Diese Arbeit wurde von NIEHS R01ES014470 (KMZ) unterstützt.

Vor Beginn dieses Protokoll, sammeln neugeborenen Mäusen an postnatalen Tag 1-3 (P1-3) in einem sterilen Behälter mit Original-Käfig Bettwäsche für Schutz und Wärme verschachtelt. Es ist wichtig, schnell und effizient durch dieses Protokoll arbeiten, um Mikroglia-Ausbeute zu optimieren. Bitte siehe Tabelle 1 für vollständige Reagenzienliste. 1. Vorbereitung der Instrumente, Kultur, Medien und Gerichte <ol><li> Vorbereitung 10 ml / Welpen Mikroglia komplette Medien (MCM; 1x Minimal Essential Medium Earles [MEM], ergänzt mit 1 mM L-Glutamin, 1 mM Natriumpyruvat, 0,6% v / v D-(+)-Glucose, 100 &amp;mgr; g / ml Penicillin / Streptomycin (P / S), 4% v / v Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS), 6% v / v Pferdeserum), und fügen Sie zu jedem T-75-Kolben (1-Kolben / Welpe), Kappe und Ort horizontal in einen Inkubator (37 ° C, 5% CO 2) für 1 h äquilibrieren gelassen. Es ist wichtig, dieses Medium in Flaschen (en) vor Beginn der Präparation äquilibrieren. </li><li> Prepare, aliquote, und warm im 37 ° C warmen Wasserbad für MCM-Dissektion (6 ml / Welpe) und in einem separaten konischen Rohr MCM für Zell Aufwirbelung (2 ml / Welpe). Bereiten aliquote, und Chill auf Eis Mincing Medien (MM; HBSS, ergänzt mit 100 ug / ml P / S, 0,01 M HEPES, 3 ml / Welpe) und Dissecting Medien (DM; MEM mit 100 ug / ml ergänzt P / S; 2 ml / Welpe). </li><li> Sterilisieren Sie die folgenden chirurgische Instrumente durch Eintauchen in 70% Ethanol für 10 min: Schere Nr. 1 (1; zu enthaupten), forcep # 1 (2; Nase sichern und Rinden entfernen), Schere Nr. 2 (1; nonangled; zu öffnen Kopfhaut ), forcep Nr. 2 (1; Kopfhaut entfernen), forcep Nr. 3 (1; Schädel zu entfernen), forcep # 4 (2; Hirnhaut entfernen), Schere Nr. 3 (1; Hirngewebe Hackfleisch). An der Luft trocknen auf einer sterilen Unterlage. </li><li> Wischen Sie den horizontalen Luftstrom-Workstation und Dissektionsmikroskop mit 70% Ethanol. </li><li> Dispense DM in zwei sterile, 100 mm Petrischalen für die Erfassung Kopf (3 ml; ein Gericht / 3 Jungtiere) und Zerlegung (1 ml;Ein Gericht / pup; vor der Dissektion auf Eis gekühlt). Dispense MM in ein steriles, 100 mm Petrischale zum Zerkleinern von Hirngewebe (1 ml, 1 Schale / Welpe). </li></ol> 2. Gehirngewebe Dissection <ol><li> Vor der Euthanasie, sanft desinfizieren Hals und Kopf des Welpen mit 70% Ethanol mit Hilfe eines Labor-Gewebe. Mit Scheren Nr. 1, schnell Welpen einschläfern durch Entfernen der Kopf, Kopf-Capture in vorbereitete Petrischale. Euthanize und füllen Sie die Dissektion der ein Welpe, bevor Sie mit dem nächsten Tier. </li><li> Übertragen Sie den Kopf auf die Kaltschale Dissektion, unter Dissektionsmikroskop sichern den Kopf durch Kneifen die Nase mit Zange # 1 (alternativ kann der Kopf durch Durchstechen der Zange durch die Augenhöhle befestigt werden), offene Kopfhaut mit Scheren Nr. 2 durch die Schaffung eines Y-Schnitt: Anfang von der Basis des Kopfes und in einem Winkel in Richtung der Augen. Verwenden forcep Nr. 3 zu entfernen sanft die Kopfhaut durch seitlich Peeling, Aussetzen der Schädel. </li><li> Mit Pinzette # 3, entfernen Sie vorsichtig Bindegewebe an der Basis derKopf. Wenn der Schädelbasis ausgesetzt ist, vorsichtig öffnen Schädel durch Einfädeln einem Arm in forcep zwischen Gehirn und Schädel (nach der Interhemisphärenspalt); Griff; ziehen Sie vorsichtig nach oben, um den Schädel aufreißen. </li><li> Stören Bindegewebe unter Bauchseite der Gehirn mit Zange # 1, und anschließend entfernen Gehirn mit dem gleichen Werkzeug. Heben Sie das Gehirn aus der Schädel durch die Verwendung eines nach oben gerichteten Kraft unter der Bauchseite des Gehirns. </li><li> Halten Sie das Gehirn in seiner anatomischen Position: Rückenseite nach oben, um die Rinden unter der Dissektionsmikroskop visualisieren, sichern das Gehirn an Ort und Stelle durch Einfügen von Spitzen der Pinzette in der Kreuzung des Mittelhirns und des Kortex; kortikalen Hirnhaut vollständig zu entfernen mit Zange Nr. 4, fahren Sie dann mit der ventralen Hirnhäute entfernen. Sobald die Hirnhaut vollständig entfernt wurden, trennen Sie die Rinden von dem Rest des Gehirns mit Zange Nr. 4. Es ist wichtig, vollständig zu entfernen Hirnhautgewebe Mikroglia Reinheit und yiel maximierend. </li></ol> 3. Gehirngewebe Mincing <ol><li> Über Kortex zuvor vorbereitet Hacken Schüssel; weiterhin Hacken Schritt mit sterilen Technik in der Klasse II Biologische Sicherheitswerkbank. </li><li> Mit Scheren Nr. 3 Mince Hirngewebe, die Übertragung zerkleinerte Gewebe in ein 15 ml konischen Röhrchen;. Spülen Scheren und Hacken Schüssel mit 1 ml MM jeden, sammeln und abzugeben Spülungen in die 15 ml konischen Röhrchen, die das zerkleinerte Gewebe wird dieser Spülvorgang zu maximieren die Ausbeute an Mikrogliazellen durch Sicherstellung, dass alle Restgewebe ist mit konischen Röhrchen überführt. Lassen Gewebesuspension für 1-2 min ungestört, so dass zerkleinerte Gewebe auf dem Boden des Röhrchens zu begleichen. Haben 2 Minuten nicht überschreiten, da MM nicht essentiellen Nährstoffe enthalten. </li><li> Entfernen und entsorgen 2 ml Überstand mit generischen 1000 ul Mikropipette mit einer Standard-Pipettenspitze, dass bestimmte nicht zu den niedergelassen Hackfleisch-Gewebe zu stören. </li&gt; <li> 3 ml MCM zu der Hackfleisch-Gewebe; verreiben das Gewebe mit voller Kraft mit einem generischen 1000 ul Mikropipette mit einem Standard-Pipettenspitze ohne erkennbare feste Gewebe sollte bleiben, wenn Verreiben abgeschlossen ist.. Fügen Sie