Diese Arbeit wurde durch einen Zuschuss von der Citizens United for Research in Epilepsy (CURE), um SLB unterstützt.

<p class="jove_title"&gt; 1 ist. Materialien für den Bau</p&gt;<ol&gt;<li&gt; A Halsschlagader Katheter ist aus einem Stück (100 mm) von PE-50 Polyethylen-Rohr, an einem Ende abgeschrägt gebaut, und dann mit Heparin Kochsalzlösung (50 U Heparin / ml Kochsalzlösung) gefüllt.</li&gt;<li&gt; Die EKG-Aufzeichnung Elektroden sind aus zwei 100 mm Längen von isolierten Silberdraht (30 AWG) konstruiert. Ein Ende der beiden Drähte abisoliert und verlötet eine Mikrostecker, und die Dämmung ist verdreht, um eine dritte Leitung, die als Boden dient bilden. Fünf-mm Isolierung aus dem distalen Ende der Drähte entfernt und verworfen.</li&gt;</ol&gt;<p class="jove_title"&gt; 2. Die Implantation Jugularvene Katheter</p&gt;<ol&gt;<li&gt; Anesthetize das Tier durch die Verabreichung von Urethan-, ip (1,2 g / kg).</li&gt;<li&gt; Prüfen Sie regelmäßig (10 min Intervalle) Narkosetiefe durch die Auswertung der Pedal Rücktritt Reaktion und / oder Augenreflexe. Falls erforderlich, ergänzen Anästhesie.</li&gt;<li&gt; Nachdem das Tier wird an der entsprechenden Ebene der Anästhesie, rasieren der rechten Seite des Halses vom Schlüsselbein bis zum Kinn.</li&gt;<li&gt; Machen Sie einen Längsschnitt (10-15 mm) in der Haut über der Halsschlagader und öffnen Sie den Schnitt.</li&gt;<li&gt; Verwenden stumpf Techniken verbreiten die darunter liegende Muskulatur zu lokalisieren und zu isolieren, die rechte Jugularvene.</li&gt;<li&gt; Setzen Sie zwei Stücke von chirurgischen Seide (# 2) unter der Halsschlagader, und positionieren Sie die Nähte an der rostralen und kaudalen die meisten Teile des Schnittes. Binden Sie die rostral Ligatur zu fließen durch die Vene einzustellen.</li&gt;<li&gt; Ziehen Sie die kaudalen Ligatur des Gefäßes aus dem darunter liegenden Gewebe Aufzug und machen einen kleinen Schnitt. Dann stecken Sie das abgeschrägte Ende des Heparin-gefüllt (50 U / ml Kochsalzlösung) PE-50 Polyethylenkatheter (100 mm lang), und vor der Spitze rund 8 mm, die Höhe des rechten Atriums.</li&gt;<li&gt; Um den Katheter sicher, Krawatte kaudalen Ligatur um die beiden das Schiff und Katheter. Schließlich, in der Nähe der Wunde entweder mit Wundklammern oder Naht.</li&gt;<li&gt; Während der Implantation des Katheters wird das freiliegende Ende entweder mit einem hemostat geklemmt oder gesteckt, um zu verhindern Rückfluss des Blutes vor dem Anbau mit einer Infusionspumpe.</li&gt;</ol&gt;<p class="jove_title"&gt; 3. Die Implantation CG-Elektroden</p&gt;<ol&gt;<li&gt; Legen Sie das Tier auf den Rücken und die Brust zu rasieren.</li&gt;<li&gt; Für die Platzierung der Elektroden, machen zwei Längsschnitten (≈ 10 mm), einer in der oberen rechten und eine in der linken unteren Quadranten der Brust, und frei die darüber liegende Haut um die Brustmuskeln aussetzen.</li&gt;<li&gt; Suture einer der exponierten 5-mm Spitzen der Silber-Draht-Elektroden in die Brustmuskeln in jedem der exponierten Bereichen, und platzieren Sie die Masseelektrode subkutan.