Wir erkennen aus dem NSF finanziert durch Zuschüsse CMMI 0854881 und CBET 1066898. Die Autoren danken Matthew Mullens für hilfreiche Anregungen.

<ol>
	<li>Syms, R. R. A., Yeatman, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Self-assembly+of+3-dimensional+microstructures+using+rotation+by+surface-tension+forces.">Self-assembly of 3-dimensional microstructures using rotation by surface-tension forces.</a> Electronics Letters. 29 (8), 662-664 (1993).</li><li>Smela, E., Inganas, O., Lundstrom, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Controlled+folding+of+micrometer-size+structures.">Controlled folding of micrometer-size structures.</a> Science. 268 (5218), 1735-1738 (1995).</li><li>Ebefors, T., Kalvesten, E., Stemme, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+small+radius+joints+based+on+thermal+shrinkage+of+polyimide+in+V-grooves+for+robust+self-assembly+3D+microstructures.">New small radius joints based on thermal shrinkage of polyimide in V-grooves for robust self-assembly 3D microstructures.</a> Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering. 8, 188-194 (1998).</li><li>Syms, R. R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rotational+self-assembly+of+complex+microstructures+by+the+surface+tension+of+glass.">Rotational self-assembly of complex microstructures by the surface tension of glass.</a> Sensors and Actuators A. 65, 238-243 (1998).</li><li>Prinz, V. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Free-standing+and+overgrown+InGaAs/GaAs+nanotubes,+nanohelices+and+their+arrays.">Free-standing and overgrown InGaAs/GaAs nanotubes, nanohelices and their arrays.</a> Physica E. 6, 828-831 (2000).</li><li>Vaccaro, P. O., Kubota, K., Aida, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Strain-driven+self-positioning+of+micromachined+structures.">Strain-driven self-positioning of micromachined structures.</a> Applied Physics Letters. 78 (19), 2852-2854 (2001).</li><li>Schmidt, O. G., Eberl, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nanotechnology:+Thin+solid+films+roll+up+into+nanotubes.">Nanotechnology: Thin solid films roll up into nanotubes.</a> Nature. 410, 168 (2001).</li><li>Kladitis, P. E., Linderman, R. J., Bright, V. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Solder+self-assembled+micro+axial+flow+fan+driven+by+a+scratch+drive+actuator+rotary+motor.">Solder self-assembled micro axial flow fan driven by a scratch drive actuator rotary motor.</a> , 598-601 (2001).</li><li>Gracias, D. H., Kavthekar, V., Love, J. C., Paul, K. E., Whitesides, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fabrication+of+micrometer-scale,+patterned+polyhedra+by+self-assembly.">Fabrication of micrometer-scale, patterned polyhedra by self-assembly.</a> Advanced Materials. 14 (3), 235-238 (2002).</li><li>Dahlmann, G. W., Yeatman, E. M., Young, P., Robertson, I. D., Lucyszyn, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fabrication,+RF+characteristics+and+mechanical+stability+of+self-assembled+3D+microwave+inductors.">Fabrication, RF characteristics and mechanical stability of self-assembled 3D microwave inductors.</a> Sensors and Actuators A. 97-98, 215-220 (2002).</li><li>Patterson, P. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+scanning+micromirror+with+angular+comb+drive+actuation.">A scanning micromirror with angular comb drive actuation.</a> , 544-547 (2001).</li><li>Syms, R. R. A., Yeatman, E. M., Bright, V. M., Whitesides, G. 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H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Self-folding+devices+and+materials+for+biomedical+applications.">Self-folding devices and materials for biomedical applications.</a> Trends in Biotechnology. 30 (3), 138-146 (2012).</li><li>Gimi, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Self-assembled+three+dimensional+radio+frequency+(RF)+shielded+containers+for+cell+encapsulation.">Self-assembled three dimensional radio frequency (RF) shielded containers for cell encapsulation.</a> Biomedical Microdevices. 7 (4), 341-345 (2005).</li><li>Cho, J. H., Azam, A., Gracias, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three+dimensional+nanofabrication+using+surface+forces.">Three dimensional nanofabrication using surface forces.</a> Langmuir. 26 (21), 16534-16539 (2010).</li><li>Pandey, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Algorithmic+design+of+self-folding+polyhedra.">Algorithmic design of self-folding polyhedra.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (50), 19885-19890 (2011).</li><li>Leong, T. G., Benson, B. R., Call, E. K., Gracias, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thin+film+stress+driven+self-folding+of+microstructured+containers.">Thin film stress driven self-folding of microstructured containers.