weitere 3 ml MCM mit der gleichen Pipettenspitze, sammeln Rest verrieben Probe aus der Pipettenspitze. </li></ol> 4. Wachsende kortikalen Zellen <ol><li> Zentrifuge das zerkleinerte Gewebe Zellen zu pelletieren (215 xg; 5 min; RT; klinischen Zentrifuge mit Ausschwingrotor). Zurück pelletierten Zellen zur biologischen Sicherheitsschrank, entfernen und den Überstand verwerfen; sanft Zellpellet (2 ml / Rohr; MCM), fügen Sie die Zelle Aufwirbelung zu der vorher hergestellten T-75-Kolben; Kappe der Flasche und legen Sie sie horizontal in einer befeuchteten Standardgewebekultur-Inkubator (37 ° C, 5% CO 2). Lassen Sie die Zellen für 24 h inkubiert. </li><li> Nach 24 Stunden, klopfen Sie leicht Kolben gegen die Handfläche zu störenGewebereste. Check-Zellen vor und nach dem Abstich, um eine vollständige Entfernung von Rückständen sicherzustellen. Set Kolben vertikal; entfernen und entsorgen Medien, fügen frische MCM auf den Boden der Flasche (12 ml, 37 ° C), Kappe und legen Sie wieder in den Inkubator, horizontal. </li><li> Überprüfen Zellen täglich auf Verschmutzung und das Wachstum zu überwachen. </li><li> Bei etwa 17 bis 21 Tagen in vitro (DIV), werden Mikrogliazellen bereit für die Ernte aus dem gemischten Gliazellen Kultur. Um festzustellen, ob Zellen sind bereit, zu prüfen Zellen unter einem inversen Phasenkontrastmikroskop. Mikroglia sind bereit für die Ernte, wenn sie bei ~ 40% Konfluenz. Sie erscheinen als kleine, hell, Kugelzellen wachsen als Monolayer auf andere Gliazellen. </li></ol> 5. Isolierung von Mikroglia vom gemischten Gliazellen Kultur <ol><li> Um Mikroglia zu isolieren, kräftig tippen Kolben gegen Labortisch. Diese Bewegung hilft separaten Mikroglia aus anderen Gliazellen aufgrund der niedrigen Hafteigenschaften von Mikroglia. </li><li&gt; Seal T-75-Kolben-Kappen mit Parafilm und die gemischten Gliakulturen drehen (200 Upm; 37 ° C; 5 h). Verwendung einer Temperatur-kontrollierten, nonhumidified Rotationsschüttler Nicht Zellen länger als 5 Stunden schütteln Sichtprüfung. dass Mikroglia haben sich die Kolben-Oberfläche nach 5 Stunden aufgehoben, mit einem inversen Phasenkontrastmikroskop. Mikroglia sind hell, kugelförmig, frei schwimmende Zellen. Es wird eine Restschicht von Astrozyten und Oligodendrozyten zu dem Boden des Kolbens zu haften. </li><li> Sammeln Stand Medien, die Mikroglia in einen sterilen konischen Zentrifugenröhrchen; Pellet Mikroglia (215 xg, 5 min; Ausschwingrotor). </li><li> Resuspendieren der Mikropellets in warmem Mikroglia-Wachstumsmedium (MGM, MEM, ergänzt mit 1 mM Natriumpyruvat, 0,6% v / vglucose, 1 mM L-Glutamin, 100 ug / ml P / S, 5% v / v FBS, 2 ~ ml / Kolben), bestimmen die Zellkonzentration mit einem Hämozytometer und Platte 1 x 10 5 Zellen / Well in einer 24-Well-Plattenformat aufKunststoff-oder sterilen Glasdeckgläser (500 ul /; MGM). Mit diesem Verfahren die durchschnittliche Mikroglia Ausbeute beträgt 7,5 x 10 5 Zellen / pup Kortex. </li><li> 24 Stunden nach der Beschichtung, entfernen Sie alle Medien-und Rückführungs Zellen mit frischem MGM (37 ° C), um schwimmende Zellen und Zelltrümmer zu entfernen. Dieser Schritt ist entscheidend für das Überleben der Zelle und Ruhe Mikroglia zu halten. Die Zellen können zum Experimentieren unmittelbar nach refeeding genutzt werden. </li></ol> 6. Beispiel Behandlungen <ol><li> Aussetzen Zellen 10 ng / ml von Pam 3 CSK 4 (Pam), 10 ng / ml Lipopolysaccharid (LPS) oder einer Fahrzeugsteuerung; Inkubation für 2 oder 24 h in befeuchteten Inkubator (37 ° C, 5% CO 2). </li></ol> 7. Analyse von Mikrogliazellen für Funktionalität Ex-vivo-Imaging über Immunfluoreszenz-und Immunzytochemie <ol><li> Nach der Behandlung der Ernte von Zellkulturmedien in Mikrozentrifugenröhrchen (1,5 ml) und zentrifuge mit einer Tischmikrozentrifuge (2 min; 900 xg), um Medien zu löschen. Den Überstand in ein sauberes Mikrozentrifugenröhrchen; Test sofort oder bei -20 ° C bis zur Verwendung. TNF-α Analysieren Konzentration in Zellkulturüberstand über handelsübliche Maus TNF-α-ELISA-Kit. </li><li> Waschen der Zellen mit phosphatgepufferter Salzlösung (PBS), und fixieren die Zellen mit 4% (w / v) Paraformaldehyd / 4% (w / v) Saccharose / PBS pH 7,4 (4% PFA, 15 min, RT). Nach der Fixierung, waschen Sie die Zellen mit PBS für 5 min unter leichtem Schütteln auf einem Rundschüttler. <ol><li> Immunfluoreszenz / Immunocytochemistry. Nach der Fixierung und PBS waschen, Prozess Mikroglia für Immunzytochemie. Alle Schritte mit leichtem Schütteln durchgeführt. Zellen permeabilisiert PBS/0.1% Triton X-100; Blockzellen in PBS/10% normalem Ziegenserum für eine Stunde. Zellen O / N Inkubieren bei 4 ° C mit Kaninchen-Anti-NF-&amp;kgr; B-Antikörper (p65-Untereinheit; 1/1, 250) oder Kaninchen-anti-Iba-1-Antikörper (1/750) in Blockierungspuffer. Visuellize Antigen: Antikörper-Komplex nach Inkubation mit Fluoreszenz-konjugierte Ziege-Anti-Kaninchen-IgG-Sekundärantikörper (1 h, 1/1, 000). Entfernen von ungebundenem sekundärem Antikörper durch Waschen mit PBS/0.1% Triton X-100 (3 × 5 min). </li><li> Gegenfärbung Zellen mit 4 &#39;,6-Diamidino-2-phenylindol / PBS (DAPI, 0,1 ug / ml). In den Zellkern zu visualisieren Alle Mikroglia aus CX3CR1-GFP + / abgeleitet - Mäuse exprimieren GFP. Nutzen Sie eine 350 nm Wellenlängenfilter, um DAPI visualisieren, ein 488 nm Wellenlängenfilter mit GFP zu visualisieren, und ein 594 nm Wellenlängenfilter an p65 und Iba-1-Immun visualisieren. </li></ol></li><li> Berg Deckgläser unter Verwendung wässriger Lösung und Montage visualisieren Mikroglia mit Fluoreszenzmikroskopie. </li></ol>