</li&gt;<li&gt; Schließen Sie die Schnitte mit Wundklammern und stecken Sie das Mikrostecker in das Aufnahmegerät.</li&gt;<li&gt; Wickeln Sie das Tier locker in ein Handtuch, um die Körpertemperatur während des Verfahrens aufrecht zu erhalten.</li&gt;</ol&gt;<p class="jove_title"&gt; 4. Aufnahme-EKG</p&gt;<ol&gt;<li&gt; Alle Aufnahmen werden mit einem Powerlab Data Acquisition System-und Macintosh-Computer oder eine vergleichbare Hardware / Software (verstärkt, 50X, filtriert, 1-1000 Hz).</li&gt;<li&gt; Nach einer 20-30 min Aquilibrierungsperiode, Rekord-EKG für 20 min.</li&gt;</ol&gt;<p class="jove_title"&gt; 5. Inducing ventrikulären Arrhythmien</p&gt;<ol&gt;<li&gt; Bringen Sie die Halsschlagader Katheter an einen Remote-Spritze in einen programmierbaren Infusionspumpe platziert.</li&gt;<li&gt; Starten Sie die Aconitin Infusion mit einer Dosis, um eine konstante Dosis von 5 ug / kg / min für 7 Minuten zu liefern.</li&gt;<li&gt; Nach Kammerflimmern oder das Ende der Infusion, das Tier einschläfern mit einem zugelassenen Verfahren.</li&gt;</ol&gt;<p class="jove_title"&gt; 6. Die Analyse der EKG-</p&gt;<ol&gt;<li&gt; Das QT-Intervall repräsentiert die gesamte Dauer der ventrikulären elektrischen Aktivität. Abb.. 1 zeigt ein Modell EKG-Aufzeichnung und die Dauer des QT-Intervalls. Berechnen Sie die mittlere Zeit zwischen dem Beginn der Q-Welle und die Beendigung der T-Welle für alle aufgezeichneten Herzschlägen über einen Fünf-Minuten-Intervall während der 20 Minuten Aufzeichnungsdauer erhalten.</li&gt;<li&gt; Zur Korrektur des QT-Intervalls für Unterschiede in der Herzfrequenz (QTc), verwenden Sie Bazett-Formel QTc = QT / (RR)<sup&gt; ½</sup&gt;, Wobei RR ist die mittlere Intervall zwischen den Herzschlägen. Die RR-Intervall ist als die Dauer zwischen zwei aufeinanderfolgenden Q-Wellen während der analysierten Periode, berechnet.</li&gt;<li&gt; Die QT-Dispersion (QTD) wird durch Subtraktion der minimalen QT von der maximalen QT für jedes einzelne Tier registriert berechnet.</li&gt;</ol&gt;<p class="jove_title"&gt; 7. Die Analyse der Herzfrequenzvariabilität</p&gt;<ol<li&gt; Software-Programme (dh LabChart 7, ADInstruments, Inc.), die Variabilität zu analysieren in der RR-Intervalle während der Analyse gewonnen werden für die automatische Berechnung der zeitlichen und / oder spektrale Varianz der Herzfrequenz verwendet.</li</ol&gt;<p class="jove_title"&gt; 8. Die Analyse der Anfälligkeit für ventrikuläre Arrhythmien</p&gt;<ol<li&gt; Berechnen Sie die Latenz von der Einleitung des Aconitin Infusion auf die erste vorzeitige ventrikuläre Kontraktion (PVC, Abb.. 2, Feld 1), ventrikuläre Tachykardie (VT, Abb., 2, Panel 2) und Kammerflimmern (VF, Abb.. 2 Panel 3 ).