Name: chromosomics: detection of numerical and structural alterations in all 24 human chromosomes simultaneously using a novel octochrome fish assay
Uploaded: 2012-02-06T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Chromosomics: Detection of Numerical and Structural Alterations in All 24 Human Chromosomes Simultaneously Using a Novel OctoChrome FISH Assay at JoVE.com

The authors would like to thank Dr. Cliona M. McHale for critically reading and editing the manuscript. This work was funded by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute of Health grant R01ES017452 to L Zhang.

1. Sample slide preparation
 <ul>
 <li>OctoChrome FISH is designed to examine chromosomal changes in metaphase spreads of human cells, including but not limited to cultured peripheral blood cells, stem/progenitor cells, and cell lines. Samples should be prepared following the standard procedure for harvesting metaphases3,11-13: by employing colcemid treatment to arrest cells in metaphase, hypotonic treatment to swell cells, and Carnoy's fixative to fix cells in suspension at approximately 0.5-1 x 106</...

<ol>
	<li>Levsky, J. M., Singer, R. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluorescence+in+situ+hybridization:+past,+present+and+future.">Fluorescence in situ hybridization: past, present and future.</a> J. Cell. Sci. 116, 2833-2838 (2003).</li><li>Zhang, L., Eastmond, D. A., Smith, M. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+nature+of+chromosomal+aberrations+detected+in+humans+exposed+to+benzene.">The nature of chromosomal aberrations detected in humans exposed to benzene.</a> Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 32, 1-42 (2002).</li><li>Zhang, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aberrations+in+chromosomes+associated+with+lymphoma+and+therapy-related+leukemia+in+benzene-exposed+workers.">Aberrations in chromosomes associated with lymphoma and therapy-related leukemia in benzene-exposed workers.</a> Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 48, 467-474 (2007).</li><li>Zhang, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Benzene+increases+aneuploidy+in+the+lymphocytes+of+exposed+workers:+a+comparison+of+data+obtained+by+fluorescence+in+situ+hybridization+in+interphase+and+metaphase.">Benzene increases aneuploidy in the lymphocytes of exposed workers: a comparison of data obtained by fluorescence in situ hybridization in interphase and metaphase.</a> Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 34, 260-268 (1999).</li><li>Zhang, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increased+aneusomy+and+long+arm+deletion+of+chromosomes+5+and+7+in+the+lymphocytes+of+Chinese+workers+exposed+to+benzene.">Increased aneusomy and long arm deletion of chromosomes 5 and 7 in the lymphocytes of Chinese workers exposed to benzene.</a> Carcinogenesis. 19, 1955-1961 (1998).</li><li>Smith, M. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increased+translocations+and+aneusomy+in+chromosomes+8+and+21+among+workers+exposed+to+benzene.">Increased translocations and aneusomy in chromosomes 8 and 21 among workers exposed to benzene.</a> Cancer. Res. 58, 2176-2181 (1998).</li><li>Bayani, J., Squire, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advances+in+the+detection+of+chromosomal+aberrations+using+spectral+karyotyping.">Advances in the detection of chromosomal aberrations using spectral karyotyping.</a> Clin. Genet. 59, 65-73 (2001).</li><li>Zhang, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chromosome-wide+aneuploidy+study+(CWAS)+in+workers+exposed+to+an+established+leukemogen,+benzene.">Chromosome-wide aneuploidy study (CWAS) in workers exposed to an established leukemogen, benzene.</a> Carcinogenesis. 32, 605-612 (2011).</li><li>Rowley, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+chromosome+translocations+in+leukemogenesis.">The role of chromosome translocations in leukemogenesis.</a> Semin. Hematol. 36, 59-72 (1999).</li><li>Zhang, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+OctoChrome+fluorescence+in+situ+hybridization+to+detect+specific+aneuploidy+among+all+24+chromosomes+in+benzene-exposed+workers.">Use of OctoChrome fluorescence in situ hybridization to detect specific aneuploidy among all 24 chromosomes in benzene-exposed workers.</a> Chem. Biol. Interact. , 153-154 (2005).</li><li>Barch, M. J., Lawce, H. J., Arsham, M. S., Barch, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> In The ACT cytogenetics laboratory. , 17-30 (1991).</li><li>Zhang, L., Yang, W., Hubbard, A. E., Smith, M. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nonrandom+aneuploidy+of+chromosomes+1,+5,+6,+7,+8,+9,+11,+12,+and+21+induced+by+the+benzene+metabolites+hydroquinone+and+benzenetriol.">Nonrandom aneuploidy of chromosomes 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, and 21 induced by the benzene metabolites hydroquinone and benzenetriol.</a> Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 45, 388-396 (2005).</li><li>Smith, M. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hydroquinone,+a+benzene+metabolite,+increases+the+level+of+aneusomy+of+chromosomes+7+and+8+in+human+CD34-positive+blood+progenitor+cells.">Hydroquinone, a benzene metabolite, increases the level of aneusomy of chromosomes 7 and 8 in human CD34-positive blood progenitor cells.</a> Carcinogenesis. 21, 1485-1490 (2000).</li><li>Smith, M. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advances+in+understanding+benzene+health+effects+and+susceptibility.">Advances in understanding benzene health effects and susceptibility.</a> Annu. Rev. Public. Health. 31, 133-148 (2010).</li></ol>

