Die Autoren möchten Gehalt Auszeichnungen, Ausrüstung Zuschüsse und operativen Mitteln aus dem Fonds de la recherche en santé Québec (FRSQ), Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), dem Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) anerkennen, und der Concordia University Research Chairs-Programm (cruc), sowie die durchdachte Feedback zu diesem Manuskript von Dr. Jane Stewart.

Ein. Tierhaltung <ol><li> Cage: Um die Laufradbremsteil Aktivität eines individuellen Nager aufnehmen, jeder Käfig sollte ein einzelnes Nagetier und Laufradbremsteil unterzubringen. Da Laufräder kann als eine Form der Bereicherung, sollten alle Nager in keiner Studie haben ähnliche Zugang zu einem Laufrad. </li><li> Bedding Veränderungen: Animal Handling sowie Änderungen in Käfigen oder Bettwäsche haben alle nicht-photic Auswirkungen auf circadiane Rhythmen 21-23, so sind Käfige mit Mesh-Belag ideal, weil sie Kontakt mit dem Tier zu minimieren. Ungeachtet der Verfügbarkeit eines solchen Fach-System, sollten Bettwäsche Veränderungen während der kritischen Phasen eines Experiments vermieden werden. Alternativen umfassen die Verwendung langlebiger Bettzeug, das für weitere seltene Käfig Veränderungen erlauben würde, oder das Ändern Käfige auf einer pseudo-zufälligen Zeitplan. </li><li> Isolation Boxes: Käfige sollten in Isolation Boxen, schallgedämpften, Licht-co sind gehalten werdenntrolled und gut belüftet sein. Je nach Größe und Ausgestaltung der Isolation Boxen, wird die Anzahl von Käfigen in jedem Kasten typischerweise 1-8 liegen. Bei Unterbringung mehrerer Käfige in einem einzigen Isolation Box, sollte man sich bewusst sein, dass verschiedene Gerüche und Geräusche von anderen Tieren können verwirrende Effekte auf das circadiane Verhalten der einzelnen Tiere haben. Um diese Probleme zu vermeiden, sollte man versuchen, ein Käfig pro Isolierbox unterzubringen. </li><li> Ventilation: Angemessene Luftstrom unbedingt machen die Boxen ein komfortables Wohnumfeld für Nager. Der Ventilator in jedem Kasten sollte Kapuze, um Licht von außerhalb des Kastens verhindern vom Erreichen der Innenseite. Auch die Fans in der Regel entfernen, Luft aus der Box und blasen sie in den Raum. Kleine lichtdichte Öffnungen ermöglichen eine Luftzirkulation, um die Trennung Boxen von mehreren Punkten geben und helfen, unangenehme Brise zu vermeiden. Um zu verifizieren, dass es eine ausreichende Belüftung, die Temperatur im Inneren der Isolation Box (wenngeschlossen für mehrere Stunden, mit eingeschalteter Beleuchtung) sollte praktisch identisch mit der Temperatur in dem Raum, in dem es untergebracht ist. </li><li> Beleuchtung: Environmental Lichtintensität sollten die gleichen sein in allen Käfigen. Vereinbaren Sie einen einzigen Licht an einer ähnlichen Stelle übereinander Käfig, und verwenden Sie immer die gleiche Marke / Typ der Glühbirne. Verwenden moderate Beleuchtungsintensität (100-300 Lux) bei Käfig-Ebene. Vermeiden Sie zu hohe Beleuchtungsstärke, die eher direkte Änderungen auf das Verhalten auf die Licht statt des circadianen Systems, per se (zB Maskierung) produzieren. </li><li> Darkness / Dim roter Beleuchtung: Wenn es notwendig zu handhaben oder zu behandeln Tiere im Dunkeln (zB in konstanter Dunkelheit oder Nacht) ist, Nachtsichtgeräte verwendet werden soll. Alternativ, da das circadiane System ist relativ unempfindlich gegenüber der roten Wellenlängen können schwach rot Beleuchtung verwendet werden. Die spezifische rote Licht, das Sie verwenden sollten getestet, um sicherzustellen, dass nicht Alte werdenr Laufradbremsteil Aktivität (zB Maskierung) oder stellen Sie die circadianen Uhr (zB eine Phasenverschiebung). </li></ol> 2. Data Collection (siehe Abbildung 1 - Vitalview Hardware-Konfiguration) <ol><li> Laufräder: Der Durchmesser und die Ergonomie des Laufrades wird sich ändern die Menge der Nutzung 24. So verwenden kleinere und leichtere Räder für Mäuse und größeren schwereren Räder für Ratten. Beim Waschen und neu zu installieren Räder, sicherzustellen, dass die Räder in der Lage, freie, nicht &quot;wackeln&quot;, und dass die Aufnahme Mikro-Schalter werden von jeder Umdrehung des Rades aktiviert Spin sind. </li><li> Mikroschalter: Jede Umdrehung des Laufrades sollte eine magnetische oder mechanische Mikroschalter zu aktivieren. Informationen aus dem Mikro-Schalter über einen einzigen Kanal übertragen werden und von einem Computer, der die Daten können Behälter über die Zeit (zB alle 2, 5, 6 oder 10 min). </li><li> Computer-Hardware: Unsere Running-Rad-Aufnahmen sind mit Vitalview, eine Hard-und Softwareplattform von Mini Mitter (entwickelt aus <a href="http://www.minimitter.com/vitalview_software.cfm" target="_blank">http://www.minimitter.com/vitalview_software.cfm</a> ). Es gibt jedoch andere Aufnahme Plattformen wie ClockLab durch Actimetrics (entwickelt <a href="http://www.actimetrics.com/ClockLab/" target="_blank">http://www.actimetrics.com/ClockLab/</a> ). Beide Plattformen zusammenbringen Daten aus vielen einkanaligen Quellen (zB ein einzelnes Mikroschalter durch eine einzige Laufrad aktiviert) in einer einzigen Computerdatei. Daten von einzelnen Kanäle können dann grafisch dargestellt und separat zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt analysiert. </li></ol> 3. Daten Recordings <ol><li> Files: Die oben genannten Software-Plattformen verwendet zu trennen einzelnen Kanäle, so dass einzelne Dateien für jeden Lauf-Rad-Datensatz erstellt werden. Solche Daten sind am besten visualisiert und grafisch mit speziell designed Programmen wie ActiView (Minimitter, Bend, OR), Circadia oder Clocklab (Actimetrics, Wilmette, IL), die alle produzieren kann Periodogramme und actograms. Allerdings kann Einkanal-Dateien auch geöffnet und analysiert werden mit allgemeinen Tabellenkalkulationsprogramme wie Excel (Microsoft, Redmond, WA). </li><li> Berechnung Circadian Time (CT): CT 12 ist, per Definition, der Beginn der Lauf-Rad-Aktivität in nachtaktiven Nager. Parallel mit dem 24-Stunden-Tag, durch Vereinbarung, ein circadianen Tages in 24 zirkadianen hr gebrochen. Wenn demgemäß die freilaufende circadiane beträgt 24 h 30 min, wie durch die Wand Uhr gemessen wird CT 0 ca. 12 Std. 15 min nach CT12 auftreten. </li></ol>