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M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+murinemicroglial+cells+for+RNA+analysis+or+flow+cytometry.">Isolation of murinemicroglial cells for RNA analysis or flow cytometry.</a> Nat. Protoc. 1, 1947-1951 (2006).</li><li>Ford, A. L., Goodsall, A. L., Hickey, W. F., Sedgwick, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Normal+adult+ramified+microglia+separated+from+other+central+nervous+system+macrophages+by+flow+cytometric+sorting.+Phenotypic+differences+defined+and+direct+ex+vivo+antigenpresentation+to+myelin+basic+protein-reactive+CD4++T+cells+compared.">Normal adult ramified microglia separated from other central nervous system macrophages by flow cytometric sorting. Phenotypic differences defined and direct ex vivo antigenpresentation to myelin basic protein-reactive CD4+ T cells compared.</a> J. Immunol. 154, 4309-4321 (1995).</li><li>Ford, A. L., Foulcher, E., Goodsall, A. L., Sedgwick, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tissue+digestion+with+dispase+substantially+reduces+lymphocyte+and+macrophage+cell-surface+antigen+expression.">Tissue digestion with dispase substantially reduces lymphocyte and macrophage cell-surface antigen expression.</a> J. Immunol. Methods. 194, 71-75 (1996).</li><li>Pino, P. A., Cardona, A. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+brain+and+spinal+cord+mononuclear+cells+using+percoll+gradients.">Isolation of brain and spinal cord mononuclear cells using percoll gradients.</a> J. Vis. Exp. , (2011).</li><li>Veremeyko, T., Starossom, S. C., Weiner, H. L., Ponomarev, E. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+of+microRNAs+in+microglia+by+real-time+PCR+in+normal+CNS+and+during+neuroinflammation.">Detection of microRNAs in microglia by real-time PCR in normal CNS and during neuroinflammation.</a> J. Vis. Exp. , (2012).</li><li>Su, X., Federoff, H. J., Maguire-Zeiss, K. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mutant+alpha-synuclein+overexpression+mediates+early+proinflammatory+activity.">Mutant alpha-synuclein overexpression mediates early proinflammatory activity.</a> Neurotox. Res. 16, 238-254 (2009).</li><li>Jung, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+fractalkine+receptorCX(3)CR1+function+by+targeted+deletion+and+green+fluorescent+protein+reporter+gene+insertion.">Analysis of fractalkine receptorCX(3)CR1 function by targeted deletion and green fluorescent protein reporter gene insertion.</a> Mol. Cell. Biol. 20, 4106-4114 (2000).</li><li>Imai, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+and+molecular+characterization+of+fractalkine+receptor+CX3CR1,+which+mediates+both+leukocyte+migration+and+adhesion.">Identification and molecular characterization of fractalkine receptor CX3CR1, which mediates both leukocyte migration and adhesion.</a> Cell. 91, 521-530 (1997).</li><li>Cardona, A. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Control+of+microglial+neurotoxicity+by+the+fractalkine+receptor.">Control of microglial neurotoxicity by the fractalkine receptor.</a> Nat. Neurosci. 9, 917-924 (2006).</li><li>Streit, W. J., Walter, S. A., Pennell, N. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reactive+microgliosis.">Reactive microgliosis.</a> Prog. Neurobiol. 57, 563-581 (1999).</li><li>Frank, M. G., Wieseler-Frank, J. L., Watkins, L. R., Maier, S. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+isolation+of+highly+enriched+and+quiescent+microglia+from+adult+rat+hippocampus:immunophenotypic+and+functional+characteristics.">Rapid isolation of highly enriched and quiescent microglia from adult rat hippocampus:immunophenotypic and functional characteristics.</a> J. Neurosci. Methods. 151, 121-130 (2006).</li></ol>

Die Autoren erklären, dass die Forschung wurde in Abwesenheit von kommerziellen oder finanziellen Beziehungen, die als potentieller Interessenkonflikt verstanden werden könnte durchgeführt.

Das vorliegende Verfahren bietet eine effektive Methode zur Isolierung der kortikalen Mikrogliazellen von neugeborenen Mäusen. Dieses Verfahren hat einen zweifachen Vorteil 1) Erhaltung Mikroglia Immunphänotyps und Funktionalität, wie durch Fluoreszenz-Bildgebung, Immunzytochemie und ELISA bestimmt, und 2) ermöglicht Mikroglia in der Gegenwart von anderen Gliazellen (Astrozyten und oligodentrocytes) vor dem reifen Isolation, die während der Gliazellen Kultur Reifezeit wichtige Zell-Zell-Interaktionen ermöglichen k...