</a> Small. 4 (10), 1605-1609 (2008).</li><li>Leong, T. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tetherless+thermobiochemically+actuated+microgrippers.">Tetherless thermobiochemically actuated microgrippers.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (3), 703-708 (2009).</li><li>Cho, J. H., Gracias, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Self-assembly+of+lithographically+patterned+nanoparticles.">Self-assembly of lithographically patterned nanoparticles.</a> Nano Letters. 9 (12), 4049-4052 (2009).</li><li>Azam, A., Laflin, K., Jamal, M., Fernandes, R., Gracias, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Self-folding+micropatterned+polymeric+containers.">Self-folding micropatterned polymeric containers.</a> Biomedical Microdevices. 13 (1), 51-58 (2011).</li><li>Azam, A., Leong, T. G., Zarafshar, A. M., Gracias, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Compactness+determines+the+success+of+cube+and+octahedron+self-assembly.">Compactness determines the success of cube and octahedron self-assembly.</a> PLoS One. 4 (2), e4451 (2009).</li><li>Harsh, K., Lee, Y. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modeling+for+solder+self-assembled+MEMS.">Modeling for solder self-assembled MEMS.</a> Proceedings of SPIE. 3289, 177-184 (1998).</li><li>Syms, R. R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Equilibrium+of+hinged+and+hingeless+structures+rotated+using+surface+tension+forces.">Equilibrium of hinged and hingeless structures rotated using surface tension forces.</a> Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems. 4 (4), 177-184 (1995).</li><li>Leong, T. G., Lester, P. A., Koh, T. L., Call, E. K., Gracias, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surface+tension-driven+self-folding+polyhedra.">Surface tension-driven self-folding polyhedra.</a> Langmuir. 23, 8747-8751 (2007).</li><li>Harsh, K. F., Bright, V. M., Lee, Y. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Solder+self-assembly+for+three-dimensional+microelectromechanical+systems.">Solder self-assembly for three-dimensional microelectromechanical systems.</a> Sensors and Actuators A. 77, 237-244 (1999).</li><li>Nikishkov, G. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Curvature+estimation+for+multilayer+hinged+structures+with+initial+strains.">Curvature estimation for multilayer hinged structures with initial strains.</a> Journal of Applied Physics. 94 (8), 5333-5336 (2003).</li><li>He, H. Y., Guan, J. J., Lee, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+oral+delivery+device+based+on+self-folding+hydrogels.">An oral delivery device based on self-folding hydrogels.</a> Journal of Controlled Release. 110 (2), 339-346 (2006).</li><li>Luchnikov, V., Sydorenko, O., Stamm, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Self-rolled+polymer+and+composite+polymer/metal+micro-+and+nanotubes+with+patterned+inner+walls.">Self-rolled polymer and composite polymer/metal micro- and nanotubes with patterned inner walls.</a> Advanced Materials. 17, 1177-1182 (2005).</li><li>Bassik, N., Abebe, B. T., Laflin, K. E., Gracias, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photolithographically+patterned+smart+hydrogel+based+bilayer+actuators.">Photolithographically patterned smart hydrogel based bilayer actuators.</a> Polymer. 51 (26), 6093-6098 (2010).</li><li>Jamal, M., Zarafshar, A. M., Gracias, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differentially+photo-crosslinked+polymers+enable+self-assembling+microfluidics.">Differentially photo-crosslinked polymers enable self-assembling microfluidics.</a> Nature Communications. 2 (527), 1-6 (2011).</li><li>Harazim, S. M., Xi, W., Schmidt, C. K., Sanchez, S., Schmidt, O. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fabrication+and+applications+of+large+arrays+of+multifunctional+rolled-up+SiO/SiO2+microtubes.">Fabrication and applications of large arrays of multifunctional rolled-up SiO/SiO2 microtubes.</a> Journal of Materials Chemistry. 22, 2878-2884 (2012).</li><li>Randall, C. L., Kalinin, Y. V., Jamal, M., Shah, A., Gracias, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Self-folding+immunoprotective+cell+encapsulation+devices.">Self-folding immunoprotective cell encapsulation devices.</a> Nanomedicine. 7 (6), 686-689 (2011).</li><li>Kalinin, Y. V., Randhawa, J. S., Gracias, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three+dimensional+chemical+patterns+for+cellular+self-organization.">Three dimensional chemical patterns for cellular self-organization.</a> Angewandte Chemie. 50 (11), 2549-2553 (2011).</li><li>Randhawa, J. S., Keung, M. D., Tyagi, P., Gracias, D. 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Keine Interessenskonflikte erklärt.

