Diese Arbeit wurde vom National Institutes of Health Zuschuss GM086822 und National Science Foundation Großforschungseinrichtungen Instrumentation Grant DBI-0960313 gefördert. Die Autoren bedanken sich bei Dr. danken. Jon Miyake &amp; Donna Hardy (Bio-Rad) und Jennifer Loertscher (Seattle University) für ihre fachliche Unterstützung. Wählen Chromatographiereagenzien und ergänzende Instrumente wurden großzügigerweise von Bio-Rad zur Verfügung gestellt.

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	<li>Cummins, P. M., O'Connor, B. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hydrophobic+interaction+chromatography.">Hydrophobic interaction chromatography.</a> Methods Mol. Biol. 681, 431-437 (2011).</li><li>Nagrath, D., Xia, F., Cramer, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+and+modeling+of+nonlinear+hydrophobic+interaction+chromatographic+systems.">Characterization and modeling of nonlinear hydrophobic interaction chromatographic systems.</a> J. Chromatogr. A. 1218, 1219-1226 (2011).</li><li>To, B. C., Lenhoff, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hydrophobic+interaction+chromatography+of+proteins.+IV.+Protein+adsorption+capacity+and+transport+in+preparative+mode.">Hydrophobic interaction chromatography of proteins. IV. Protein adsorption capacity and transport in preparative mode.</a> J. Chromatogr. A. 1218, 427-440 (2011).</li><li>Huddleston, J. 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C., Banh, C., Brossay, . <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=L.A+Protocol+for+the+Production+of+KLRG1+Tetramer.">L.A Protocol for the Production of KLRG1 Tetramer.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (35), e1701-e1701 (2010).</li><li>Murphy, P. J. M., Morishima, Y., Kovacs, J. J., Yao, T. P., Pratt, W. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+the+dynamics+of+hsp90+action+on+the+glucocorticoid+receptor+by+acetylation/deacetylation+of+the+chaperone.">Regulation of the dynamics of hsp90 action on the glucocorticoid receptor by acetylation/deacetylation of the chaperone.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 280, 33792-33799 (2005).</li><li>Zeytuni, N., Zarivach, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Purification+of+the+M.+magneticum+strain+AMB-1+Magnetosome+Associated+Protein+MamA&#916;41.">Purification of the M. magneticum strain AMB-1 Magnetosome Associated Protein MamA&#916;41.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (37), 10-3791 (2010).</li><li>Kong, Y., Li, X., Bai, G., Ma, G., Su, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+automatic+system+for+multidimensional+integrated+protein+chromatography.">An automatic system for multidimensional integrated protein chromatography.</a> J. Chromatogr. A. 1217, 6898-6904 (2010).</li><li>Camper, D. V., Viola, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fully+automated+protein+purification.">Fully automated protein purification.</a> Anal. Biochem. 393, 176-181 (2009).</li><li>Hammon, J., Palanivelu, D. V., Chen, J., Patel, C., Minor, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+green+fluorescent+protein+screen+for+identification+of+well-expressed+membrane+proteins+from+a+cohort+of+extremophilic+organisms.">A green fluorescent protein screen for identification of well-expressed membrane proteins from a cohort of extremophilic organisms.</a> Protein Sci. 18, 121-133 (2009).</li><li>Wu, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Using+green+and+red+fluorescent+proteins+to+teach+protein+expression,+purification,+and+crystallization.">Using green and red fluorescent proteins to teach protein expression, purification, and crystallization.</a> Biochem. Mol. Biol. Educ. 36, 43-54 (2008).</li><li>Queiroz, J. A., Tomaz, C. T., Cabral, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hydrophobic+interaction+chromatography+of+proteins.">Hydrophobic interaction chromatography of proteins.</a> J. Biotechnol. 87, 143-159 (2001).</li><li>McCue, J. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Theory+and+use+of+hydrophobic+interaction+chromatography+in+protein+purification+applications.">Theory and use of hydrophobic interaction chromatography in protein purification applications.</a> Methods Enzymol. 463, 405-414 (2009).</li></ol>

Wählen Chromatographiereagenzien und ergänzende Instrumente wurden von Bio-Rad zur Verfügung gestellt.