</li</ol&gt;<p class="jove_title"&gt; 9. Repräsentative Ergebnisse</p&gt;<p class="jove_content"&gt; Bild. 3 veranschaulicht ein Maß für die HRV im Spektralbereich (root mean squared der Standardabweichung der RR-Intervall, RMSSD) in Kontrollratten und bei Tieren, die SE erlebte eine Woche vor der Prüfung. Diese Maßnahme der HRV, die Veränderungen in der parasympathischen Steuerung der kardialen Funktion repräsentiert<sup&gt; 26</sup&gt;, Ist deutlich in Tieren nach Status epilepticus gesunken. Abb.. 4 zeigt, dass die korrigierten QT-Intervalls (QTc, Panel A) und QT-Dispersion (QTD, Panel B) signifikant erhöht sind zwei Wochen nach SE<sup&gt; 27</sup&gt;. Zusammengenommen sagen diese Daten, dass SE Risiko für ventrikuläre Arrhythmien erhöht. Diese Vorhersage wird durch die Ergebnisse bestätigt, dass die Perioden der Aconitin Infusion notwendig, um die experimentellen Arrhythmien (PVC, VT, VF) in diesen Studien beobachteten induzieren deutlich kleiner waren in Tieren nach SE (Abb. 5)<sup&gt; 27</sup&gt;.</p&gt;<p class="jove_content"<img src="/files/ftp_upload/2726/2726fig1.jpg" alt="figure 1" /<br /<strong&gt; Abbildung 1.</strong&gt; Modell EKG-Aufzeichnung eines normalen Herzschlags zeigt P, QRS und T-Wellen. Das QT-Intervall wird als die Zeit zwischen den gestrichelten Linien berechnet.</p&gt;<p class="jove_content"<img src="/files/ftp_upload/2726/2726fig2.jpg" alt="figure 2" /<br /<strong&gt; Abbildung 2. Panel 1)</strong&gt; Ventrikuläre (VES) isoliert sind Kontraktionen der Herzkammern (B), die zwischen normalen Herzschlag auftreten (A). PVC-Aufnahmen sind durch das Fehlen der P-und T-Wellen aus.<strong&gt; Panel 2</strong&gt; Ventrikuläre Tachykardie (VT) ist eine Reihe von Multiple ventrikuläre Kontraktionen (C), dass ohne Eingreifen normalen Herzschlägen (A) auftreten.<strong&gt; Panel 3</strong&gt; Kammerflimmern (VF) ist der Mangel an erkennbaren Rhythmus und keinen Zusammenhang zwischen QRS-und P-Wellen (D).</p&gt;<p class="jove_content"<img src="/files/ftp_upload/2726/2726fig3.jpg" alt="figure 3" /<br /<strong&gt; Abbildung 3.</strong&gt; Das root mean squared der Standardabweichung (RMSSD; msec) der Intervalle zwischen den Herzschlägen in Kontrollratten und in Tiere, die den Status epilepticus (SE) 1 wk vor dem Test beobachtet. ** P &lt;0,01 im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe.</p&gt;<p class="jove_content"<img src="/files/ftp_upload/2726/2726fig4.jpg" alt="figure 4" /<br /<strong&gt; Abbildung 4.</strong&gt; Mean QT-Intervalls (Panel A) und QT-Dispersion (Panel B) von EKG-Aufzeichnungen von Kontrolltieren (Forts.) und von Ratten unterziehen Status epilepticus (SE) 2 Wochen vor dem Test erhalten wird, berechnet korrigiert. * P &lt;0,05 bis Cont verglichen. (Metcalf et al., Am. J. Physiol. Heart and Circ 2009, Am Physiol Soc, mit freundlicher Genehmigung aus gebrauchten<sup&gt; 27</sup&gt;).</p&gt;<p class="jove_content"<img src="/files/ftp_upload/2726/2726fig5.jpg" alt="figure 5" /<br /<strong&gt; Abbildung 5.</strong&gt; Latenzen (sec) zwischen der Einleitung des Aconitin Infusion und der 1. ventrikuläre Extrasystole (PVC), ventrikuläre Tachykardie (VT) und Kammerflimmern (VF) in Kontrolltieren (Forts.) und Ratten unterziehen Status epilepticus (SE) zwei Wochen vor zu testen. * P &lt;0,05, ** p &lt;0,01 bis Cont verglichen. (Metcalf et al., Am. J. Physiol. Heart and Circ 2009, Am Physiol Soc, mit freundlicher Genehmigung aus gebrauchten<sup&gt; 27</sup&gt;).</p&gt;

