Die Autoren möchten sich Akira Chiba für intellektuelle Unterstützung, materielle Unterstützung und Aktien anerkennen. Dank Julia Dallmann für Kommentare.

1. Fly Arbeits <ol><li> Pflegen Fliegen auf Standard-Maismehl-Agar-Melasse-Hefe-Medium bei Raumtemperatur 10. </li><li> Für Kreuze, zu isolieren Jungfrauen innerhalb von 6 h Schlüpfen. Nach der Überfahrt auf die Männer des gewünschten Genotyp, fliegt Wechsel zu neuen Fläschchen alle 3-4 Tage. </li></ol> Hinweis: Für diese Experimente Gal4 Linie A9 wurde verwendet, um die Expression der Transgene in den Flügel zu fahren. Fly-Aktien aus dem Aktien Zentrum in Bloomington erhalten werden. Aktien in diesen Experimenten verwendet werden, umfassen A9-Gal4 (Bl # 8761), His2Av-GFP (Bl # 5941), Sco / Cyo HsCre (Bl # 1092), FH-ChRFP-Tub (Bl # 25773), 11 lollibow. 2. Auswahl und Montage der Puppen <ol><li> Bühnen Puppen entweder als weiße prepupae (WPP) Sammeln sie und halten sie bei 25 ° C, bis sie das entsprechende Alter erreichen oder durch Verwendung von morphologischen Kriterien 12. </li><li> Um Zellteilungen, wählen Puppe, die vor kurzem Kopf Eversion unterzogen wurden, zu beobachten.Von dieser Zeit bis kurz vor dem Schlüpfen (bei&gt; 96 Stunden), sind Puppen unbeweglich und erhöht so die Zeitraffer-Beobachtung. </li><li> Entfernen Puppen aus den Fläschchen, die sie zuerst berühren mit einem Pinsel mit Wasser befeuchtet, wartet auf eine Minute, damit das Wasser, um den Klebstoff vorsichtig lockern und dann stupste sie auf den Pinsel. </li><li> Vorsichtig waschen ausgewählt Puppen durch Stoßen sie mit einem Pinsel in Wasser, um die Speicheldrüse Klebstoff und Speisereste zu entfernen. </li><li> Übertragen sauber Puppen auf ein 25 mm Petrischale mit einem Deckglas unten (Nummer 1 ½ Deckgläser). </li><li> Mit dünnen Streifen von entweder Knete oder Dentalwachs als Träger montieren Puppen so dass das Gewebe in der Umgebung ist in der Nähe des Deckglases. Hinweis: Bei den hier beschriebenen Untersuchungen, Puppen Flügel, Beine, Bauch-oder Rücken histoblasts Notum beobachtet. In der Praxis ist jedes Gewebe innerhalb von 20 um die Oberfläche der Puppenhülle zu beobachten. </li><li> Orient Puppen sorgfältig, so dass die tissue von Interesse ist parallel zu der Deckglas Oberfläche. </li><li> Sobald Puppen montiert sind, verwenden Sie einen Pinsel, um eine dünne Schicht Thiodiethylenglykol (TDG) in den Raum zwischen der Puppe und dem Deckglas übertragen. </li></ol> Hinweis: TDG reduziert die Oberflächenstreuung, dem Brechungsindex von Öl und Sauerstoff ermöglicht, um das Gewebe 13 zu durchdringen. Verwendung von Ölen ist nicht zu empfehlen, da sie dazu neigen, die Gewebe mit Sauerstoff zu entziehen, was eine schnelle Einstellung der Zellverhalten. 3. Imaging Hinweis: Für die Bildgebung, dürfte wesentlich zu sein als die Konfokalität entfernt die meisten der Verdunkelung Hintergrund durch intensive Beleuchtung der Puppenhülle verursacht ein konfokales Mikroskop. <ol><li> Anpassen der Einstellungen auf der konfokalen, um die Auswirkungen der Beleuchtung auf Puppenentwicklung und Lebensfähigkeit zu minimieren. Um dies zu tun, ein Gleichgewicht zwischen der Intensität der Anregung und der Empfindlichkeit der Kollektion. Eine typische Konfiguration für die Bildgebung witen der Leica SP5 verwendet die Resonanzscanner (8000 Hz), Laserleistung auf 2% (10% Lichtdurchlässigkeit von 20% Leistung), Lochkamera-Set bis 120 um und Zeilenmittelung auf 8 gesetzt. Einstellungen werden abhängig von experimentellen Bedingungen variieren. </li></ol> Hinweis: Um zu beheben Feinwaage verfügt 40X und 63X Ölimmersionslinsen (0,1 mm Arbeitsabstand) wurden ebenfalls erfolgreich in diesem Verfahren verwendet, obwohl sie die Schärfentiefe zu begrenzen. 4. Analyse Um Rahmen zu analysieren, z-Stapel oder Filme importieren die Datendateien auf Fidschi, die effektive Werkzeuge für die Anzeige, Messung und Ändern von Dateien für die Präsentation 14 hat. Zum Beispiel Zeit, um die Mitose zu vervollständigen wurde mit der Sampling-Intervall und multidimensionale Bild-Browser, um durch Rahmen Schritt, während Sie eine Zelle aus, um Prophase Telophase gemessen. x-, y-und z-Abmessungen mit dem Messinstrument gemessen werden. Detaillierte Anweisungen auf der Software und ihre Verwendungsiehe: http://fiji.sc/Fiji.