This novel OctoChrome-FISH assay allows one to simultaneously examine all 24 human chromosomes in a single hybridization on one slide. The arrangement of chromosome combinations on the 8 squares has been designed to facilitate the identification of the non-random chromosome rearrangements in the most common leukemias and lymphomas. Thus, the assay can detect numerical (aneuploidy) as well as structural (translocations) chromosome alterations concurrently. 
The most critical step in this assay ...

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
 	<tr>
 <td>Name of the reagent</td>
 <td>Company</td>
 <td>Catalogue number</td>
 <td>Comments (optional)</td>
 <tr>
 <tr>
 	 <td>OctoChrome Kit </td>
 <td>Cytocell Ltd, Cambridge, UK </td>
 <td>PMP 803</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 	 <td>phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)</td>
 <td>Invitrogen Corporation</td>
 <td>10576-015</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 	 <td>Colcemid </td>
 <td>Invitrogen Corporation </td>
 <td>15212-012</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 	 <td>Carnoy&#x2019;s fixative</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>Methanol : glacial acetic acid = 3: 1</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 	 <td>Fluorescence microscope </td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>Equipped with filters to view DAPI, Texas Red, FITC, and Coumarin spectra individually and a DAPI/FITC/Texas Red triple filter to view different colors simultaneously </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 	 <td>Metafer software </td>
 <td>MetaSystems, Altlussheim, Germany</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>Facilitate to locate all metaphases and to re-evaluate the abnormalities </td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

chromosomics: detection of numerical and structural alterations in all 24 human chromosomes simultaneously using a novel octochrome fish assay

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a technique that allows specific DNA sequences to be detected on metaphase or interphase chromosomes in cell nuclei1. The technique uses DNA probes with unique sequences that hybridize to whole chromosomes or specific chromosomal regions, and serves as a powerful adjunct to classic cytogenetics. For instance, many earlier studies reported the frequent detection of increased chromosome aberrations in leukemia patients related with benzene exposure, benzene-poisoning patients, and healthy workers exposed to benzene, using classic cytogenetic analysis2. Using FISH, leukemia-specific chromosomal alterations have been observed to be elevated in apparently healthy workers exposed to benzene3-6, indicating the critical roles of cytogentic changes in benzene-induced leukemogenesis. 
Generally, a single FISH assay examines only one or a few whole chromosomes or specific loci per slide, so multiple hybridizations need to be conducted on multiple slides to cover all of the human chromosomes. Spectral karyotyping (SKY) allows visualization of the whole genome simultaneously, but the requirement for special software and equipment limits its application7. Here, we describe a novel FISH assay, OctoChrome-FISH, which can be applied for Chromosomics, which we define here as the simultaneous analysis of all 24 human chromosomes on one slide in human studies, such as chromosome-wide aneuploidy study (CWAS)8. The basis of the method, marketed by Cytocell as the Chromoprobe Multiprobe System, is an OctoChrome device that is divided into 8 squares, each of which carries three different whole chromosome painting probes (Figure 1). Each of the three probes is directly labeled with a different colored fluorophore, green (FITC), red (Texas Red), and blue (Coumarin). The arrangement of chromosome combinations on the OctoChrome device has been designed to facilitate the identification of the non-random structural chromosome alterations (translocations) found in the most common leukemias and lymphomas, for instance t(9;22), t(15;17), t(8;21), t(14;18)9. Moreover, numerical changes (aneuploidy) in chromosomes can be detected concurrently. The corresponding template slide is also divided into 8 squares onto which metaphase spreads are bound (Figure 2), and is positioned over the OctoChrome device. The probes and target DNA are denatured at high-temperature and hybridized in a humid chamber, and then all 24 human chromosomes can be visualized simultaneously. 
OctoChrome FISH is a promising technique for the clinical diagnosis of leukemia and lymphoma and for detection of aneuploidies in all chromosomes. We have applied this new Chromosomic approach in a CWAS study of benzene-exposed Chinese workers8,10.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Chromosomics: Detection of Numerical and Structural Alterations in All 24 Human Chromosomes Simultaneously Using a Novel OctoChrome FISH Assay at JoVE.com

Chromosomics: Detection of Numerical and Structural Alterations in All 24 Human Chromosomes Simultaneously Using a Novel OctoChrome FISH Assay

A novel fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) method that simultaneously examines both numerical and structural chromosome alterations, particularly the specific chromosomal translocations associated with leukemia and lymphoma, of all 24 human chromosomes on a single device in one hybridization, is described.

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a technique that allows specific DNA sequences to be detected on metaphase or interphase chromosomes in cell ...

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