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Zwei Aspekte der beschriebenen Verfahren sind von entscheidender Bedeutung. Erstens muss die Rate von Aconitin Verwaltung des Herzens gleichwertig über Tiere. Dies erfordert die konsequente Positionierung der Halsschlagader Katheter Tipps in Bezug auf das Herz, und die sorgfältige Anpassung der Infusionsrate. Die Rate der Aconitin Auslieferung an die Herzen werden muss, um angemessen zu bewerten das Auftreten von ventrikulären Arrhythmien in Bezug auf veränderte Empfänglichkeit gleich. Wenn Aconitin Lieferung schwa...

methods for ecg evaluation of indicators of cardiac risk, and susceptibility to aconitine-induced arrhythmias in rats following status epilepticus

Lethal Herzrhythmusstörungen beitragen, die Sterblichkeit in einer Reihe von pathologischen Zuständen. Mehrere Parameter aus einem nicht-invasive, leicht zu erhalten Elektrokardiogramm (EKG) gewonnen werden gegründet, prognostische Indikatoren des kardialen Risikos bei Patienten mit einer Reihe von Kardiomyopathien gut validiert. Erhöhte Herzfrequenz, verringerte Herzfrequenz-Variabilität (HRV) und erhöht die Dauer und die Variabilität der kardialen ventrikulären elektrischen Aktivität (QT-Intervall) sind alle Anzeichen für verbesserte kardiale Risiko 1-4. In Tiermodellen, ist es wertvoll, um diese EKG-abgeleiteten Variablen und die Anfälligkeit für experimentell induzierten Arrhythmien zu vergleichen. Die intravenöse Infusion von der arrhythmogene Agent Aconitin wurde häufig verwendet, um die Anfälligkeit für Arrhythmien in einer Reihe von experimentellen Bedingungen, einschließlich Tiermodellen der Depression 5 und 6 Hypertonie zu bewerten, folgende Übung 7 und Exposition gegenüber Luftschadstoffen 8, sowie die Bestimmung der antiarrhythmischen Wirksamkeit von pharmakologischen Wirkstoffen 9,10. Anzumerken ist, dass QT-Dispersion in den Menschen ein gewisses Maß an QT-Intervall Unterschiede zwischen den vollen Satz von Leads aus einer Standard-12-Kanal-EKG ist. Folglich ist das Maß der QT-Dispersion von der 2-Kanal-EKG bei der Ratte in diesem Protokoll beschriebenen anders als die von der menschlichen EKG-Aufzeichnungen berechnet. Dies stellt eine Einschränkung in der Übersetzung der Daten von Nagetieren auf den Menschen klinischen Medizin erhalten. Status epilepticus (SE) ist ein einziger Anfall oder eine Reihe von immer wiederkehrenden Anfällen, die länger als 30 min 11,12 11,12, und die Ergebnisse in der Sterblichkeit in 20% der Fälle 13. Viele Menschen überleben die SE, aber sterben innerhalb von 30 Tagen 14,15. Der Mechanismus (s) dieser verzögerten Mortalität ist noch nicht vollständig verstanden. Es wurde vorgeschlagen, dass tödliche ventrikuläre Arrhythmien, viele dieser Todesfälle 14-17 beitragen. Neben SE, sind Patienten, bei denen spontan wiederkehrende Anfälle, zB Epilepsie, bei Gefahr des vorzeitigen plötzlichen und unerwarteten Tod mit Epilepsie (SUDEP) 18 verbunden. Wie bei SE, sind die genauen Mechanismen der Vermittlung SUDEP nicht bekannt. Es wurde vorgeschlagen, dass ventrikuläre Anomalien und die daraus resultierenden Herzrhythmusstörungen einen wesentlichen Beitrag 18-22 machen. Zur Untersuchung der Mechanismen der Beschlagnahme im Zusammenhang mit Herztod, und die Wirksamkeit der kardioprotektive Therapien ist es notwendig, sowohl EKG-abgeleitete Indikatoren des Risikos zu erhalten und zu bewerten Anfälligkeit für Herzrhythmusstörungen in Tiermodellen von Anfallsleiden 23-25. Hier beschreiben wir Verfahren zur Implantation EKG-Elektroden in der Sprague-Dawley Laborratte (Rattus norvegicus), nach SE, Sammlung und Analyse von EKG-Aufzeichnungen, und die Induktion von Arrhythmien während iv Infusion von Aconitin. Diese Verfahren können verwendet werden, um direkt die Beziehungen zwischen werden EKG-derived Maßnahmen der Herz-elektrische Aktivität und die Anfälligkeit für ventrikuläre Arrhythmien in Ratten-Modelle von Krampfanfällen oder einer Erkrankung mit einem erhöhten Risiko für einen plötzlichen Herztod assoziiert.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Methods for ECG Evaluation of Indicators of Cardiac Risk, and Susceptibility to Aconitine-induced Arrhythmias in Rats Following Status Epilepticus at JoVE.com

Methods for ECG Evaluation of Indicators of Cardiac Risk, and Susceptibility to Aconitine-induced Arrhythmias in Rats Following Status Epilepticus

Techniken zur Messung der elektrischen Aktivität des Herzens durch Elektrokardiogramm (EKG), und die Analyse der kardialen Risikofaktoren und die Anfälligkeit für Herzrhythmusstörungen folgenden Status epilepticus (SE) in der Ratte beschrieben.

Methoden zur EKG-Auswertung der Indikatoren des Cardiac Risk, und die Anfälligkeit für Aconitin-induzierten Arrhythmien in Ratten nach Status epilepticus

Lethal cardiac arrhythmias contribute to mortality in a number of pathological conditions. Several parameters obtained from a 
non-invasive, easily ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

17.6K Aufrufe.  University of Utah. Techniken zur Messung der elektrischen Aktivität des Herzens durch Elektrokardiogramm (EKG), und die Analyse der kardialen Risikofaktoren und die Anfälligkeit für Herzrhythmusstörungen folgenden Status epilepticus (SE) in der Ratte beschrieben.