<ol>
	<li>Raff, J. W., Jeffers, K., Huang, J. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+roles+of+Fzy/Cdc20+and+Fzr/Cdh1+in+regulating+the+destruction+of+cyclin+B+in+space+and+time.">The roles of Fzy/Cdc20 and Fzr/Cdh1 in regulating the destruction of cyclin B in space and time.</a> J. Cell Biol. 157, 1139-1149 (2002).</li><li>Stramer, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Live+imaging+of+wound+inflammation+in+Drosophila+embryos+reveals+key+roles+for+small+GTPases+during+in+vivo+cell+migration.">Live imaging of wound inflammation in Drosophila embryos reveals key roles for small GTPases during in vivo cell migration.</a> J. Cell Biol. 168, 567-573 (2005).</li><li>Clark, I. B., Jarman, A. P., Finnegan, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Live+imaging+of+Drosophila+gonad+formation+reveals+roles+for+Six4+in+regulating+germline+and+somatic+cell+migration.">Live imaging of Drosophila gonad formation reveals roles for Six4 in regulating germline and somatic cell migration.</a> BMC Dev. Biol. 7, 52 (2007).</li><li>Fuger, P., Behrends, L. B., Mertel, S., Sigrist, S. J., Rasse, T. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Live+imaging+of+synapse+development+and+measuring+protein+dynamics+using+two-color+fluorescence+recovery+after+photo-bleaching+at+Drosophila+synapses.">Live imaging of synapse development and measuring protein dynamics using two-color fluorescence recovery after photo-bleaching at Drosophila synapses.</a> Nat. Protoc. 2, 3285-3298 (2007).</li><li>Siller, K. H., Serr, M., Steward, R., Hays, T. S., Doe, C. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Live+imaging+of+Drosophila+brain+neuroblasts+reveals+a+role+for+Lis1/dynactin+in+spindle+assembly+and+mitotic+checkpoint+control.">Live imaging of Drosophila brain neuroblasts reveals a role for Lis1/dynactin in spindle assembly and mitotic checkpoint control.</a> Mol. Biol. Cell. 16, 5127-5140 (2005).</li><li>Roy, S., Hsiung, F., Kornberg, T. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Specificity+of+Drosophila+cytonemes+for+distinct+signaling+pathways.">Specificity of Drosophila cytonemes for distinct signaling pathways.</a> Science. 332, 354-358 (2011).</li><li>Gho, M., Bellaiche, Y., Schweisguth, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Revisiting+the+Drosophila+microchaete+lineage:+a+novel+intrinsically+asymmetric+cell+division+generates+a+glial+cell.">Revisiting the Drosophila microchaete lineage: a novel intrinsically asymmetric cell division generates a glial cell.</a> Development. 126, 3573-3584 (1999).</li><li>Ninov, N., Martin-Blanco, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Live+imaging+of+epidermal+morphogenesis+during+the+development+of+the+adult+abdominal+epidermis+of+Drosophila.">Live imaging of epidermal morphogenesis during the development of the adult abdominal epidermis of Drosophila.</a> Nat. Protoc. 2, 3074-3080 (2007).</li><li>Edgar, B. A., Lehner, C. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Developmental+control+of+cell+cycle+regulators:+a+fly's+perspective.">Developmental control of cell cycle regulators: a fly's perspective.</a> Science. 274, 1646-1652 (1996).</li><li>Wirtz, R. A., Semey, H. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Drosophila+kitchen:+equipment,+media+preparation,+and+supplies.">The Drosophila kitchen: equipment, media preparation, and supplies.</a> Drosophila Information Service. 58, 176-180 (1982).</li><li>Boulina, M., Samarajeewa, H., Baker, J. D., Kim, M. D., Chiba, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Live+imaging+of+multicolor-labeled+cells+in+Drosophila.">Live imaging of multicolor-labeled cells in Drosophila.</a> Development. 140, 1605-1613 (2013).</li><li>Bainbridge, S. P., Bownes, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Staging+the+metamorphosis+of+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Staging the metamorphosis of Drosophila melanogaster.</a> J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 66, 57-80 (1981).</li><li>Staudt, T., Lang, M. C., Medda, R., Engelhardt, J., Hell, S. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=2,2'-thiodiethanol:+a+new+water+soluble+mounting+medium+for+high+resolution+optical+microscopy.">2,2'-thiodiethanol: a new water soluble mounting medium for high resolution optical microscopy.</a> Microsc. Res. Tech. 70, 1-9 (2007).</li><li>Schindelin, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fiji:+an+open-source+platform+for+biological-image+analysis.">Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis.</a> Nat. Methods. 9, 676-682 (2012).</li><li>Meyer, E. J., Ikmi, A., Gibson, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interkinetic+nuclear+migration+is+a+broadly+conserved+feature+of+cell+division+in+pseudostratified+epithelia.">Interkinetic nuclear migration is a broadly conserved feature of cell division in pseudostratified epithelia.</a> Curr. Biol. 21, 485-491 (2011).</li><li>Sauer, F. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitosis+in+the+neural+tube.">Mitosis in the neural tube.</a> J. Comp. Neurol. 62, 377-405 (1935).</li><li>Livet, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transgenic+strategies+for+combinatorial+expression+of+fluorescent+proteins+in+the+nervous+system.">Transgenic strategies for combinatorial expression of fluorescent proteins in the nervous system.</a> Nature. 450, 56-62 (2007).</li></ol>