Flüssigchromatographie Techniken wurden von unschätzbarem Wert zur Herstellung von hoch gereinigten Proteinen notwendig für die Durchführung von immunologischen 6, biochemische 7, 8 und strukturelle Studien nachgewiesen. HIC Reinigungsverfahren meist eine empirische Bestimmung einer bevorzugten Medium und Ligandenstruktur, Ligandendichte, und Matrix Wulst Eigenschaften alle haben gezeigt, dass chromatographischen Ergebnissen 2, 3 auswirken. Automatisierte Spalte Scouting ist ein effizienter Ansatz für die Auswahl eines HIC-Medium für die spätere Optimierung und Reinigung von Proteinen 4. Die automatisierte Spalte Scouting vorgestellte Methode kann leicht an verschiedene HIC Proteinreinigung Strategien angepasst werden. Änderungen der Salzkonzentration, die Wahl von Salz, Salzgradienten und pH-Wert kann weiter zu verbessern Reinigungsbedingungen, und die Wirkungen der Variation dieser wichtigen Parameter wurden bereits 13,14 Bewertung. HIC Eluats, das eine teilweise gereinigte Ziel proteIn kann weiter gereinigt werden unter Verwendung eines komplementären chromatographischen Technik, z. B. Ionenaustauschchromatographie (IEX) oder Gelfiltration / Größenausschlusschromatographie 9,10. Aufgrund seiner einzigartigen Licht-Absorption und Emission Eigenschaften kann das Elutionsprofil von GFP identifiziert mit In-Line-und Nachlauf Ansätze werden. Zu diesem Zweck kann das Protokoll weiter zur Reinigung von rekombinanten GFP-Fusionsproteine ​​angepasst werden, bei dem eine unabhängige Zielprotein &quot;Tag&quot; mit GFP. GFP-markierten Target-Proteine ​​können mit UV-Licht 11 und unter Verwendung verschiedener chromatographischer Methoden, einschließlich der HIC Reinigungsstrategie oben beschrieben detektiert werden. GFP Reinigung ist auch zu einem pädagogischen Grundnahrungsmittel in Biochemie-Labors für die Lehren der modernen Wissenschaft Techniken Protein 12. Während grundlegende HIC Proteinreinigung können unter Verwendung eines im wesentlichen weniger robust Chromatographie sy werdenStamm weist die Instrumentierung hier vorgestellten eine Reihe von Vorteilen zur Erlangung günstige Ergebnisse zu unterstützen. Bemerkenswerte Vorteile der Verwendung eines hoch automatisiertes System umfassen die Run-to-Run Zustand Reproduzierbarkeit, Zeitersparnis verbessert, und verringert Chancen für Luft in das System 10 eingeführt werden. System-gesteuerten Puffer Mischung, die durch das System Maximalstelle erleichtert wird, ermöglicht eine erhöhte Konsistenz in Puffer Herstellung und experimentelle Reproduzierbarkeit. Zeichnung genügend Probe in die dynamische Last Probenschleife für alle Scouting läuft weiter eine Übereinstimmung der Probe, die zu jeder Spalte hinzugefügt und ermöglicht es beim sequentiellen läuft ohne Unterbrechung oder automatisch geladen. Kontrollierte Probeninjektion aus der Probenschleife auf die Säule sinkt Variabilität, die bei manueller Beladung Probe auftreten kann. Ein Paar von Spaltenauswahlleitungen Ventile ermöglichen aufeinanderfolgenden Probe läuft, von denen jeder mit einem anderen HIC-Säule, ohne das System replumb. Darstellende mul<html> ti-Wellenlängen-Analyse ist besonders vorteilhaft, wenn das Testen einer Protein mit einer einzigartigen spektrophotometrische Profil. Zusätzlich zu GFP kann Cytochromen, Flavoproteinen und anderen Häm-Proteinen von dieser Technik profitieren. Leitfähigkeit und pH-Überwachungseinrichtungen können für die Überprüfung der Echtzeit experimentellen Bedingungen. Split Bruchteil Eluat Sammlung ermöglicht eine verbesserte Bruchteil Handhabung und ermöglicht die einfache Übertragung für Post-Run Analysemethoden, die eine minimale Probenvolumen (zB ELISA, SDS-PAGE, Western Blot, und Experion Mikrofluidik-Elektrophorese) erfordern. Beim Betrieb der zweiten Fraktionssammler offline erfordert manuelle Synchronisation, ermöglicht es maximale Flexibilität bei der Auswahl Fraktionssammler. Die bedeutendsten Nachteile bei Verwendung eines solchen robusten Chromatographie-System für die HIC-Säule Scouting und Reinigung von Proteinen gehören die Anfangszeit und die Haushaltsausgaben mit Instrument Erwerb und Bedienerschulung assoziiert. t &quot;&gt; Das hier vorgestellte Protokoll nutzt eine Bio-Rad DuoFlow Chromatographie-System;. aber ebenso robuste Messgeräte anderer Hersteller, wie zB die ÄKTA Avant von GE Healthcare, können ebenfalls verwendet werden und sind in der Lage gleichwertige Ergebnisse sogar vergleichbar Chromatographie-System haben einzigartige Eigenschaften (z. B. Methode der Programmierung Komponente Nomenklatur, der Präferenz des Betreibers und Skalierbarkeit Einschränkungen), die vor Einleitung einer Reinigungsprozedur oder Instrument Erwerb berücksichtigt werden sollten.