Serie: Methods for ECG Evaluation of Indicators of Cardiac Risk, and Susceptibility to Aconitine-induced Arrhythmias in Rats Following Status Epilepticus

Ascending Aortic Constriction in Rats for Creation of Pressure Overload Cardiac Hypertrophy Model

Ascending aortic constriction is the most common and successful surgical model for creating pressure overload induced cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Here, we describe a detailed surgical procedure for creating pressure overload and cardiac hypertrophy in rats by constriction of the ascending aorta using a small metallic clip. After anesthesia, the trachea is intubated by inserting a cannula through a half way incision made between two cartilage rings of trachea. Then a skin incision is made at the level of the second intercostal space on the left chest wall and muscle layers are cleared to locate the ascending portion of aorta. The ascending aorta is constricted to 50&#8211;60% of its original diameter by application of a small sized titanium clip. Following aortic constriction, the second and third ribs are approximated with prolene sutures. The tracheal cannula is removed once spontaneous breathing was re-established. The animal is allowed to recover on the heating pad by gradually lowering anesthesia. The intensity of pressure overload created by constriction of the ascending aorta is determined by recording the pressure gradient using trans-thoracic two dimensional Doppler-echocardiography. Overall this protocol is useful to study the remodeling events and contractile properties of the heart during the gradual onset and progression from compensated cardiac hypertrophy to heart failure stage.

We describe a stepwise procedure for creating pressure overload and left ventricular hypertrophy in Wistar rats by constriction of the ascending aorta using a small metallic clip. This model is extensively used for studying remodeling changes during cardiac hypertrophy and for identifying and evaluating strategies for regression of such changes.

Aufsteigend Aortakonstriktion bei Ratten zur Erstellung von Drucküberlast Herzhypertrophie Modell

Ascending aortic constriction is the most common and successful surgical model for creating pressure overload induced cardiac hypertrophy and heart ...

Forschung

Medizin

Early Detection of Drug-Induced Renal Hemodynamic Dysfunction Using Sonographic Technology in Rats

The kidney normally functions to maintain hemodynamic homeostasis and is a major site of damage caused by drug toxicity. Drug-induced nephrotoxicity is estimated to contribute to 19- 25% of all clinical cases of acute kidney injury (AKI) in critically ill patients. AKI detection has historically relied on metrics such as serum creatinine (sCr) or blood urea nitrogen (BUN) which are demonstrably inadequate in full assessment of nephrotoxicity in the early phase of renal dysfunction. Currently, there is no robust diagnostic method to accurately detect hemodynamic alteration in the early phase of AKI while such alterations might actually precede the rise in serum biomarker levels. Such early detection can help clinicians make an accurate diagnosis and help in in decision making for therapeutic strategy. Rats were treated with Cisplatin to induce AKI. Nephrotoxicity was assessed for six days using high-frequency sonography, sCr measurement and upon histopathology of kidney. Hemodynamic evaluation using 2D and Color-Doppler images were used to serially study nephrotoxicity in rats, using the sonography. Our data showed successful drug-induced kidney injury in adult rats by histological examination. Color-Doppler based sonographic assessment of AKI indicated that resistive-index (RI) and pulsatile-index (PI) were increased in the treatment group; and peak-systolic velocity (mm/s), end-diastolic velocity (mm/s) and velocity-time integral (VTI, mm) were decreased in renal arteries in the same group. Importantly, these hemodynamic changes evaluated by sonography preceded the rise of sCr levels. Sonography-based indices such as RI or PI can thus be useful predictive markers of declining renal function in rodents. From our sonography-based observations in the kidneys of rats that underwent AKI, we showed that these noninvasive hemodynamic measurements may consider as an accurate, sensitive and robust method in detecting early stage kidney dysfunction. This study also underscores the importance of ethical issues associated with animal use in research.

Early stage hemodynamic dysfunction is critical to the development of kidney disease. Yet, detection methodologies are limited. Recent advances in sonography provide a noninvasive, accurate option for early detection of kidney injury. This study outlines a step-by-step, sonographic methodology for detecting kidney dysfunction using a drug-induced nephrotoxicity rat model.

Früherkennung von Medikamenten-induzierten Nieren hämodynamischen Dysfunktion Mit sonographische Technologie bei Ratten

The kidney normally functions to maintain hemodynamic homeostasis and is a major site of damage caused by drug toxicity. Drug-induced nephrotoxicity is ...