Unsere Origami-inspirierten Montage ist vielseitig und kann für die Synthese einer Vielzahl von 3D-statische und rekonfigurierbare Teilchen mit einer breiten Palette von Materialien, Formen und Größen verwendet werden. Ferner ist die Fähigkeit zur präzisen Muster Sensoren und elektronischen Modulen auf dieser Partikel für die Optik und Elektronik von Bedeutung. Im Gegensatz zu lückenhaft Partikel durch alternative Methoden, bei denen Muster sind relativ ungenau gebildet, bietet diese Methode ein Mittel, um genau gemustert Partikel zu synthetisieren. In Oberflächenspannung basierenden Anordnung sorgt die Verwendung von Scharnieren Verflüssigen Abdichtung daß die Partikel gut verschlossen und nach der Montage mechanisch steife (beim Abkühlen). Früher haben wir beobachtet, dass die Nähte dicht sind sogar für kleine Moleküle 39,40. Elektroabscheidung von einer dünnen Schicht aus Au nach der Montage kann zusätzliche Festigkeit und zur Verbesserung der auslaufsicheren Art der Nähte. Die Dünnschicht Stress basierte Faltung ist nützlich für Anwendungen, bei denen stimuli reagieren Faltung ist wie in Mikrogreifer, die verwendet wurden, um in vitro und in vivo biologische Proben und in Pick-and-Place-Operationen in der Robotik durchführen erforderlich. Während die hier beschriebenen spezifischen Methodik kann zur rekonfigurierbaren Mikrogreifer, die nur einmal erstellt werden zu schließen, kann die geeignete Wahl der Materialien und Methoden, um Stress in Doppelschichten manipulieren genutzt, um auch erstellen Greifvorrichtungen, die rekonfiguriert werden können über mehrere Zyklen-37, 41 werden. Das Highlight der Verwendung von Eigenspannungen an die Macht dieser Geräte ist, dass sie erfordern keine Anbindehaltung oder Drähte und so haben ausgezeichnete Manövrierbarkeit der Betätigung im harten ermöglichen, Orte zu erreichen. Ferner kann durch eine geeignete Wahl von polymeren Triggern können Reize Ansprechverhalten mit einer Reihe von Stimuli einschließlich Enzyme 42 bis autonomen Funktion relevanten Robotik und Chirurgie ermöglichen aktiviert werden.

