Wir erkennen aus dem NSF finanziert durch Zuschüsse CMMI 0854881 und CBET 1066898. Die Autoren danken Matthew Mullens für hilfreiche Anregungen.

<ol>
	<li>Syms, R. R. A., Yeatman, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Self-assembly+of+3-dimensional+microstructures+using+rotation+by+surface-tension+forces.">Self-assembly of 3-dimensional microstructures using rotation by surface-tension forces.</a> Electronics Letters. 29 (8), 662-664 (1993).</li><li>Smela, E., Inganas, O., Lundstrom, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Controlled+folding+of+micrometer-size+structures.">Controlled folding of micrometer-size structures.</a> Science. 268 (5218), 1735-1738 (1995).</li><li>Ebefors, T., Kalvesten, E., Stemme, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+small+radius+joints+based+on+thermal+shrinkage+of+polyimide+in+V-grooves+for+robust+self-assembly+3D+microstructures.">New small radius joints based on thermal shrinkage of polyimide in V-grooves for robust self-assembly 3D microstructures.</a> Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering. 8, 188-194 (1998).</li><li>Syms, R. R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rotational+self-assembly+of+complex+microstructures+by+the+surface+tension+of+glass.">Rotational self-assembly of complex microstructures by the surface tension of glass.</a> Sensors and Actuators A. 65, 238-243 (1998).</li><li>Prinz, V. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Free-standing+and+overgrown+InGaAs/GaAs+nanotubes,+nanohelices+and+their+arrays.">Free-standing and overgrown InGaAs/GaAs nanotubes, nanohelices and their arrays.</a> Physica E. 6, 828-831 (2000).</li><li>Vaccaro, P. O., Kubota, K., Aida, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Strain-driven+self-positioning+of+micromachined+structures.">Strain-driven self-positioning of micromachined structures.</a> Applied Physics Letters. 78 (19), 2852-2854 (2001).</li><li>Schmidt, O. G., Eberl, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nanotechnology:+Thin+solid+films+roll+up+into+nanotubes.">Nanotechnology: Thin solid films roll up into nanotubes.</a> Nature. 410, 168 (2001).</li><li>Kladitis, P. E., Linderman, R. J., Bright, V. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Solder+self-assembled+micro+axial+flow+fan+driven+by+a+scratch+drive+actuator+rotary+motor.">Solder self-assembled micro axial flow fan driven by a scratch drive actuator rotary motor.</a> , 598-601 (2001).</li><li>Gracias, D. H., Kavthekar, V., Love, J. C., Paul, K. E., Whitesides, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fabrication+of+micrometer-scale,+patterned+polyhedra+by+self-assembly.">Fabrication of micrometer-scale, patterned polyhedra by self-assembly.</a> Advanced Materials. 14 (3), 235-238 (2002).</li><li>Dahlmann, G. W., Yeatman, E. M., Young, P., Robertson, I. D., Lucyszyn, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fabrication,+RF+characteristics+and+mechanical+stability+of+self-assembled+3D+microwave+inductors.">Fabrication, RF characteristics and mechanical stability of self-assembled 3D microwave inductors.</a> Sensors and Actuators A. 97-98, 215-220 (2002).</li><li>Patterson, P. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+scanning+micromirror+with+angular+comb+drive+actuation.">A scanning micromirror with angular comb drive actuation.</a> , 544-547 (2001).</li><li>Syms, R. R. A., Yeatman, E. M., Bright, V. M., Whitesides, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surface+Tension-Powered+Self-Assembly+of+Microstructures-The+State-of-the-Art.">Surface Tension-Powered Self-Assembly of Microstructures-The State-of-the-Art.</a> Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems. 12 (4), 387-417 (2003).</li><li>Kubota, K., Fleischmann, T., Saravanan, S., Vaccaro, P. O., Aida, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Self-assembly+of+microstage+using+micro-origami+technique+on+GaAs.">Self-assembly of microstage using micro-origami technique on GaAs.</a> Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 42, 4079-4083 (2003).</li><li>Boncheva, M., Whitesides, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Templated+self-assembly:+Formation+of+folded+structures+by+relaxation+of+pre-stressed,+planar+tapes.">Templated self-assembly: Formation of folded structures by relaxation of pre-stressed, planar tapes.</a> Advanced Materials. 17 (5), 553-557 (2005).</li><li>Hong, Y. K., Syms, R. R. A., Pister, K. S. J., Zhou, L. X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Design,+fabrication+and+test+of+self-assembled+optical+corner+cube+reflectors.">Design, fabrication and test of self-assembled optical corner cube reflectors.</a> Journal of Micromechanics and Microengneering. 15, 663-672 (2005).</li><li>Arora, W. J., Nichol, A. J., Smith, H. I., Barbastathis, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Membrane+folding+to+achieve+three-dimensional+nanostructures:+Nanopatterned+silicon+nitride+folded+with+stressed+chromium+hinges.">Membrane folding to achieve three-dimensional nanostructures: Nanopatterned silicon nitride folded with stressed chromium hinges.</a> Applied Physics Letters. 88, 053108 (2006).</li><li>Leong, T. G., Zarafshar, A. M., Gracias, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-Dimensional+Fabrication+at+Small+Size+Scales.">Three-Dimensional Fabrication at Small Size Scales.</a> Small. 6 (7), 792-806 (2010).</li><li>Wang, M. -. F., Maleki, T., Ziaie, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+self-assembled+3D+microelectrode+array.">A self-assembled 3D microelectrode array.</a> Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering. 20, 035013 (2010).</li><li>Ionov, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Soft+microorigami:+self-folding+polymer+films.">Soft microorigami: self-folding polymer films.</a> Soft Matter. 7, 6786-6791 (2011).</li><li>Randall, C. L., Gultepe, E., Gracias, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Self-folding+devices+and+materials+for+biomedical+applications.">Self-folding devices and materials for biomedical applications.</a> Trends in Biotechnology. 30 (3), 138-146 (2012).