This work was conducted with funds to M.B. from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) grant MOP 107972. M.B. is a recipient of a CIHR New Investigator Salary Award. D.C. is a recipient of studentships from the Translational Breast Cancer Research Unit and the CIHR Strategic Training Program in Cancer Research and Technology Transfer, London Regional Cancer Program. C.G. is recipient of studentships from the Translational Breast Cancer Research Unit, London Regional Cancer Program and from the CIHR- Strategic Training Program in Cancer Research and Technology Transfer. SGD.

1. Dreidimensionale Kultur von Brustkrebszellen in Basalmembranmatrix (Die Einbettung Technique) <ol><li> Handhabung Matrigel Basalmembranmatrix: Tauwetter auf Eis über Nacht bei 4 ° C Basalmembran-Matrix bei niedriger Temperatur flüssig, sondern verfestigt sich bei Raumtemperatur. Halten Basalmembranmatrix auf Eis (Fig. 1A-B). </li><li> Decken Sie die konfokale No.1 Glasbodenschale mit 50 ul Basalmembranmatrix durch die Verbreitung der Matrix mit der Spitze eines P-200 Pipetman in einem Spiralmuster (Abbildung 1C). Vorsicht, wenn die Verbreitung der Basalmembran Matrix, um die Bildung von Luftblasen zu vermeiden. Ebenso vermeiden Verbreitung der Matrix, um bis zu den Grenzen der Glasbodenschale schließen, um Meniskusbildung zu verhindern. Wenn unerfahrene Handhabung Basalmembranmatrix, vorgekühlt, dann die Schale, P-200 Pipetman und Pipetten auf Eis (alternativ über Nacht im Kühlschrank bei 4 ° C links). Dieser Schritt Angebotezusätzliche Zeit, um die Basalmembran Matrix vor der Verfestigung zu verbreiten. Die Schale (n) in einem Zellkulturbrutschrank (bei ​​37 ° C mit 5% CO 2) für mindestens 30 Minuten, bis die Basalmembran-Matrix zu ermöglichen sich zu verfestigen (Fig. 1D). </li><li> Während die Matrix erlebt Erstarrung trypsinize eine 70-80% konfluente 100-mm-Platte von Zellen. Sobald die Zellen begonnen haben, ein Abheben der Platte zu resuspendieren sie in 10 ml RPMI 1640-Medium mit 10% (v / v) fötalem Rinderserum (FBS), um das Trypsin (1E) zu inaktivieren. Dann übertragen Sie die resuspendierten Zellen in ein 15 ml konischen Röhrchen (1F). </li><li> Drehen Sie die Zellen (in konischen Rohr vorhanden) bei 100 g für 3 min in einem speziellen Zellkulturzentrifuge (Figuren 1G-H). </li><li> Während die Zellen werden abzentrifugiert Aliquot 50 ul Matrix in eine 1 ml-Mikrozentrifugenröhrchen (Anmerkung: wird jede Glasbodenschale zuge ein Mikrozentrifugenröhrchen, daher, wennDas Experiment erfordert drei Gerichte, dann folgt daraus, dass 3-Mikrozentrifugenröhrchen notwendig sind als auch), und dann die Röhrchen auf Eis (Abbildung 1B). </li><li> Saugen Sie das Medium aus dem konischen Rohr von Schritt 1.4, während gleichzeitig das Pellet ungestört (1I). Die Zellen in 1 ml FBS-ergänztem RPMI-Medium (Fig. 1J) (, die abzentrifugiert haben). </li><li> Sobald die Zellen mit einer Zählkammer (Abbildung 1 K) oder eine Zelle Partikelzähler aliquoten 2,5 x 10 4 Zellen in den Mikrozentrifugenröhrchen gezählt und das Ganze abzurunden mit geeigneten Medien, so Gesamtvolumen von 50 ul (Abb. 1 l) zu erhalten. </li><li> Mischen der Zellen aus Schritt 1.7 (25.000 Zellen in 50 &amp;mgr; l) mit der Matrix enthaltenden Mikrozentrifugenröhrchen aus Schritt 1.5 in einem Verhältnis von 1:1; Abschlussvolumen 100 ul (Abbildung 1 M) sein. </li><li> Sanft Platte 100 ul der Matrix: Zellgemisch aus Schritt 1.8 in die Solidified Basalmembranmatrix-beschichtete Schale aus Schritt 1.2 (Abbildung 1 N). Dies ermöglicht die Zellen in Basalmembran-Matrix eingebettet werden. </li><li> Übertragen die Schale (n) in den Zellkulturbrutschrank (bei ​​37 ° C mit 5% CO 2) und damit die Matrix: Zellgemisch für mindestens 30 Minuten zu verfestigen. </li><li> Sobald die Matrix: Zellgemisch verfestigt, 2 ml FBS-RPMI-Medium, ergänzt um die Schale (Abbildung 1O) und nehmen Sie die Schale wieder den Brutkasten, wo es für den Rest des Experiments (Abbildung 1P) gelagert werden. </li><li> Ändern Medien jeden Tag für einen Zeitraum von 5 Tagen (oder nach für einen Assay erforderlich, die Dauer des Assays für MDA-MB-231-Zellen 5 Tage lang). </li><li> Mit einem Lichtmikroskop, nehmen Differentialinterferenzkontrast (DIC) Bilder der MDA-MB-231 Kolonien in Basalmembranmatrix (3A) suspendiert. Bild 20 repräsentativen Bereichen bei 10X-Objektiv einmal am Tagfür fünf Tage Kolonie Morphogenese (3C) zu bestimmen. </li><li> Analysieren Bilder blind Zellkolonie Sternformation (Fig. 3B) zu bestimmen. Eine Kolonie wird als stern sein, wenn ein oder mehrere Vorsprünge aus dem Sphäroid von Zellen wahrgenommen werden. Zur Bestimmung des Prozentsatzes von invasiven stern Kolonien, teilen die Anzahl von Stern Kolonien durch die Gesamtzahl der Zellkolonien pro erfassten Bild, und dann der Mittelwert der prozentualen stern Kolonien der 20 Bilder pro Tag. </li></ol><img alt="Figur 1" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51341/51341fig1highres.jpg" width="500" /> 1. Dreidimensionale Kultur von MDA-MB-231-Brustkrebszellen in Basalmembran-Matrix (die Einbettungstechnik). AB) Eine schematische Darstellung des Versuchsaufbaus (im Abzug durchgeführt). C) Die auch von der Glasbodenschale beschichtetenmit 50 ul Basalmembranmatrix D). Geschirr (n) in einem Zellkulturbrutschrank mit 5% CO 