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Name des Reagenzes </td><td> Firma </td><td> Katalog-Nummer </td><td> Kommentare </td></tr><tr><td> 950 Poly Methylmethacrylat A11 </td><td> Micro Chem </td><td> M230011 </td><td> Opferschicht </td></tr><tr><td> Verchromte Wolframstäben </td><td> RD Mathis Unternehmen </td><td> CRW-2 </td><td> Verdampfungsquelle für Cr </td></tr><tr><td> Copper slug </td><td> Alfa Aesar </td><td> 7440-50-8 </td><td> Verdampfungsquelle für Cu </td></tr><tr><td> Gold slug </td><td> Alfa Aesar </td><td> 7440-57-5 </td><td> Verdampfungsquelle für Au </td></tr><tr><td> SPR 220 7,0 </td><td> Rohm and Haas </td><td> 10016640 </td><td> Positive Photoresist </td></tr><tr><td> S Serie 1800 Photoresists </td><td> Rohm and Hass </td><td></td><td> Positive photoresist </td></tr><tr><td> Megaposit MF-26 Entwickler </td><td> Rohm and Haas </td><td> 10016574 </td><td> Entwickler für SPR 220 7,0 Fotolack </td></tr><tr><td> Microposit 351 Entwickler </td><td> Rohm and Hass </td><td> 10016653 </td><td> Entwickler für S 1800 Serie Photoresists </td></tr><tr><td> Nickelsulfamat </td><td> Technic Inc. </td><td> 030175 </td><td> Plating Lösung für Ni </td></tr><tr><td> Techni Solder Mate-NF 820 60/40 RTU </td><td> Technic Inc. </td><td> 330681 </td><td> Plating Lösung für Pb-Sn Scharnieren </td></tr><tr><td> APS 100 Kupferätzmittel </td><td> TRANSENE Company Inc. </td><td> 021221 </td><td> Kupferätzmittel </td></tr><tr><td> CRE 473 Chromium Ätzmittel </td><td> TRANSENE Company Inc. </td><td> 040901 </td><td> Chromium Ätzmittel </td></tr><tr><td> 1-Methyl-2-Pyrollidinone (NMP) </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> M79603 </td><td> Hochsiedenden organischen Lösungsmittel für Pb-Sn Scharnier basierte Self-Faltung </td></tr><tr><td> Indalloy 5RMA Fluss </td><td> Indium Corporation of America </td><td> FL28372 </td><td> Chemikalie, die Lotoberfläche reinigt und hemmt die Oxidation für gute Pb-Sn Reflow </td></tr></tbody></table>

origami inspired self-assembly of patterned and reconfigurable particles

Es gibt zahlreiche Techniken wie Photolithographie, Elektronenstrahl-Lithographie und Soft-Lithographie, die zur präzisen Muster zweidimensionale (2D-) Strukturen werden kann. Diese Technologien sind ausgereift, bieten eine hohe Präzision und viele von ihnen können in einem High-Throughput umgesetzt werden. Wir nutzen die Vorteile der planaren Lithographie und kombinieren sie mit Selbst-Faltmethoden 1-20, wobei physikalische Kräfte aus Oberflächenspannung oder Eigenspannungen abgeleitet, Kurve oder falten planare Strukturen in dreidimensionale (3D) Strukturen verwendet werden. Dabei machen wir es möglich, Masse zu produzieren präzise statische und rekonfigurierbare Partikel, die schwierig zu synthetisieren sind gemustert. In diesem Papier, visualisiert wir ausführlich experimentelle Protokolle zu strukturierenden Teilchen zu erzeugen, insbesondere (a) dauerhaft verbunden, hohl, Polyeder, Selbstorganisation und Selbst-Siegel durch die Minimierung der Oberflächenenergie von verflüssigtem Scharniere 21-23und (b) Greifer dass Selbst-fach durch Restspannung angetriebene Gelenke 24,25. Die spezifische Protokoll beschrieben kann verwendet werden, um Partikel mit Größen im Bereich von insgesamt Mikrometerbereich zu den Skalen Zentimeter Länge erzeugen. Ferner können beliebige Muster auf den Oberflächen der Teilchen von Bedeutung Kolloidforschung, Elektronik, Optik und Medizin definiert werden. Ganz allgemein ist das Konzept der sich selbst organisierenden mechanisch steife Partikel mit selbstdichtenden Scharnieren zutreffend, mit einigen Verfahren Modifikationen, die Schaffung von Partikeln bei noch kleineren, 100 nm Längenskalen 22, 26 und mit einer Reihe von Materialien, einschließlich Metallen 21 , Halbleiter 9 und 27 Polymeren. Bezüglich Restspannung angetriebenen Betätigung rekonfigurierbaren Greifvorrichtungen nutzt unser spezifisches Protokoll Chrom Scharniere relevanten Geräten mit Größen im Bereich von 100 um bis 2,5 mm. Jedoch ganz allgemein das Konzept eines solchen Haltegurt-freie Restspannungbetriebenen Betätigung kann mit alternativen hoher Belastung Materialien wie heteroepitaktisch hinterlegt Halbleiterschichten 5,7 verwendet werden, um möglicherweise zu noch kleineren nanoskaligen Greifvorrichtungen.