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Name des Reagenzes </td><td> Firma </td><td> Katalog-Nummer </td><td> Kommentare (optional) </td></tr><tr><td> <a href="http://www.bio-rad.com/prd/en/US/adirect/biorad?cmd=BRCatgProductDetail&productID=223301" target="_blank">BioLogic DuoFlow Pathfinder 20 System</a> </td><td> <a href="http://www.bio-rad.com/" target="_blank">Bio-Rad</a> </td><td> <a href="http://www.bio-rad.com/prd/en/US/adirect/biorad?cmd=BRCatgProductDetail&productID=223301" target="_blank">7602257</a> </td><td> Inklusive System Maximizer, Mixer, F10-Workstation, AVR7-3 Ventil, Quadtec UV / Vis-Detektor mit Durchflusszelle, BioFrac Fraktionssammler, BioLogic Software und Starter-Kit </td></tr><tr><td> <a href="https://www.bio-rad.com/prd/en/US/adirect/biorad?cmd=catProductDetail&isFromSearch=true&productID=760-0408&vertical=LSR&parentCategoryGUID=22c495f1-36ff-44a3-9140-ee7e54d0b1ba" target="_blank">Avr9-8-Stream-Ventil wählen</a><html></td><td> <a href="http://www.bio-rad.com/" target="_blank">Bio-Rad</a> </td><td> <a href="https://www.bio-rad.com/prd/en/US/adirect/biorad?cmd=catProductDetail&isFromSearch=true&productID=760-0408&vertical=LSR&parentCategoryGUID=22c495f1-36ff-44a3-9140-ee7e54d0b1ba" target="_blank">7600408</a> </td><td> Hochdruckventil, 9-Port, 8-Stellung, 3500 psi (233 bar) begrenzen, zur Verwendung mit biologischen System DuoFlow </td></tr><tr><td> Umschaltventil SV3T-2 </td><td> <a href="http://www.bio-rad.com/" target="_blank">Bio-Rad</a> </td><td> 7600410 </td><td> Magnetventil, 3-Port, 2-Stellung, 30 psi (2 bar) begrenzen, zur Verwendung mit biologischen System DuoFlow </td></tr><tr><td> Stream-Verteilerventil </td><td> <a href="http://www.bio-rad.com/" target="_blank">Bio-Rad</a> </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tical LSR = &amp; = parentCategoryGUID 22c495f1-36ff-44a3-9140-ee7e54d0b1ba &quot;target =&quot; _blank &quot;&gt; dynaloop 25 Kit </td><td> <a href="http://www.bio-rad.com/" target="_blank">Bio-Rad</a> </td><td> <a href="https://www.bio-rad.com/prd/en/US/adirect/biorad?cmd=catProductDetail&isFromSearch=true&productID=750-0451&vertical=LSR&parentCategoryGUID=22c495f1-36ff-44a3-9140-ee7e54d0b1ba" target="_blank">7500451</a> </td><td> Sliding-Kolben-Probenschleife Kit enthält 25 ml dynaloop Gleitkolben Schleife, dynaloop Teilesatz (# 750-0450) </td></tr><tr><td> <a href="https://www.bio-rad.com/prd/en/US/LSR/PDP/ec82e7b4-919e-428b-ac03-9adf1f50a48e/BioFractrade_Fraction_Collector" target="_blank">BioFrac Fraktionssammler</a> </td><td> <a href="http://www.bio-rad.com/" target="_blank">Bio-Rad</a> </td><td> <a href="https://www.bio-rad.com/prd/en/US/LSR/PDP/ec82e7b4-919e-428b-ac03-9adf1f50a48e/BioFractrade_Fraction_Collector" target="_blank">7410002</a> </td><td> Zwei Bruchteil col<html> Lektoren eingesetzt </td></tr><tr><td> <a href="https://www.bio-rad.com/prd/en/US/adirect/biorad?cmd=catProductDetail&isFromSearch=true&productID=741-0088&vertical=LSR&parentCategoryGUID=ec82e7b4-919e-428b-ac03-9adf1f50a48e" target="_blank">BioFrac Mikroplatten-Drop-Kopf-Adapter</a> </td><td> <a href="http://www.bio-rad.com/" target="_blank">Bio-Rad</a> </td><td> <a href="https://www.bio-rad.com/prd/en/US/adirect/biorad?cmd=catProductDetail&isFromSearch=true&productID=741-0088&vertical=LSR&parentCategoryGUID=ec82e7b4-919e-428b-ac03-9adf1f50a48e" target="_blank">7410088</a> </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="https://www.bio-rad.com/prd/en/US/adirect/biorad?cmd=catProductDetail&vertical=LSR&country=US&lang=en&productID=741-0017" target="_blank">BioFrac Mikrotiterplatte Adapter</a> </td><td> <a href="http://www.bio-rad.com/" target="_blank">Bio-Rad</a> </td><td>&amp; Country = US &amp; lang = de &amp; ProductID = 741-0017 &quot;target =&quot; _blank &quot;&gt; 7410017 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="https://www.bio-rad.com/prd/en/US/adirect/biorad?cmd=catProductDetail&isFromSearch=true&productID=750-0202&vertical=LSR&parentCategoryGUID=c140016b-1958-4a91-be4c-8645a4c8204f" target="_blank">UV-Optik-Modul</a> </td><td> <a href="http://www.bio-rad.com/" target="_blank">Bio-Rad</a> </td><td> <a href="https://www.bio-rad.com/prd/en/US/adirect/biorad?cmd=catProductDetail&isFromSearch=true&productID=750-0202&vertical=LSR&parentCategoryGUID=c140016b-1958-4a91-be4c-8645a4c8204f" target="_blank">7500202</a> </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="https://www.bio-rad.com/prd/en/US/adirect/biorad?cmd=catProductDetail&isFromSearch=true&productID=760-1331&vertical=LSR&parentCategoryGUID=c4095dc1-9260-4431-b066-823b050048c8" target="_blank">Halogenlampe</a> </td><td> <a href="http://www.bio-rad.com/" target="_blank">Bio-Rad</a> </td><td> &lt;<html> ein target = &quot;_blank&quot;&gt; 7601331 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="https://www.bio-rad.com/prd/en/US/adirect/biorad?cmd=BRCatgProductDetail&productID=220901" target="_blank">Econo Gradientenpumpe</a> </td><td> <a href="http://www.bio-rad.com/" target="_blank">Bio-Rad</a> </td><td> <a href="https://www.bio-rad.com/prd/en/US/adirect/biorad?cmd=BRCatgProductDetail&productID=220901" target="_blank">7319001</a> </td><td> Gradientenpumpe für Niederdruck-Reinigung von Proteinen, enthält Schläuche und Armaturen-Kit </td></tr><tr><td> <a href="https://www.bio-rad.com/prd/en/US/adirect/biorad?cmd=BRCatgProductDetail&productID=224301" target="_blank">Experion-System</a> </td><td> <a href="http://www.bio-rad.com/" target="_blank">Bio-Rad</a> </td><td>bio-rad.com/prd/en/US/adirect/biorad? cmd = BRCatgProductDetail &amp; ProductID = 224301 &quot;target =&quot; _blank &quot;&gt; 7007001 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="https://www.bio-rad.com/prd/en/US/adirect/biorad?cmd=BRCatgProductDetail&productID=224101" target="_blank">Experion Pro260 Analysis Kit</a> </td><td> <a href="http://www.bio-rad.com/" target="_blank">Bio-Rad</a> </td><td> <a href="https://www.bio-rad.com/prd/en/US/adirect/biorad?cmd=BRCatgProductDetail&productID=224101" target="_blank">7007102</a> </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> HiTrap HIC-Säule Auswahl-Kit </td><td> GE Healthcare </td><td> 28-4110-07 </td><td> Inklusive 7 x 1 ml vorgepackte Säulen des HIC Medien für Scouting </td></tr><tr><td> GE Healthcare-to-Bio-Rad Spalte Armaturen </td><td> GE Healthcare </td><td> 18111251 und 18111257 </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