Cardiac Magnetic Resonance for the Evaluation of Suspected Cardiac Thrombus: Conventional and Emerging Techniques

We present the conventional cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) protocol for evaluating a suspected thrombus and highlight emerging techniques.&#160;The appearance of a mass on certain magnetic resonance (MR) sequences can help differentiate a thrombus from competing diagnoses such as a tumor. T1 and T2 signal characteristics of a thrombus are related to the evolution of hemoglobin properties. A thrombus typically does not enhance following contrast administration, which also helps differentiation from a tumor. We also highlight the emerging role of T1 mapping in the evaluation of a thrombus, which can add another level of support in diagnosis. Prior to any CMR exam, patient screening and interviews are critical to ensure safety and to optimize patient comfort. Effective communication during the exam between the technologist and the patient promotes proper breath holding technique and higher quality images. Volumetric post processing and structured reporting are helpful to ensure that the radiologist answers the ordering services&#39; question and communicates these results effectively. Optimal pre-MR safety evaluation, CMR exam execution, and post exam processing and reporting allow for delivery of high quality radiological service in the evaluation of a suspected cardiac thrombus.

The goal of this article is to describe how cardiac magnetic resonance can be used for the evaluation and diagnosis of a suspected cardiac thrombus. The method presented will describe data acquisition as well as the pre-procedure and post-procedure protocol.

Herz-Magnetresonanz zur Beurteilung von vermutetem Herzthrombus: Konventionelle und aufkommende Techniken

We present the conventional cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) protocol for evaluating a suspected thrombus and highlight emerging techniques.&#160;The ...

Echocardiographic Assessment of Cardiac Anatomy and Function in Adult Rats

The use of experimental animal models has become crucial in cardiovascular science. Most studies using rodent models are focused on two-dimensional imaging to study the cardiac anatomy of the left ventricle and M-mode echo to assess its dimensions. However, this could limit a comprehensive study. Herein, we describe a protocol that allows an assessment of the heart chamber size, left ventricular function (systolic and diastolic) and valvular function. A conventional medical ultrasound machine was used in this protocol and different echo views were obtained through left parasternal, apical and suprasternal windows. In the left parasternal window, the long and short axis were acquired to analyze left chamber dimensions, right ventricle and pulmonary artery dimensions, and mitral, pulmonary and aortic valve function. The apical window allows the measurement of heart chamber dimensions and evaluation of systolic and diastolic parameters. It also allows Doppler assessment with detection and quantification of heart valve disturbances (regurgitation or stenosis). Different segments and walls of the left ventricle are visualized throughout all views. Finally, the ascending aorta, aortic arch, and descending aorta can be imaged through the suprasternal window. A combination of ultrasound imaging, Doppler flow and tissue Doppler assessment have been obtained to study cardiac morphology and function. This represents an important contribution to improve the assessment of cardiac function in adult rats with impact for research using these animal models.

A non-invasive protocol for transthoracic echocardiography assessment of cardiac anatomy and function for adult rats is presented in the current study. The heart valves, all four cardiac chambers and the ascending aorta, aortic arch and descending aorta are studied in detail.

Echokardiographische Beurteilung der Herzanatomie und Funktion bei erwachsenen Ratten

The use of experimental animal models has become crucial in cardiovascular science. Most studies using rodent models are focused on two-dimensional ...

Semi-Minimal Invasive Method to Induce Myocardial Infarction in Rats and the Assessment of Cardiac Function by an Isolated Working Heart System

Myocardial infarction (MI) remains the main contributor to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Therefore, research on this topic is mandatory. An easily and highly reproducible MI induction procedure is required to obtain further insight and better understanding of the underlying pathological changes. This procedure can also be used to evaluate the effects or potency of new and promising treatments (as drugs or interventions) in acute MI, subsequent remodeling and heart failure (HF). After intubation and pre-operative preparation of the animal, an anesthetic protocol with isoflurane was performed, and the surgical procedure was conducted&#160;quickly. Using a minimally invasive approach, the left anterior descending artery (LAD) was located and occluded by a ligature. The occlusion can be performed acutely for subsequent reperfusion (ischemia/reperfusion injury). Alternatively, the vessel can be ligated permanently to investigate the development of chronic MI, remodeling or HF. Despite common pitfalls, the drop-out rates are minimal. Various treatments such as remote ischemic conditioning can be examined for their cardioprotective potential pre-, peri- and post-operatively. The post-operative recovery was quick as the anesthesia was precisely controlled and the duration of the operation was short. Post-operative analgesia was administered for three days. The minimally invasive procedure reduces the risk of infection and inflammation. Furthermore, it facilitates rapid recovery. The &#8220;working heart&#8221; measurements were performed ex vivo and enabled precise control of preload, afterload and flow. This procedure requires specific equipment and training for adequate performance. This manuscript provides a detailed step-by-step introduction for conducting these measurements.