</li><li>Gimi, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Self-assembled+three+dimensional+radio+frequency+(RF)+shielded+containers+for+cell+encapsulation.">Self-assembled three dimensional radio frequency (RF) shielded containers for cell encapsulation.</a> Biomedical Microdevices. 7 (4), 341-345 (2005).</li><li>Cho, J. H., Azam, A., Gracias, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three+dimensional+nanofabrication+using+surface+forces.">Three dimensional nanofabrication using surface forces.</a> Langmuir. 26 (21), 16534-16539 (2010).</li><li>Pandey, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Algorithmic+design+of+self-folding+polyhedra.">Algorithmic design of self-folding polyhedra.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (50), 19885-19890 (2011).</li><li>Leong, T. G., Benson, B. R., Call, E. K., Gracias, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thin+film+stress+driven+self-folding+of+microstructured+containers.">Thin film stress driven self-folding of microstructured containers.</a> Small. 4 (10), 1605-1609 (2008).</li><li>Leong, T. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tetherless+thermobiochemically+actuated+microgrippers.">Tetherless thermobiochemically actuated microgrippers.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (3), 703-708 (2009).</li><li>Cho, J. H., Gracias, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Self-assembly+of+lithographically+patterned+nanoparticles.">Self-assembly of lithographically patterned nanoparticles.</a> Nano Letters. 9 (12), 4049-4052 (2009).</li><li>Azam, A., Laflin, K., Jamal, M., Fernandes, R., Gracias, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Self-folding+micropatterned+polymeric+containers.">Self-folding micropatterned polymeric containers.</a> Biomedical Microdevices. 13 (1), 51-58 (2011).</li><li>Azam, A., Leong, T. G., Zarafshar, A. M., Gracias, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Compactness+determines+the+success+of+cube+and+octahedron+self-assembly.">Compactness determines the success of cube and octahedron self-assembly.</a> PLoS One. 4 (2), e4451 (2009).</li><li>Harsh, K., Lee, Y. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modeling+for+solder+self-assembled+MEMS.">Modeling for solder self-assembled MEMS.</a> Proceedings of SPIE. 3289, 177-184 (1998).</li><li>Syms, R. R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Equilibrium+of+hinged+and+hingeless+structures+rotated+using+surface+tension+forces.">Equilibrium of hinged and hingeless structures rotated using surface tension forces.</a> Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems. 4 (4), 177-184 (1995).</li><li>Leong, T. G., Lester, P. A., Koh, T. L., Call, E. K., Gracias, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surface+tension-driven+self-folding+polyhedra.">Surface tension-driven self-folding polyhedra.</a> Langmuir. 23, 8747-8751 (2007).</li><li>Harsh, K. F., Bright, V. M., Lee, Y. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Solder+self-assembly+for+three-dimensional+microelectromechanical+systems.">Solder self-assembly for three-dimensional microelectromechanical systems.</a> Sensors and Actuators A. 77, 237-244 (1999).</li><li>Nikishkov, G. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Curvature+estimation+for+multilayer+hinged+structures+with+initial+strains.">Curvature estimation for multilayer hinged structures with initial strains.</a> Journal of Applied Physics. 94 (8), 5333-5336 (2003).</li><li>He, H. Y., Guan, J. J., Lee, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+oral+delivery+device+based+on+self-folding+hydrogels.">An oral delivery device based on self-folding hydrogels.</a> Journal of Controlled Release. 110 (2), 339-346 (2006).</li><li>Luchnikov, V., Sydorenko, O., Stamm, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Self-rolled+polymer+and+composite+polymer/metal+micro-+and+nanotubes+with+patterned+inner+walls.">Self-rolled polymer and composite polymer/metal micro- and nanotubes with patterned inner walls.</a> Advanced Materials. 17, 1177-1182 (2005).</li><li>Bassik, N., Abebe, B. T., Laflin, K. E., Gracias, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photolithographically+patterned+smart+hydrogel+based+bilayer+actuators.">Photolithographically patterned smart hydrogel based bilayer actuators.</a> Polymer. 51 (26), 6093-6098 (2010).</li><li>Jamal, M., Zarafshar, A. M., Gracias, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differentially+photo-crosslinked+polymers+enable+self-assembling+microfluidics.">Differentially photo-crosslinked polymers enable self-assembling microfluidics.</a> Nature Communications. 2 (527), 1-6 (2011).</li><li>Harazim, S. M., Xi, W., Schmidt, C. K., Sanchez, S., Schmidt, O. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fabrication+and+applications+of+large+arrays+of+multifunctional+rolled-up+SiO/SiO2+microtubes.">Fabrication and applications of large arrays of multifunctional rolled-up SiO/SiO2 microtubes.</a> Journal of Materials Chemistry. 22, 2878-2884 (2012).</li><li>Randall, C. L., Kalinin, Y. V., Jamal, M., Shah, A., Gracias, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Self-folding+immunoprotective+cell+encapsulation+devices.">Self-folding immunoprotective cell encapsulation devices.</a> Nanomedicine. 7 (6), 686-689 (2011).</li><li>Kalinin, Y. V., Randhawa, J. S., Gracias, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three+dimensional+chemical+patterns+for+cellular+self-organization.">Three dimensional chemical patterns for cellular self-organization.</a> Angewandte Chemie. 50 (11), 2549-2553 (2011).</li><li>Randhawa, J. S., Keung, M. D., Tyagi, P., Gracias, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reversible+actuation+of+microstructures+by+surface+chemical+modification+of+thin+film+bilayers.">Reversible actuation of microstructures by surface chemical modification of thin film bilayers.</a> Advanced Materials. 22 (3), 407-410 (2010).</li><li>Bassik, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enzymatically+triggered+actuation+of+miniaturized+tools.">Enzymatically triggered actuation of miniaturized tools.</a> Journal of the American Chemical Society. 132, 16314-16317 (2010).</li></ol>