Mikrogliazellen, die Überwachungs Makrophagen des ZNS Parenchym, umfassen etwa 12% der Gesamtzellpopulation des erwachsenen Gehirns von Säugetieren. Mikrogliazellen sind aus Dottersack myeloischen Vorläuferzellen abgeleitet und variieren in der Zelldichte und Morphologie in verschiedenen cytoarchitectural Regionen innerhalb der adulten ZNS 05.01. In einem gesunden erwachsenen Gehirn sind Mikroglia kleinen, verzweigten oder polaren Zellen mit feinen, dynamischen Prozessen. Im Gegensatz zu peripheren Makrophagen Morphologie, Mikrogliazellen zeigen eine Ruhe, Low-Profile-Phänotyp in gesunden Gehirnen, die als zelluläre Inaktivität erscheinen können, aber in-vivo-Imaging-Studien zeigen, dass die Mikroglia-Prozesse dynamisch aus-und einfahren, um ihre Mikroumgebung überwachen in einer Art und Weise erinnert an &quot; Probenahme-und Vermessungs &quot;6,7. Mikroglia sind stark unterschiedlich und als Reaktion auf Umwelt und pathophysiologischen Veränderungen im Gehirn, Schaltvon einem Wacher zu einer Effektor-Zustand häufig als ihre Ruhe angesehen und aktivierten Zustände auf. Dieser Schalter kann bei der Aktivierung durch den Eingriff der membrangebundenen Mustererkennungsrezeptoren (PRRS), wie etwa Toll-like Rezeptoren (TLR), die pathogen-associated molecular Muster reagieren (PAMPS), nämlich Bakterien-und Virus-abgeleitete Lipoproteine ​​vermittelt , Nukleinsäuren, Kohlenhydrate und 8-11. Zusätzlich zu PAMPs haben KFVs auch gezeigt, dass Mikroglia-Aktivierung gegen steriles, nicht-pathogenen Molekülen Gefahr / Beschädigung assoziierte molekulare Muster (gedämpft) bekannt, die eine Störung der Homöostase im ZNS darstellen, wie beispielsweise Zellschäden induzieren 12-16. Einmal aktiviert, PRRs initiieren eine intrazelluläre Signalkaskade, die zu Veränderungen in Mikroglia-Zellmorphologie und Genexpression führt, insbesondere aktivierte Mikroglia eine Anpassung amoeboid-ähnlichen Phänotyp, die p65 transloziert NF-kB-Untereinheit (p65) in den Zellkern und regulieren die production und Sekretion von proinflammatorischen Cytokinen, wie Tumor-Nekrose-Faktor-α (TNF-α), Interleukin-1 β (IL-1β), zusammen mit reaktiven Sauerstoffspezies (ROS), 16-24. Obwohl integral an der angeborenen Immunantwort des ZNS haben diese Moleküle sezerniert wurde auch gefunden, neuronale oxidativen Stress zu erhöhen, wodurch induzieren und verschlimmern Neurodegeneration bei Krankheitszuständen, wie Parkinson-und Alzheimer-Krankheit 25-29. Jedoch sind die Mechanismen der Mikroglia-Aktivierung in pathologischen Zuständen nicht vollständig verstanden. Daher Isolierung der Mikroglia ist ein leistungsfähiges Werkzeug in Untersuchungs dieser biologischen Prozesse, wie viele in-vivo-Funktionen von Mikroglia-Aktivierung in Kultur rekapituliert werden. Es sind mehrere Verfahren zur Isolierung von Mikroglia, einschließlich Isolierung über einen Percoll-Gradienten folgende enzymatische Verdauung von ZNS-Gewebe 30,31 erhältlich. Allerdings enzymatische Verdauung verändern könnender Immunphänotyp der Zellen, indem Zelloberflächenantigen-Expression 32 und führt zu einer geringeren Zellausbeute pro Tier als dem hier beschriebenen Verfahren. Insbesondere weisen wir einen durchschnittlichen Ertrag pro Welpe Mikroglia Kortex von 7,5 x 10 5 Zellen, während zuvor berichtet Isolierungsverfahren aus ganzen ZNS über einen Percoll-Gradienten Ausbeute 5.3 x 10 5 Zellen 30,33,34. Das vorliegende Verfahren umgeht die Verwendung von Verdauungsenzymen durch Isolierung Mikroglia auf der Grundlage ihrer niedrigen Hafteigenschaften, wodurch die Mikro Immunophänotyp und Funktionalität erhalten bleibt. In der vorliegenden Studie beschreiben wir die Isolierung von Mikroglia-Zellen aus gemischten Glia-Kulturen aus Neugeborenen-heterozygoten CX3CR1-GFP (CX3CR1-GFP + / -) abgeleitet und C57BL / 6 Mäuse Kortex über mechanische Bewegung auf einem Rotationsschüttler, eine Erweiterung der zuvor publizierten Methode 24,35. Wir nutzen die ehemaligen Mausstamm für die einfache Visualisierung von Mikrogliazellen, alsDiese Mäuse exprimieren GFP unter der Kontrolle des endogenen Locus CX3CR1 - ein Monozyten-spezifische Promotor 36-38. Dieses Verfahren erzeugt sehr reine Mikrokulturen mit dem erhaltenen Immunphänotyps ex vivo, wie durch morphologische Veränderungen, die nukleäre Translokation von p65 und Sekretion von TNF-α nachgewiesen, wenn mit bakteriellem Lipopolysaccharid (LPS) oder Pam 3 CSK 4 gefordert, TLR4 und TLR1 / 2-Agonisten sind.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="680">
	<colgroup>
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		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="160">
			<td height="160" style="height:160px;width:233px;">Glucose</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">G8270</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Make 20% Stock Solution with MilliQ water; filter sterilize; store at 4 &#176;C; shelf life: 3-6 months. Used to make MCM and MGM.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:233px;">Sodium pyruvate 100 mM (100x)</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Hyclone</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">SH30239.01</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Store at 4 &#176;C. Used to make MCM and MGM.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:233px;">Penicillin/Streptomycin 10,000 units/ml (100x)</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">15140-122</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Store at -20 &#176;C. Used to make MCM, MGM, MM, and DM.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:233px;">L-glutamine 200 mM (100x)</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">25030-081</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Store at -20 &#176;C. Used to make MCM and MGM.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:233px;">Fetal Bovine Serum (Defined)</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Hyclone</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">SH30070.03</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Filter sterilize; store at -20 &#176;C. Used to make MCM and MGM.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="120">
			<td height="120" style="height:120px;width:233px;">Minimum Essential Medium Earle&#39;s (MEM)</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Cellgro</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">15-010-CV</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Without L-glutamine. Contains Earle&#39;s salts. Used to make MCM, MGM, and DM.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:233px;">Horse Serum</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">16050</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Filter sterilize; store at -20 &#176;C. Used to make MCM and MGM.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:233px;">Hanks&#39; Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS)</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Cellgro</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">21-021-CV</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Without calcium and magnesium. Store at 4 &#176;C. Used to make MM.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:233px;">HEPES 1 M</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">15630-031</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Store at 4 &#176;C. Used to make MM.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:233px;">T-75 Flask</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">430641</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:233px;">4&#39;,6-Diamidino-2-Phenylindole, dilactate (DAPI)</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">D3571</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Used to stain cell nucleus.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:233px;">Rabbit anti-Iba1</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Wako</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">019-19741</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Used at 1/750 dilution for ICC staining of Iba1.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:233px;">Rabbit anti-NF&#954;B (p65)</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Abcam</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">7970</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Used at 1/1250 dilution for ICC staining for p65.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="100">
			<td height="100" style="height:100px;width:233px;">Alexafluor 594 Goat anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L)</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">A11012</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Used at 1/1000 dilution for visualization of antigen:antibody complex in ICC.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:233px;">10 ml Disposable Serological Pipet</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">13-678-11E</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:233px;">50 ml Disposable Centrifuge Tube</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">05-539-8</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:233px;">15 ml Disposible Centrifuge Tube</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">05-539-12</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:233px;">Sterile Polystyrene Petri Dish</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">875713</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">100 mm x 15 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:233px;">Scissor: Straight Metzembaum (scissor #1)</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Roboz Surgical</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">RS-6010</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">1; 5 inch; used for removing head</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:233px;">Scissor: Vannas 
			(scissor #2)</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">15000-08</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">1; non-angled; 2.5mm cutting edge; used to open scalp</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:233px;">Scissor: Student Vannas (scissor #3)</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">91501-09</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">1; curved; used to mince brain tissue</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:233px;">Forcep: Dumont #7 
			(forcep #1)</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">91197-00</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">2; used to secure nose and remove cortices&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:233px;">Forcep: Dumont #2 
			(forcep #2)</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">11223-20</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">1; used to remove scalp</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:233px;">Forcep: Dumont #3 
			(forcep #3)</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">11231-30</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">1; used to remove skull</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:233px;">Forcep: Dumont #5a 
			(forcep #4)</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">11253-21</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">1; used to remove meninges</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Table of specific equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:233px;">Name of Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Name of Company</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Catalogue Number</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:233px;">Zoom Stereo Dissection Microscope&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">SZ4060</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Microscope is placed inside Laminar-Horizontal Flow Cabinet</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:233px;">Laminar-Horizontal Flow Cabinet</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Nuaire</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">NU-201-330</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:233px;">Biological Safety Cabinet</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Labconco</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">3440001</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Class II</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="46">
			<td height="46" style="height:46px;width:233px;">Water-Jacketed CO2 Incubator</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">VWR</td>
			<td>97025-836</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Set to 37 &#176;C, 5% CO2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:233px;">Swing-out buckets</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>75006441</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">To be used with Swing-out rotor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:233px;">Swing-out Rotor</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>75006445</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Max Radius: 19.2 (cm)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:233px;">Sorvall Legend RT+ Centrifuge 
			(clinical centrifuge)</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>75-004-377</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">With swing-out rotor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:233px;">AccuSpin Micro 17 microcentrifuge 
			(tabletop microcentrifuge)</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S98645</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">With microliter rotor (24 x 1.5/2.0 ml; 
			Cat #: 75003524)&#160;&#160;</td>
		</tr>
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isolation of cortical microglia with preserved immunophenotype and functionality from murine neonates