2) gegeben (37 ° C, um die Matrix zu ermöglichen, für mindestens 30 Minuten zu verfestigen. E) Die Zellen wurden mit Trypsin behandelt. F ) Die Zellen wurden in einer 15 ml konischen Röhrchen. GH) Zellen (im konischen Rohr vorhanden) wurden bei 100 × g für 3 min in einem Gewebekultur-Zentrifuge resuspendiert. I) Zellpellet. J) Zellen (oder der fest gesponnen) wurden in 1 ml FBS-ergänzt RPMI Medium resuspendiert. K) wurden die Zellen mit einer Zählkammer. gezählt L) 2,5 x 10 4 Zellen in den Mikrozentrifugenröhrchen aliquotiert und gekrönt mit geeigneten Medien, so Gesamtvolumen von 50 ul zu erhalten. M ) Mischen Zellen aus Schritt 1.7 (25.000 Zellen in 50 &amp;mgr; l) mit der Matrix enthaltenden Mikrozentrifugenröhrchen aus Schritt 1.5 in einem Verhältnis von 1:1; Abschlussvolumen 100 μ sein. L N) vorsichtig Platte 100 &amp;mgr; l der Matrix: Zellgemisch von Schritt 8 auf die verfestigte Matrix-beschichtete Schale aus Schritt 1.2 O) Sobald die Matrix: Zellgemisch verfestigt, 2 ml FBS-ergänztem RPMI-Medium zu. das Gericht. P) wird die Schale in den Brutschrank, wo sie für den Rest des Experiments gespeichert werden. 2. Prüfung der Morphogenic Eigenschaften von 3D-Kulturen mit Immunfluoreszenz <ol><li> (2A), bevor Sie die Schale (n), 80% Methanol (Fixierungslösung) und 3% Rinderserumalbumin (BSA Blocking-Lösung): bis Eiswürfelschale, Kälte-Phosphat-Pufferlösung (PBS), 20% Aceton Set aus dem Inkubator. </li><li> Die Schale (n) auf dem Eis Tablett und saugen Medien, dann waschen 3x mit 2 ml kaltem PBS (2B). </li><li> Sobald die letzte PBS-Wasch wird abgesaugt, 2 ml 20% Aceton: 80% Methanol-Lösung in die Schale (n) (2C </stRong&gt;), um die Zellen für 20 min bei 4 ° C (entweder auf Eis oder im Kühlschrank) (Fig. 2D) zu fixieren. </li><li> Sobald die 20 Minuten der Fixierung beendet wird, bringen die Gerichte wieder auf Raumtemperatur absaugen Fixiermittel und anschließend 3x mit PBS waschen. Sobald die endgültige PBS waschen wird abgesaugt, 2 ml 3% BSA in die Schale (n), für mindestens 30 min bei Raumtemperatur (Fig. 2E) zu blockieren. </li><li> Während der Sperrzeit vorzubereiten Verdünnungen der primären (Laminin V 1:100) und Sekundärantikörper (bei entsprechender Verdünnung) in 3% Rinderserumalbumin (BSA) Blocking-Puffer gelöst. Bitte beachten Sie, dass 400 bis 500 ul der &quot;BSA + primärer Antikörper-Lösung sollte direkt auf die Matrix hinzugefügt: Zellgemisch. </li><li> Sobald die 30 Minuten der Blockierung abgelaufen sind, fügen Sie die primären Antikörper und Inkubation für mindestens 1 h bei Raumtemperatur (2F). Bitte beachten Sie, dass keine PBS-Waschungen sollte nach 30 Minuten durchgeführt werden blocking Zeitraum. </li><li> Nach Abschluss von Schritt 2.6, entfernen Sie die &#39;+ BSA primären Antikörper-Lösung und wäscht 3x mit PBS. </li><li> Fügen Sie den sekundären Antikörper in 3% BSA gelöst (bei ​​entsprechender Verdünnung), die direkt auf die Matrix: Zellgemisch, decken Sie die Speisen und Inkubation für 1 h bei Raumtemperatur (2G). </li><li> Entfernen Sie die &#39;+ BSA sekundären Antikörper-Lösung und wäscht 3x mit PBS. </li><li> 2 ml Hoechst 33258 (1:10.000), gelöst in PBS für Kerne Färbung und Inkubation für 5 Minuten unter Alufolie (oder Deckel mit einem undurchsichtigen Behälter zu begrenzen Photobleaching) (2H). </li><li> Sobald die 5 min Inkubation mit Hoechst 33258t abgelaufen sind, waschen Sie die Schale (n) 5x mit PBS. </li><li> In Montage Medium direkt auf die Matrix: Zellgemisch in der konfokalen Schüssel geben und mit Deckglas sorgfältig Induktion keine Störungen der Integrität der Kolonien in der Basalmembran Matri zu verhindernx: Zellgemisch (2I). </li><li> Anschließend wird die Schale (n) über Nacht (oder 24 h) bei Raumtemperatur (2I) trocknen. Nach dem Trocknen kann die Schale (n) bei -20 ° C gelagert werden, aber es wird empfohlen, dass sie so schnell wie möglich dargestellt werden. </li><li> Erwerben von Bildern unter Verwendung eines Fluoreszenzmikroskops mit geeigneten Laserwellenlängen von Antikörpern verwendet (Figuren 3D-E). </li></ol><img alt="Figur 2" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51341/51341fig2highres.jpg" width="500" /> 2. Prüfung der 3D-Kulturen durch Immunofluoreszenz. . A) Eine schematische Darstellung des experimentellen Aufbaus B) Dish (n) auf dem Eis Schale gelegt und Medium abgesaugt; . Anschließend wurden die Zellen dreimal mit 2 ml kaltem PBS C), 2 ml 20% Aceton: 80% Methanollösung in die Schale (n) D) Fixieren der Zellen.20 min bei 4 ° C (entweder auf Eis oder im Kühlschrank). E) 2 ml 3% BSA in die Schale (n) hinzugefügt, um für mindestens 30 min bei Raumtemperatur Block F). Sobald die 30 min von Blockierung abgelaufen sind, fügen Sie die primären Antikörper und Inkubation für mindestens 1 h bei Raumtemperatur G) Sekundäre Antikörper in 3% BSA gelöst (bei ​​entsprechender Verdünnung) wurden direkt auf der Basalmembran Matrix hinzugefügt:. Zellgemisch; . anschließend Speisen abgedeckt und für 1 h bei Raumtemperatur inkubiert H) 2 ml Hoechst (1:10.000, gelöst in PBS) zugegeben, um die dishe (n) und die Zellen für 5 min unter Aluminiumfolie inkubiert I) Montage Medium direkt zugegeben. auf die Matrix: Zellgemisch in der konfokalen Gericht und dem Gericht wird mit Deckglas abgedeckt. Schale (n) über Nacht (oder 24 h) bei Raumtemperatur trocknen.