Keine Interessenskonflikte erklärt.

Unsere Origami-inspirierten Montage ist vielseitig und kann für die Synthese einer Vielzahl von 3D-statische und rekonfigurierbare Teilchen mit einer breiten Palette von Materialien, Formen und Größen verwendet werden. Ferner ist die Fähigkeit zur präzisen Muster Sensoren und elektronischen Modulen auf dieser Partikel für die Optik und Elektronik von Bedeutung. Im Gegensatz zu lückenhaft Partikel durch alternative Methoden, bei denen Muster sind relativ ungenau gebildet, bietet diese Methode ein Mittel, um genau gemustert Partikel zu synthetisieren. In Oberflächenspannung basierenden Anordnung sorgt die Verwendung von Scharnieren Verflüssigen Abdichtung daß die Partikel gut verschlossen und nach der Montage mechanisch steife (beim Abkühlen). Früher haben wir beobachtet, dass die Nähte dicht sind sogar für kleine Moleküle 39,40. Elektroabscheidung von einer dünnen Schicht aus Au nach der Montage kann zusätzliche Festigkeit und zur Verbesserung der auslaufsicheren Art der Nähte. Die Dünnschicht Stress basierte Faltung ist nützlich für Anwendungen, bei denen stimuli reagieren Faltung ist wie in Mikrogreifer, die verwendet wurden, um in vitro und in vivo biologische Proben und in Pick-and-Place-Operationen in der Robotik durchführen erforderlich. Während die hier beschriebenen spezifischen Methodik kann zur rekonfigurierbaren Mikrogreifer, die nur einmal erstellt werden zu schließen, kann die geeignete Wahl der Materialien und Methoden, um Stress in Doppelschichten manipulieren genutzt, um auch erstellen Greifvorrichtungen, die rekonfiguriert werden können über mehrere Zyklen-37, 41 werden. Das Highlight der Verwendung von Eigenspannungen an die Macht dieser Geräte ist, dass sie erfordern keine Anbindehaltung oder Drähte und so haben ausgezeichnete Manövrierbarkeit der Betätigung im harten ermöglichen, Orte zu erreichen. Ferner kann durch eine geeignete Wahl von polymeren Triggern können Reize Ansprechverhalten mit einer Reihe von Stimuli einschließlich Enzyme 42 bis autonomen Funktion relevanten Robotik und Chirurgie ermöglichen aktiviert werden.

