Wir danken Mitglieder unseres Labors für fruchtbare Diskussionen und technische Unterstützung. Dieses Video-Präsentation wurde von der Prodekan für Forschung und das Department of Veterinary Pathobiologie, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University unterstützt. Die Forschungen des Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Spanien (Projekt BFU2008-01244/BMC), die CSIC intramural Projekt PA1002451 zu JF finanziert wurde, Stiftungslehrstuhl der Walter R. Sitlington Chair for Food Animal Research zu KMK, CVHS 2009 RAC gewähren, OAE Animal Health Funds und USDA, National Research Initiative Competitive Grant, Nr. 2007-04613.

1. Generierung von dsRNA. <ol><li> Synthesize Oligonukleotidprimer mit T7-Promotor-Sequenzen für in vitro-Transkription und Synthese von dsRNA (z. B. für Dermacentor variabilis subolesin verwenden Oligonukleotidprimer D8AAT75: 5&#39;-TAATACGACTCACTATAGGGTACTGACTGGGATCCCCTGCACAGT-3 &#39;und D8DVT73: 5&#39;-TAATACGACTCACTATAGGGTACTCGAGCTTGGTGGAAAGGACG-3&#39;). </li><li> Amplify Zielgens durch RT-PCR mit 10 pmol von jedem Oligonukleotid-Primer und 1-10 ng von Zecken Gesamt-RNA. </li><li> Purify das PCR-Produkt. </li><li> Synthesize dsRNA mit 8 ul des gereinigten PCR-Produkt. </li><li> Quantify dsRNA durch Spektrometrie. </li></ol> 2. Die Injektion von Zecken mit dsRNA. 2.1. Vorbereitung von Zecken zur Injektion. <ol><li> Zuerst waschen Sie die Zecken in eine Reihe von Lösungen durch Schütteln in jeder Lösung in einer 50 ml-Einweg-Zentrifugenröhrchen, Dekantieren der Lösung durch ein feinmaschiges Drahtgitter über den Schlauch oben nach Zecken zu behalten. Die Reihenfolge der Lösungen für das Waschen Zecken ist Leitungswasser, 3% Wasserstoffperoxid, zwei Wäschen destilliertes Wasser, 70% Ethanol und zwei weitere Waschungen mit destilliertem Wasser. </li><li> Blot-dry die Zecken auf Küchenpapier. </li><li> Zählen Sie die Zecken in Gruppen von 20 bis 50, je nach Experiment, legen Sie die Zecken aus jeder Gruppe in einem 1,25 Unzen Plastikbecher mit einem festsitzenden Deckel und Etikett mit den experimentellen Gruppen-Nummer. </li></ol> 2.2. Tick ​​Injektion Team. Die RNAi-Team besteht aus drei Personen: (1) eine Person, die jeder Tick-Positionen auf doppelte Klebeband angebracht, um ein Blatt rot Dentalwachs, (2) eine Person, die die Zecken und (3) einer Person, die die Zecken-Monitore nach injiziert Injektion, atmet CO 2 auf die Zecken, um sie zu aktivieren und zählt die lebende Zecken in die Tassen mit den experimentellen Gruppen-Nummer gekennzeichnet. Alle Teammitglieder müssen Einmalhandschuhe tragen. 2.3. Platzierung von Zecken zur Injektion. <ol><li> Nehmen Sie ein Häkchen mit Dumont feinen Pinzette und legen Sie sie Bauchseite auf Doppel-Klebeband befestigt, um ein 3 &quot;x 6&quot; Blatt rot Dentalwachs. Die Zecken sind eng in Gruppen von 5 ticks positioniert. </li><li> Setzen Sie einen kleinen Streifen Klebeband über die Mundwerkzeuge der alle 5 Ticks, um weitere zurückhalten, aber während verlassen die meisten der Körper so, dass die Injektion Prozess durch die Zecke Injektor (Abbildung 1) beobachtet werden ausgesetzt. </li></ol> 2.4. Die Injektion von Zecken. <ol><li> Die Zecken werden in der rechten unteren Quadranten der ventralen Oberfläche des Exoskelett injiziert werden. </li><li> Erstens stechen ein Loch in das Exoskelett mit einem Monoject Insulinspritze mit einem ½ &quot;, 29-Gauge-Nadel (Abbildung 2a) ausgestattet. </li><li> Inject Zecken sofort mit 0,2-0,5 ul der dsRNA-Lösung (5 x 10 bis 5 Oktober x 10 11 Moleküle pro Mikroliter) mit einem maßgeschneiderten Hamilton-Spritze mit einer 1 Zoll, 33-Gauge-Nadel mit einer 45 ° abgeschrägt Punkt (Abb. 2b) . Die Nadel sollte gut in der Zecke Hohlraum platziert werden, um die Platzierung und die Beibehaltung der dsRNA zu gewährleisten. Einige Flüssigkeit wird wahrscheinlich von der Injektionsstelle (Abbildung 2c) zu entkommen. Es sollte darauf geachtet werden, dass über injizieren die Zecken, die den Verlust der Hämolymphe verursachen würde und konnte den Tod der Zecke verursacht werden. </li><li> Reinigen Sie die Hamilton-Spritze nach Abschluss der Injektionen in jeder experimentellen Gruppe. vor der Verwendung für einen anderen experimentellen Gruppe. Füllen Sie die Spritze zunächst aus einem Becherglas mit 3% Wasserstoffperoxid und dann vertreiben in einen Abfallbehälter, und wiederholen Sie 15-mal. Füllen Sie die Spritze aus einem Becherglas mit sterilem Wasser und dann vertreiben in einen Abfallbehälter, und wiederholen Sie 15-mal. Achten Sie darauf, den Kolben der Spritze Hamilton beugen, denn wenn gebogen, der Kolben wird nicht reibungslos bewegen und reagieren auf die sanfte Berührung für die Injektion von Zecken erforderlich. </li></ol> 2.5. Die Behandlung von Zecken nach der Injektion. <ol><li> Nehmen Sie den injizierten Tick sofort aus dem Doppel-Klebeband mit der feinen Pinzette und legen Sie sie in einem Kunststoff-Verwertung-Container (ca. 6 &quot;x 6&quot; und beringt mit Klebeband zu entkommen der Zecken zu verhindern). Die Zecken werden kurz nach der Injektion nicht aktiv, sollte aber bald beginnen, um die Schale zu kriechen. </li><li> Atem CO 2 auf die Zecken sofort nach dem Einlegen in das Recovery-Container zu helfen, aktivieren Sie die Zecken. Sobald die Zecken krabbeln und aktiv sind, wird die Injektion Wunde schnell heilen, und sie werden wahrscheinlich überleben. </li><li> Zählen Sie die Zecken nach der Zahl in jeder experimentellen Gruppe und legen Sie sie in ein markiertes Plastikbecher mit einem festsitzenden Deckel. Ersatz Zecken sollten injiziert, um jedem, dass jeder vor der Injektion der nächsten experimentellen Gruppe starb ersetzen. </li></ol> 2.6. Tick ​​halten. <ol><li> Legen