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Die Entwicklung der 3D-Zellkultur-Techniken konnten die Forscher die Umwandlung von Brust-Epithelzellen, um zu studieren, so dass wir die dramatischen morphologischen Veränderungen zu visualisieren. Neben der Analyse der Zellinvasion, können die Einzel-oder mehrzellige Sphäroide Brustepithelzellen verwendet, um Änderungen in der zellulären Adhäsion, Proliferation, Größe und basal-apikalen Polarität zu beurteilen. Im Gegensatz zu früher berichteten Verfahren, falls die Zellen mit ECM 8 überlagert, b...

Migration und Invasion von Einzel-oder Sammelzellen sind zwei Markenzeichen von Krebs und für die Metastasierung von Krebszellen 4.1 erforderlich. Die Fähigkeit von Krebszellen zur Metastasierung initiieren hängt von ihrer Fähigkeit zur Migration und dringen in mit invadopodia die Basalmembran der Zellen beeinträchtigen dem benachbarten Gewebe. Invadopodia sind dynamische Aktin-reichen Matrixabbau Vorsprünge, Abbau der extrazellulären Matrix durch die Freisetzung von Matrix-abbauenden Proteasen 5 zu ermöglichen. Invasion von Krebszellen beinhaltet den Abbau der Matrix, gefolgt von der Wanderung der Krebszellen, und dies wird durch eine Umgestaltung der dreidimensionalen (3D-) Matrix-Umgebung 2 verbunden. So, um durch die Matrix zu durchdringen, eine Zelle muss seine Form zu transformieren und die Interaktion mit der extrazellulären Matrix (ECM) 2. Die Pflege von Brustgewebe Integrität hängt eng Controlled Gewebearchitektur, da Zell-ECM-und Zell-Zell-Adhäsion Gänge beeinflussen die Genexpression und die Störung der epithelialen Polarität an der Entstehung von Tumoren führen 6-10. Die meisten in vitro die Migration und Invasion von Assays wie Transwell Kammer-Assays oder wundKratzTests sind zweidimensionale (2D) und damit diese die komplizierten Wechselwirkungen zwischen Zellen und der benachbarten Umgebung 3,6,8,11-14 vernachlässigen. Erhebliche morphologische und funktionelle Vielfalt einschließlich Schwankungen in der Zellmorphologie, Zelldifferenzierung, Zell-Matrix-Adhäsionen und Genexpressionsmuster wurden durch Kultivierung von Zellen in 3D-Kulturen, die häufig fehlen in 2D-Assays 2,6,8,11 erkannt. Daher verwendet der 3D-Tests sind deutlich vorteilhaft rekapituliert einen physiologischen Zustand in vivo, was zu einer besseren Übersetzung von bahnbrechenden Erkenntnisse in der Grundlagenforschung in die Klinik 10.06. Es sollte jedoch angemerkt werden,Trotz der vielen Vorteile der Verwendung von 3D-Kulturen gewonnen, kann dieses Modell nicht erfassen alle die Komplexität der in vivo-Tumor-Mikroumgebung, die verschiedene Zelltypen umfasst. Es ist jedoch möglich, Stromazellen in die 3D-Modelle enthalten (z. B. Fibroblasten, Leukozyten und Makrophagen), um den Effekt von Tumor-Stroma-Interaktionen auf Krebszell Adhäsion und Invasion 15-17 studieren. Brust-Epithelzellen in Kultur effektiv wachsen, wenn ECM-Proteine ​​wie Laminin und Kollagen vorhanden sind. Bei dieser bekannten, wurde eine im Handel erhältliche Mischung aus Matrix Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm (EHS) murinen Tumor abgeleitet und wird als Matrigel Basalmembranmatrix 2,8 bekannt. Eine Anzahl von Techniken wurden eingerichtet, um Epithelzellen als 3D Kolonien in Basalmembranmatrix 2,8 wachsen. Die 3D Basalmembranmatrix Modell ist für die Festlegung sowohl malignen und nicht-malignen BrustzellenWachstum, ähnlich wie in der in vivo Umgebung 18,19 auftritt. MCF10A-Zellen sind nicht-malignen Brustepithelzellen. Wenn in Basalmembranmatrix gewachsen, diese Zellen in vivo Merkmale der normalen Brustzellen zu unterziehen und kontrollierten Zellproliferation, Zellpolarisation und Apoptose, um das Lumen Raum 8,12,20 herzustellen. Ferner das Auftreten von Zellkernen MCF10A-Zellen bilden Acini in 3D-Kulturen mehr ähneln denen von Brustepithelzellen im Gewebe als in Monoschicht 21 gezüchtet. Studien von Bissell und seine Kollegen waren die ersten, zu zeigen, dass bösartige Brustzellen aus nicht-malignen Brustzellen differenziert, wenn in einem Laminin-reichen Umgebung aufgewachsen, da die bösartigen Zellen zeigen eine sehr unorganisiert Phänotyp, erhöhte Proliferation, verringert werden Zell-zu- Zelladhäsion, erhöhte Expression des mesenchymalen Marker und ein Anstieg in der Zahl der invasiven Struktur gebildet 3,6,22. Fehlbildungen der Zellumgebung kann die Tumorbildung 20 beeinflussen. Die 3D-Kulturverfahren verwendet werden, um wirksam zu untersuchen, die die Kommunikation zwischen Tumorzellen und ihrer Umgebung auftritt, und bestimmen, wie die Proteinexpression Einflüsse wie Kommunikations 14,20,21,23 werden. Dieser Artikel enthält eine detaillierte Methodik zur MDA-MB-231 Brustkrebszellen in 3D-Kulturen wachsen, um Invasivität zu analysieren und den Verlust der epithelialen Morphologie mit einem epithelialen Marker Laminin, ein Bestandteil der Zell Basalmembran 18,19,24 studieren, 25. Die Verfahren bieten die Möglichkeit, sternförmige (invasiv) Strukturbildung genau und reproduzierbar zu quantifizieren von invasiven Krebszelle und ist nicht auf die gemeinsame Brustkrebszelllinien (z. B. MDA-MB-231, Hs578T, MCF-7, T47D oder Begrenzungs ). Somit kann dieser Test als Plattform zur Bewertung, wie Protein-Expression in Zellen oder Behandlung dienen mit pro-oder anti-invasive Verbindungen regulieren Abbau der extrazellulären Matrix, durch einzelne oder mehrere Zellen.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1062">