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Name des Reagenzes </td><td> Firma </td><td> Katalog-Nummer </td><td> Kommentare </td></tr><tr><td> 950 Poly Methylmethacrylat A11 </td><td> Micro Chem </td><td> M230011 </td><td> Opferschicht </td></tr><tr><td> Verchromte Wolframstäben </td><td> RD Mathis Unternehmen </td><td> CRW-2 </td><td> Verdampfungsquelle für Cr </td></tr><tr><td> Copper slug </td><td> Alfa Aesar </td><td> 7440-50-8 </td><td> Verdampfungsquelle für Cu </td></tr><tr><td> Gold slug </td><td> Alfa Aesar </td><td> 7440-57-5 </td><td> Verdampfungsquelle für Au </td></tr><tr><td> SPR 220 7,0 </td><td> Rohm and Haas </td><td> 10016640 </td><td> Positive Photoresist </td></tr><tr><td> S Serie 1800 Photoresists </td><td> Rohm and Hass </td><td></td><td> Positive photoresist </td></tr><tr><td> Megaposit MF-26 Entwickler </td><td> Rohm and Haas </td><td> 10016574 </td><td> Entwickler für SPR 220 7,0 Fotolack </td></tr><tr><td> Microposit 351 Entwickler </td><td> Rohm and Hass </td><td> 10016653 </td><td> Entwickler für S 1800 Serie Photoresists </td></tr><tr><td> Nickelsulfamat </td><td> Technic Inc. </td><td> 030175 </td><td> Plating Lösung für Ni </td></tr><tr><td> Techni Solder Mate-NF 820 60/40 RTU </td><td> Technic Inc. </td><td> 330681 </td><td> Plating Lösung für Pb-Sn Scharnieren </td></tr><tr><td> APS 100 Kupferätzmittel </td><td> TRANSENE Company Inc. </td><td> 021221 </td><td> Kupferätzmittel </td></tr><tr><td> CRE 473 Chromium Ätzmittel </td><td> TRANSENE Company Inc. </td><td> 040901 </td><td> Chromium Ätzmittel </td></tr><tr><td> 1-Methyl-2-Pyrollidinone (NMP) </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> M79603 </td><td> Hochsiedenden organischen Lösungsmittel für Pb-Sn Scharnier basierte Self-Faltung </td></tr><tr><td> Indalloy 5RMA Fluss </td><td> Indium Corporation of America </td><td> FL28372 </td><td> Chemikalie, die Lotoberfläche reinigt und hemmt die Oxidation für gute Pb-Sn Reflow </td></tr></tbody></table>

origami inspired self-assembly of patterned and reconfigurable particles

Es gibt zahlreiche Techniken wie Photolithographie, Elektronenstrahl-Lithographie und Soft-Lithographie, die zur präzisen Muster zweidimensionale (2D-) Strukturen werden kann. Diese Technologien sind ausgereift, bieten eine hohe Präzision und viele von ihnen können in einem High-Throughput umgesetzt werden. Wir nutzen die Vorteile der planaren Lithographie und kombinieren sie mit Selbst-Faltmethoden 1-20, wobei physikalische Kräfte aus Oberflächenspannung oder Eigenspannungen abgeleitet, Kurve oder falten planare Strukturen in dreidimensionale (3D) Strukturen verwendet werden. Dabei machen wir es möglich, Masse zu produzieren präzise statische und rekonfigurierbare Partikel, die schwierig zu synthetisieren sind gemustert. In diesem Papier, visualisiert wir ausführlich experimentelle Protokolle zu strukturierenden Teilchen zu erzeugen, insbesondere (a) dauerhaft verbunden, hohl, Polyeder, Selbstorganisation und Selbst-Siegel durch die Minimierung der Oberflächenenergie von verflüssigtem Scharniere 21-23und (b) Greifer dass Selbst-fach durch Restspannung angetriebene Gelenke 24,25. Die spezifische Protokoll beschrieben kann verwendet werden, um Partikel mit Größen im Bereich von insgesamt Mikrometerbereich zu den Skalen Zentimeter Länge erzeugen. Ferner können beliebige Muster auf den Oberflächen der Teilchen von Bedeutung Kolloidforschung, Elektronik, Optik und Medizin definiert werden. Ganz allgemein ist das Konzept der sich selbst organisierenden mechanisch steife Partikel mit selbstdichtenden Scharnieren zutreffend, mit einigen Verfahren Modifikationen, die Schaffung von Partikeln bei noch kleineren, 100 nm Längenskalen 22, 26 und mit einer Reihe von Materialien, einschließlich Metallen 21 , Halbleiter 9 und 27 Polymeren. Bezüglich Restspannung angetriebenen Betätigung rekonfigurierbaren Greifvorrichtungen nutzt unser spezifisches Protokoll Chrom Scharniere relevanten Geräten mit Größen im Bereich von 100 um bis 2,5 mm. Jedoch ganz allgemein das Konzept eines solchen Haltegurt-freie Restspannungbetriebenen Betätigung kann mit alternativen hoher Belastung Materialien wie heteroepitaktisch hinterlegt Halbleiterschichten 5,7 verwendet werden, um möglicherweise zu noch kleineren nanoskaligen Greifvorrichtungen.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Origami Inspired Self-assembly of Patterned and Reconfigurable Particles at JoVE.com