Die Autoren haben nichts zu offenbaren.

Um sichtbar zu machen, zu messen und zu quantifizieren Merkmale des teilenden Zellen, erforderliche Entwicklung eines einfachen Vorbereitung für die Beobachtung der Mitose in der lebenden Puppen Flügel der Drosophila mittels konfokaler Analyse His2AvGFP exprimierenden Zellen. Diese Methode wurde verwendet, um zu dokumentieren, dass der Zellzyklus in der Puppen Flügel trägt starke Ähnlichkeiten mit Zyklen in mehrreihigen Epithelien in dieser Kerne Umzug in die apikale Oberfläche des Epithels, wo sie Mitose...

<html> Der Essig, Drosophila melanogaster, ist ein gut etabliertes Modell für die Untersuchung viele Aspekte der Biologie. Drosophila Forschung hat eine reiche Geschichte von genetischen Experimenten, die anspruchsvolle Formen der Genmanipulation einschließlich der Expression, Knockdown und Mutation ermöglicht. Mit dem Aufkommen des fluoreszierenden Proteins Etiketten, hat dieses Repertoire erweitert, um Untersuchungen von Zellen und Proteinen in lebenden Tieren umfassen. Die Fliegenembryo ist ein ausgezeichnetes System für solche Studien, wie sie ist klein und optisch klar so tief, hochauflösende Bildgebung in vivo 03.01. Andere Stadien der Fliege Entwicklung haben sich als weniger gefügig, Betäubung 4, Dissektion und Kurzzeitkultur 5,6, oder die Erstellung von Fenstern in der Kutikula für die Bildgebung 7,8 erfordern. Diese Manipulationen in der Regel Kompromisse Tier Entwicklung auf lange Sicht beeinflussen oder das Tier in einer Weise, die Bildgebung, um kurze Zeiträume zu begrenzen. ent &quot;&gt; Um neue Mutationen in Genen, die Zellzyklusregulatoren ähneln studieren, war es wichtig, eine angemessene Vorbereitung auf das Timing und die Treue des Zellzyklus zu studieren finden. Da die meisten embryonalen Zellzyklen verkürzt sind (SM oder S-G2-M) und die Mutanten unter-Studie nicht zeigen, bis Mängel späteren Stadien, war es wichtig, den Zellzyklus in Puppenstadium Gewebe zu beobachten. Epithelzellen in der Puppe haben eine typische G1-S-G2-M Zellzyklus und Puppen dieser Stufe sind nicht in der Lage Muskelbewegungen 9. Der Anfangspunkt für Manipulationen enthalten intakte ganze Puppen-GFP exprimieren Histone2AV. Trotz der scheinbaren Opazität des Puppenhülle erwies sich diese intakt Zubereitung hervorragende langfristige in-vivo-Bildgebung zu sein. Diese Technik ist einfach genug, dass Bachelor-Forscher nutzen es regelmäßig, um Aspekte der Zell-und Entwicklungsbiologie in Drosophila zu untersuchen und doch ist die Auflösung fein genug, um die Diskriminierung von Mikrometerskala Funktionen ermöglichen. Mit diesem Verfahren sind Beobachtungen von Veranstaltungen über Stunden, Minuten oder Sekunden einfach durch Einstellen Zeitreihen-Parameter möglich. Videos mit blau, grün, gelb, orange und rot fluoreszierende Proteine ​​oder Kombinationen von diesen, durchgeführt wurden. Wichtig ist, dass, wenn darauf geachtet werden, um die Laserintensität zu minimieren, auch langfristige Bildgebung hat keine Wirkung auf die Entwicklung oder die Lebensfähigkeit der Tiere.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="573">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Fly stuff fly pad</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Genesee scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">59-114</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">for fly anesthetization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">CO2 gas</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Airgas south</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CD50</td>
			<td>For fly anesthetization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Regulator</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Airgas south</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td>CO2 regulator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Fly vials</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Genesee scientific</td>
			<td>32-113RLBF</td>
			<td>Fly culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="105">
			<td height="105" style="height:105px;width:216px;">Drosophila lines:A9-Gal4 (Bl#8761), His2Av-GFP (Bl#5941), Sco/CyO HsCre (Bl#1092), UAS-ChRFP-Tub (Bl#25773)</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Bloomington Stock center</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Glass bottom dishes #1 1/2</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">WillCo Wells BV</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td>For microscopy</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Thiodiethylene Glycol</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Fluka</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">88559</td>
			<td>mountant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Modeling clay</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">art supply store</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td>Support to position pupae against</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Paintbrushes</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">art supply store</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td>To manipulate flies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Fine Forceps, Inox #5</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Fine science tools</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11252-20</td>
			<td>Dumont #5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">computer</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td>8 Gb RAM for image/movie analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="46">
			<td height="46" style="height:47px;width:216px;">Fiji software</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"> </td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Free ware http://fiji.sc/Fiji</td>
			<td>Image analysis software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Confocal microscope</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"> </td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td>Any fast scanning confocal should be sufficient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">20x dry, and 40x or 63x oil immersion lenses</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td>For imaging tissue, cellular and subcellular features</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Immersion oil (non fluorescent)</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"> </td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Stereo microscope</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td>For fly manipulation</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

