Applying the basic principles of the rat lung transplant, our lab initiated the obliterative bronchiolitis model using minor histoincompatible antigen murine orthotopic single-left lung transplants which allows the further study of obliterative bronchiolitis immunopathogenesis6.

Obliterative bronchiolitis is the key impediment to the long-term survival of lung transplant recipients and the lack of a robust preclinical model precludes examining obliterative bronchiolitis immunopathogenesis. Unlike other solid organ transplants, vascularized mouse lung transplantation has only recently been developed. Here we show our independently developed obliterative bronchiolitis model after murine orthotopic single-lung transplantation.

Entwicklung einer Bronchiolitis obliterans in einem Mausmodell der orthotopen Lungentransplantation

Orthotopic lung transplantation in rats was first reported by Asimacopoulos and colleagues in 1971 1. Currently, this method is well accepted and ...

Forschung

Medizin

Murine Heterotopic Heart Transplant Technique

It is now over forty years since this technique was first reported by Corry, Wynn and Russell. Although it took some years for other labs to become proficient in and utilize this technique, it is now widely used by many laboratories around the world. A significant refinement to the original technique was developed and reported in 2001 by Niimi. Described here are the techniques that have evolved over more than a decade in the hands of three surgeons (Plenter, Grazia, Pietra) in our center. These techniques are now being passed on to a younger generation of surgeons and researchers.
Based largely on the Niimi experience, the procedures used have evolved in the fine details - details which we will endeavor to relate here in such a way that others may be able to use this very useful model. Like Niimi, we have found that a video aid to learning is a priceless resource for the beginner.

The manuscript describes the steps required to perform the heterotopic heart transplant in the mouse.

Murine Heterotope Heart Transplant-Technik

It is now over forty years since this technique was first reported by Corry, Wynn and Russell. Although it took some years for other labs to become ...

Mouse Kidney Transplantation: Models of Allograft Rejection

Rejection of the transplanted kidney in humans is still a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The mouse model of renal transplantation closely replicates both the technical and pathological processes that occur in human renal transplantation. Although mouse models of allogeneic rejection in organs other than the kidney exist, and are more technically feasible, there is evidence that different organs elicit disparate rejection modes and dynamics, for instance the time course of rejection in cardiac and renal allograft differs significantly in certain strain combinations. This model is an attractive tool for many reasons despite its technical challenges. As inbred mouse strain haplotypes are well characterized it is possible to choose donor and recipient combinations to model acute allograft rejection by transplanting across MHC class I and II loci. Conversely by transplanting between strains with similar haplotypes a chronic process can be elicited were the allograft kidney develops interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy. We have modified the surgical technique to reduce operating time and improve ease of surgery, however a learning curve still needs to be overcome in order to faithfully replicate the model. This study will provide key points in the surgical procedure and aid the process of establishing this technique.

Here, we present a protocol to study the immunology of rejection. The surgical model presented reports a short operating time and a concise technique. Depending on the donor-recipient strain combination, the transplanted kidney may develop acute cellular rejection or chronic allograft damage, defined by interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy.

Maus Nierentransplantation: Modelle der Transplantatabstoßung

Rejection of the transplanted kidney in humans is still a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The mouse model of renal transplantation closely ...

Murine Kidney Transplant Technique

The first mouse kidney transplant technique was published in 19731 by the Russell laboratory. Although it took some years for other labs to become proficient in and utilize this technique, it is now widely used by many laboratories around the world. A significant refinement to the original technique using the donor aorta to form the arterial anastomosis instead of the renal artery was developed and reported in 1993 by Kalina and Mottram 2 with a further advancement coming from the same laboratory in 1999 3. While one can become proficient in this model, a search of the literature reveals that many labs still experience a high proportion of graft loss due to arterial thrombosis. We describe here a technique that was devised in our laboratory that vastly reduces the arterial thrombus reported by others 4,5. This is achieved by forming a heel-and-toe cuff of the donor infra-renal aorta that facilitates a larger anastomosis and straighter blood flow into the kidney.

The goal of this manuscript is to describe the steps required to perform a kidney transplant in a mouse, paying particular attention to the details of the arterial anastomosis.

Murine Nierentransplantations Technik

The first mouse kidney transplant technique was published in 19731 by the Russell laboratory. Although it took some years for other labs to become ...