Sie die Zecken in eine feuchte Kammer (12-Stunden Licht: 12 Stunden Dunkelheit Photoperiode bei 22-25 ° C und 95% relative heuchte) und halten Sie für 1 Tag. </li><li> Legen Zecken in tick-Fütterung Zellen, eine pro Versuchsgruppe, um ein Schaf geklebt und es ihnen ermöglichen, mit einer gleichen Anzahl von injizierten männlichen oder weiblichen Zecken (je nachdem, Sex war nicht gespritzt) zu ernähren. Weibliche Zecken, die Sättigung füttern, haben diejenigen, die von den Schafen nach 10 Tagen der Fütterung oder wenn die Kontroll-Weibchen entfernt werden aus dem Host werden gesammelt und gewogen gesunken. </li><li> Legen Sie die Zecken in Kartons, und halten Sie in der feuchten Kammer bis zum Abschluss der Eiablage. Bewerten Eiablage durch die Gewichtung der Eimasse von allen Zecken in der Gruppe hergestellt. </li></ol> 2.7. Die Analyse der tick-Phänotyp nach RNAi. <ol><li> Bewerten Tick Phänotyp nach der Fütterung durch die Bestimmung der Anzahl der Ticks, überlebte Tick Gewicht, Eiablage und die Fertilität der Eier. Jedoch können auch andere Analysen durchgeführt je nach Zielgen und Ziele der Studie. </li></ol> 3. Analyse zur Gen-Stummschaltung durch RT-PCR bestätigen. <ol><li> Dissect Speicheldrüsen und Mut einzelner Zecken von Kontroll-injiziert und dsRNA-injizierten Gruppen nach der Fütterung. </li><li> Auszug Gesamt-RNA aus einzelnen Gewebeproben. </li><li> Analysieren Zielgen Transkripte in einzelnen Geweben durch real-time RT-PCR und normalisieren RNA-Spiegel gegen Zecken 16S rRNA mit der genNorm Methode (ddCT Methode, wie von Bio-Rad iQ5 Standard Edition, Version 2.0 implementiert). </li><li> Run Dissoziationskurven am Ende der Reaktion, um sicherzustellen, dass nur ein Amplikon gebildet wird und dass die Amplifikate denaturiert konsequent in der gleichen Temperaturbereich für jede Probe. </li><li> Vergleichen mRNA-Spiegel (normalisiert Ct-Werte) zwischen Kontroll-injiziert und dsRNA-Injektion Zecken mit dem Student `s t-Test (P = 0,05). </li></ol> 4. Repräsentative Ergebnisse: Das Protokoll beschriebenen in unserem Labor wurde für RNAi verwendet in vielen verschiedenen Schildzecken Zeckenarten (Tabelle 1). Die Höhe der dsRNA in die Zecken injiziert variiert mit der Größe der Zecke, größere Zeckenart kann ein größeres Volumen unterzubringen. Negative Kontrolle Zecken sollten mit einem unabhängigen, dsRNA injiziert werden. Mehrere dsRNAs wie subolesin 14-19,22-25,27-32,34 und beta-Aktin 20,21 könnte als positive Kontrollen verwendet werden. Beachten Sie, dass es wichtig ist, die Spritze zwischen den Behandlungen zu mischen dsRNA Lösungen zu vermeiden waschen. Wenn das Protokoll korrekt erfolgt ist, sollte weniger als 5% Mortalität von der Injektion nach 24 Stunden erreicht werden. Eine typische Phänotyp nach Gen Knockdown in Zecken ist in Abbildung 3 mit einem Panel von Zecken mit Pools von dsRNA in Ordnung injiziert, um Bildschirm für Zecken schützende Antigene gezeigt. <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Zeckenarten </td><td> dsRNA injiziert </td><td> Referenzen </td></tr><tr><td> Ixodes scapularis </td><td> cDNA-Bibliothek, subolesin, Aktin, Nukleotidase, NF-kB, Akirin </td><td> 21, 22, 29, 30 </td></tr><tr><td> Dermacentor variabilis </td><td> subolesin, GST, Ubiquitin, vATPase, Selenoproteinen M und W2a, hämatopoetischen Stammzellen / Vorläuferzellen Protein-like, Aktin Proteasome 26S-Untereinheit, ferritin1, varisin, Akirin </td><td> 15, 19, 22, 24, 26, 30-32 </td></tr><tr><td> Dermacentor marginatus </td><td> subolesin </td><td> 22 </td></tr><tr><td> Amblyomma americanum </td><td> cDNA-Bibliothek, subolesin, Akirin </td><td> 17, 22, 30 </td></tr><tr><td> Amblyomma hebraeum </td><td> subolesin, voraxin </td><td> 28 </td></tr><tr><td> Rhipicephalus sanguineus </td><td> Rs86, subolesin </td><td> 22, 23 </td></tr><tr><td> Rhipicephalus microplus </td><td> GST, Ubiquitin, Selenoprotein, Bm86, Bm91, subolesin, GI, GIII, EF1A, flagelliform Seidenprotein, von-Willebrand- Faktor </td><td> 16, 18, 25, 27 </td></tr><tr><td> Rhipicephalus annulatus </td><td> Ubiquitin, subolesin, EF1A, GIII </td><td> 16 </td></tr></tbody></table> Tabelle 1. Tick Arten, in denen die RNAi-Protokoll verwendet wurde. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2474/2474fig1.jpg" alt="Abbildung 1" /> Abbildung 1. Platzierung von Zecken, Bauchseite nach oben, auf Doppel-Klebeband verklebt auf ein Blatt rot Dentalwachs. Die Zecken sind in Gruppen von 5 gelegt, nach denen ein kleiner Streifen Klebeband über die Mundwerkzeuge platziert wird, um weiteren Sicherung der Zecken und gleichzeitig den Injektor, um den Körper der Zecke während der Injektion zu beobachten. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2474/2474fig2.jpg" alt="Abbildung 2" /> Abbildung 2. Das Injektionsverfahren umfasst (a) Durchstechen der unteren rechten Quadranten der Zecke Exoskelett mit einer Insulin-syringe mit einer 29 Gauge Nadel ausgestattet um eine Injektionsstelle erstellen, (b) die sofortige Injektion von dsRNA an dieser Stelle mit einer Hamilton-Spritze mit einer 33-Gauge-Kanüle, die (c) am wahrscheinlichsten in eine Leckage von Zecken Hämolymphe / Ergebnis Flüssigkeiten. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2474/2474fig3.jpg" alt="Abbildung 3" /> Abbildung 3. Ein Gremium von Zecken sechs Gruppen, in denen RNAi auf dem Bildschirm für Zecken schützende Antigene in Amblyomma americanum verwendet wurde. Die phänotypische Veränderungen in Zecken zu sehen, wenn sie mit der positiven subolesin RNAi-Steuerung und die negativen unabhängig dsRNA Kontrolle verglichen werden. In diesem Experiment die Wirkung von RNAi auf Pump Sterblichkeit, Gewichte und Eiablage der einzelnen Gruppen war statistisch analysiert.