Die Isolierung der Mikroglia von ZNS-Gewebe ist ein leistungsfähiges Werkzeug, um investigative Mikroglia Biologie studieren ex vivo. Das vorliegende Verfahren Details ein Verfahren zur Isolierung von murinen Mikroglia von neonatalen Kortex durch mechanische Bewegung mit einem Rotationsschüttler. Diese Methode liefert Mikroglia Isolierung hochreiner kortikalen Mikrogliazellen, die morphologischen und funktionellen Eigenschaften in normalen, nicht pathologischen Bedingungen in vivo bezeichnend für Ruhe Mikroglia aufweisen. Dieses Verfahren bewahrt auch die Mikro Immunphänotyps und biochemischen Funktionen, wie durch die Induktion der morphologischen Veränderungen, die nukleäre Translokation der p65-Untereinheit von NF-kB (p65), und Sekretion des proinflammatorischen Zytokins Markenzeichen, Tumor-Nekrose-Faktor-α (TNF-α nachgewiesen ), auf Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) und Pam 3 4 CSK (Pam) Herausforderungen. Daher erhält das vorliegende Verfahren die Isolierung Immunophänotyp sowohl Ruhe und aktivierenviert Mikroglia und bietet eine experimentelle Methode zur Untersuchung der Biologie in Mikroglia ex vivo-Bedingungen.

Beibehaltung der Immunphänotyp und Funktionalität der Mikroglia ex vivo während der Isolierung ist entscheidend, um in der Lage, diese Zellen als Untersuchungsmodell für Mikro Biologie zu nutzen. Um die erfolgreiche Konservierung von Mikroglia immunofunctionality Verwendung des vorliegenden Verfahrens zu demonstrieren, isolierten wir kortikalen Mikrogliazellen von P3 Neugeborenen (CX3CR1-GFP + / - und C57BL / 6) und behandelten Kulturen entweder mit LPS oder Pam. Wie ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of Cortical Microglia with Preserved Immunophenotype and Functionality From Murine Neonates at JoVE.com

Isolation of Cortical Microglia with Preserved Immunophenotype and Functionality From Murine Neonates

Ein Schlüssel zur erfolgreichen Untersuchung der Mikroglia-Biologie ist die Erhaltung der Immunfunktion Mikroglia ex vivo bei der Isolierung von ZNS-Gewebe. Trenn Mikroglia über Dreh Schütteln Ergebnisse in hochreiner und immunofunctional Zellkulturen durch Fluoreszenz-Bildgebung, Immunzytochemie, und ELISA folgenden Mikroglia-Aktivierung mit der proinflammatorische Stimuli Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) und Pam 3 4 CSK (Pam) bewertet.