Normothermic Ex Vivo Kidney Perfusion for the Preservation of Kidney Grafts prior to Transplantation

Kidney transplantation has become a well-established treatment option for patients with end-stage renal failure. The persisting organ shortage remains a serious problem. Therefore, the acceptance criteria for organ donors have been extended leading to the usage of marginal kidney grafts. These marginal organs tolerate cold storage poorly resulting in increased preservation injury and higher rates of delayed graft function. To overcome the limitations of cold storage, extensive research is focused on alternative normothermic preservation methods.
Ex vivo normothermic organ perfusion is an innovative preservation technique. The first experimental and clinical trials for ex vivo lung, liver, and kidney perfusions demonstrated favorable outcomes.
In addition to the reduction of cold ischemic injury, the method of normothermic kidney storage offers the opportunity for organ assessment and repair. This manuscript provides information about kidney retrieval, organ preservation techniques, and isolated ex vivo normothermic kidney perfusion (NEVKP) in a porcine model. Surgical techniques, set up for the perfusion solution and the circuit, potential assessment options, and representative results are demonstrated.

Normothermic Ex Vivo Kidney Perfusion for the Preservation of Kidney Grafts prior to Transplantation

The severe organ shortage has resulted in increased use of marginal kidney grafts for transplantation. This has triggered interest in alternative storage methods, since marginal grafts especially tolerate cold storage poorly. The technique of normothermic ex vivo kidney perfusion (NEVKP) represents a novel preservation method for kidney grafts prior to &#160;transplantation.

Normothermen<em&gt; Ex Vivo</em&gt; Kidney Perfusion für die Erhaltung der Nierentransplantate vor der Transplantation

Kidney transplantation has become a well-established treatment option for patients with end-stage renal failure. The persisting organ shortage remains a ...

A Novel Clinical Grade Isolation Method for Human Kidney Perivascular Stromal Cells

Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) are tissue homeostatic and immune modulatory cells that have shown beneficial effects in kidney diseases and transplantation. Perivascular Stromal Cells (PSCs) share characteristics with bone marrow MSCs (bmMSCs). However, they also possess, most likely due to local imprinting, tissue-specific properties and play a role in local tissue homeostasis. This tissue specificity may result in tissue specific repair, also within the human kidney. We previously showed that human kidney PSCs (kPSCs) have enhanced kidney epithelial wound healing whereas bmMSCs did not have this potential. Moreover, kPSCs can ameliorate kidney injury in vivo. Therefore, kPSCs constitute an interesting source for cell therapy, particularly for kidney diseases and renal transplantation. Here we show the detailed isolation and culture method for kPSCs from transplant-grade human kidneys based on whole-organ perfusion of digestive enzymes via the renal artery and enrichment for the perivascular marker NG2. In this way, large cell quantities can be obtained that are suitable for cellular therapy.

Here we present a novel clinical grade isolation and culture method for kidney Perivascular Stromal Cells (kPSCs) based on whole organ perfusion with digestive enzymes and NG2-cell enrichment. With this method, it is possible to acquire sufficient cell numbers for cellular therapy.

Eine neue klinische Grade Isolationsmethode für menschliche Niere perivaskuläre Stromazellen Zellen

Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) are tissue homeostatic and immune modulatory cells that have shown beneficial effects in kidney diseases and ...

Orthotopic Rat Kidney Transplantation: A Novel and Simplified Surgical Approach

Kidney transplantation offers increased survival rates and improved quality of life for patients with end-stage renal disease, as compared to any type of renal replacement therapy. Over the past few decades, the rat kidney transplantation model has been used to study the immunological phenomena of rejection and tolerance. This model has become an indispensable tool to test new immunomodulatory pharmaceuticals and regimens prior to proceeding with expensive preclinical large animal studies.
This protocol provides a detailed overview of how to reliably perform orthotopic kidney transplantation in rats. This protocol includes three distinctive steps that increase the probability of success: perfusion of the donor kidney by flushing through the portal vein and the use of a cuff system to anastomose the renal veins and ureters, thereby decreasing cold and warm ischemia times. Using this technique, we have achieved survival rates beyond 6 months with normal serum creatinine in animals with syngeneic or tolerant kidney transplants. Depending on the aim of the study, this model can be modified by pre- or posttransplant treatments to study the acute, chronic, cellular, or antibody-mediated rejection. It is a reproducible, reliable, and cost-effective animal model to study different aspects of kidney transplantation.

The purpose of this manuscript and protocol is to explain and demonstrate in detail the surgical procedure of orthotopic kidney transplantation in rats. This method is simplified to achieve the correct perfusion of the donor kidney and shorten the reperfusion time by using the venous and ureteral cuff anastomosis technique.

Orthotopic Rat Nierentransplantation: Ein neuartierter und vereinfachter chirurgischer Ansatz

Kidney transplantation offers increased survival rates and improved quality of life for patients with end-stage renal disease, as compared to any type of ...