This article presents an efficient method to perform myocardial ischemia and subsequent chronic reperfusion in rats using a minimally invasive approach. In addition, left ventricular hemodynamic function of rats is assessed by echocardiography and isolated working heart methods.&#160;

Semi-Minimal Invasive Methode zur Induzieren von Myokardinfarkt bei Ratten und der Beurteilung der Herzfunktion durch ein isoliertes funktionierendes Herzsystem

Myocardial infarction (MI) remains the main contributor to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Therefore, research on this topic is mandatory. An easily ...

Analyzing Long-Term Electrocardiography Recordings to Detect Arrhythmias in Mice

Arrhythmias are common, affecting millions of patients worldwide. Current treatment strategies are associated with significant side effects and remain ineffective in many patients. To improve patient care, novel and innovative therapeutic concepts causally targeting arrhythmia mechanisms are needed. To study the complex pathophysiology of arrhythmias, suitable animal models are necessary, and mice have been proven to be ideal model species to evaluate the genetic impact on arrhythmias, to investigate fundamental molecular and cellular mechanisms, and to identify potential therapeutic targets.
Implantable telemetry devices are among the most powerful tools available to study electrophysiology in mice, allowing continuous ECG recording over a period of several months in freely moving, awake mice. However, due to the huge number of data points (&gt;1 million QRS complexes per day), analysis of telemetry data remains challenging. This article describes a step-by-step approach to analyze ECGs and to detect arrhythmias in long-term telemetry recordings using the software, Ponemah, with its analysis modules, ECG Pro and Data Insights, developed by Data Sciences International (DSI). To analyze basic ECG parameters, such as heart rate, P wave duration, PR interval, QRS interval, or QT duration, an automated attribute analysis was performed using Ponemah to identify P, Q, and T waves within individually adjusted windows around detected R waves. 
Results were then manually reviewed, allowing adjustment of individual annotations. The output from the attribute-based analysis and the pattern recognition analysis was then used by the Data Insights module to detect arrhythmias. This module allows an automatic screening for individually defined arrhythmias within the recording, followed by a manual review of suspected arrhythmia episodes. The article briefly discusses challenges in recording and detecting ECG signals, suggests strategies to improve data quality, and provides representative recordings of arrhythmias detected in mice using the approach described above.

Here we present a step-by-step protocol for a semiautomated approach to analyze murine long-term electrocardiography (ECG) data for basic ECG parameters and common arrhythmias. Data are obtained by implantable telemetry transmitters in living and awake mice and analyzed using Ponemah and its analysis modules.

Analyse von Langzeit-Elektrokardiographie-Aufnahmen zum Nachweis von Arrhythmien bei Mäusen

Arrhythmias are common, affecting millions of patients worldwide. Current treatment strategies are associated with significant side effects and remain ...

Analysis of Raw and Processed Cyperi Rhizoma Samples Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry in Rats with Primary Dysmenorrhea

Cyperi rhizoma (CR) is widely used in gynecology and is a general medicine for treating women's diseases in China. Since the analgesic effect of CR is enhanced after processing with vinegar, CR processed with vinegar (CRV) is generally used clinically. However, the mechanism by which the analgesic effect is enhanced by vinegar processing is unclear. In this study, the ultra-high pressure liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) technique was used to examine changes in the blood levels of the exogenous constituents and metabolites between CR-treated and CRV-treated rats with dysmenorrhea. The results revealed differing levels of 15 constituents and two metabolites in the blood of these rats. Among them, the levels of (-)-myrtenol and [(1R,2S,3R,4R)-3-hydroxy-1,4,7,7-tetramethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]acetic acid in the CRV group were considerably higher than in the CR group. CRV reduced the level of 2-series prostanoids and 4-series leukotrienes with proinflammatory, platelet aggregation, and vasoconstriction activities and provided analgesic effects by modulating arachidonic acid and linoleic acid metabolism and the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. This study revealed that vinegar processing enhances the analgesic effect of CR and contributes to our understanding of the mechanism of action of CRV.