imaging through the pupal case of drosophila melanogaster

Der langjährige Einsatz von Drosophila als Modell für Zell-und Entwicklungsbiologie hat eine Reihe von Tools ergab. Gemeinsam haben diese Techniken Analyse von Zell-und Entwicklungsbiologie aus einer Vielzahl von methodischen Blickwinkeln ermöglicht. Echtzeit-Bildgebung ist eine neue Methode zur Beobachtung dynamischer Zellprozesse, wie Zellteilung oder Zellbeweglichkeit. Nachdem in uncharacterized mutmaßlichen Zellzyklus-Proteine ​​wurde es wichtig, Mitose in situ zu beobachten mit Live-Aufnahmen isoliert Mutationen. Die meisten Live-Imaging-Studien in Drosophila haben sich auf die embryonalen Stadien, die wegen ihrer geringen Größe und optische Klarheit zugänglich Manipulation und Beobachtung sind konzentriert. In diesen Phasen des Zellzyklus wird jedoch ungewöhnlich, dass es eine oder beide der Spalt Phasen fehlt. Im Gegensatz dazu haben Zellen des Puppen Flügel von Drosophila eine typische Zellzyklus und eine Zeit des schnellen Mitose sich über etwa 20 Stunden der Puppenentwicklung zu unterziehen. Es ist leicht zu iekb.html und zu isolieren, Puppen der geeigneten Stadium der Mitose in situ zu fangen. Montage intakt Puppen, sofern die beste Kombination aus Handhabbarkeit und Haltbarkeit während der Bildgebung, so dass Experimente für mehrere Stunden mit minimalen Auswirkungen auf Zell-und Tier Rentabilität führen. Das Verfahren ermöglicht die Beobachtung der Merkmale so klein wie oder kleiner als, fly-Chromosomen. Anpassung der Einstellungen des Mikroskops und die Details der Montage erlaubt Verlängerung der Herstellung von Membran Dynamik benachbarter Zellen und fluoreszenzmarkierte Proteine, wie Tubulin visualisieren. Diese Methode funktioniert für alle getesteten fluoreszierende Proteine ​​und Submikrometerbereich Funktionen über eine Vielzahl von Zeitskalen zu erfassen. Während an der äußeren 20 um der Puppe mit einem herkömmlichen konfokalen Mikroskop beschränkt ist, kann dieser Ansatz zur Beobachtung Protein und Zelldynamik im Puppen Geweben in vivo allgemein bei der Untersuchung von Zell-und Entwicklungsbiologie in diesen Geweben nützlich sein.