Origami Inspired Self-assembly of Patterned and Reconfigurable Particles

Wir beschreiben experimentellen Details der Synthese von gemusterten und rekonfigurierbare Teilchen von zweidimensionalen (2D) Vorstufen. Diese Methodik kann verwendet werden, um Partikel in einer Vielzahl von Formen, einschließlich Polyeder und Greifvorrichtungen auf Längenskalen Bereich von Mikro-bis Zentimeterbereich erzeugen.

Origami Inspired Selbstorganisation von Patterned und Reconfigurable Particles

There are numerous techniques such as photolithography, electron-beam lithography and soft-lithography that can be used to precisely pattern two ...

origami-inspired-self-assembly-patterned-reconfigurable

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

21.5K Aufrufe.  The Johns Hopkins University. Wir beschreiben experimentellen Details der Synthese von gemusterten und rekonfigurierbare Teilchen von zweidimensionalen (2D) Vorstufen. Diese Methodik kann verwendet werden, um Partikel in einer Vielzahl von Formen, einschließlich Polyeder und Greifvorrichtungen auf Längenskalen Bereich von Mikro-bis Zentimeterbereich erzeugen.

Serie: Origami Inspired Self-assembly of Patterned and Reconfigurable Particles

Formation of Ordered Biomolecular Structures by the Self-assembly of Short Peptides

In nature, complex functional structures are formed by the self-assembly of biomolecules under mild conditions. Understanding the forces that control self-assembly and mimicking this process in vitro will bring about major advances in the areas of materials science and nanotechnology. Among the available biological building blocks, peptides have several advantages as they present substantial diversity, their synthesis in large scale is straightforward, and they can easily be modified with biological and chemical entities1,2. Several classes of designed peptides such as cyclic peptides, amphiphile peptides and peptide-conjugates self-assemble into ordered structures in solution. Homoaromatic dipeptides, are a class of short self-assembled peptides that contain all the molecular information needed to form ordered structures such as nanotubes, spheres and fibrils3-8. A large variety of these peptides is commercially available.
This paper presents a procedure that leads to the formation of ordered structures by the self-assembly of homoaromatic peptides. The protocol requires only commercial reagents and basic laboratory equipment. In addition, the paper describes some of the methods available for the characterization of peptide-based assemblies. These methods include electron and atomic force microscopy and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). Moreover, the manuscript demonstrates the blending of peptides (coassembly) and the formation of a &#34;beads on a string&#34;-like structure by this process.9 The protocols presented here can be adapted to other classes of peptides or biological building blocks and can potentially lead to the discovery of new peptide-based structures and to better control of their assembly.

This paper describes the formation of highly ordered peptide-based structures by the spontaneous process of self-assembly. The method utilizes commercially available peptides and common lab equipment. This technique can be applied to a large variety of peptides and may lead to the discovery of new peptide-based assemblies.

Bildung geordneter Strukturen Biomolekulare durch die Selbstorganisation von kurzen Peptiden

In nature, complex functional structures are formed by the self-assembly of biomolecules under mild conditions. Understanding the forces that control ...

Forschung

Chemie

Self-assembly of Complex Two-dimensional Shapes from Single-stranded DNA Tiles

Current methods in DNA nano-architecture have successfully engineered a variety of 2D and 3D structures using principles of self-assembly. In this article, we describe detailed protocols on how to fabricate sophisticated 2D shapes through the self-assembly of uniquely addressable single-stranded DNA tiles which act as molecular pixels on a molecular canvas. Each single-stranded tile (SST) is a 42-nucleotide DNA strand composed of four concatenated modular domains which bind to four neighbors during self-assembly. The molecular canvas is a rectangle structure self-assembled from SSTs. A prescribed complex 2D shape is formed by selecting the constituent molecular pixels (SSTs) from a 310-pixel molecular canvas and then subjecting the corresponding strands to one-pot annealing. Due to the modular nature of the SST approach we demonstrate the scalability, versatility and robustness of this method. Compared with alternative methods, the SST method enables a wider selection of information polymers and sequences through the use of de novo designed and synthesized short DNA strands.