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Origami Inspired Self-assembly of Patterned and Reconfigurable Particles

Wir beschreiben experimentellen Details der Synthese von gemusterten und rekonfigurierbare Teilchen von zweidimensionalen (2D) Vorstufen. Diese Methodik kann verwendet werden, um Partikel in einer Vielzahl von Formen, einschließlich Polyeder und Greifvorrichtungen auf Längenskalen Bereich von Mikro-bis Zentimeterbereich erzeugen.

Origami Inspired Selbstorganisation von Patterned und Reconfigurable Particles

There are numerous techniques such as photolithography, electron-beam lithography and soft-lithography that can be used to precisely pattern two ...

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JoVE Journal

Chemistry

21.6K Aufrufe.  The Johns Hopkins University. Wir beschreiben experimentellen Details der Synthese von gemusterten und rekonfigurierbare Teilchen von zweidimensionalen (2D) Vorstufen. Diese Methodik kann verwendet werden, um Partikel in einer Vielzahl von Formen, einschließlich Polyeder und Greifvorrichtungen auf Längenskalen Bereich von Mikro-bis Zentimeterbereich erzeugen.

Serie: Origami Inspired Self-assembly of Patterned and Reconfigurable Particles

Formation of Ordered Biomolecular Structures by the Self-assembly of Short Peptides

In nature, complex functional structures are formed by the self-assembly of biomolecules under mild conditions. Understanding the forces that control self-assembly and mimicking this process in vitro will bring about major advances in the areas of materials science and nanotechnology. Among the available biological building blocks, peptides have several advantages as they present substantial diversity, their synthesis in large scale is straightforward, and they can easily be modified with biological and chemical entities1,2. Several classes of designed peptides such as cyclic peptides, amphiphile peptides and peptide-conjugates self-assemble into ordered structures in solution. Homoaromatic dipeptides, are a class of short self-assembled peptides that contain all the molecular information needed to form ordered structures such as nanotubes, spheres and fibrils3-8. A large variety of these peptides is commercially available.
This paper presents a procedure that leads to the formation of ordered structures by the self-assembly of homoaromatic peptides. The protocol requires only commercial reagents and basic laboratory equipment. In addition, the paper describes some of the methods available for the characterization of peptide-based assemblies. These methods include electron and atomic force microscopy and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). Moreover, the manuscript demonstrates the blending of peptides (coassembly) and the formation of a &#34;beads on a string&#34;-like structure by this process.9 The protocols presented here can be adapted to other classes of peptides or biological building blocks and can potentially lead to the discovery of new peptide-based structures and to better control of their assembly.

This paper describes the formation of highly ordered peptide-based structures by the spontaneous process of self-assembly. The method utilizes commercially available peptides and common lab equipment. This technique can be applied to a large variety of peptides and may lead to the discovery of new peptide-based assemblies.

Bildung geordneter Strukturen Biomolekulare durch die Selbstorganisation von kurzen Peptiden

In nature, complex functional structures are formed by the self-assembly of biomolecules under mild conditions. Understanding the forces that control ...

Forschung

Chemie

Folding and Characterization of a Bio-responsive Robot from DNA Origami

The DNA nanorobot is a hollow hexagonal nanometric device, designed to open in response to specific stimuli and present cargo sequestered inside. Both stimuli and cargo can be tailored according to specific needs. Here we describe the DNA nanorobot fabrication protocol, with the use of the DNA origami technique. The procedure initiates by mixing short single-strand DNA staples into a stock mixture which is then added to a long, circular, single-strand DNA scaffold in presence of a folding buffer. A standard thermo cycler is programmed to gradually lower the mixing reaction temperature to facilitate the staples-to-scaffold annealing, which is the guiding force behind the folding of the nanorobot. Once the 60 hr folding reaction is complete, excess staples are discarded using a centrifugal filter, followed by visualization via agarose-gel electrophoresis (AGE). Finally, successful fabrication of the nanorobot is verified by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), with the use of uranyl-formate as negative stain.

DNA origami is a powerful method for fabricating precise nanoscale objects by programming the self-assembly of DNA molecules. Here we describe a protocol for the folding of a bio-responsive robot from DNA origami, its purification and negative staining for transmission electron microscopic imaging (TEM).

Falten und Charakterisierung eines Bio-responsive Robot von DNA-Origami

The DNA nanorobot is a hollow hexagonal nanometric device, designed to open in response to specific stimuli and present cargo sequestered inside. Both ...