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Biol. 9, 42-42 (2009).</li><li>Zivkovic, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Subolesin+expression+in+response+to+pathogen+infection+in+ticks.">Subolesin expression in response to pathogen infection in ticks.</a> BMC Immunol. 11, 7-7 (2010).</li><li>Karim, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+genomics+tool:+gene+silencing+in+Ixodes+scapularis+eggs+and+nymphs+by+electroporated+dsRNA.">Functional genomics tool: gene silencing in Ixodes scapularis eggs and nymphs by electroporated dsRNA.</a> BMC Biotechnol. 10, 1-1 (2010).</li><li>Kocan, K. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transovarial+silencing+of+the+subolesin+gene+in+three-host+ixodid+tick+species+after+injection+of+replete+females+with+subolesin+dsRNA.">Transovarial silencing of the subolesin gene in three-host ixodid tick species after injection of replete females with subolesin dsRNA.</a> Parasitol. Res. 100, 1411-1415 (2007).</li><li>de la Fuente, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeting+the+tick-pathogen+interface+for+novel+control+strategies.">Targeting the tick-pathogen interface for novel control strategies.</a> Front. Biosci. 13, 6947-6956 (2008).</li><li>Kurscheid, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence+of+a+tick+RNAi+pathway+by+comparative+genomics+and+reverse+genetics+screen+of+targets+with+known+loss-of-function+phenotypes+in+Drosophila.">Evidence of a tick RNAi pathway by comparative genomics and reverse genetics screen of targets with known loss-of-function phenotypes in Drosophila.</a> BMC Mol. Biol. 10, 26-26 (2009).</li></ol>