automated hydrophobic interaction chromatography column selection for use in protein purification

Im Gegensatz zu anderen chromatographischen Methoden zur Aufreinigung von Proteinen (zB Gelfiltration, Affinität und Ionenaustausch), hydrophobe Interaktions-Chromatographie (HIC) erfordert häufig experimentelle Bestimmung (so genannte Screening oder &quot;Scouting&quot;), um die am besten geeigneten chromatographischen Medium wählen zur Reinigung eines bestimmten Proteins 1. Die hier vorgestellte Methode beschreibt ein automatisiertes Konzept für Scouting für eine optimale HIC-Medien in Proteinreinigung verwendet werden. HIC trennt Proteine ​​und andere Biomoleküle aus einer rohen Lysat auf Unterschiede in der Hydrophobie der Basis. Ähnlich wie Affinitätschromatographie (AC) und Ionenaustauschchromatographie (IEX), HIC kann die Konzentration des Proteins von Interesse, da sie durch das chromatographische voranschreitet. Proteine ​​besten für die Reinigung durch HIC geeignet sind, umfassen solche mit hydrophoben Oberflächenbereiche und in der Lage, um die Exposition zu widerstehen, um Konzentrationen von mehr als 2 M Salz Munitionnium-Sulfat ((NH 4) 2 SO 4). HIC wird oft als ein Reinigungsverfahren für Proteine ​​fehlt ein Affinitäts-Tag gewählt und somit ungeeignet für Wechselstrom, und wenn IEX keine ausreichende Reinigung bereitzustellen. Hydrophobe Reste, die an das Protein binden Deckschicht zeitweilig in eine unpolare Liganden, der mit einem inerten, unbeweglich Matrix. Die Wechselwirkung zwischen Protein und dem Liganden sind stark abhängig von der Salzkonzentration des Puffers fließt durch die Chromatographiesäule, mit hohen Ionenkonzentrationen Stärkung der Protein-Ligand-Interaktion und dass das Protein unbeweglich (dh innerhalb der Säule gebunden) 2. Wie Salzkonzentrationen Abnahme, das Protein-Ligand-Wechselwirkung abführt, das Protein wieder wird mobil und von der Säule eluiert. Mehrere HIC Medien sind kommerziell erhältlich in vorverpackten Spalten, die jeweils eine von mehreren hydrophoben Liganden (zB S-Butyl, Butyl, Octyl und Phenyl) bei unterschiedlichen Dichten eine Agarose-Kügelchen mit einem spec vernetztIFIC Durchmesser 3. Automatisierte Spalte Scouting ermöglicht eine effiziente Methode zur Bestimmung des HIC-Medien für die Zukunft, mehr erschöpfend Optimierung Experimente verwendet werden sollte und Proteinreinigung läuft 4. Die spezifische Protein, das hier gereinigte rekombinante grün fluoreszierendes Protein (GFP), doch, kann dieser Ansatz zur Reinigung von anderen Proteinen, mit einem oder mehreren hydrophoben Oberflächenbereiche ausgebildet werden. GFP dient als nützliches Modell Protein aufgrund seiner Stabilität, einzigartige Licht Absorptionspeak bei 397 nm und Fluoreszenz, wenn sie mit UV-Licht 5 ausgesetzt. Bakterienlysates Wildtyp-GFP wurde in einem Hochsalz-Puffer hergestellt, geladen in einem Bio-Rad DuoFlow Mitteldruck-Flüssigkeits-Chromatographie-System und adsorbiert HiTrap HIC-Säulen, die unterschiedliche HIC Medien. Das Protein wurde von den Säulen eluiert und mittels in-line und Nachlauf Nachweisverfahren. Buffer Blending, dynamisches Probenschleife Injektion, sequentielle colUMN Auswahl, Multi-Wellenlängen-Analyse, und getrennte Fraktion angesehen Eluat erhöht die Funktionalität des Systems und Reproduzierbarkeit der experimentellen Ansatz.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Automated Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography Column Selection for Use in Protein Purification at JoVE.com

Automated Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography Column Selection for Use in Protein Purification

Ein automatisiertes Verfahren zur Identifizierung von geeigneten hydrophoben Interaktionschromatographie (HIC) Medien, die in dem Verfahren der Proteinreinigung verwendet werden vorgestellt. Das Verfahren nutzt eine Mitteldruck-Flüssigkeits-Chromatographie-System einschließlich automatisierter Puffer Blending, dynamisches Probenschleife Injektion, sequentielle Spalte Auswahl, Multi-Wellenlängen-Analyse-und Split-Fraktion Eluat Sammlung.