Orthotopic Kidney Auto-Transplantation in a Porcine Model Using 24 Hours Organ Preservation And Continuous Telemetry

In the present era of organ transplantation with critical organ shortage, various strategies are employed to expand the pool of available allografts for kidney transplantation (KT). Even though, the use of allografts from extended criteria donors (ECD) could partially ease the shortage of organ donors, ECD organs carry a potentially higher risk for inferior outcomes and postoperative complications. Dynamic organ preservation techniques, modulation of ischemia-reperfusion and preservation injury, and allograft therapies are in the spotlight of scientific interest in an effort to improve allograft utilization and patient outcomes in KT.
Preclinical animal experiments are playing an essential role in translational research, especially in the medical device and drug development. The major advantage of the porcine orthotopic auto-transplantation model over ex vivo or small animal studies lies within the surgical-anatomical and physiological similarities to the clinical setting. This allows the investigation of new therapeutic methods and techniques and ensures a facilitated clinical translation of the findings. This protocol provides a comprehensive and problem-oriented description of the porcine orthotopic kidney auto-transplantation model, using a preservation time of 24 hours and telemetry monitoring. The combination of sophisticated surgical techniques with highly standardized and state-of-the-art methods of anesthesia, animal housing, perioperative follow up, and monitoring ensure the reproducibility and success of this model.

Large animal models play an essential role in preclinical transplantation research. Due to its similarities to the clinical setup, the porcine model of orthotopic kidney auto-transplantation described in this article provides an excellent in vivo setting for the testing of organ preservation techniques and therapeutic interventions.

Orthotopische Nieren-Autotransplantation in einem Schweinemodell mit 24 Stunden Organkonservierung und kontinuierlicher Telemetrie

In the present era of organ transplantation with critical organ shortage, various strategies are employed to expand the pool of available allografts for ...

Fat-Covered Islet Transplantation Using Epididymal White Adipose Tissue

Islet transplantation is a cellular replacement therapy for severe diabetes mellitus. The intraperitoneal cavity is typically the transplant site for this procedure. However, intraperitoneal islet transplantation has some limitations, including poor transplant efficacy, difficult graft detection ability, and a lack of graftectomy capability for post-transplant analysis. In this paper, "fat-covered islet transplantation", an intraperitoneal islet transplantation method that utilizes epididymal white adipose tissue, is used to assess the therapeutic effects of bioengineered islets. The simplicity of the method lies in the seeding of islets onto epididymal white adipose tissue and using the tissue to cover the islets. While this method can be categorized as an intraperitoneal islet transplantation technique, it shares characteristics with intra-adipose tissue islet transplantation. The fat-covered islet transplantation method demonstrates more robust therapeutic effects than intra-adipose tissue islet transplantation, however, including the improvement of blood glucose and plasma insulin levels and the potential for graft removal. We recommend the adoption of this method for assessing the mechanisms of islet engraftment into white adipose tissue and the therapeutic effects of bioengineered islets.

This fat-covered islet transplantation method is suitable for the detection of engrafted islets in the intraperitoneal cavity. Notably, it does not require the use of biobinding agents or suturing.

Fettbedeckte Inseltransplantation mit Nebenhoden-weißem Fettgewebe

Islet transplantation is a cellular replacement therapy for severe diabetes mellitus. The intraperitoneal cavity is typically the transplant site for this ...

Robot-Assisted Kidney Transplantation

This paper describes robot-assisted kidney transplantation (RAKT) from a living donor. The robot is docked between the parted legs of the patient, placed in the supine Trendelenburg position. Kidney allografts are provided by a living donor. Before vascular anastomosis, the kidney allograft is prepared by inserting a double-J stent in the ureter, and the temperature for the anastomosis is lowered by wrapping it in an ice-packed gauze. A 12 mm or 8 mm port for the robotic camera and three 8 mm ports for robotic arms are placed. A peritoneal pouch is created for the kidney allograft by raising the peritoneal flaps on both sides over the psoas muscle before dissecting the iliac vessels and bladder. A 6 cm Pfannenstiel incision is made to insert the kidney into the peritoneal pouch, lateral to the right iliac vessels. 
After clamping the external iliac vein with Bulldogs clamps, a venotomy is performed, and the graft renal vein is anastomosed to the external iliac vein in an end-to-side continuous manner with a 6/0 polytetrafluoroethylene suture. After clamping the graft renal vein, the iliac vein is declamped. This is followed by clamping of the external iliac artery, arteriotomy, arterial anastomosis with a 6/0 polytetrafluoroethylene suture, clamping of the graft renal artery, and declamping of the external iliac artery. Reperfusion is then carried out, and ureteroneocystostomy is performed using the Lich-Gregoir technique. The peritoneum is closed at a few locations with polymer locking clips, and a closed-suction drain is placed through one of the working ports. After deflating the pneumoperitoneum, all incisions are closed.

This paper provides technical details for robot-assisted kidney transplantation from a living donor.

Robotergestützte Nierentransplantation

This paper describes robot-assisted kidney transplantation (RAKT) from a living donor. The robot is docked between the parted legs of the patient, placed ...