Obwohl auch andere Methoden zur RNAi haben in Zecken 14, 33 beschrieben wurde, beschrieb die Injektion von dsRNA ist dabei die am häufigsten in beiden ungefüttert (Tabelle 1) und gefüttert Zecken 16,25,34 verwendet. RNAi hat sich gezeigt, dass ein wertvolles Werkzeug für die Untersuchung von Zecken Genfunktion, die Charakterisierung der tick-Erreger-Schnittstelle und das Screening und Charakterisierung von Zecken schützende Antigene 14,35 sein. Insbesondere hat RNAi wird das wertvollste Werkzeug für funktionelle Analysen in Zecken 35. Methodisch wird RNAi wahrscheinlich in effizientere Methoden, die Gen-Knockdown in einer großen Anzahl von Personen können damit zu entwickeln. Der Mechanismus der dsRNA-induzierte RNAi in Zecken sollten verfeinert werden, um zu einem besseren Verständnis und der Nutzung dieser genetischen Ansatz in dieser Art 35,36 beizutragen. Das Ausmaß der Off-Target-Effekte von RNAi in Zecken ist auch eine wichtige Frage, die umfassend angegangen werden 14,27 Bedürfnisse. Schließlich wird RNAi höchstwahrscheinlich bieten umfassende Beiträge zur Erforschung von Zecken Genregulation und Systembiologie und der tick-Erreger-Schnittstelle und kann einen Einfluss auf die Entwicklung von Impfstoffen zu Zeckenbefall und die Übertragung von Zecken übertragene Erreger zu kontrollieren.

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		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>Access RT-PCR system</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Promega</td>
<td>A1250</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Purelink PCR purification kit</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>K3100-02</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Megascript RNAi kit</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Ambion</td>
<td>AM1626M</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Red dental wax</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
<td>72674</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Plastic cups, 1.25 oz and lids</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Solo Cup Company, Urbana Ill.</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Fine forceps</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
<td>Various</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Insulin syringe</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Monoject</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fitted with a &frac12;&#x201D;, 29 gauge needle</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Hamilton syringe</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Hamilton</td>
<td>701SN,33/.375&#x201D;/45DGR</td>
<td>Custom made</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>TriReagent</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>93289</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>iScript One-Step RT-PCR Kit with SYBR Green</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Bio-Rad</td>
<td>170-8892</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Real-time PCR detection system</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Bio-Rad</td>
<td>Several</td>
<td>Please refer to <a href="http://www.bio-rad.com/">http://www.bio-rad.com/</a></td>
</tr>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

rna interference in ticks

Zecken sind obligat hematophagous Ektoparasiten von Wild-und Haustieren und Menschen, und gelten als weltweit an zweiter Stelle, um Stechmücken als Überträger von Krankheiten des Menschen 1 und der wichtigsten Vektoren bei Rindern Industrie weltweit 2 sein. Zecken sind in der Unterklasse Acari, um Parasitiformes, Unterordnung Ixodida klassifiziert und werden weltweit vertrieben von der Arktis bis tropischen Regionen 3. Trotz der Bemühungen um Zeckenbefall kontrollieren, bleiben diese Ektoparasiten ein ernstes Problem für Mensch und Tier 4,5. RNA-Interferenz (RNAi) 6 ist eine Nukleinsäure-basierte reverse genetische Ansatz, dass eine Störung der Genexpression beinhaltet, um Genfunktionen oder ihrer Wirkung auf einen Stoffwechselweg zu bestimmen. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) sind die Effektormoleküle der RNAi-Weg, die durch doppelsträngige RNA (dsRNA) und führt zu einer potenten sequenzspezifischen Abbau von cytoplasmatischen mRNAs, die die gleiche Sequenz wie die dsRNA auslösen 7-9 ist eingeleitet. Post-transkriptionelle Gen-Silencing-Mechanismen durch dsRNA initiiert haben in allen Eukaryoten entdeckt bisher untersuchten und RNAi wurde rasch in einer Vielzahl von Organismen als Werkzeug für die funktionale Genomik Studien und andere Anwendungen 10 entwickelt. RNAi hat sich die am weitesten verbreitete Gen-Silencing-Technik in Zecken und anderen Organismen, in denen alternative Ansätze zur genetischen Manipulation sind nicht verfügbar oder unzuverlässig sind 5,11. Die genetische Charakterisierung von Zecken hat bis in die jüngste Anwendung der RNAi 12,13 begrenzt. In der kurzen Zeit, RNAi wurde zur Verfügung, hat es sich als ein wertvolles Werkzeug zur Untersuchung der Zecke Genfunktion, die Charakterisierung der tick-Erreger-Schnittstelle und das Screening und Charakterisierung von Zecken schützende Antigene 14 sein. Hierin wird ein Verfahren für RNAi durch Injektion von dsRNA in ungefüttert Zecken beschrieben. Es ist wahrscheinlich, dass das Wissen aus diesem experimentellen Ansatz gewonnen wird deutlich dazu beitragen, das Verständnis von grundlegenden biologischen Systemen und die Entwicklung von Impfstoffen zu Zeckenbefall kontrollieren und zu verhindern Übertragung von Zecken übertragene Krankheitserreger 15-19.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about RNA Interference in Ticks at JoVE.com