Isolation kortikaler Mikroglia mit bewahrten Immunophänotyp und Funktionalität aus Murine Neugeborene

Isolation of microglia from CNS tissue is a powerful investigative tool used to study microglial biology ex vivo. The present method details a procedure ...

isolation-cortical-microglia-with-preserved-immunophenotype

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

15.7K Aufrufe.  Georgetown University Medical Center.  Ein Schlüssel zur erfolgreichen Untersuchung der Mikroglia-Biologie ist die Erhaltung der Immunfunktion Mikroglia ex vivo bei der Isolierung von ZNS-Gewebe. Trenn Mikroglia über Dreh Schütteln Ergebnisse in hochreiner und immunofunctional Zellkulturen durch Fluoreszenz-Bildgebung, Immunzytochemie, und ELISA folgenden Mikroglia-Aktivierung mit der proinflammatorische Stimuli Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) und Pam 3 4 CSK (Pam) bewertet. 

Serie: Isolation of Cortical Microglia with Preserved Immunophenotype and Functionality From Murine Neonates

Primary Microglia Isolation from Mixed Glial Cell Cultures of Neonatal Rat Brain Tissue

Microglia account for approximately 12% of the total cellular population in the mammalian brain. While neurons and astrocytes are considered the major cell types of the nervous system, microglia play a significant role in normal brain physiology by monitoring tissue for debris and pathogens and maintaining homeostasis in the parenchyma via phagocytic activity 1,2. Microglia are activated during a number of injury and disease conditions, including neurodegenerative disease, traumatic brain injury, and nervous system infection 3. Under these activating conditions, microglia increase their phagocytic activity, undergo morpohological and proliferative change, and actively secrete reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines, often activating a paracrine or autocrine loop 4-6. As these microglial responses contribute to disease pathogenesis in neurological conditions, research focused on microglia is warranted.
	Due to the cellular heterogeneity of the brain, it is technically difficult to obtain sufficient microglial sample material with high purity during in vivo experiments. Current research on the neuroprotective and neurotoxic functions of microglia require a routine technical method to consistently generate pure and healthy microglia with sufficient yield for study. We present, in text and video, a protocol to isolate pure primary microglia from mixed glia cultures for a variety of downstream applications. Briefly, this technique utilizes dissociated brain tissue from neonatal rat pups to produce mixed glial cell cultures. After the mixed glial cultures reach confluency, primary microglia are mechanically isolated from the culture by a brief duration of shaking. The microglia are then plated at high purity for experimental study.
	The principle and protocol of this methodology have been described in the literature 7,8. Additionally, alternate methodologies to isolate primary microglia are well described 9-12. Homogenized brain tissue may be separated by density gradient centrifugation to yield primary microglia 12. However, the centrifugation is of moderate length (45 min) and may cause cellular damage and activation, as well as, cause enriched microglia and other cellular populations. Another protocol has been utilized to isolate primary microglia in a variety of organisms by prolonged (16 hr) shaking while in culture 9-11. After shaking, the media supernatant is centrifuged to isolate microglia. This longer two-step isolation method may also perturb microglial function and activation. We chiefly utilize the following microglia isolation protocol in our laboratory for a number of reasons: (1) primary microglia simulate in vivo biology more faithfully than immortalized rodent microglia cell lines, (2) nominal mechanical disruption minimizes potential cellular dysfunction or activation, and (3) sufficient yield can be obtained without passage of the mixed glial cell cultures.
	It is important to note that this protocol uses brain tissue from neonatal rat pups to isolate microglia and that using older rats to isolate microglia can significantly impact the yield, activation status, and functional properties of isolated microglia. There is evidence that aging is linked with microglia dysfunction, increased neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative pathologies, so previous studies have used ex vivo adult microglia to better understand the role of microglia in neurodegenerative diseases where aging is important parameter. However, ex vivo microglia cannot be kept in culture for prolonged periods of time. Therefore, while this protocol extends the life of primary microglia in culture, it should be noted that the microglia behave differently from adult microglia and in vitro studies should be carefully considered when translated to an in vivo setting.

Isolating primary microglia from the cellular heterogeneity of the brain is essential to investigate their role in both physiological and pathological conditions. This protocol describes a mechanical isolation and mixed cell culture technique that provides high yield and high purity, viable primary microglial cells for in vitro study and downstream applications.

Primäre Mikroglia Isolation vom gemischten Zellkulturen von Gliazellen Neonatal Rattenhirngewebe

Microglia account for approximately 12% of the  total cellular population in the mammalian brain. While neurons and astrocytes are considered  the major ...

Forschung

Immunologie und Infektion

Isolation, Processing and Analysis of Murine Gingival Cells

We have developed a technique to precisely isolate and process murine gingival tissue for flow cytometry and molecular studies. The gingiva is a unique and important tissue to study immune mechanisms because it is involved in host immune response against oral biofilm that might cause periodontal diseases. Furthermore, the close proximity of the gingiva to alveolar bone tissue enables also studying bone remodeling under inflammatory conditions. Our method yields large amount of immune cells that allows analysis of even rare cell populations such as Langerhans cells and T regulatory cells as we demonstrated previously 1. Employing mice to study local immune responses involved in alveolar bone loss during periodontal diseases is advantageous because of the availability of various immunological and experimental tools. Nevertheless, due to their small size and the relatively inconvenient access to the murine gingiva, many studies avoided examination of this critical tissue. The method described in this work could facilitate gingival analysis, which hopefully will increase our understating on the oral immune system and its role during periodontal diseases.

This study describes an efficient technique to isolate and process gingival tissues from the mouse oral cavity in order to produce a single-cell culture. The resulting cells can be further used for flow cytometry analysis and molecular studies.

Isolation, Verarbeitung und Analyse von Murine Gingivazellen

We have developed a technique to precisely isolate and process murine gingival tissue for flow cytometry and molecular studies. The gingiva is a unique ...