DNA tiling is an effective approach to make programmable nanostructures. We describe the protocols to construct complex two-dimensional shapes by the self-assembly of single-stranded DNA tiles.

Die Selbstorganisation von Complex zweidimensionale Formen von Einzelstrang-DNA-Fliesen

Current methods in DNA nano-architecture have successfully engineered a variety of 2D and 3D structures using principles of self-assembly. In this ...

Preparation of Mica and Silicon Substrates for DNA Origami Analysis and Experimentation

The designed nature and controlled, one-pot synthesis of DNA origami provides exciting opportunities in many fields, particularly nanoelectronics. Many of these applications require interaction with and adhesion of DNA nanostructures to a substrate. Due to its atomically flat and easily cleaned nature, mica has been the substrate of choice for DNA origami experiments. However, the practical applications of mica are relatively limited compared to those of semiconductor substrates. For this reason, a straightforward, stable, and repeatable process for DNA origami adhesion on derivatized silicon oxide is presented here. To promote the adhesion of DNA nanostructures to silicon oxide surface, a self-assembled monolayer of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) is deposited from an aqueous solution that is compatible with many photoresists. The substrate must be cleaned of all organic and metal contaminants using Radio Corporation of America (RCA) cleaning processes and the native oxide layer must be etched to ensure a flat, functionalizable surface. Cleanrooms are equipped with facilities for silicon cleaning, however many components of DNA origami buffers and solutions are often not allowed in them due to contamination concerns. This manuscript describes the set-up and protocol for in-lab, small-scale silicon cleaning for researchers who do not have access to a cleanroom or would like to incorporate processes that could cause contamination of a cleanroom CMOS clean bench. Additionally, variables for regulating coverage are discussed and how to recognize and avoid common sample preparation problems is described.

Reproducible cleaning processes for substrates used in DNA origami research are described, including bench-top RCA cleaning and derivatization of silicon oxide. Protocols for surface preparation, DNA origami deposition, drying parameters, and simple experimental set-ups are illustrated.

Herstellung von Mica und Siliziumsubstraten für die DNA-Origami-Analyse und Experimentieren

The designed nature and controlled, one-pot synthesis of DNA origami provides exciting opportunities in many fields, particularly nanoelectronics. Many of ...

Grafting Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes with Polystyrene to Enable Self-Assembly and Anisotropic Patchiness

We demonstrate a straightforward protocol to graft pristine multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with polystyrene (PS) chains at the sidewalls through a free-radical polymerization strategy to enable the modulation of the nanotube surface properties and produce supramolecular self-assembly of the nanostructures. First, a selective hydroxylation of the pristine nanotubes through a biphasic catalytically mediated oxidation reaction creates superficially distributed reactive sites at the sidewalls. The latter reactive sites are subsequently modified with methacrylic moieties using a silylated methacrylic precursor to create polymerizable sites. Those polymerizable groups can address further polymerization of styrene to produce a hybrid nanomaterial containing PS chains grafted to the nanotube sidewalls. The polymer-graft content, amount of silylated methacrylic moieties introduced and hydroxylation modification of the nanotubes are identified and quantified by Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). The presence of reactive functional groups hydroxyl and silylated methacrylate are confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). Polystyrene-grafted carbon nanotube solutions in tetrahydrofuran (THF) provide wall-to-wall collinearly self-assembled nanotubes when cast samples are analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Those self-assemblies are not obtained when suitable blanks are similarly cast from analogous solutions containing non-grafted counterparts. Therefore, this method enables the modification of the nanotube anisotropic patchiness at the sidewalls which results into spontaneous auto-organization at the nanoscale.

A procedure for the synthesis of polystyrene-grafted multiwalled carbon nanotubes using successive chemical modification steps to selectively introduce the polymer chains to the sidewalls and their self-assembly via anisotropic patchiness is presented.

Pfropfen Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes mit Polystyrol Selbstmontage ermöglichen und anisotropen führt

We demonstrate a straightforward protocol to graft pristine multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with polystyrene (PS) chains at the sidewalls through a ...