RNA Interference in Ticks

Ein Verfahren zur RNA-Interferenz (RNAi) durch Injektion von dsRNA in ungefüttert Zecken beschrieben. RNAi ist die am weitesten verbreitete Gen-Silencing-Technik in Zecken, wo die Verwendung von anderen Methoden der genetischen Manipulation eingeschränkt wurde.

RNA-Interferenz in Ticks

Ticks are obligate hematophagous ectoparasites of wild and domestic animals and humans, and are considered to be second worldwide to mosquitoes as vectors ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

18.0K Aufrufe.  Oklahoma State University. Ein Verfahren zur RNA-Interferenz (RNAi) durch Injektion von dsRNA in ungefüttert Zecken beschrieben. RNAi ist die am weitesten verbreitete Gen-Silencing-Technik in Zecken, wo die Verwendung von anderen Methoden der genetischen Manipulation eingeschränkt wurde.

Serie: RNA Interference in Ticks

Development of Cell-type specific anti-HIV gp120 aptamers for siRNA delivery

The global epidemic of infection by HIV has created an urgent need for new classes of antiretroviral agents. The potent ability of small interfering (si)RNAs to inhibit the expression of complementary RNA transcripts is being exploited as a new class of therapeutics for a variety of diseases including HIV. Many previous reports have shown that novel RNAi-based anti-HIV/AIDS therapeutic strategies have considerable promise; however, a key obstacle to the successful therapeutic application and clinical translation of siRNAs is efficient delivery. Particularly, considering the safety and efficacy of RNAi-based therapeutics, it is highly desirable to develop a targeted intracellular siRNA delivery approach to specific cell populations or tissues. The HIV-1 gp120 protein, a glycoprotein envelope on the surface of HIV-1, plays an important role in viral entry into CD4 cells. The interaction of gp120 and CD4 that triggers HIV-1 entry and initiates cell fusion has been validated as a clinically relevant anti-viral strategy for drug discovery. 
Herein, we firstly discuss the selection and identification of 2'-F modified anti-HIV gp120 RNA aptamers. Using a conventional nitrocellulose filter SELEX method, several new aptamers with nanomolar affinity were isolated from a 50 random nt RNA library. In order to successfully obtain bound species with higher affinity, the selection stringency is carefully controlled by adjusting the conditions. The selected aptamers can specifically bind and be rapidly internalized into cells expressing the HIV-1 envelope protein. Additionally, the aptamers alone can neutralize HIV-1 infectivity. Based upon the best aptamer A-1, we also create a novel dual inhibitory function anti-gp120 aptamer-siRNA chimera in which both the aptamer and the siRNA portions have potent anti-HIV activities. Further, we utilize the gp120 aptamer-siRNA chimeras for cell-type specific delivery of the siRNA into HIV-1 infected cells. This dual function chimera shows considerable potential for combining various nucleic acid therapeutic agents (aptamer and siRNA) in suppressing HIV-1 infection, making the aptamer-siRNA chimeras attractive therapeutic candidates for patients failing highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).

Several 2&#x2019;-Fluoro RNA aptamers against HIV-1Ba-L gp120 with nanomole affinity are isolated from a RNA library by in vitro SELEX procedure. A new dual inhibitory function anti-gp120 aptamer-siRNA chimera is created and shows considerable promise for systemic anti-HIV therapy.

Entwicklung von Zell-spezifischen Anti-HIV-gp120-Aptamere für siRNA

The global epidemic of infection by HIV has created an urgent need for new classes of antiretroviral agents. The potent ability of small interfering ...

Forschung

Immunologie und Infektion

Saliva, Salivary Gland, and Hemolymph Collection from Ixodes scapularis Ticks

Ticks are found worldwide and afflict humans with many tick-borne illnesses. Ticks are vectors for pathogens that cause Lyme disease and tick-borne relapsing fever (Borrelia spp.), Rocky Mountain Spotted fever (Rickettsia rickettsii), ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia chaffeensis and E. equi), anaplasmosis (Anaplasma phagocytophilum), encephalitis (tick-borne encephalitis virus), babesiosis (Babesia spp.), Colorado tick fever (Coltivirus), and tularemia (Francisella tularensis) 1-8. To be properly transmitted into the host these infectious agents differentially regulate gene expression, interact with tick proteins, and migrate through the tick 3,9-13. For example, the Lyme disease agent, Borrelia burgdorferi, adapts through differential gene expression to the feast and famine stages of the tick's enzootic cycle 14,15. Furthermore, as an Ixodes tick consumes a bloodmeal Borrelia replicate and migrate from the midgut into the hemocoel, where they travel to the salivary glands and are transmitted into the host with the expelled saliva 9,16-19.
As a tick feeds the host typically responds with a strong hemostatic and innate immune response 11,13,20-22. Despite these host responses, I. scapularis can feed for several days because tick saliva contains proteins that are immunomodulatory, lytic agents, anticoagulants, and fibrinolysins to aid the tick feeding 3,11,20,21,23. The immunomodulatory activities possessed by tick saliva or salivary gland extract (SGE) facilitate transmission, proliferation, and dissemination of numerous tick-borne pathogens 3,20,24-27. To further understand how tick-borne infectious agents cause disease it is essential to dissect actively feeding ticks and collect tick saliva. This video protocol demonstrates dissection techniques for the collection of hemolymph and the removal of salivary glands from actively feeding I. scapularis nymphs after 48 and 72 hours post mouse placement. We also demonstrate saliva collection from an adult female I. scapularis tick.