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			<td style="width:265px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:355px;">Comments/Description</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1.5 mL tubes</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>CA10011-700</td>
			<td>Sterile, disposable</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">100-mm culture dish BD353003</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>CABD353003</td>
			<td>Sterile, disposable</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">15 mL Falcon tube</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>CA21008-918</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1 mL filtered tips</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>10011-350</td>
			<td>Sterile, disposable</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">200 uL filtered tips</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>22234-016</td>
			<td>Sterile, disposable</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">20 uL filtered tips</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>22234-008</td>
			<td>Sterile, disposable</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">35-mm glass-bottomed Confocal No.1 culture dishes&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:265px;">MatTek Corporation</td>
			<td>P35G-1.0-14-C</td>
			<td>Precooled before use</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bovine serum albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td>BioShop</td>
			<td>ALB003.100</td>
			<td>Used at 3% for IF</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Alexa Fluor 488 Goat Anti-Mouse IgG (H+L) Antibody, highly cross-adsorbed</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>&#160;A11029</td>
			<td>1:250 for IF</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Alexa Fluor 568 Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) Antibody</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>&#160;A11011</td>
			<td>1:1200 for IF</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">Anti-Beta-Catenin&#160;</td>
			<td>BD Transduction Laboratories</td>
			<td>610153</td>
			<td>Mouse-monoclonal; Used at 1:100 for IF</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fetal bovine serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>F1051</td>
			<td>Used at 10% (v/v)&#160;</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hoechst 33258, Pentahydrate (bis-Benzimide) - 10 mg&#8260;mL Solution in Water</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>H3569</td>
			<td>Used at 0.1% (1:10000 dilution)</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">InVivo Analyzer Suite&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:265px;">Media Cybernetics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Used for 3D culture imaging (DIC images at 10x and 40x)</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Kisspeptin-10 (KP-10)</td>
			<td style="width:265px;">EZ Biolabs</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PT0512100601</td>
			<td>Used at 100nM&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anti-Laminin&#160;</td>
			<td>Cedarlane</td>
			<td>AB19012(CH)</td>
			<td>Rabbit-polyclonal full length human; Used at 1:100 for IF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">LSM-510 META laser scanning microscope&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:265px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Used at 63X objective; oil immersion lens</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Matrigel phenol red free (BD356237)</td>
			<td style="width:265px;">VWR</td>
			<td>CACB356237</td>
			<td>&#160;Lot No.2180819; 10.4 mg/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Olympus IX-81 microscope&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:265px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Used for 3D culture imaging (DIC images at 10x and 40x)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Penicillin-Streptomycin (10,000 U/mL)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15140-122</td>
			<td>Antibiotic (added to media; used at 0.01%)</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">10 mL pipet&#160;</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>CA53300-523</td>
			<td>Sterile, disposeable</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">RPMI 1640 Medium with Glutamine</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11875-119</td>
			<td>Used for culturing of MDA-MB-231 cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">0.25% Trypsin-EDTA (1X), Phenol Red</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>25200-072</td>
			<td>Used to trypsinize MDA-MB-231 cells</td>
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		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:323px;">MEGM (bullet kit): MEBM (CC3151)+Single quots (CC4136)</td>
			<td style="width:265px;">Lonza</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CC-3150</td>
			<td>Used for culturing of MCF10A cells</td>
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quantification of breast cancer cell invasiveness using a three-dimensional (3d) model