Liquid-cell Transmission Electron Microscopy for Tracking Self-assembly of Nanoparticles

Drying a nanoparticle dispersion is a versatile way to create self-assembled structures of nanoparticles, but the mechanism of this process is not fully understood. We have traced the trajectories of individual nanoparticles using liquid-cell transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to investigate the mechanism of the assembly process. Herein, we present the protocols used for liquid-cell TEM studies of the self-assembly mechanism. First, we introduce the detailed synthetic protocols used to produce uniformly sized platinum and lead selenide nanoparticles. Next, we present the microfabrication processes used to produce liquid cells with silicon nitride or silicon windows and then describe the loading and imaging procedures of the liquid-cell TEM technique. Several notes are included to provide helpful tips for the entire process, including how to manage the fragile cell windows. The individual motions of nanoparticles tracked by liquid-cell TEM revealed that changes in the solvent boundaries caused by evaporation affected the self-assembly process of nanoparticles. The solvent boundaries drove nanoparticles to primarily form amorphous aggregates, followed by flattening of the aggregates to produce a 2-dimensional (2D) self-assembled structure. These behaviors are also observed for different nanoparticle types and different liquid-cell compositions.

Here we introduce experimental protocols for the real-time observation of a self-assembly process using liquid-cell transmission electron microscopy.

Flüssigkeit-Cell Transmissions-Elektronenmikroskopie zur Nachverfolgung Selbstmontage von Nanopartikeln

Drying a nanoparticle dispersion is a versatile way to create self-assembled structures of nanoparticles, but the mechanism of this process is not fully ...

Fabrication of Spherical and Worm-shaped Micellar Nanocrystals by Combining Electrospray, Self-assembly, and Solvent-based Structure Control

Micellar nanocrystals (micelles with encapsulated nanocrystals) have become an emerging major class of nanobiomaterials. We describe a method of fabricating micellar nanocrystals based on combining top-down electrospray, bottom-up self-assembly, and solvent-based structure control. This method involves first using electrospray to generate uniform ultrafine liquid droplets, each of which functions as a micro-reactor in which self-assembly reaction occurs forming micellar nanocrystals, with the structures (micelle shape and nanocrystal encapsulation) controlled by the organic solvent used. This method is largely continuous and produces high quality micellar nanocrystal products with an inexpensive structure control approach. By using a water-miscible organic solvent tetrahydrofuran (THF), worm-shaped micellar nanocrystals can be produced due to solvent-induced/facilitated micelle fusion. Compared with the common spherical micellar nanocrystals, worm-shaped micellar nanocrystals can offer minimized non-specific cellular uptake, thus enhancing biological targeting. By co-encapsulating multiple nanocrystals into each micelle, multifunctional or synergistic effects can be achieved. Current limitations of this fabrication method, which will be part of the future work, primarily include imperfect encapsulation in the micellar nanocrystal product and the incompletely continuous nature of the process.

The present work describes a method to fabricate micellar nanocrystals, an emerging major class of nanobiomaterials. This method combines top-down electrospray, bottom-up self-assembly, and solvent-based structure control. The fabrication method is largely continuous, can produce high quality products, and possesses an inexpensive means of structure control.

Herstellung von sphärischen und Wurm-förmigen Mizellen Nanokristalle durch die Kombination von Elektrospray, Selbstmontage und lösemittelhaltige Strukturkontrolle

Micellar nanocrystals (micelles with encapsulated nanocrystals) have become an emerging major class of nanobiomaterials. We describe a method of ...

Bio-inspired Polydopamine Surface Modification of Nanodiamonds and Its Reduction of Silver Nanoparticles

Surface functionalization of nanodiamonds (NDs) is still challenging due to the diversity of functional groups on the ND surfaces. Here, we demonstrate a simple protocol for the multifunctional surface modification of NDs by using mussel-inspired polydopamine (PDA) coating. In addition, the functional layer of PDA on NDs could serve as a reducing agent to synthesize and stabilize metal nanoparticles. Dopamine (DA) can self-polymerize and spontaneously form PDA layers on ND surfaces if the NDs and dopamine are simply mixed together. The thickness of a PDA layer is controlled by varying the concentration of DA. A typical result shows that a thickness of ~5 to ~15 nm of the PDA layer can be reached by adding 50 to 100 &#181;g/mL of DA to 100 nm ND suspensions. Furthermore, the PDA-NDs are used as a substrate to reduce metal ions, such as Ag[(NH3)2]+, to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The sizes of the AgNPs rely on the initial concentrations of Ag[(NH3)2]+. Along with an increase in the concentration of Ag[(NH3)2]+, the number of NPs increases, as well as the diameters of the NPs. In summary, this study not only presents a facile method for modifying the surfaces of NDs with PDA, but also demonstrates the enhanced functionality of NDs by anchoring various species of interest (such as AgNPs) for advanced applications.

A facile protocol is presented to functionalize the surfaces of nanodiamonds with polydopamine.

Bio-inspirierte Polydopamine Oberflächenmodifizierung von Nano-Diamanten und der Reduktion von Silber-Nanopartikeln

Surface functionalization of nanodiamonds (NDs) is still challenging due to the diversity of functional groups on the ND surfaces. Here, we demonstrate a ...