Saliva, Salivary Gland, and Hemolymph Collection from Ixodes scapularis Ticks

The collection of infected tick hemolymph, salivary glands, and saliva is important to study how tick-borne pathogens cause disease. In this protocol we demonstrate how to collect hemolymph and salivary glands from feeding Ixodes scapularis nymphs. We also demonstrate saliva collection from female I. scapularis adults.

Speichel, Speicheldrüse, und Hämolymphe Abholung Ixodes scapularis Zecken

Ticks are found worldwide and afflict humans with many tick-borne illnesses. Ticks are vectors for pathogens that cause Lyme disease and tick-borne ...

Feeding of Ticks on Animals for Transmission and Xenodiagnosis in Lyme Disease Research

Transmission of the etiologic agent of Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi, occurs by the attachment and blood feeding of Ixodes species ticks on mammalian hosts. In nature, this zoonotic bacterial pathogen may use a variety of reservoir hosts, but the white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) is the primary reservoir for larval and nymphal ticks in North America. Humans are incidental hosts most frequently infected with B. burgdorferi by the bite of ticks in the nymphal stage. B. burgdorferi adapts to its hosts throughout the enzootic cycle, so the ability to explore the functions of these spirochetes and their effects on mammalian hosts requires the use of tick feeding. In addition, the technique of xenodiagnosis (using the natural vector for detection and recovery of an infectious agent) has been useful in studies of cryptic infection. In order to obtain nymphal ticks that harbor B. burgdorferi, ticks are fed live spirochetes in culture through capillary tubes. Two animal models, mice and nonhuman primates, are most commonly used for Lyme disease studies involving tick feeding. We demonstrate the methods by which these ticks can be fed upon, and recovered from animals for either infection or xenodiagnosis.

Lyme disease is the most commonly-reported vector-borne disease in North America. The causative agent, Borrelia burgdorferi is a spirochete bacterium transmitted by Ixodid ticks. Transmission and detection of infection in animal models is optimized by the use of tick feeding, which we describe here.

Fütterung von Zecken auf Tiere, die zur Übertragung und Xenodiagnosis in Lyme Disease Research

Transmission of the etiologic agent of Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi, occurs by the  attachment and blood feeding of Ixodes species ticks on ...

Using RNA-interference to Investigate the Innate Immune Response in Mouse Macrophages

Macrophages are key phagocytic innate immune cells. When macrophages encounter a pathogen, they produce antimicrobial proteins and compounds to kill the pathogen, produce various cytokines and chemokines to recruit and stimulate other immune cells, and present antigens to stimulate the adaptive immune response. Thus, being able to efficiently manipulate macrophages with techniques such as RNA-interference (RNAi) is critical to our ability to investigate this important innate immune cell. However, macrophages can be technically challenging to transfect and can exhibit inefficient RNAi-induced gene knockdown. In this protocol, we describe methods to efficiently transfect two mouse macrophage cell lines (RAW264.7 and J774A.1) with siRNA using the Amaxa Nucleofector 96-well Shuttle System and describe procedures to maximize the effect of siRNA on gene knockdown. Moreover, the described methods are adapted to work in 96-well format, allowing for medium and high-throughput studies. To demonstrate the utility of this approach, we describe experiments that utilize RNAi to inhibit genes that regulate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytokine production.

In this protocol, we describe methods to efficiently transfect murine macrophage cell lines with siRNAs using the Amaxa Nucleofector 96-well Shuttle System, stimulate the macrophages with lipopolysaccharide, and monitor the effects on inflammatory cytokine production.

Mit RNA-Interferenz, um die angeborene Immunantwort in Makrophagen der Maus Untersuchen

Macrophages are key phagocytic innate immune cells.  When macrophages encounter a pathogen, they produce antimicrobial proteins and compounds to kill the ...