Culturing Microglia from the Neonatal and Adult Central Nervous System

Microglia are the resident macrophage-like cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and, as such, have critically important roles in physiological and pathological processes such as CNS maturation in development, multiple sclerosis, and spinal cord injury. Microglia can be activated and recruited to action by neuronal injury or stimulation, such as axonal damage seen in MS or ischemic brain trauma resulting from stroke. These immunocompetent members of the CNS are also thought to have roles in synaptic plasticity under non-pathological conditions. We employ protocols for culturing microglia from the neonatal and adult tissues that are aimed to maximize the viable cell numbers while minimizing confounding variables, such as the presence of other CNS cell types and cell culture debris. We utilize large and easily discernable CNS components (e.g. cortex, spinal cord segments), which makes the entire process feasible and reproducible. The use of adult cells is a suitable alternative to the use of neonatal brain microglia, as many pathologies studied mainly affect the postnatal spinal cord. These culture systems are also useful for directly testing the effect of compounds that may either inhibit or promote microglial activation. Since microglial activation can shape the outcomes of disease in the adult CNS, there is a need for in vitro systems in which neonatal and adult microglia can be cultured and studied.

We outline methods for the efficient and quick isolation/culture of viable microglia from the neonatal cerebral cortex and adult spinal cord. The dissection and plating of cortical microglia can be accomplished within 90 minutes, with the subsequent microglial harvest taking place ~ 10 days following the initial dissection.

Kultivierung Mikroglia aus dem Neugeborenen und Erwachsenen Central Nervous System

Microglia are the resident macrophage-like cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and, as such, have critically important roles in physiological and ...

Isolation of Murine Lymph Node Stromal Cells

Secondary lymphoid organs including lymph nodes are composed of stromal cells that provide a structural environment for homeostasis, activation and differentiation of lymphocytes. Various stromal cell subsets have been identified by the expression of the adhesion molecule CD31 and glycoprotein podoplanin (gp38), T zone reticular cells or fibroblastic reticular cells, lymphatic endothelial cells, blood endothelial cells and FRC-like pericytes within the double negative cell population. For all populations different functions are described including, separation and lining of different compartments, attraction of and interaction with different cell types, filtration of the draining fluidics and contraction of the lymphatic vessels. In the last years, different groups have described an additional role of stromal cells in orchestrating and regulating cytotoxic T cell responses potentially dangerous for the host. 
Lymph nodes are complex structures with many different cell types and therefore require a appropriate procedure for isolation of the desired cell populations. Currently, protocols for the isolation of lymph node stromal cells rely on enzymatic digestion with varying incubation times; however, stromal cells and their surface molecules are sensitive to these enzymes, which results in loss of surface marker expression and cell death. Here a short enzymatic digestion protocol combined with automated mechanical disruption to obtain viable single cells suspension of lymph node stromal cells maintaining their surface molecule expression is proposed.

Isolation of lymph node stromal cells is a multistep procedure including enzymatic digestion and mechanical disaggregation to obtain fibroblastic reticular cells, lymphatic and blood endothelial cells. In the described procedure, a short digestion is combined with automated mechanical disaggregation to minimize surface marker degradation of viable lymph node stromal cells.

Isolierung von murinen Lymphknoten Stromazellen

Secondary lymphoid organs including lymph nodes are composed of stromal cells that provide a structural environment for homeostasis, activation and ...

Isolation of Leukocytes from the Murine Tissues at the Maternal-Fetal Interface

Immune tolerance in pregnancy requires that the immune system of the mother undergoes distinctive changes in order to accept and nurture the developing fetus. This tolerance is initiated during coitus, established during fecundation and implantation, and maintained throughout pregnancy. Active cellular and molecular mediators of maternal-fetal tolerance are enriched at the site of contact between fetal and maternal tissues, known as the maternal-fetal interface, which includes the placenta and the uterine and decidual tissues. This interface is comprised of stromal cells and infiltrating leukocytes, and their abundance and phenotypic characteristics change over the course of pregnancy. Infiltrating leukocytes at the maternal-fetal interface include neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, T cells, B cells, NK cells, and NKT cells that together create the local micro-environment that sustains pregnancy. An imbalance among these cells or any inappropriate alteration in their phenotypes is considered a mechanism of disease in pregnancy. Therefore, the study of leukocytes that infiltrate the maternal-fetal interface is essential in order to elucidate the immune mechanisms that lead to pregnancy-related complications. Described herein is a protocol that uses a combination of gentle mechanical dissociation followed by a robust enzymatic disaggregation with a proteolytic and collagenolytic enzymatic cocktail to isolate the infiltrating leukocytes from the murine tissues at the maternal-fetal interface. This protocol allows for the isolation of high numbers of viable leukocytes (&#62;70%) with sufficiently conserved antigenic and functional properties. Isolated leukocytes can then be analyzed by several techniques, including immunophenotyping, cell sorting, imaging, immunoblotting, mRNA expression, cell culture, and in vitro functional assays such as mixed leukocyte reactions, proliferation, or cytotoxicity assays.

Described herein is a protocol to isolate and analyze the infiltrating leukocytes of tissues at the maternal-fetal interface (uterus, decidua, and placenta) of mice. This protocol maintains the integrity of most cell surface markers and yields enough viable cells for downstream applications including flow cytometry analysis.

Isolierung von Leukozyten aus dem Mausgeweben an der Maternal-Fetal-Schnittstelle

Immune tolerance in pregnancy requires that the immune system of the mother undergoes distinctive changes in order to accept and nurture the developing ...

Isolation and Activation of Murine Lymphocytes

B and T cells, with their extremely diverse antigen-receptor repertoires, have the ability to mount specific immune responses against almost any invading pathogen1,2. Understandably, such intricate abilities are controlled by a large number of molecules involved in various cellular processes to ensure timely and spatially regulated immune responses3. Here, we describe experimental procedures that allow rapid isolation of highly purified murine lymphocytes using magnetic cell sorting technology. The resulting purified lymphocytes can then be subjected to various in vitro or in vivo functional assays, such as the determination of lymphocyte signaling capacity upon stimulation by immunoblotting4 and the investigation of proliferative abilities by 3H-thymidine incorporation or carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) labeling5-7. In addition to comparing the functional capacities of control and genetically modified lymphocytes, we can also determine the T cell stimulatory capacity of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in vivo, as shown in our representative results using transplanted CFSE-labeled OT-I T cells.