Automatisierte Hydrophobe Interaktions-Chromatographie Spaltenauswahl für den Einsatz in Protein Purification

In contrast to other chromatographic methods for purifying proteins (e.g. gel filtration, affinity, and ion exchange), hydrophobic interaction ...

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43.1K Aufrufe.  Seattle University. Ein automatisiertes Verfahren zur Identifizierung von geeigneten hydrophoben Interaktionschromatographie (HIC) Medien, die in dem Verfahren der Proteinreinigung verwendet werden vorgestellt. Das Verfahren nutzt eine Mitteldruck-Flüssigkeits-Chromatographie-System einschließlich automatisierter Puffer Blending, dynamisches Probenschleife Injektion, sequentielle Spalte Auswahl, Multi-Wellenlängen-Analyse-und Split-Fraktion Eluat Sammlung.

Serie: Automated Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography Column Selection for Use in Protein Purification

Staining of Proteins in Gels with Coomassie G-250 without Organic Solvent and Acetic Acid

In classical protein staining protocols using Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB), solutions with high contents of toxic and flammable organic solvents (Methanol, Ethanol or 2-Propanol) and acetic acid are used for fixation, staining and destaining of proteins in a gel after SDS-PAGE. To speed up the procedure, heating the staining solution in the microwave oven for a short time is frequently used. This usually results in evaporation of toxic or hazardous Methanol, Ethanol or 2-Propanol and a strong smell of acetic acid in the lab which should be avoided due to safety considerations. In a protocol originally published in two patent applications by E.M. Wondrak (US2001046709 (A1), US6319720 (B1)), an alternative composition of the staining solution is described in which no organic solvent or acid is used. The CBB is dissolved in bidistilled water (60-80mg of CBB G-250 per liter) and 35 mM HCl is added as the only other compound in the staining solution. The CBB staning of the gel is done after SDS-PAGE and thorough washing of the gel in bidistilled water. By heating the gel during the washing and staining steps, the process can be finished faster and no toxic or hazardous compunds are evaporating. The staining of proteins occurs already within 1 minute after heating the gel in staining solution and is fully developed after 15-30 min with a slightly blue background that is destained completely by prolonged washing of the stained gel in bidistilled water, without affecting the stained protein bands.

A short protocol for protein staining with Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) G-250 in polyacrylamide gels is described without using organic solvents or acetic acid as in the classical staining procedures with CBB.

Färbung von Proteinen in Gelen mit Coomassie G-250 ohne organische Lösungsmittel und Essigsäure

In classical protein staining protocols using Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB), solutions with high contents of toxic and flammable organic solvents ...

Forschung

Biologie

Purification of the M. magneticum Strain AMB-1 Magnetosome Associated Protein MamA&Delta;41

Magnetotactic bacteria comprise a diverse group of aquatic microorganisms that are able to orientate themselves along geomagnetic fields. This behavior is believed to aid their search for suitable environments (1). This capability is conferred by the magnetosome, a subcellular organelle that consists of a linear-chain assembly of lipid vesicles each able to biomineralize and enclose a ~50-nm crystal of magnetite or greigite. A principle component of the magnetosome that was shown to be required for the formation of functional vesicles is MamA. MamA is a highly abundant magnetosome-associated protein which is one of the most characterized magnetosome-associated proteins in vivo (2-6). This article focuses on the purification of MamA, which despite being studied in vivo, no clear functional or structural details have been identified for it. Bioinformatics analysis suggested that MamA is a tetra-tricopeptide repeat (TPR) containing protein. TPR is a structural motif found as such or forming part of a bigger fold in a wide range of proteins, it serves as a template for protein-protein interactions and mediates multi-protein complexes (7). TPRs are involved in many crucial tasks in eukaryotic cell organelle processes and many bacterial pathways (8-14). In order to understand MamA, a unique TPR containing protein, highly purified protein is required as a first step. In this article, we present the purification protocol for a stable MamA deletion mutant (MamA&Delta;41) from M. magneticum AMB-1.

Purification of the &lt;em&gt;M. magneticum&lt;/em&gt; Strain AMB-1 Magnetosome Associated Protein MamA&amp;Delta;41

MamA is a unique Magnetosome associated protein which was shown to be involved in magnetosome activation. Here we present the purification protocol of MamA deletion mutant (MamA&Delta;41) from M. magneticum AMB-1.

Die Reinigung des M. magneticum Stamm AMB-1 Magnetosom assoziierten Protein MamAΔ41

Magnetotactic bacteria comprise a diverse group of aquatic microorganisms that are able to orientate themselves along geomagnetic fields. This behavior is ...

Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (BiFC) Assay for Protein-Protein Interaction in Onion Cells Using the Helios Gene Gun

Investigation of gene function in diverse organisms relies on knowledge of how the gene products interact with each other in their normal cellular environment. The Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (BiFC) Assay1 allows researchers to visualize protein-protein interactions in living cells and has become an essential research tool. This assay is based on the facilitated association of two fragments of a fluorescent protein (GFP) that are each fused to a potential interacting protein partner. The interaction of the two protein partners would facilitate the association of the N-terminal and C-terminal fragment of GFP, leading to fluorescence. For plant researchers, onion epidermal cells are an ideal experimental system for conducting the BiFC assay because of the ease in obtaining and preparing onion tissues and the direct visualization of fluorescence with minimal background fluorescence. The Helios Gene Gun (BioRad) is commonly used for bombarding plasmid DNA into onion cells. We demonstrate the use of Helios Gene Gun to introduce plasmid constructs for two interacting Arabidopsis thaliana transcription factors, SEUSS (SEU) and LEUNIG HOMOLOG (LUH)2 and the visualization of their interactions mediated by BiFC in onion epidermal cells.

Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation BiFC Assay for Protein-Protein Interaction in Onion Cells Using the Helios Gene Gun

This article illustrates how to properly use the BioRad Helios Gene Gun to introduce plasmid DNA into onion epidermal cells and how to test for protein-protein interactions in onion cells based on the principle of Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (BiFC)

Bimolekularen Fluoreszenz Komplementation (BIFC) Assay für Protein-Protein-Wechselwirkungen in Onion Zellen unter Verwendung des Helios Gene Gun

Investigation of gene function in diverse organisms relies on knowledge of how the gene products interact with each other in their normal cellular ...

Lipid Vesicle-mediated Affinity Chromatography using Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting (LIMACS): a Novel Method to Analyze Protein-lipid Interaction

The analysis of lipid protein interaction is difficult because lipids are embedded in cell membranes and therefore, inaccessible to most purification procedures. As an alternative, lipids can be coated on flat surfaces as used for lipid ELISA and Plasmon resonance spectroscopy. However, surface coating lipids do not form microdomain structures, which may be important for the lipid binding properties. Further, these methods do not allow for the purification of larger amounts of proteins binding to their target lipids.
 To overcome these limitations of testing lipid protein interaction and to purify lipid binding proteins we developed a novel method termed lipid vesicle-mediated affinity chromatography using magnetic-activated cell sorting (LIMACS). In this method, lipid vesicles are prepared with the target lipid and phosphatidylserine as the anchor lipid for Annexin V MACS. Phosphatidylserine is a ubiquitous cell membrane phospholipid that shows high affinity to the protein Annexin V. Using magnetic beads conjugated to Annexin V the phosphatidylserine-containing lipid vesicles will bind to the magnetic beads. When the lipid vesicles are incubated with a cell lysate the protein binding to the target lipid will also be bound to the beads and can be co-purified using MACS. This method can also be used to test if recombinant proteins reconstitute a protein complex binding to the target lipid. 
 We have used this method to show the interaction of atypical PKC (aPKC) with the sphingolipid ceramide and to co-purify prostate apoptosis response 4 (PAR-4), a protein binding to ceramide-associated aPKC. We have also used this method for the reconstitution of a ceramide-associated complex of recombinant aPKC with the cell polarity-related proteins Par6 and Cdc42. Since lipid vesicles can be prepared with a variety of sphingo- or phospholipids, LIMACS offers a versatile test for lipid-protein interaction in a lipid environment that resembles closely that of the cell membrane. Additional lipid protein complexes can be identified using proteomics analysis of lipid binding protein co-purified with the lipid vesicles.

Lipid Vesicle-mediated Affinity Chromatography using Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting LIMACS: a Novel Method to Analyze Protein-lipid Interaction

To test the interaction of a protein with its target lipid we used MACS and Annexin V-conjugated magnetic beads and lipid vesicles synthesized from the target lipid and Annexin V-binding phosphatidylserine. Proteins bound to the target lipid are co-purified and analyzed after elution from the beads.

Lipidvesikel-vermittelte Affinitätschromatographie unter Verwendung von Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting (LIMACS): Eine neue Methode zur Protein-Lipid-Wechselwirkungen Analyze

The analysis of lipid protein interaction is difficult because lipids are embedded in cell membranes and therefore, inaccessible to most purification ...