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Überwachung der täglichen Aktivität Rhythmen mit Laufrädern ist das am häufigsten verwendete und zuverlässige Methode für die Beurteilung der Ausgang des Masters circadianen Uhr in nachtaktiven Nager. Rad andauernde Aktivität, jedoch ist nur eine von vielen Aspekten des Verhaltens und Physiologie, die kontinuierlich überwacht werden kann. Obwohl die überwiegende Mehrheit der Laufradbremsteil Aktivität auftritt während der Nacht auftritt, über 30% des gesamten Wachheit während des Tages 25,26. We...

<table border="1"&gt;<tbody&gt;<tr&gt;<td<strong&gt; Name des Reagenz</strong</td&gt;<td<strong&gt; Unternehmen</strong</td&gt;<td<strong&gt; Katalog-Nummer</strong</td&gt;<td<strong&gt; Kommentare (optional)</strong</td&gt;</tr&gt;<tr&gt;<td&gt; Vitalview Card &amp; Software</td&gt;<td&gt; Mini Mitter</td&gt;<td&gt; # 855-0030-00</td&gt;<td&gt; (Bend, OR, USA)</td&gt;</tr&gt;<tr&gt;<td&gt; DP24 Dataport</td&gt;<td&gt; Mini Mitter</td&gt;<td&gt; # 840-0024-00</td&gt;<td&gt; (Bend, OR, USA)</td&gt;</tr&gt;<tr&gt;<td&gt; QA4-Module</td&gt;<td&gt; Mini Mitter</td&gt;<td&gt; # 130-0050-00</td&gt;<td&gt; (Bend, OR, USA)</td&gt;</tr&gt;<tr&gt;<td&gt; Magnetschalter</td&gt;<td&gt; Mini Mitter</td&gt;<td&gt; # 130-0015-00</td&gt;<td&gt; (Bend, OR, USA)</td&gt;</tr&gt;<tr&gt;<td&gt; C-50 Schlauchpaket</td&gt;<td&gt; Mini Mitter</td&gt;<td&gt; # 060-0045-10</td&gt;<td&gt; (Bend, OR, USA)</td&gt;</tr&gt;<tr&gt;<td&gt; Rat Laufrad Montage</td&gt;<td&gt; Mini Mitter</td&gt;<td&gt; # 640-0700-00</td&gt;<td&gt; (Bend, OR, USA)</td&gt;</tr&gt;<tr&gt;<td&gt; Cage und Fach-Unterstützung</td&gt;<td&gt; Mini Mitter</td&gt;<td&gt; # 640-0400-00</td&gt;<td&gt; (Bend, OR, USA)</td&gt;</tr&gt;<tr&gt;<td&gt; Einsetzbar weggeschnitten Käfig</td&gt;<td&gt; Mini Mitter</td&gt;<td&gt; # 664-2154-00</td&gt;<td&gt; (Bend, OR, USA)</td&gt;</tr&gt;<tr&gt;<td&gt; Grid Boden für Käfig</td&gt;<td&gt; Mini Mitter</td&gt;<td&gt; # 676-2154-00</td&gt;<td&gt; (Bend, OR, USA)</td&gt;</tr&gt;<tr&gt;<td&gt; Stoffauffangbehälter</td&gt;<td&gt; Mini Mitter</td&gt;<td&gt; # 684-2154-00</td&gt;<td&gt; (Bend, OR, USA)</td&gt;</tr&gt;<tr&gt;<td&gt; Lampengehäuse</td&gt;<td&gt; Mikrolithen Scientific</td&gt;<td&gt; # R-101</td&gt;<td&gt; (Toronto, ON, Canada)</td&gt;</tr&gt;<tr&gt;<td&gt; 4W Leuchtstofflampen</td&gt;<td&gt; Mikrolithen Scientific</td&gt;<td&gt; # F4T5/CW</td&gt;<td&gt; (Toronto, ON, Canada)</td&gt;</tr&gt;<tr&gt;<td&gt; Isolation Kammern</td&gt;<td&gt; Custom gebaut</td&gt;<td</td&gt;<td&gt; 28 &quot;H x 20&quot; W x 28 &quot;D ½&quot; Black Melamin.</td&gt;</tr&gt;</tbody&gt;</table

recording and analysis of circadian rhythms in running-wheel activity in rodents

Wenn Nagetieren freien Zugang zu einem Laufrad in ihrem gewohnten Käfig haben, werden freiwilligen Verwendung dieses Rades auf der Tageszeit 1-5 abhängen. Nachtaktiven Nager, darunter Ratten, Hamster und Mäuse sind in der Nacht aktiv und relativ inaktiv während des Tages. Viele andere Verhaltens-und physiologische Messungen zeigen auch Tagesrhythmus, aber bei Nagetieren, dient laufenden Rad-Aktivität als ein besonders zuverlässiges und bequemes Maß der Ausgang des Master zirkadianen Uhr, das suprachiasmatischen Kern (SCN) des Hypothalamus. Im Allgemeinen durch einen Prozess namens Entrainment, wird die tägliche Muster laufen-Rad Aktivität natürlich mit der Umwelt Hell-Dunkel-Zyklus (;: 12 hr-dark zB 12 hr-light LD-Zyklus) auszurichten. Allerdings zirkadianen Rhythmen endogen Mustern im Verhalten, die eine ~ 24 Stunden Zeit zeigen, und in konstanter Dunkelheit andauern generiert. Somit wird in der Abwesenheit eines LD Zyklus können die Aufzeichnung und Analyse der Laufradachse Aktivitätverwendet, um die subjektive Zeit der Tageszeit zu bestimmen. Da diese Rhythmen durch die circadiane Uhr gerichtet sind die subjektive time-of-Tag wird als circadiane Zeit (CT) bezeichnet. Wenn im Gegensatz dazu ein LD-Zyklus vorhanden ist, wird die Zeit der Tageszeit, die von der Umwelt LD Zyklus bestimmt wird als Zeitgeber Zeit (ZT). Obwohl zirkadianen Rhythmen in Laufradbremsteil Tätigkeit typischerweise mit dem SCN Uhr 6-8 verbunden sind, könnte circadianen Oszillatoren in vielen anderen Regionen des Gehirns und des Körpers 9-14 auch an der Regulation der täglichen Aktivität Rhythmen beteiligt werden. Zum Beispiel müssen Tagesrhythmus in lebensmittelverarbeitenden antizipatorische Aktivität nicht erforderlich, die SCN 15,16 und stattdessen mit Veränderungen in der Aktivität der zusätzlichen SCN-Oszillatoren 17-20 korreliert. Somit kann Laufradachse Aktivität Aufzeichnungen liefern wichtige Verhaltensinformation nicht nur über den Ausgang des Master Clock SCN, sondern auch auf die Aktivität der zusätzlichen SCN-Oszillatoren. Im Folgenden descrIBE die Geräte und Methoden zur Erfassung, Analyse und Darstellung zirkadianen Bewegungsaktivität Rhythmen in Labornagern.