A Technique to Functionalize and Self-assemble Macroscopic Nanoparticle-ligand Monolayer Films onto Template-free Substrates

This protocol describes a self-assembly technique to create macroscopic monolayer films composed of ligand-coated nanoparticles1,2. The simple, robust and scalable technique efficiently functionalizes metallic nanoparticles with thiol-ligands in a miscible water/organic solvent mixture allowing for rapid grafting of thiol groups onto the gold nanoparticle surface. The hydrophobic ligands on the nanoparticles then quickly phase separate the nanoparticles from the aqueous based suspension and confine them to the air-fluid interface. This drives the ligand-capped nanoparticles to form monolayer domains at the air-fluid interface.&#160; The use of water-miscible organic solvents is important as it enables the transport of the nanoparticles from the interface onto template-free substrates.&#160; The flow is mediated by a surface tension gradient3,4 and creates macroscopic, high-density, monolayer nanoparticle-ligand films.&#160; This self-assembly technique may be generalized to include the use of particles of different compositions, size, and shape and may lead to an efficient assembly method to produce low-cost, macroscopic, high-density, monolayer nanoparticle films for wide-spread applications.

A simple, robust and scalable technique to functionalize and self-assemble macroscopic nanoparticle-ligand monolayer films onto template-free substrates is described in this protocol.

Eine Technik, um auf Vorlage freie Substrate zu funktionalisieren und Selbstorganisation makroskopische Nanopartikel-Liganden-Monolayer Films

This protocol describes a self-assembly technique to create macroscopic monolayer films composed of ligand-coated nanoparticles1,2. The simple, robust and ...

Self-assembly of Complex Two-dimensional Shapes from Single-stranded DNA Tiles

Current methods in DNA nano-architecture have successfully engineered a variety of 2D and 3D structures using principles of self-assembly. In this article, we describe detailed protocols on how to fabricate sophisticated 2D shapes through the self-assembly of uniquely addressable single-stranded DNA tiles which act as molecular pixels on a molecular canvas. Each single-stranded tile (SST) is a 42-nucleotide DNA strand composed of four concatenated modular domains which bind to four neighbors during self-assembly. The molecular canvas is a rectangle structure self-assembled from SSTs. A prescribed complex 2D shape is formed by selecting the constituent molecular pixels (SSTs) from a 310-pixel molecular canvas and then subjecting the corresponding strands to one-pot annealing. Due to the modular nature of the SST approach we demonstrate the scalability, versatility and robustness of this method. Compared with alternative methods, the SST method enables a wider selection of information polymers and sequences through the use of de novo designed and synthesized short DNA strands.

DNA tiling is an effective approach to make programmable nanostructures. We describe the protocols to construct complex two-dimensional shapes by the self-assembly of single-stranded DNA tiles.

Die Selbstorganisation von Complex zweidimensionale Formen von Einzelstrang-DNA-Fliesen

Current methods in DNA nano-architecture have successfully engineered a variety of 2D and 3D structures using principles of self-assembly. In this ...

Methods for Measuring the Orientation and Rotation Rate of 3D-printed Particles in Turbulence

Experimental methods are presented for measuring the rotational and translational motion of anisotropic particles in turbulent fluid flows. 3D printing technology is used to fabricate particles with slender arms connected at a common center. Shapes explored are crosses (two perpendicular rods), jacks (three perpendicular rods), triads (three rods in triangular planar symmetry), and tetrads (four arms in tetrahedral symmetry). Methods for producing on the order of 10,000 fluorescently dyed particles are described. Time-resolved measurements of their orientation and solid-body rotation rate are obtained from four synchronized videos of their motion in a turbulent flow between oscillating grids with R&#955; = 91. In this relatively low-Reynolds number flow, the advected particles are small enough that they approximate ellipsoidal tracer particles. We present results of time-resolved 3D trajectories of position and orientation of the particles as well as measurements of their rotation rates.

We use 3D printing to fabricate anisotropic particles in the shapes of jacks, crosses, tetrads, and triads, whose alignments and rotations in turbulent fluid flow can be measured from multiple simultaneous video images.

Verfahren zur Messung der Neigung und Drehrate von 3D-gedruckten Particles in Turbulence

Experimental methods are presented for measuring the rotational and translational motion of anisotropic particles in turbulent fluid flows. 3D printing ...