Zellen in mehrreihigen Epithelien, wie die Entwicklung von Drosophila Auge oder der ventrikulären Schicht des Entwicklungswirbel zentralen Nervensystems, zu unterziehen Atombewegungen bezeichnet interkinetic Kern Migration in der Zeit mit dem Zellzyklus. DNA-Replikation auftritt, wenn Kerne sind an oder nahe der Basisfläche und Zellen Mitose eintreten, wenn die Kerne der apikalen Oberfläche 15,16 erreichen. Die Puppen Flügel Zellen bilden eine sich schnell teilenden Monoschicht Epithel während d...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Imaging Through the Pupal Case of Drosophila melanogaster at JoVE.com

Imaging Through the Pupal Case of Drosophila melanogaster

Dieses Papier zeigt die Verwendung eines schnellen konfokalen Mikroskop, um Bildzelle Verhalten direkt durch die Puppenhülle. Nach dem Verlassen der Puppenhülle intakt ist, erlaubt dieses Verfahren die Beobachtung und Messung von dynamischen Zellprozesse im Stadium der Drosophila-Entwicklung, die schwer direkt zu studieren.

Imaging Durch die Puppenhülle von<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

The longstanding use of Drosophila as a model for cell and developmental biology has yielded an array of tools. Together, these techniques have enabled ...

imaging-through-the-pupal-case-of-drosophila-melanogaster

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Imaging Through the Pupal Case of Drosophila melanogaster

13.3K Aufrufe.  University of Miami.  Dieses Papier zeigt die Verwendung eines schnellen konfokalen Mikroskop, um Bildzelle Verhalten direkt durch die Puppenhülle. Nach dem Verlassen der Puppenhülle intakt ist, erlaubt dieses Verfahren die Beobachtung und Messung von dynamischen Zellprozesse im Stadium der Drosophila-Entwicklung, die schwer direkt zu studieren. 

Serie: Imaging Through the Pupal Case of Drosophila melanogaster

Dissection of Larval CNS in Drosophila Melanogaster

The central nervous system (CNS) of Drosophila larvae is complex and poorly understood.  One way to investigate the CNS is to use immunohistochemistry to examine the expression of various novel and marker proteins.  Staining of whole larvae is impractical because the tough cuticle prevents antibodies from penetrating inside the body cavity.  In order to stain these tissues it is necessary to dissect the animal prior to fixing and staining.  In this article we demonstrate how to dissect Drosophila larvae without damaging the CNS.  Begin by tearing the larva in half with a pair of fine forceps, and then turn the cuticle "inside-out" to expose the CNS.  If the dissection is performed carefully the CNS will remain attached to the cuticle.  We usually keep the CNS attached to the cuticle throughout the fixation and staining steps, and only completely remove the CNS from the cuticle just prior to mounting the samples on glass slides.  We also show some representative images of a larval CNS stained with Eve, a transcription factor expressed in a subset of neurons in the CNS.  The article concludes with a discussion of some of the practical uses of this technique and the potential difficulties that may arise.

In this article we demonstrate how to dissect the central nervous system from third instar Drosophila larvae.

Dissection der Larven ZNS von Drosophila melanogaster

The central nervous system (CNS) of Drosophila larvae is complex and poorly understood.  One way to investigate the CNS is to use immunohistochemistry to ...

Forschung

Biologie

Live Imaging Of Drosophila melanogaster Embryonic Hemocyte Migrations

Many studies address cell migration using in vitro methods, whereas the physiologically relevant environment is that of the organism itself. Here we present a protocol for the mounting of Drosophila melanogaster embryos and subsequent live imaging of fluorescently labeled hemocytes, the embryonic macrophages of this organism. Using the Gal4-uas system1 we drive the expression of a variety of genetically encoded, fluorescently tagged markers in hemocytes to follow their developmental dispersal throughout the embryo. Following collection of embryos at the desired stage of development, the outer chorion is removed and the embryos are then mounted in halocarbon oil between a hydrophobic, gas-permeable membrane and a glass coverslip for live imaging. In addition to gross migratory parameters such as speed and directionality, higher resolution imaging coupled with the use of fluorescent reporters of F-actin and microtubules can provide more detailed information concerning the dynamics of these cytoskeletal components.

Live Imaging Of Drosophila melanogaster Embryonic Hemocyte Migrations

Drosophila hemocytes disperse over the entirety of the developing embryo. This protocol demonstrates how to mount and image these migrations using embryos with fluorescently labelled hemocytes.

Live-Bildgebung Drosophila melanogaster Embryonale Hemocyte Migrationen

Many studies address cell migration using in vitro methods, whereas the physiologically relevant environment is that of the organism itself. Here we ...