<ol><li> Computerprogramme: Spezialisierte Computerprogramme werden typischerweise bei der Erzeugung von actograms und die Berechnung des zirkadianen Periode verwendet. Diese Programme umfassen, sind aber nicht darauf beschränkt ActiView (Minimitter, Bend, OR) und Circadia. </li><li> Actograms: Actograms eine grafische Darstellung der täglichen Muster Laufradbremsteil Aktivität. Es gibt Einzel-aufgetragen (x-Achse = 24 Stunden), und doppelklicken aufgetragen (x-Achse = 48 hr) actograms. Beide Methoden Grunds...

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Recording and Analysis of Circadian Rhythms in Running-wheel Activity in Rodents

Zirkadiane Rhythmen in freiwilliger Rades verlaufenden Aktivität in Säugetieren sind fest an den molekularen Schwingungen einer Hauptuhr im Gehirn verbunden ist. Als solche können diese täglichen Rhythmen im Verhalten verwendet, um den Einfluss von genetischen, pharmakologischen und Umweltfaktoren auf das Funktionieren dieser circadianen Uhr zu studieren.

Aufnahme und Analyse der zirkadianen Rhythmen in Laufen-Rad-Aktivität in Nagetiere

When rodents have free access to a running wheel in their home cage, voluntary use of this wheel will depend on the time of day1-5. Nocturnal rodents, ...

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Neuroscience

21.1K Aufrufe.  McGill University. Zirkadiane Rhythmen in freiwilliger Rades verlaufenden Aktivität in Säugetieren sind fest an den molekularen Schwingungen einer Hauptuhr im Gehirn verbunden ist. Als solche können diese täglichen Rhythmen im Verhalten verwendet, um den Einfluss von genetischen, pharmakologischen und Umweltfaktoren auf das Funktionieren dieser circadianen Uhr zu studieren.

Serie: Recording and Analysis of Circadian Rhythms in Running-wheel Activity in Rodents

Assaying Locomotor Activity to Study Circadian Rhythms and Sleep Parameters in Drosophila

Most life forms exhibit daily rhythms in cellular, physiological and behavioral phenomena that are driven by endogenous circadian (&equiv;24 hr) pacemakers or clocks. Malfunctions in the human circadian system are associated with numerous diseases or disorders. Much progress towards our understanding of the mechanisms underlying circadian rhythms has emerged from genetic screens whereby an easily measured behavioral rhythm is used as a read-out of clock function. Studies using Drosophila have made seminal contributions to our understanding of the cellular and biochemical bases underlying circadian rhythms. The standard circadian behavioral read-out measured in Drosophila is locomotor activity. In general, the monitoring system involves specially designed devices that can measure the locomotor movement of Drosophila. These devices are housed in environmentally controlled incubators located in a darkroom and are based on using the interruption of a beam of infrared light to record the locomotor activity of individual flies contained inside small tubes. When measured over many days, Drosophila exhibit daily cycles of activity and inactivity, a behavioral rhythm that is governed by the animal's endogenous circadian system. The overall procedure has been simplified with the advent of commercially available locomotor activity monitoring devices and the development of software programs for data analysis. We use the system from Trikinetics Inc., which is the procedure described here and is currently the most popular system used worldwide. More recently, the same monitoring devices have been used to study sleep behavior in Drosophila. Because the daily wake-sleep cycles of many flies can be measured simultaneously and only 1 to 2 weeks worth of continuous locomotor activity data is usually sufficient, this system is ideal for large-scale screens to identify Drosophila manifesting altered circadian or sleep properties.