Gene-therapy Inspired Polycation Coating for Protection of DNA Origami Nanostructures

DNA origami nanostructures hold an immense potential to be used for biological and medical applications. However, low-salt conditions and nucleases in physiological fluids induce denaturation and degradation of self-assembled DNA nanostructures. In non-viral gene delivery, enzymatic degradation of DNA is overcome by the encapsulation of the negatively charged DNA in a cationic shell. Herein, inspired by gene delivery advancements, a simple, one-step and robust methodology is presented for the stabilization of DNA origami nanostructures by coating them with chitosan and linear polyethyleneimine. The polycation coating efficiently protects DNA origami nanostructures in Mg-depleted and nuclease-rich media. This method also preserves the full addressability of enzyme- and aptamer-based functionalization of DNA nanostructures.

Here, a protocol for the protection of DNA origami nanostructures in Mg-depleted and nuclease-rich media using natural cationic polysaccharide chitosan and synthetic linear polyethyleneimine (LPEI) coatings is presented.

Gentherapie inspiriert Polykation Beschichtung zum Schutz der DNA Origami Nanostrukturen

DNA origami nanostructures hold an immense potential to be used for biological and medical applications. However, low-salt conditions and nucleases in ...

Synthesis of Monodisperse Cylindrical Nanoparticles via Crystallization-driven Self-assembly of Biodegradable Block Copolymers

The production of monodisperse cylindrical micelles is a significant challenge in polymer chemistry. Most cylindrical constructs formed from diblock copolymers are produced by one of three techniques: thin film rehydration, solvent switching or polymerization-induced self-assembly, and produce only flexible, polydisperse cylinders. Crystallization-driven self-assembly (CDSA) is a method which can produce cylinders with these properties, by stabilizing structures of a lower curvature due to the formation of a crystalline core. However, the living polymerization techniques by which most core-forming blocks are formed are not trivial processes and the CDSA process may yield unsatisfactory results if carried out incorrectly. Here, the synthesis of cylindrical nanoparticles from simple reagents is shown. The drying and purification of reagents prior to a ring-opening polymerization of &#949;-caprolactone catalyzed by diphenyl phosphate is described. This polymer is then chain extended by methyl methacrylate (MMA) followed by N,N-dimethyl acrylamide (DMA) using reversible addition&#8722;fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization, affording a triblock copolymer that can undergo CDSA in ethanol. The living CDSA process is outlined, the results of which yield cylindrical nanoparticles up to 500 nm in length and a length dispersity as low as 1.05. It is anticipated that these protocols will allow others to produce cylindrical nanostructures and elevate the field of CDSA in the future.

Crystallization-driven self-assembly (CDSA) displays the unique ability to fabricate cylindrical nanostructures of narrow length distributions. The organocatalyzed ring-opening polymerization of &#949;-caprolactone and subsequent chain extensions of methyl methacrylate and N,N-dimethyl acrylamide are demonstrated. A living CDSA protocol that produces monodisperse cylinders up to 500 nm in length is outlined.

Synthese von monodispersen zylindrischen Nanopartikeln durch kristallisationsgesteuerte Selbstmontage von biologisch abbaubaren Blockcopolymeren

The production of monodisperse cylindrical micelles is a significant challenge in polymer chemistry. Most cylindrical constructs formed from diblock ...

DNA Origami-Mediated Substrate Nanopatterning of Inorganic Structures for Sensing Applications

Structural DNA nanotechnology provides a viable route for building from the bottom-up using DNA as construction material. The most common DNA nanofabrication technique is called DNA origami, and it allows high-throughput synthesis of accurate and highly versatile structures with nanometer-level precision. Here, it is shown how the spatial information of DNA origami can be transferred to metallic nanostructures by combining the bottom-up DNA origami with the conventionally used top-down lithography approaches. This allows fabrication of billions of tiny nanostructures in one step onto selected substrates. The method is demonstrated using bowtie DNA origami to create metallic bowtie-shaped antenna structures on silicon nitride or sapphire substrates. The method relies on the selective growth of a silicon oxide layer on top of the origami deposition substrate, thus resulting in a patterning mask for following lithographic steps. These nanostructure-equipped surfaces can be further used as molecular sensors (e.g., surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)) and in various other optical applications at the visible wavelength range owing to the small feature sizes (sub-10 nm). The technique can be extended to other materials through methodological modifications; therefore, the resulting optically active surfaces may find use in development of metamaterials and metasurfaces.

Here, we describe a protocol to create discrete and accurate inorganic nanostructures on substrates using DNA origami shapes as guiding templates. The method is demonstrated by creating plasmonic gold bowtie-shaped antennas on a transparent substrate (sapphire).