Upright Imaging of Drosophila Embryos

Several well-known morphogenetic gradients and cellular movements occur along the dorsal/ventral axis of the Drosophila embryo. However, the current techniques used to view such processes are somewhat limited. The following protocol describes a new technique for mounting fixed and labeled Drosophila embryos for coronal viewing with confocal imaging. This method consists of embedding embryos between two layers of glycerin jelly mounting media, and imaging jelly strips positioned upright. The first step for sandwiching the embryos is to make a thin bedding of glycerin jelly on a slide. Next, embryos are carefully aligned on this surface and covered with a second layer of jelly. After the second layer is solidified, strips of jelly are cut and flipped upright for imaging. Alternatives are described for visualizing the embryos depending upon the type of microscope stand to be used. Since all cells along the dorsal-ventral axis are imaged within a single confocal Z-plane, our method allows precise measurement and comparison of fluorescent signals without photobleaching or light scattering common to 3D reconstructions of longitudinally mounted embryos.

Upright Imaging of Drosophila Embryos

Here we present a mounting protocol for stained Drosophila embryos in an upright position that allows imaging of cross-sections using Confocal microscopy.

Upright Imaging von Drosophila Embryos

Several well-known morphogenetic gradients and cellular movements occur along the dorsal/ventral axis of the Drosophila embryo. However, the current ...

Dissection of Oenocytes from Adult Drosophila melanogaster

In Drosophila melanogaster, as in other insects, a waxy layer on the outer surface of the cuticle, composed primarily of hydrocarbon compounds, provides protection against desiccation and other environmental challenges. Several of these cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) compounds also function as semiochemical signals, and as such mediate pheromonal communications between members of the same species, or in some instances between different species, and influence behavior. Specialized cells referred to as oenocytes are regarded as the primary site for CHC synthesis. However, relatively little is known regarding the involvement of the oenocytes in the regulation of the biosynthetic, transport, and deposition pathways contributing to CHC output. Given the significant role that CHCs play in several aspects of insect biology, including chemical communication, desiccation resistance, and immunity, it is important to gain a greater understanding of the molecular and genetic regulation of CHC production within these specialized cells. The adult oenocytes of D. melanogaster are located within the abdominal integument, and are metamerically arrayed in ribbon-like clusters radiating along the inner cuticular surface of each abdominal segment. In this video article we demonstrate a dissection technique used for the preparation of oenocytes from adult D. melanogaster. Specifically, we provide a detailed step-by-step demonstration of (1) how to fillet prepare an adult Drosophila abdomen, (2) how to identify the oenocytes and discern them from other tissues, and (3) how to remove intact oenocyte clusters from the abdominal integument. A brief experimental illustration of how this preparation can be used to examine the expression of genes involved in hydrocarbon synthesis is included. The dissected preparation demonstrated herein will allow for the detailed molecular and genetic analysis of oenocyte function in the adult fruit fly.

Dissection of Oenocytes from Adult Drosophila melanogaster

In insects, the oenocytes produce cuticular hydrocarbon compounds. These compounds protect against desiccation and facilitate chemical communication. Here we demonstrate a dissection technique used to isolate the oenocytes from adult Drosophila melanogaster, and illustrate how this preparation can be utilized to study genes involved in hydrocarbon synthesis.

Präparation Oenocytes von Adult Drosophila melanogaster</em

In Drosophila melanogaster, as in other insects, a waxy layer on the outer surface of the cuticle, composed primarily of hydrocarbon compounds, provides ...

Isolation of Drosophila melanogaster Testes

The testes of Drosophila melanogaster provide an important model for the study of stem cell maintenance and differentiation, meiosis, and soma-germline interactions. Testes are typically isolated from adult males 0-3 days after eclosion from the pupal case. The testes of wild-type flies are easily distinguished from other tissues because they are yellow, but the testes of white mutant flies, a common genetic background for laboratory experiments are similar in both shape and color to the fly gut. Performing dissection on a glass microscope slide with a black background makes identifying the testes considerably easier. Testes are removed from the flies using dissecting needles. Compared to protocols that use forceps for testes dissection, our method is far quicker, allowing a well-practiced individual to dissect testes from 200-300 wild-type flies per hour, yielding 400-600 testes. Testes from white flies or from mutants that reduce testes size are harder to dissect and typically yield 200-400 testes per hour.

Isolation of Drosophila melanogaster Testes

Drosophila melanogaster testes can be rapidly and efficiently isolated from adult males using dissecting needles. With practice, one can readily isolate in one or two days an amount of testes sufficient for the analysis of DNA or RNA by high throughput sequencing or more traditional molecular biology methods or of protein for antibody- or enzyme-based assays.