Lymphocytes are the major players in adaptive immune responses. Here, we present a lymphocyte purification protocol to determine the physiological functions of the desired molecules in lymphocyte activation in vitro and in vivo. The described experimental procedures are suitable for comparing functional capacities between control and genetically modified lymphocytes.

Isolation und Aktivierung von murinen Lymphozyten

B and T cells, with their extremely diverse antigen-receptor repertoires, have the ability to mount specific immune responses against almost any invading ...

Isolation of Extracellular Vesicles from Murine Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Using an Ultrafiltration Centrifugation Technique

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are newly discovered subcellular components that play important roles in many biological signaling functions during physiological and pathological states. The isolation of EVs continues to be a major challenge in this field, due to limitations intrinsic to each technique. The differential ultracentrifugation with density gradient centrifugation method is a commonly used approach and is considered to be the gold standard procedure for EV isolation. However, this procedure is time-consuming, labor-intensive, and generally results in low scalability, which may not be suitable for small-volume samples such as bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. We demonstrate that an ultrafiltration centrifugation isolation method is simple and time- and labor-efficient yet provides a high recovery yield and purity. We propose that this isolation method could be an alternative approach that is suitable for EV isolation, particularly for small-volume biological specimens.

Here, we describe two extracellular vesicle isolation protocols, ultrafiltration centrifugation and ultracentrifugation with density gradient centrifugation, to isolate extracellular vesicles from murine bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples. The extracellular vesicles derived from murine bronchoalveolar lavage fluid by both methods are quantified and characterized.

Isolierung der extrazellulären Vesikel aus murinen alvéolaire Lavage Fluid eine Ultrafiltration Zentrifugation Technik

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are newly discovered subcellular components that play important roles in many biological signaling functions during ...

Application of Consistent Massage-Like Perturbations on Mouse Calves and Monitoring the Resulting Intramuscular Pressure Changes

Massage is generally recognized to be beneficial for relieving pain and inflammation. Although previous studies have reported anti-inflammatory effects of massage on skeletal muscles, the molecular mechanisms behind are poorly understood. We have recently developed a simple device to apply local cyclical compression (LCC), which can generate intramuscular pressure waves with varying amplitudes. Using this device, we have demonstrated that LCC modulates inflammatory responses of macrophages in situ and alleviates immobilization-induced muscle atrophy. Here, we describe protocols for the optimization and application of LCC as a massage-like intervention against immobilization-induced inflammation and atrophy of skeletal muscles of mouse hindlimbs. The protocol that we have developed can be useful for investigating the mechanism underlying beneficial effects of physical exercise and massage. Our experimental system provides a prototype of the analytical approach to elucidate the mechanical regulation of muscle homeostasis, although further development needs to be made for more comprehensive studies.

Here we describe the protocols for applying defined mechanical loads to mouse calves and for monitoring the concomitant intramuscular pressure changes. The experimental systems that we have developed can be useful for investigating the mechanism behind the beneficial effects of physical exercise and massage.

Anwendung konsistenter massageähnlicher Störungen an Mauskälbern und Überwachung der daraus resultierenden intramuskulären Druckänderungen

Massage is generally recognized to be beneficial for relieving pain and inflammation. Although previous studies have reported anti-inflammatory effects of ...

Isolation of Lamina Propria Mononuclear Cells from Murine Colon Using Collagenase E

The intestine is the home to the largest number of immune cells in the body. The small and large intestinal immune systems police exposure to exogenous antigens and modulate responses to potent microbially derived immune stimuli. For this reason, the intestine is a major target site of immune dysregulation and inflammation in many diseases including but, not limited to inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn&#8217;s disease and ulcerative colitis, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after bone marrow transplantation (BMT), and many allergic and infectious conditions. Murine models of gastrointestinal inflammation and colitis are heavily used to study GI complications and to pre-clinically optimize strategies for prevention and treatment. Data gleaned from these models via isolation and phenotypic analysis of immune cells from the intestine is critical to further immune understanding that can be applied to ameliorate gastrointestinal and systemic inflammatory disorders. This report describes a highly effective protocol for the isolation of mononuclear cells (MNC) from the colon using a mixed silica-based density gradient interface. This method reproducibly isolates a significant number of viable leukocytes while minimizing contaminating debris, allowing subsequent immune phenotyping by flow cytometry or other methods.

The goal of this protocol is to isolate mononuclear cells that reside in the lamina propria of the colon by enzymatic digestion of the tissue using collagenase. This protocol allows for the efficient isolation of mononuclear cells resulting in a single cell suspension which in turn can be used for robust immunophenotyping.

Isolierung von Lamina Propria Mononukleären Zellen aus murine Colon mit Kollagenase E

The intestine is the home to the largest number of immune cells in the body. The small and large intestinal immune systems police exposure to exogenous ...

Concomitant Isolation of Primary Astrocytes and Microglia for Protozoa Parasite Infection

Astrocytes and microglia are the most abundant glial cells. They are responsible for physiological support and homeostasis maintenance in the central nervous system (CNS). The increasing evidences of their involvement in the control of infectious diseases justify the emerging interest in the improvement of methodologies to isolate primary astrocytes and microglia in order to evaluate their responses to infections that affect the CNS. Considering the impact of Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) and Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) infection in the CNS, here we provide a method to extract, maintain, dissociate and infect murine astrocytes and microglia cells with protozoa parasites. Extracted cells from newborn cortices are maintained in vitro for 14 days with periodic differential media replacement. Astrocytes and microglia are obtained from the same extraction protocol by mechanical dissociation. After phenotyping by flow cytometry, cells are infected with protozoa parasites. The infection rate is determined by fluorescence microscopy at different time points, thus enabling the evaluation of differential ability of glial cells to control protozoan invasion and replication. These techniques represent simple, cheap and efficient methods to study the responses of astrocytes and microglia to infections, opening the field for further neuroimmunology analysis.

The overall goal of this protocol is to instruct how to extract, maintain, and dissociate murine astrocyte and microglia cells from the central nervous system, followed by infection with protozoa parasites.

Gleichzeitige Isolierung von Primärastrozyten und Mikroglia bei Protozoenparasiten-Infektion

Astrocytes and microglia are the most abundant glial cells. They are responsible for physiological support and homeostasis maintenance in the central ...