Ingenieurwesen

Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Graphene-Based Polyhedrons via Origami-Like Self-Folding

The assembly of two-dimensional (2D) graphene into three-dimensional (3D) polyhedral structures while preserving the graphene's excellent inherent properties has been of great interest for the development of novel device applications. Here, fabrication of 3D, microscale, hollow polyhedrons (cubes) consisting of a few layers of 2D graphene or graphene oxide sheets via an origami-like self-folding process is described. This method involves the use of polymer frames and hinges, and aluminum oxide/chromium protection layers that reduce tensile, spatial, and surface tension stresses on the graphene-based membranes when the 2D nets are transformed into 3D cubes. The process offers control of the size and shape of the structures as well as parallel production. In addition, this approach allows the creation of surface modifications by metal patterning on each face of the 3D cubes. Raman spectroscopy studies show the method allows the preservation of the intrinsic properties of the graphene-based membranes, demonstrating the robustness of our method.

Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Graphene-Based Polyhedrons via Origami-Like Self-Folding

Here, we present a protocol for fabrication of 3D graphene-based polyhedrons via origami-like self-folding.

Herstellung von dreidimensionalen Graphen-basierte Polyeder über Falten Origami gefällt mir selbst

The assembly of two-dimensional (2D) graphene into three-dimensional (3D) polyhedral structures while preserving the graphene's excellent inherent ...

Using Adhesive Patterning to Construct 3D Paper Microfluidic Devices

We demonstrate the use of patterned aerosol adhesives to construct both planar and nonplanar 3D paper microfluidic devices. By spraying an aerosol adhesive through a metal stencil, the overall amount of adhesive used in assembling paper microfluidic devices can be significantly reduced. We show on a simple 4-layer planar paper microfluidic device that the optimal adhesive application technique and device construction style depends heavily on desired performance characteristics. By moderately increasing the overall area of a device, it is possible to dramatically decrease the wicking time and increase device success rates while also reducing the amount of adhesive required to keep the device together. Such adhesive application also causes the adhesive to form semi-permanent bonds instead of permanent bonds between paper layers, enabling single-use devices to be non-destructively disassembled after use. Nonplanar 3D origami devices also benefit from the semi-permanent bonds during folding, as it reduces the likelihood that unrelated faces may accidently stick together. Like planar devices, nonplanar structures see reduced wicking times with patterned adhesive application vs uniformly applied adhesive.

We demonstrate the use of patterned aerosol adhesives to construct 3D paper microfluidic devices. This method of adhesive application forms semi-permanent bonds between layers, enabling single-use devices to be non-destructively disassembled after use and to ease folding complex nonplanar structures.

Mit Adhesive Patterning 3D Paper Mikrofluidik-Vorrichtungen bauen

We demonstrate the use of patterned aerosol adhesives to construct both planar and nonplanar 3D paper microfluidic devices. By spraying an aerosol ...

Biotechnik

Synthesis of Information-bearing Peptoids and their Sequence-directed Dynamic Covalent Self-assembly

This protocol presents the use of Lewis acidic multi-role reagents to circumvent kinetic trapping observed during the self-assembly of information-encoded oligomeric strands mediated by paired dynamic covalent interactions in a manner mimicking the thermal cycling commonly employed for the self-assembly of complementary nucleic acid sequences. Primary amine monomers bearing aldehyde and amine pendant moieties are functionalized with orthogonal protecting groups for use as dynamic covalent reactant pairs. Using a modified automated peptide synthesizer, the primary amine monomers are encoded into oligo(peptoid) strands through solid-phase submonomer synthesis. Upon purification by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and characterization by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), sequence-specific oligomers are subjected to high-loading of a Lewis acidic rare-earth metal triflate which both deprotects the aldehyde moieties and affects the reactant pair equilibrium such that strands completely dissociate. Subsequently, a fraction of the Lewis acid is extracted, enabling annealing of complementary sequence-specific strands to form information-encoded molecular ladders characterized by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). The simple procedure outlined in this report circumvents kinetic traps commonly experienced in the field of dynamic covalent assembly and serves as a platform for the future design of robust, complex architectures.