Es ist nun gut bekannt, daß die Zell-und Gewebemikroumgebung kritische Regulatoren beeinflussen Tumor Initiierung und Progression. Darüber hinaus ist die extrazelluläre Matrix (ECM) wurde gezeigt, dass ein kritischer Regulator des Zellverhaltens in Kultur und in vivo-Homöostase. Der aktuelle Ansatz der Kultivierung von Zellen auf zweidimensionalen (2D), Kunststoffoberflächen führt zu der Störung und Verlust der komplexen Wechselwirkungen zwischen Zellen und ihrer Mikroumgebung. Durch die Verwendung von dreidimensionalen (3D) Kultur-Assays werden die Bedingungen für die zellMikro Wechselwirkung fest ähnlich der in vivo-Mikroumgebung. Dieser Artikel enthält eine detaillierte Methode zur Brustkrebs-Zellen in einem 3D-Basalmembran Proteinmatrix wachsen Ausführungs das Potential der 3D-Kultur in der Beurteilung der Zellinvasion in die Umgebung. Darüber hinaus diskutieren wir, wie diese 3D-Tests haben das Potenzial, um den Verlust von Signal Mole prüfenModule, die epithelialen Morphologie regulieren durch Immunfärbung Verfahren. Diese Studien unterstützen wichtige mechanistische Details in die Prozesse regulieren Invasion, die Ausbreitung von Brustkrebs erforderlich identifizieren.