Nucleocapsid Annealing-Mediated Electrophoresis (NAME) Assay Allows the Rapid Identification of HIV-1 Nucleocapsid Inhibitors

RNA or DNA folded in stable tridimensional folding are interesting targets in the development of antitumor or antiviral drugs. In the case of HIV-1, viral proteins involved in the regulation of the virus activity recognize several nucleic acids. The nucleocapsid protein NCp7 (NC) is a key protein regulating several processes during virus replication. NC is in fact a chaperone destabilizing the secondary structures of RNA and DNA and facilitating their annealing. The inactivation of NC is a new approach and an interesting target for anti-HIV therapy. The Nucleocapsid Annealing-Mediated Electrophoresis (NAME) assay was developed to identify molecules able to inhibit the melting and annealing of RNA and DNA folded in thermodynamically stable tridimensional conformations, such as hairpin structures of TAR and cTAR elements of HIV, by the nucleocapsid protein of HIV-1. The new assay employs either the recombinant or the synthetic protein, and oligonucleotides without the need of their previous labeling. The analysis of the results is achieved by standard polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) followed by conventional nucleic acid staining. The protocol reported in this work describes how to perform the NAME assay with the full-length protein or its truncated version lacking the basic N-terminal domain, both competent as nucleic acids chaperones, and how to assess the inhibition of NC chaperone activity by a threading intercalator. Moreover, NAME can be performed in two different modes, useful to obtain indications on the putative mechanism of action of the identified NC inhibitors.

Nucleocapsid Annealing-Mediated Electrophoresis NAME Assay Allows the Rapid Identification of HIV-1 Nucleocapsid Inhibitors

This protocol describes NAME, an assay that allows the rapid identification of molecules able to inhibit in vitro the chaperone activities of HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein.

Nucleocapsid Glühen-vermittelte Elektrophorese (NAME) Assay ermöglicht die schnelle Identifizierung von HIV-1-Inhibitoren Nucleocapsid

RNA or DNA folded in stable tridimensional folding are interesting targets in the development of antitumor or antiviral drugs. In the case of HIV-1, viral ...

Applying an Inducible Expression System to Study Interference of Bacterial Virulence Factors with Intracellular Signaling

The technique presented here allows one to analyze at which step a target protein, or alternatively a small molecule, interacts with the components of a signaling pathway. The method is based, on the one hand, on the inducible expression of a specific protein to initiate a signaling event at a defined and predetermined step in the selected signaling cascade. Concomitant expression, on the other hand, of the gene of interest then allows the investigator to evaluate if the activity of the expressed target protein is located upstream or downstream of the initiated signaling event, depending on the readout of the signaling pathway that is obtained. Here, the apoptotic cascade was selected as a defined signaling pathway to demonstrate protocol functionality. Pathogenic bacteria, such as Coxiella burnetii, translocate effector proteins that interfere with host cell death induction in the host cell to ensure bacterial survival in the cell and to promote their dissemination in the organism. The C. burnetii effector protein CaeB effectively inhibits host cell death after induction of apoptosis with UV-light or with staurosporine. To narrow down at which step CaeB interferes with the propagation of the apoptotic signal, selected proteins with well-characterized pro-apoptotic activity were expressed transiently in a doxycycline-inducible manner. If CaeB acts upstream of these proteins, apoptosis will proceed unhindered. If CaeB acts downstream, cell death will be inhibited. The test proteins selected were Bax, which acts at the level of the mitochondria, and caspase 3, which is the major executioner protease. CaeB interferes with cell death induced by Bax expression, but not by caspase 3 expression. CaeB, thus, interacts with the apoptotic cascade between these two proteins.

The method described here is used to induce the apoptotic signaling cascade at defined steps in order to dissect the activity of an anti-apoptotic bacterial effector protein. This method can also be used for inducible expression of pro-apoptotic or toxic proteins, or for dissecting interference with other signaling pathways.

Anlegen eines induzierbaren Expression System zu Störungen der bakteriellen Virulenzfaktoren mit Intrazelluläre Signal Studieren

The technique presented here allows one to analyze at which step a target protein, or alternatively a small molecule, interacts with the components of a ...

RNA Purification from Intracellularly Grown Listeria monocytogenes in Macrophage Cells

Analysis of the transcriptome of bacterial pathogens during mammalian infection is a valuable tool for studying genes and factors that mediate infection. However, isolating bacterial RNA from infected cells or tissues is a challenging task, since mammalian RNA mostly dominates the lysates of infected cells. Here we describe an optimized method for RNA isolation of Listeria monocytogenes bacteria growing within bone marrow derived macrophage cells. Upon infection, cells are mildly lysed and rapidly filtered to discard most of the host proteins and RNA, while retaining intact bacteria. Next, bacterial RNA is isolated using hot phenol-SDS extraction followed by DNase treatment. The extracted RNA is suitable for gene transcription analysis by multiple techniques. This method is successfully employed in our studies of Listeria monocytogenes gene regulation during infection of macrophage cells 1-4. The protocol can be easily modified to study other bacterial pathogens and cell types.

RNA Purification from Intracellularly Grown Listeria monocytogenes in Macrophage Cells

Here we describe a method for bacterial RNA isolation from Listeria monocytogenes bacteria growing inside murine macrophages. This technique can be used with other intracellular pathogens and mammalian host cells.

RNA-Reinigung aus intrazellulär Grown<em&gt; Listeria monocytogenes</em&gt; In Makrophagenzellen

Analysis of the transcriptome of bacterial pathogens during mammalian infection is a valuable tool for studying genes and factors that mediate infection. ...