Purification of Hsp104, a Protein Disaggregase

Hsp104 is a hexameric AAA+ protein1 from yeast, which couples ATP hydrolysis to protein disaggregation2-10 (Fig. 1). This activity imparts two key selective advantages. First, renaturation of disordered aggregates by Hsp104 empowers yeast survival after various protein-misfolding stresses, including heat shock3,5,11,12. Second, remodeling of cross-beta amyloid fibrils by Hsp104 enables yeast to exploit myriad prions (infectious amyloids) as a reservoir of beneficial and heritable phenotypic variation13-22. Remarkably, Hsp104 directly remodels preamyloid oligomers and amyloid fibrils, including those comprised of the yeast prion proteins Sup35 and Ure223-30. This amyloid-remodeling functionality is a specialized facet of yeast Hsp104. The E. coli orthologue, ClpB, fails to remodel preamyloid oligomers or amyloid fibrils26,31,32.
Hsp104 orthologues are found in all kingdoms of life except, perplexingly, animals. Indeed, whether animal cells possess any enzymatic system that couples protein disaggregation to renaturation (rather than degradation) remains unknown33-35. Thus, we and others have proposed that Hsp104 might be developed as a therapeutic agent for various neurodegenerative diseases connected with the misfolding of specific proteins into toxic preamyloid oligomers and amyloid fibrils4,7,23,36-38. There are no treatments that directly target the aggregated species associated with these diseases. Yet, Hsp104 dissolves toxic oligomers and amyloid fibrils composed of alpha-synuclein, which are connected with Parkinson's Disease23 as well as amyloid forms of PrP39. Importantly, Hsp104 reduces protein aggregation and ameliorates neurodegeneration in rodent models of Parkinson's Disease23 and Huntington's disease38. Ideally, to optimize therapy and minimize side effects, Hsp104 would be engineered and potentiated to selectively remodel specific aggregates central to the disease in question4,7. However, the limited structural and mechanistic understanding of how Hsp104 disaggregates such a diverse repertoire of aggregated structures and unrelated proteins frustrates these endeavors30,40-42.
To understand the structure and mechanism of Hsp104, it is essential to study the pure protein and reconstitute its disaggregase activity with minimal components. Hsp104 is a 102kDa protein with a pI of ~5.3, which hexamerizes in the presence of ADP or ATP, or at high protein concentrations in the absence of nucleotide43-46. Here, we describe an optimized protocol for the purification of highly active, stable Hsp104 from E. coli. The use of E. coli allows simplified large-scale production and our method can be performed quickly and reliably for numerous Hsp104 variants. Our protocol increases Hsp104 purity and simplifies His6-tag removal compared to a previous purification method from E. coli47. Moreover, our protocol is more facile and convenient than two more recent protocols26,48.

Here, we describe a protocol for the purification of highly active Hsp104, a hexameric AAA+ protein from yeast, which couples ATP hydrolysis to protein disaggregation. This scheme exploits a His6-tagged construct for affinity purification from E. coli followed by anion-exchange chromatography, His6-tag removal with TEV protease, and size-exclusion chromatography.

Reinigung von Hsp104, ein Protein Disaggregase

Hsp104 is a hexameric AAA+ protein1 from yeast, which couples ATP hydrolysis to protein disaggregation2-10 (Fig. 1). This activity imparts two key ...

A Protocol for Phage Display and Affinity Selection Using Recombinant Protein Baits

Using recombinant phage as a scaffold to present various protein portions encoded by a directionally cloned cDNA library to immobilized bait molecules is an efficient means to discover interactions. The technique has largely been used to discover protein-protein interactions but the bait molecule to be challenged need not be restricted to proteins. The protocol presented here has been optimized to allow a modest number of baits to be screened in replicates to maximize the identification of independent clones presenting the same protein. This permits greater confidence that interacting proteins identified are legitimate interactors of the bait molecule. Monitoring the phage titer after each affinity selection round provides information on how the affinity selection is progressing as well as on the efficacy of negative controls. One means of titering the phage, and how and what to prepare in advance to allow this process to progress as efficiently as possible, is presented. Attributes of amplicons retrieved following isolation of independent plaque are highlighted that can be used to ascertain how well the affinity selection has progressed. Trouble shooting techniques to minimize false positives or to bypass persistently recovered phage are explained. Means of reducing viral contamination flare up are discussed.

Phage display is a powerful technique to capture proteins or protein moieties that interact with an immobilized molecule of interest. Once a decision of the type of phage cDNA library to create and screen has been made, the protocol described here permits efficient affinity selection leading to identification of interactors.

Ein Protokoll für die Phagen-Display-und Affinity Auswahl mit rekombinantem Protein-Köder

Using  recombinant phage as a scaffold to present various protein portions encoded by  a directionally cloned cDNA library to immobilized bait molecules ...

Identifying Protein-protein Interaction in Drosophila Adult Heads by Tandem Affinity Purification (TAP)

Genetic screens conducted using Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) have made numerous milestone discoveries in the advance of biological sciences. However, the use of biochemical screens aimed at extending the knowledge gained from genetic analysis was explored only recently. Here we describe a method to purify the protein complex that associates with any protein of interest from adult fly heads. This method takes advantage of the Drosophila GAL4/UAS system to express a bait protein fused with a Tandem Affinity Purification (TAP) tag in fly neurons in vivo, and then implements two rounds of purification using a TAP procedure similar to the one originally established in yeast1 to purify the interacting protein complex. At the end of this procedure, a mixture of multiple protein complexes is obtained whose molecular identities can be determined by mass spectrometry. Validation of the candidate proteins will benefit from the resource and ease of performing loss-of-function studies in flies. Similar approaches can be applied to other fly tissues. We believe that the combination of genetic manipulations and this proteomic approach in the fly model system holds tremendous potential for tackling fundamental problems in the field of neurobiology and beyond.

Identifying Protein-protein Interaction in Drosophila Adult Heads by Tandem Affinity Purification TAP

Drosophila is famous for its powerful genetic manipulation, but not for its suitability of in-depth biochemical analysis. Here we present a TAP-based procedure to identify interacting partners of any protein of interest from the fly brain. This procedure can potentially lead to new avenues of research.

Identifizierung von Protein-Protein-Wechselwirkung in<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Adult Heads von Tandem Affinity Purification (TAP)

Genetic screens conducted using Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) have made numerous milestone discoveries in the advance of biological sciences. ...