Here, a comparative analysis of raw and processed Cyperi rhizoma (CR) samples is presented using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) in rats with primary dysmenorrhea. The changes in blood levels of the metabolites and the sample constituents were examined between rats treated with CR and CR processed with vinegar (CRV).

Analyse von rohen und verarbeiteten Cyperi-Rhizom-Proben mittels Flüssigchromatographie-Tandem-Massenspektrometrie bei Ratten mit primärer Dysmenorrhoe

Cyperi rhizoma (CR) is widely used in gynecology and is a general medicine for treating women's diseases in China. Since the analgesic effect of CR is ...

Modified Heterotopic Abdominal Heart Transplantation and a Novel Aortic Regurgitation Model in Rats

Over the past 50 years, many researchers have reported heterotopic abdominal heart transplantation in mice and rats, with some variations in the surgical technique. Modifying the transplantation procedure to strengthen the myocardial protection could prolong the ischemia time while preserving the donor&#39;s cardiac function. This technique&#39;s key points are as follows: transecting the donor&#39;s abdominal aorta before harvesting to unload the donor&#39;s heart; perfusing the donor&#39;s coronary arteries with a cold cardioplegic solution; and topical cooling of the donor&#39;s heart during the anastomosis procedure. Consequently, since this procedure prolongs the acceptable ischemia time, beginners can easily perform it and achieve a high success rate.
Moreover, a new aortic regurgitation (AR) model was established in this work using a technique different from the existing one,&#160;which is created by inserting a catheter from the right carotid artery and puncturing the native aortic valve under continuous echocardiographic guidance. A heterotopic abdominal heart transplantation was performed using the novel AR model. In the protocol, after the donor&#39;s heart is harvested, a stiff guidewire is inserted into the donor&#39;s brachiocephalic artery and advanced toward the aortic root. The aortic valve is punctured by pushing the guidewire further even after the resistance is felt, thus inducing AR. It is easier to damage the aortic valve using this method than with the procedure described in the conventional AR model. Additionally, this novel AR model does not contribute to the recipient&#39;s circulation; therefore, this method is expected to produce a more severe AR model than the conventional procedure.

This study demonstrates a reproducible heterotopic abdominal heart transplantation technique in rats that beginners can learn and perform. Additionally, a novel aortic regurgitation model in rats is generated by performing heterotopic abdominal heart transplantation and damaging the donor's aortic valve using a guidewire after harvesting.

Modifizierte heterotope abdominale Herztransplantation und ein neuartiges Aorteninsuffizienzmodell bei Ratten

Over the past 50 years, many researchers have reported heterotopic abdominal heart transplantation in mice and rats, with some variations in the surgical ...

Standardisierte Tuina-Manipulation bei Kniearthrose bei Ratten

Tuina Manipulation to Reduce Inflammation and Cartilage Loss in Knee Osteoarthritis Rats

Clinical trials suggest that Tuina manipulation is effective in treating knee osteoarthritis (KOA), while further studies are required to discover its mechanism. Therefore, the manipulation of animal models of knee osteoarthritis is critical. This protocol provides a standard process for Tuina manipulation on KOA rats and a preliminary exploration of the mechanism of Tuina for KOA. The press and kneading manipulation method (a kind of Tuina manipulation that refers to pressing and kneading the specific area of the body surface) is applied on 5 acupoints around the knee joint of rats. The force and frequency of the manipulation were standardized by finger pressure recordings, and the position of the rat during manipulation is described in detail in the protocol. The effect of manipulation can be measured by pain behavior tests and microscopic findings in synovial and cartilage. KOA rats showed significant improvement in pain behavior. The synovial tissue inflammatory infiltration was reduced in the Tuina group, and the expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-&#945; was significantly lower. Compared to the control group, chondrocyte apoptosis was less in the Tuina group. This study provides a standardized protocol for Tuina manipulation on KOA rats and preliminary proof that the therapeutic effects of Tuina may be related to reducing synovial inflammation and delayed chondrocyte apoptosis.

Autor im Rampenlicht: Verständnis des Mechanismus der Tuina-Manipulation bei Ratten 

We present a protocol for Tuina manipulation performed on plaster-immobilized-induced knee osteoarthritis rats. Based on the preliminary results, it suggested that the efficacy of the method relied on the reduction of inflammation and cartilage loss.

Tuina-Manipulation zur Verringerung von Entzündung und Knorpelverlust bei Ratten mit Kniearthrose

Clinical trials suggest that Tuina manipulation is effective in treating knee osteoarthritis (KOA), while further studies are required to discover its ...