A protocol is presented for the synthesis of information-encoded peptoid oligomers and for the sequence-directed self-assembly of these peptoids into molecular ladders using amines and aldehydes as dynamic covalent reactant pairs and Lewis acidic rare-earth metal triflates as multi-role reagents.

Synthese von informationstragenden Peptoiden und deren sequenzgesteuerter dynamischer kovalenter Selbstmontage

This protocol presents the use of Lewis acidic multi-role reagents to circumvent kinetic trapping observed during the self-assembly of information-encoded ...

Micropatterning and Assembly of 3D Microvessels

In vitro platforms to study endothelial cells and vascular biology are largely limited to 2D endothelial cell culture, flow chambers with polymer or glass based substrates, and hydrogel-based tube formation assays. These assays, while informative, do not recapitulate lumen geometry, proper extracellular matrix, and multi-cellular proximity, which play key roles in modulating vascular function. This manuscript describes an injection molding method to generate engineered vessels with diameters on the order of 100 &#181;m. Microvessels are fabricated by seeding endothelial cells in a microfluidic channel embedded within a native type I collagen hydrogel. By incorporating parenchymal cells within the collagen matrix prior to channel formation, specific tissue microenvironments can be modeled and studied. Additional modulations of hydrodynamic properties and media composition allow for control of complex vascular function within the desired microenvironment. This platform allows for the study of perivascular cell recruitment, blood-endothelium interactions, flow response, and tissue-microvascular interactions. Engineered microvessels offer the ability to isolate the influence from individual components of a vascular niche and precisely control its chemical, mechanical, and biological properties to study vascular biology in both health and disease.

This manuscript presents an injection molding method to engineer microvessels that recapitulate physiological properties of endothelium. The microfluidic-based process creates patent 3D vascular networks with tailorable conditions, such as flow, cellular composition, geometry, and biochemical gradients. The fabrication process and examples of potential applications are described.

Mikrostrukturierung und Montage von 3D-Micro-Ader

In vitro platforms to study endothelial cells and vascular biology are largely limited to 2D endothelial cell culture, flow chambers with polymer or glass ...

Patterning of Microorganisms and Microparticles through Sequential Capillarity-assisted Assembly

Controlled patterning of microorganisms into defined spatial arrangements offers unique possibilities for a broad range of biological applications, including studies of microbial physiology and interactions. At the simplest level, accurate spatial patterning of microorganisms would enable reliable, long-term imaging of large numbers of individual cells and transform the ability to quantitatively study distance-dependent microbe-microbe interactions. More uniquely, coupling accurate spatial patterning and full control over environmental conditions, as offered by microfluidic technology, would provide a powerful and versatile platform for single-cell studies in microbial ecology. 
This paper presents a microfluidic platform to produce versatile and user-defined patterns of microorganisms within a microfluidic channel, allowing complete optical access for long-term, high-throughput monitoring. This new microfluidic technology is based on capillarity-assisted particle assembly and exploits the capillary forces arising from the controlled motion of an evaporating suspension inside a microfluidic channel to deposit individual microsized objects in an array of traps microfabricated onto a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate. Sequential depositions generate the desired spatial layout of single or multiple types of micro-sized objects, dictated solely by the geometry of the traps and the filling sequence. 
The platform has been calibrated using colloidal particles of different dimensions and materials: it has proven to be a powerful tool to generate diverse colloidal patterns and perform surface functionalization of trapped particles. Furthermore, the platform was tested on microbial cells, using Escherichia coli cells as a model bacterium. Thousands of individual cells were patterned on the surface, and their growth was monitored over time. In this platform, the coupling of single-cell deposition and microfluidic technology allows both geometric patterning of microorganisms and precise control of environmental conditions. It thus opens a window into the physiology of single microbes and the ecology of microbe-microbe interactions, as shown by preliminary experiments.

We present a technology that uses capillarity-assisted assembly in a microfluidic platform to pattern micro-sized objects suspended in a liquid, such as bacteria and colloids, into prescribed arrays on a polydimethylsiloxane substrate.

Strukturierung von Mikroorganismen und Mikropartikeln durch sequentielle kapillaritätsunterstützte Montage

Controlled patterning of microorganisms into defined spatial arrangements offers unique possibilities for a broad range of biological applications, ...