Assaying Locomotor Activity to Study Circadian Rhythms and Sleep Parameters in Drosophila

We describe procedures for recording daily locomotor activity rhythms of Drosophila and subsequent data analysis. Locomotor activity rhythms are a reliable behavioral output of animal circadian clocks and are used as the standard readout of clock function when studying circadian mutants or examining how the environment regulates the circadian system.

Assaying Bewegungsaktivität zu zirkadianen Rhythmen Study and Sleep Parameter in Drosophila</em

Most life forms exhibit daily rhythms in cellular, physiological and behavioral phenomena that are driven by endogenous circadian (&equiv;24 hr) ...

Forschung

Neurowissenschaften

Measuring Circadian and Acute Light Responses in Mice using Wheel Running Activity

Circadian rhythms are physiological functions that cycle over a period of approximately 24 hours (circadian- circa: approximate and diem: day)1, 2. They are responsible for timing our sleep/wake cycles and hormone secretion. Since this timing is not precisely 24-hours, it is synchronized to the solar day by light input. This is accomplished via photic input from the retina to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) which serves as the master pacemaker synchronizing peripheral clocks in other regions of the brain and peripheral tissues to the environmental light dark cycle3-7. The alignment of rhythms to this environmental light dark cycle organizes particular physiological events to the correct temporal niche, which is crucial for survival8. For example, mice sleep during the day and are active at night. This ability to consolidate activity to either the light or dark portion of the day is referred to as circadian photoentrainment and requires light input to the circadian clock9. Activity of mice at night is robust particularly in the presence of a running wheel. Measuring this behavior is a minimally invasive method that can be used to evaluate the functionality of the circadian system as well as light input to this system. Methods that will covered here are used to examine the circadian clock, light input to this system, as well as the direct influence of light on wheel running behavior.

This article will review methods that can be used to determine circadian function and light responsiveness in mice.

Mess-und Circadian Akute Licht Responses in Mäuse mit Rad Laufen Activity

Circadian rhythms are physiological functions that cycle over a period of approximately 24 hours (circadian- circa: approximate and diem: day)1, 2.  They ...

Large-scale Recording of Neurons by Movable Silicon Probes in Behaving Rodents

A major challenge in neuroscience is linking behavior to the collective activity of neural assemblies. Understanding of input-output relationships of neurons and circuits requires methods with the spatial selectivity and temporal resolution appropriate for mechanistic analysis of neural ensembles in the behaving animal, i.e. recording of representatively large samples of isolated single neurons. Ensemble monitoring of neuronal activity has progressed remarkably in the past decade in both small and large-brained animals, including human subjects1-11. Multiple-site recording with silicon-based devices are particularly effective because of their scalability, small volume and geometric design.
Here, we describe methods for recording multiple single neurons and local field potential in behaving rodents, using commercially available micro-machined silicon probes with custom-made accessory components. There are two basic options for interfacing silicon probes to preamplifiers: printed circuit boards and flexible cables. Probe supplying companies (<a href="http://www.neuronexustech.com/" >http://www.neuronexustech.com/</a>; <a href="http://www.sbmicrosystems.com/">http://www.sbmicrosystems.com/</a>; <a href="http://www.acreo.se/">http://www.acreo.se/</a>) usually provide the bonding service and deliver probes bonded to printed circuit boards or flexible cables. Here, we describe the implantation of a 4-shank, 32-site probe attached to flexible polyimide cable, and mounted on a movable microdrive. Each step of the probe preparation, microdrive construction and surgery is illustrated so that the end user can easily replicate the process.

We describe methods for large-scale recording of multiple single units and local field potential in behaving rodents with silicon probes. Drive fabrication, probe attachment to the drive and probe implantation processes are illustrated in sufficient details for easy replication.

Großflächige Aufnahme von Neuronen durch Movable Silicon Probes in Behaving Nagetiere

A major challenge in neuroscience is linking behavior to the collective activity of neural assemblies. Understanding of input-output relationships of ...