Identifying Protein-protein Interaction Sites Using Peptide Arrays

Protein-protein interactions mediate most of the processes in the living cell and control homeostasis of the organism. Impaired protein interactions may result in disease, making protein interactions important drug targets. It is thus highly important to understand these interactions at the molecular level. Protein interactions are studied using a variety of techniques ranging from cellular and biochemical assays to quantitative biophysical assays, and these may be performed either with full-length proteins, with protein domains or with peptides. Peptides serve as excellent tools to study protein interactions since peptides can be easily synthesized and allow the focusing on specific interaction sites. Peptide arrays enable the identification of the interaction sites between two proteins as well as screening for peptides that bind the target protein for therapeutic purposes. They also allow high throughput SAR studies. For identification of binding sites, a typical peptide array usually contains partly overlapping 10-20 residues peptides derived from the full sequences of one or more partner proteins of the desired target protein. Screening the array for binding the target protein reveals the binding peptides, corresponding to the binding sites in the partner proteins, in an easy and fast method using only small amount of protein.
In this article we describe a protocol for screening peptide arrays for mapping the interaction sites between a target protein and its partners. The peptide array is designed based on the sequences of the partner proteins taking into account their secondary structures. The arrays used in this protocol were Celluspots arrays prepared by INTAVIS Bioanalytical Instruments. The array is blocked to prevent unspecific binding and then incubated with the studied protein. Detection using an antibody reveals the binding peptides corresponding to the specific interaction sites between the proteins.

Peptide array screening is a high throughput assay for identifying protein-protein interaction sites. This allows mapping multiple interactions of a target protein and can serve as a method for identifying sites for inhibitors that target a protein. Here we describe a protocol for screening and analyzing peptide arrays.

Ermittlung von Protein-Protein-Interaktionsstellen unter Verwendung von Peptid-Arrays

Protein-protein interactions mediate most of the processes in the living cell and control homeostasis of the organism. Impaired protein interactions may ...

Genome-wide Protein-protein Interaction Screening by Protein-fragment Complementation Assay (PCA) in Living Cells

Proteins are the building blocks, effectors and signal mediators of cellular processes. A protein&#8217;s function, regulation and localization often depend on its interactions with other proteins. Here, we describe a protocol for the yeast protein-fragment complementation assay (PCA), a powerful method to detect direct and proximal associations between proteins in living cells. The interaction between two proteins, each fused to a dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) protein fragment, translates into growth of yeast strains in presence of the drug methotrexate (MTX). Differential fitness, resulting from different amounts of reconstituted DHFR enzyme, can be quantified on high-density colony arrays, allowing to differentiate interacting from non-interacting bait-prey pairs. The high-throughput protocol presented here is performed using a robotic platform that parallelizes mating of bait and prey strains carrying complementary DHFR-fragment fusion proteins and the survival assay on MTX. This protocol allows to systematically test for thousands of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) involving bait proteins of interest and offers several advantages over other PPI detection assays, including the study of proteins expressed from their endogenous promoters without the need for modifying protein localization and for the assembly of complex reporter constructs.

Genome-wide Protein-protein Interaction Screening by Protein-fragment Complementation Assay PCA in Living Cells

Proteins interact with each other and these interactions determine in a large part their functions. Protein interaction partners can be identified at high-throughput in vivo using a yeast fitness assay based on the dihydrofolate reductase protein-fragment complementation assay (DHFR-PCA).

Genomweite Protein-Protein-Wechselwirkungen durch Screening Protein-Fragment Komplementierungsassay (PKA) in lebenden Zellen

Proteins are the building blocks, effectors and signal mediators of cellular processes. A protein&#8217;s function, regulation and localization often ...

Luciferase Complementation Imaging Assay in Nicotiana benthamiana Leaves for Transiently Determining Protein-protein Interaction Dynamics

Protein-protein interactions are fundamental mechanisms for relaying signal transduction in most cellular processes; therefore, identification of novel protein-protein interaction pairs and monitoring protein interaction dynamics are of particular interest for revealing how plants respond to environmental factors and/or developmental signals. A plethora of approaches have been developed to examine protein-protein interactions, either in vitro or in vivo. Among them, the recently established luciferase complementation imaging (LCI) assay is the simplest and fastest method for demonstrating in vivo protein-protein interactions. In this assay, protein A or protein B is fused with the amino-terminal or carboxyl-terminal half of luciferase, respectively. When protein A interacts with protein B, the two halves of luciferase will be reconstituted to form a functional and active luciferase enzyme. Luciferase activity can be recorded with a luminometer or CCD-camera. Compared with other approaches, the LCI assay shows protein-protein interactions both qualitatively and quantitatively. Agrobacterium infiltration in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves is a widely used system for transient protein expression. With the combination of LCI and transient expression, these approaches show that the physical interaction between COP1 and SPA1 was gradually reduced after jasmonate treatment.

Luciferase Complementation Imaging Assay in Nicotiana benthamiana Leaves for Transiently Determining Protein-protein Interaction Dynamics

This manuscript describes an easy and rapid experimental procedure for determining protein-protein interactions based on the measurement of luciferase activity.

Luciferase Komplementierung Imaging Assay in Nicotiana Benthamiana Blätter für Transient Bestimmung Proteinprotein Interaktion Dynamik

Protein-protein interactions are fundamental mechanisms for relaying signal transduction in most cellular processes; therefore, identification of novel ...