Isolierung von Drosophila melanogaster Testes

The testes of Drosophila melanogaster provide an important model for the study of stem cell maintenance and differentiation, meiosis, and soma-germline ...

Drosophila Pupal Abdomen Immunohistochemistry

The Drosophila pupal abdomen is an established model system for the study of epithelial morphogenesis and the development of sexually dimorphic morphologies 1-3. During pupation, which spans approximately 96 hours (at 25 &deg;C), proliferating populations of imaginal cells replace the larval epidermis to generate the adult abdominal segments. These imaginal cells, born during embryogenesis, exist as lateral pairs of histoblast nests in each abdominal segment of the larvae. Four pairs of histoblast nests give rise to the adult dorsal cuticle (anterior and posterior dorsal nests), the ventral cuticle (ventral nests) and the spiracles associated with each segment (spiracle nests) 4. Upon puparation, these diploid cells (distinguishable by size from the larger polyploid larval epidermal cells- LECs) begin a stereotypical process of proliferation, migration and replacement of the LECs. Various molecular and genetic tools can be employed to investigate the contributions of genetic pathways involved in morphogenesis of the adult abdomen. Ultimate adult phenotypes are typically analyzed following dissection of adult abdominal cuticles. However, investigation of the underlying molecular processes requires immunohistochemical analyses of the pupal epithelium, which present unique challenges. Temporally dynamic morphogenesis and the interactions of two distinct epithelial populations (larval and imaginal) generate a fragile tissue prone to excessive cell loss during dissection and subsequent processing. We have developed methods of dissection, fixation, mounting and imaging of the Drosophila pupal abdominem epithelium for immunohistochemical studies that generate consistent high quality samples suitable for confocal or standard fluorescent microscopy.

Drosophila Pupal Abdomen Immunohistochemistry

Antibody staining of the Drosophila pupae can enhance genetic analyses of adult abdominal developmental genetics. We present our protocol for dissection, fixation and antibody staining of staged Drosophila pupal abdomen.

Drosophila Puppenstadium Abdomen Immunhistochemie

The Drosophila pupal abdomen is an established model system for the study of epithelial morphogenesis and the development of sexually dimorphic ...

Measurement of Lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster

Aging is a phenomenon that results in steady physiological deterioration in nearly all organisms in which it has been examined, leading to reduced physical performance and increased risk of disease. Individual aging is manifest at the population level as an increase in age-dependent mortality, which is often measured in the laboratory by observing lifespan in large cohorts of age-matched individuals. Experiments that seek to quantify the extent to which genetic or environmental manipulations impact lifespan in simple model organisms have been remarkably successful for understanding the aspects of aging that are conserved across taxa and for inspiring new strategies for extending lifespan and preventing age-associated disease in mammals.
The vinegar fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is an attractive model organism for studying the mechanisms of aging due to its relatively short lifespan, convenient husbandry, and facile genetics. However, demographic measures of aging, including age-specific survival and mortality, are extraordinarily susceptible to even minor variations in experimental design and environment, and the maintenance of strict laboratory practices for the duration of aging experiments is required. These considerations, together with the need to practice careful control of genetic background, are essential for generating robust measurements. Indeed, there are many notable controversies surrounding inference from longevity experiments in yeast, worms, flies and mice that have been traced to environmental or genetic artifacts1-4. In this protocol, we describe a set of procedures that have been optimized over many years of measuring longevity in Drosophila using laboratory vials. We also describe the use of the dLife software, which was developed by our laboratory and is available for download (<a href="http://sitemaker.umich.edu/pletcherlab/software">http://sitemaker.umich.edu/pletcherlab/software</a>). dLife accelerates throughput and promotes good practices by incorporating optimal experimental design, simplifying fly handling and data collection, and standardizing data analysis. We will also discuss the many potential pitfalls in the design, collection, and interpretation of lifespan data, and we provide steps to avoid these dangers.

Measurement of Lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster is a powerful model organism for exploring the molecular basis of longevity regulation. This protocol will discuss the steps involved in generating a reproducible, population-based measurement of longevity as well as potential pitfalls and how to avoid them.

Messung der Lebensdauer in<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

Aging is a phenomenon that results in steady physiological deterioration in nearly all organisms in which it has been examined, leading to reduced ...