A Fully Automated and Highly Versatile System for Testing Multi-cognitive Functions and Recording Neuronal Activities in Rodents

We have developed a fully automated system for operant behavior testing and neuronal activity recording by which multiple cognitive brain functions can be investigated in a single task sequence. The unique feature of this system is a custom-made, acoustically transparent chamber that eliminates many of the issues associated with auditory cue control in most commercially available chambers. The ease with which operant devices can be added or replaced makes this system quite versatile, allowing for the implementation of a variety of auditory, visual, and olfactory behavioral tasks. Automation of the system allows fine temporal (10 ms) control and precise time-stamping of each event in a predesigned behavioral sequence. When combined with a multi-channel electrophysiology recording system, multiple cognitive brain functions, such as motivation, attention, decision-making, patience, and rewards, can be examined sequentially or independently.

In this report, we present a fully automated and highly versatile system capable of simultaneously testing multi-cognitive behaviors and recording neuronal activities for rodents.

Ein vollautomatisiertes und vielseitig verwendbares System zum Testen von Multi-kognitiven Funktionen und Aufnahme neuronaler Aktivitäten bei Nagetieren

We have developed a fully automated system for operant behavior testing and neuronal activity recording by which multiple cognitive brain functions can be ...

Retrograde Fluorescent Labeling Allows for Targeted Extracellular Single-unit Recording from Identified Neurons In vivo

The overall goal of this method is to record single-unit responses from an identified population of neurons. In vivo electrophysiological recordings from individual neurons are critical for understanding how neural circuits function under natural conditions. Traditionally, these recordings have been performed 'blind', meaning the identity of the recorded cell is unknown at the start of the recording. Cellular identity can be subsequently determined via intracellular1, juxtacellular2 or loose-patch3 iontophoresis of dye, but these recordings cannot be pre-targeted to specific neurons in regions with functionally heterogeneous cell types. Fluorescent proteins can be expressed in a cell-type specific manner permitting visually-guided single-cell electrophysiology4-6. However, there are many model systems for which these genetic tools are not available. Even in genetically accessible model systems, the desired promoter may be unknown or genetically homogenous neurons may have varying projection patterns. Similarly, viral vectors have been used to label specific subgroups of projection neurons7, but use of this method is limited by toxicity and lack of trans-synaptic specificity. Thus, additional techniques that offer specific pre-visualization to record from identified single neurons in vivo are needed. Pre-visualization of the target neuron is particularly useful for challenging recording conditions, for which classical single-cell recordings are often prohibitively difficult8-11. The novel technique described in this paper uses retrograde transport of a fluorescent dye applied using tungsten needles to rapidly and selectively label a specific subset of cells within a particular brain region based on their unique axonal projections, thereby providing a visual cue to obtain targeted electrophysiological recordings from identified neurons in an intact circuit within a vertebrate CNS.
The most significant novel advancement of our method is the use of fluorescent labeling to target specific cell types in a non-genetically accessible model system. Weakly electric fish are an excellent model system for studying neural circuits in awake, behaving animals12. We utilized this technique to study sensory processing by "small cells" in the anterior exterolateral nucleus (ELa) of weakly electric mormyrid fish. "Small cells" are hypothesized to be time comparator neurons important for detecting submillisecond differences in the arrival times of presynaptic spikes13. However, anatomical features such as dense myelin, engulfing synapses, and small cell bodies have made it extremely difficult to record from these cells using traditional methods11, 14. Here we demonstrate that our novel method selectively labels these cells in 28% of preparations, allowing for reliable, robust recordings and characterization of responses to electrosensory stimulation.

Retrograde Fluorescent Labeling Allows for Targeted Extracellular Single-unit Recording from Identified Neurons In vivo

Retrograde transport of fluorescent dye labels a sub-population of neurons based on anatomical projection. Labeled axons can be visually targeted in vivo, permitting extracellular recording from identified axons. This technique facilitates recording when neurons cannot be labeled through genetic manipulation or are difficult to isolate using 'blind' in vivo approaches.

Retrograde Fluoreszenzmarkierung Ermöglicht Gezielte Extracellular Einzel-Einheit Aufnahme von identifizierten Neuronen<em&gt; In vivo</em

The overall goal of this method is to record single-unit responses from an identified population of neurons. In vivo electrophysiological recordings from ...