Small RNA Transfection in Primary Human Th17 Cells by Next Generation Electroporation

CD4+ T cells can differentiate into several subsets of effector T helper cells depending on the surrounding cytokine milieu. Th17 cells can be generated from na&#239;ve CD4+ T cells in vitro by activating them in the presence of the polarizing cytokines IL-1&#946;, IL-6, IL-23, and TGF&#946;. Th17 cells orchestrate immunity against extracellular bacteria and fungi, but their aberrant activity has also been associated with several autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Th17 cells are identified by the chemokine receptor CCR6 and defined by their master transcription factor, ROR&#947;t, and characteristic effector cytokine, IL-17A. Optimized culture conditions for Th17 cell differentiation facilitate mechanistic studies of human T cell biology in a controlled environment. They also provide a setting for studying the importance of specific genes and gene expression programs through RNA interference or the introduction of microRNA (miRNA) mimics or inhibitors. This protocol provides an easy to use, reproducible, and highly efficient method for transient transfection of differentiating primary human Th17 cells with small RNAs using a next generation electroporation device.

Next generation electroporation is an efficient method for transfecting human Th17 cells with small RNAs to alter gene expression and cell behavior.

Kleine RNA Transfektion in primären humanen Th17-Zellen durch Next Generation Elektroporation

CD4+ T cells can differentiate into several subsets of effector T helper cells depending on the surrounding cytokine milieu. Th17 cells can be generated ...

Identification of Coding and Non-coding RNA Classes Expressed in Swine Whole Blood

The advent of innovative and increasingly powerful next generation sequencing techniques has opened new avenues into the ability to examine the underlying gene expression related to biological processes of interest. These innovations not only allow researchers to observe expression from the mRNA sequences that code for genes that effect cellular function, but also the non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecules that remain untranslated, but still have regulatory functions. Although researchers have the ability to observe both mRNA and ncRNA expression, it has been customary for a study to focus on one or the other. However, when studies are interested in both mRNA and ncRNA expression, many times they use separate samples to examine either coding or non-coding RNAs due to the difference in library preparations. This can lead to the need for more samples which can increase time, consumables, and animal stress. Additionally, it may cause researchers to decide to prepare samples for only one analysis, usually the mRNA, limiting the number of biological questions that can be investigated. However, ncRNAs span multiple classes with regulatory roles that effect mRNA expression. Because ncRNA are important to fundamental biologic processes and disorder of these processes in during infection, they may, therefore, make attractive targets for therapeutics. This manuscript demonstrates a modified protocol for the generation mRNA and non-coding RNA expression libraries, including viral RNA, from a single sample of whole blood. Optimization of this protocol, improved RNA purity, increased ligation for recovery of methylated RNAs, and omitted&#160;size selection, to allow capture of more RNA species.

Here, we present a protocol optimized for the processing of coding (mRNA) and non-coding&#160;(ncRNA) globin reduced RNA-seq libraries from a single whole blood sample.

Identifizierung der Codierung und nicht-kodierende RNA-Klassen ausgedrückt bei Schweinen Vollblut

The advent of innovative and increasingly powerful next generation sequencing techniques has opened new avenues into the ability to examine the underlying ...

Confocal Imaging of Double-Stranded RNA and Pattern Recognition Receptors in Negative-Sense RNA Virus Infection

Double-stranded (ds) RNA is produced as a replicative intermediate during RNA virus infection. Recognition of dsRNA by host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as the retinoic acid (RIG-I) like receptors (RLRs) RIG-I and melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA-5) leads to the induction of the innate immune response. The formation and intracellular distribution of dsRNA in positive-sense RNA virus infection has been well characterized by microscopy. Many negative-sense RNA viruses, including some arenaviruses, trigger the innate immune response during infection. However, negative-sense RNA viruses were thought to produce low levels of dsRNA, which hinders the imaging study of PRR recognition of viral dsRNA. Additionally, infection experiments with highly pathogenic arenaviruses must be performed in high containment biosafety level facilities (BSL-4). The interaction between viral RNA and PRRs for highly pathogenic RNA virus is largely unknown due to the additional technical challenges that researchers need to face in the BSL-4 facilities. Recently, a monoclonal antibody (Mab) (clone 9D5) originally used for pan-enterovirus detection has been found to specifically detect dsRNA with a higher sensitivity than the traditional J2 or K1 anti-dsRNA antibodies. Herein, by utilizing the 9D5 antibody, we describe a confocal microscopy protocol that has been used successfully to visualize dsRNA, viral protein and PRR simultaneously in individual cells infected by arenavirus. The protocol is also suitable for imaging studies of dsRNA and PRR distribution in pathogenic arenavirus infected cells in BSL4 facilities.

Double-stranded RNA produced during RNA virus replication can be recognized by pattern recognition receptors to induce an innate immune response. For negative-sense RNA viruses, the interaction between the low-level dsRNA and PRRs remains unclear. We have developed a confocal microscopy method to visualize arenavirus dsRNA and PRR in individual cells.

Konfokale Abbildung von Double-Stranded RNA und Muster Anerkennung Rezeptoren im negativen Sinn-RNA-Virusinfektion

Double-stranded (ds) RNA is produced as a replicative intermediate during RNA virus infection. Recognition of dsRNA by host pattern recognition receptors ...