Ex vivo Culture of Drosophila Pupal Testis and Single Male Germ-line Cysts: Dissection, Imaging, and Pharmacological Treatment

During spermatogenesis in mammals and in Drosophila melanogaster, male germ cells develop in a series of essential developmental processes. This includes differentiation from a stem cell population, mitotic amplification, and meiosis. In addition, post-meiotic germ cells undergo a dramatic morphological reshaping process as well as a global epigenetic reconfiguration of the germ line chromatin&#8212;the histone-to-protamine switch.
Studying the role of a protein in post-meiotic spermatogenesis using mutagenesis or other genetic tools is often impeded by essential embryonic, pre-meiotic, or meiotic functions of the protein under investigation. The post-meiotic phenotype of a mutant of such a protein could be obscured through an earlier developmental block, or the interpretation of the phenotype could be complicated. The model organism Drosophila melanogaster offers a bypass to this problem: intact testes and even cysts of germ cells dissected from early pupae are able to develop ex vivo in culture medium. Making use of such cultures allows microscopic imaging of living germ cells in testes and of germ-line cysts. Importantly, the cultivated testes and germ cells also become accessible to pharmacological inhibitors, thereby permitting manipulation of enzymatic functions during spermatogenesis, including post-meiotic stages.
The protocol presented describes how to dissect and cultivate pupal testes and germ-line cysts. Information on the development of pupal testes and culture conditions are provided alongside microscope imaging data of live testes and germ-line cysts in culture. We also describe a pharmacological assay to study post-meiotic spermatogenesis, exemplified by an assay targeting the histone-to-protamine switch using the histone acetyltransferase inhibitor anacardic acid. In principle, this cultivation method could be adapted to address many other research questions in pre- and post-meiotic spermatogenesis.

Ex vivo Culture of Drosophila Pupal Testis and Single Male Germ-line Cysts: Dissection, Imaging, and Pharmacological Treatment

This protocol describes the dissection and cultivation of intact testes and germ-line cysts from Drosophila melanogaster pupae. This method allows microscopic observation of spermatogenesis ex vivo. Furthermore, we describe a pharmacological assay of the effect of inhibitors on specific stages of germ-cell development in pupal testes.

Ex-vivo-Kultur von Drosophila Pupal Hoden und Single männlichen Keim Online-Zysten: Dissection, Imaging und pharmakologische Behandlung

During spermatogenesis in mammals and in Drosophila melanogaster, male germ cells develop in a series of essential developmental processes. This includes ...

Dissection and Mounting of Drosophila Pupal Eye Discs

The Drosophila melanogaster eye disc is a powerful system that can be used to study many different biological processes. It contains approximately 800 separate eye units, termed ommatidia1. Each ommatidium contains eight neuronal photoreceptors that develop from undifferentiated cells following the passage of the morphogenetic furrow in the third larval instar2. Following the sequential differentiation of the photoreceptors, non-neuronal cells develop, including cone and pigment cells, along with mechanosensory bristle cells3. Final differentiation processes, including the structured arrangement of all the ommatidial cell types, programmed cell death of undifferentiated cell types and rhodopsin expression, occurs through the pupal phase4-7. This technique focuses on manipulating the pupal eye disc, providing insight and instruction on how to dissect the eye disc during the pupal phase, which is inherently more difficult to perform than the commonly dissected third instar eye disc. This technique also provides details on immunostaining to allow the visualization of various proteins and other cell components.

Dissection and Mounting of Drosophila Pupal Eye Discs

The goal of this technique is to enable researchers to perform dissection, immunostaining and mounting of pupal eye discs from Drosophila melanogaster of any age.

Dissection und Montage<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Pupal Eye Discs

The Drosophila melanogaster eye disc is a powerful system that can be used to study many different biological processes.  It contains approximately 800 ...

Maintenance of a Drosophila melanogaster Population Cage

Large quantities of DNA, RNA, proteins and other cellular components are often required for biochemistry and molecular biology experiments. The short life cycle of Drosophila enables collection of large quantities of material from embryos, larvae, pupae and adult flies, in a synchronized way, at a low economic cost. A major strategy for propagating large numbers of flies is the use of a fly population cage. This useful and common tool in the Drososphila community is an efficient way to regularly produce milligrams to tens of grams of embryos, depending on uniformity of developmental stage desired. While a population cage can be time consuming to set up, maintaining a cage over months takes much less time and enables rapid collection of biological material in a short period. This paper describes a detailed and flexible protocol for the maintenance of a Drosophila melanogaster population cage, starting with 1.5 g of harvested material from the previous cycle.

Maintenance of a Drosophila melanogaster Population Cage

This manuscript reports a detailed protocol for culturing, on a regular basis, a population of Drosophila melanogaster using a fly population cage.

Aufrechterhaltung eines<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em&gt; Bevölkerung Cage

Large quantities of DNA, RNA, proteins and other cellular components are often required for biochemistry and molecular biology experiments. The short life ...