Multi-unit Recording Methods to Characterize Neural Activity in the Locust (Schistocerca Americana) Olfactory Circuits

Detection and interpretation of olfactory cues are critical for the survival of many organisms. Remarkably, species across phyla have strikingly similar olfactory systems suggesting that the biological approach to chemical sensing has been optimized over evolutionary time1. In the insect olfactory system, odorants are transduced by olfactory receptor neurons (ORN) in the antenna, which convert chemical stimuli into trains of action potentials. Sensory input from the ORNs is then relayed to the antennal lobe (AL; a structure analogous to the vertebrate olfactory bulb). In the AL, neural representations for odors take the form of spatiotemporal firing patterns distributed across ensembles of principal neurons (PNs; also referred to as projection neurons)2,3. The AL output is subsequently processed by Kenyon cells (KCs) in the downstream mushroom body (MB), a structure associated with olfactory memory and learning4,5. Here, we present electrophysiological recording techniques to monitor odor-evoked neural responses in these olfactory circuits.
First, we present a single sensillum recording method to study odor-evoked responses at the level of populations of ORNs6,7. We discuss the use of saline filled sharpened glass pipettes as electrodes to extracellularly monitor ORN responses. Next, we present a method to extracellularly monitor PN responses using a commercial 16-channel electrode3. A similar approach using a custom-made 8-channel twisted wire tetrode is demonstrated for Kenyon cell recordings8. We provide details of our experimental setup and present representative recording traces for each of these techniques.

Multi-unit Recording Methods to Characterize Neural Activity in the Locust Schistocerca Americana Olfactory Circuits

We demonstrate variations of the extracellular multi-unit recording technique to characterize odor-evoked responses in the first three stages of the invertebrate olfactory pathway. These techniques can easily be adapted to examine ensemble activity in other neural systems as well.

Multi-unit Recording Methoden zur neuronalen Aktivität in der Locust Charakterisieren (<em&gt; Schistocerca Americana</em&gt;) Olfaktorische Circuits

Detection and interpretation of olfactory cues are critical for the survival  of many organisms. Remarkably, species across phyla have strikingly similar ...

Deep Brain Stimulation with Simultaneous fMRI in Rodents

In order to visualize the global and downstream neuronal responses to deep brain stimulation (DBS) at various targets, we have developed a protocol for using blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to image rodents with simultaneous DBS. DBS fMRI presents a number of technical challenges, including accuracy of electrode implantation, MR artifacts created by the electrode, choice of anesthesia and paralytic to minimize any neuronal effects while simultaneously eliminating animal motion, and maintenance of physiological parameters, deviation from which can confound the BOLD signal.&#160;Our laboratory has developed a set of procedures that are capable of overcoming most of these possible issues. For electrical stimulation, a homemade tungsten bipolar microelectrode is used, inserted stereotactically at the stimulation site in the anesthetized subject. In preparation for imaging, rodents are fixed on a plastic headpiece and transferred to the magnet bore. For sedation and paralysis during scanning, a cocktail of dexmedetomidine and pancuronium is continuously infused, along with a minimal dose of isoflurane; this preparation minimizes the BOLD ceiling effect of volatile anesthetics. In this example experiment, stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) produces BOLD responses which are observed primarily in ipsilateral cortical regions, centered in motor cortex. Simultaneous DBS and fMRI allows the unambiguous modulation of neural circuits dependent on stimulation location and stimulation parameters, and permits observation of neuronal modulations free of regional bias. This technique may be used to explore the downstream effects of modulating neural circuitry at nearly any brain region, with implications for both experimental and clinical DBS.

This protocol describes a standard method for simultaneous functional magnetic resonance imaging and deep brain stimulation in the rodent. The combined use of these experimental tools allows for the exploration of global downstream activity in response to electrical stimulation at virtually any brain target.

Deep Brain Stimulation mit gleichzeitiger fMRT in Nagetiere

In order to visualize the global and downstream neuronal responses to deep brain stimulation (DBS) at various targets, we have developed a protocol for ...

In Vitro Recording of Mesenteric Afferent Nerve Activity in Mouse Jejunal and Colonic Segments

Afferent nerves not only convey information concerning normal physiology, but also signal disturbed homeostasis and pathophysiological processes of the different organ systems from the periphery towards the central nervous system. As such, the increased activity or &#39;sensitization&#39; of mesenteric afferent nerves has been allocated an important role in the pathophysiology of visceral hypersensitivity and abdominal pain syndromes.
Mesenteric afferent nerve activity can be measured in vitro in an isolated intestinal segment that is mounted in a purpose-built organ bath and from which the splanchnic nerve is isolated, allowing researchers to directly assess nerve activity adjacent to the gastrointestinal segment. Activity can be recorded at baseline in standardized conditions, during distension of the segment or following the addition of pharmacological compounds delivered intraluminally or serosally. This technique allows the researcher to easily study the effect of drugs targeting the peripheral nervous system in control specimens; besides, it provides crucial information on how neuronal activity is altered during disease. It should be noted however that measuring afferent neuronal firing activity only constitutes one relay station in the complex neuronal signaling cascade, and researchers should bear in mind not to overlook neuronal activity at other levels (e.g., dorsal root ganglia, spinal cord or central nervous system) in order to fully elucidate the complex neuronal physiology in health and disease.
Commonly used applications include the study of neuronal activity in response to the administration of lipopolysaccharide, and the study of afferent nerve activity in animal models of irritable bowel syndrome. In a more translational approach, the isolated mouse intestinal segment can be exposed to colonic supernatants from IBS patients. Furthermore, a modification of this technique has been recently shown to be applicable in human colonic specimens.

In Vitro Recording of Mesenteric Afferent Nerve Activity in Mouse Jejunal and Colonic Segments

Mesenteric afferent nerves convey information from the gastrointestinal tract towards the brain regarding normal homeostasis as well as pathophysiology. Gastrointestinal afferent nerve activity can be assessed by mounting isolated intestinal segments with attached afferent nerves into an organ bath, isolating the nerve, and assessing basal as well as stimulated activity.

In - vitro - Aufnahme von Mesenteriale afferenten Nervenaktivität in Maus - Jejunal und Kolon - Segmente

Afferent nerves not only convey information concerning normal physiology, but also signal disturbed homeostasis and pathophysiological processes of the ...

Preparations and Protocols for Whole Cell Patch Clamp Recording of Xenopus laevis Tectal Neurons

The Xenopus tadpole retinotectal circuit, comprised of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the eye which form synapses directly onto neurons in the optic tectum, is a popular model to study how neural circuits self-assemble. The ability to carry out whole cell patch clamp recordings from tectal neurons and to record RGC-evoked responses, either in vivo or using a whole brain preparation, has generated a large body of high-resolution data about the mechanisms underlying normal, and abnormal, circuit formation and function. Here we describe how to perform the in vivo preparation, the original whole brain preparation, and a more recently developed horizontal brain slice preparation for obtaining whole cell patch clamp recordings from tectal neurons. Each preparation has unique experimental advantages. The in vivo preparation enables the recording of the direct response of tectal neurons to visual stimuli projected onto the eye. The whole brain preparation allows for the RGC axons to be activated in a highly controlled manner, and the horizontal brain slice preparation allows recording from across all layers of the tectum.

Preparations and Protocols for Whole Cell Patch Clamp Recording of Xenopus laevis Tectal Neurons

In this paper, we discuss three brain preparations used for whole cell patch clamp recording to study the retinotectal circuit of Xenopus laevis tadpoles. Each preparation, with its own specific advantages, contributes to the experimental tractability of the Xenopus tadpole as a model to study neural circuit function.

Vorbereitungen und Protokolle für die ganze Zelle Patch Clamp Aufnahme von Xenopus Laevis Tectal Neuronen

The Xenopus tadpole retinotectal circuit, comprised of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the eye which form synapses directly onto neurons in the optic ...

The Power of Interstimulus Interval for the Assessment of Temporal Processing in Rodents

Temporal processing deficits have been implicated as a potential elemental dimension of higher-level cognitive processes, commonly observed in neurocognitive disorders. Despite the popularization of prepulse inhibition (PPI) in recent years, many current protocols promote using a percent of control measure, thereby precluding the assessment of temporal processing. The present study used cross-modal PPI and gap prepulse inhibition (gap-PPI) to demonstrate the benefits of employing a range of interstimulus intervals (ISIs) to delineate effects of sensory modality, psychostimulant exposure, and age. Assessment of sensory modality, psychostimulant exposure, and age reveals the utility of an approach varying the interstimulus interval (ISI) to establish the shape of the ISI function, including increases (sharper curve inflections) or decreases (flattening of the response amplitude curve) in startle amplitude. Additionally, shifts in peak response inhibition, suggestive of a differential sensitivity to the manipulation of ISI, are often revealed. Thus, the systematic manipulation of ISI affords a critical opportunity to evaluate temporal processing, which may reveal the underlying neural mechanisms involved in neurocognitive disorders.

Temporal processing, a preattentive process, may underlie deficits in higher-level cognitive processes, including attention, commonly observed in neurocognitive disorders. Using prepulse inhibition as an exemplar paradigm, we present a protocol for manipulating interstimulus interval (ISI) to establish the shape of the ISI function to provide an assessment of temporal processing.