Ein Beispiel für die MDA-MB-231-Zellen eindringende in 3D-Matrix ist in Fig. 3C dargestellt. Die Zellen werden in Matrix (Tag 1) eingebettet und bilden beginnen invasive (sternförmige) Strukturen von Tag 3, und vollständig in die Matrix eindringen von Tag 5 (3C). Die Anzahl der gebildeten Kolonien stern gezählt und als Prozentsatz der Gesamtzahl der Kolonien pro Schale (invasive und nicht-invasive) ausgedrückt. Zusätzlich wird, da Messungen täglich für die fünf Tagen durchgefü...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantification of Breast Cancer Cell Invasiveness Using a Three-dimensional 3D Model at JoVE.com

Quantification of Breast Cancer Cell Invasiveness Using a Three-dimensional 3D Model

Dieser Artikel enthält detaillierte Methoden für die Verwendung von dreidimensionalen (3D-) Assays auf Brustkrebszellinvasion zu quantifizieren. Insbesondere diskutieren wir die Verfahren erforderlich, um solche Tests einrichten, Quantifizierung und Datenanalyse, sowie Methoden, um den Verlust der Membranintegrität, die bei Zellen eindringen tritt zu untersuchen.

Quantifizierung der Brustkrebs-Zelle Invasivität Mit einem Drei-dimensionale (3D) Modell

It is now well known that the cellular and tissue microenvironment are critical regulators influencing tumor initiation and progression. Moreover, the ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Quantification of Breast Cancer Cell Invasiveness Using a Three-dimensional (3D) Model

15.7K Aufrufe.  University of Western Ontario.  Dieser Artikel enthält detaillierte Methoden für die Verwendung von dreidimensionalen (3D-) Assays auf Brustkrebszellinvasion zu quantifizieren. Insbesondere diskutieren wir die Verfahren erforderlich, um solche Tests einrichten, Quantifizierung und Datenanalyse, sowie Methoden, um den Verlust der Membranintegrität, die bei Zellen eindringen tritt zu untersuchen. 

Serie: Quantification of Breast Cancer Cell Invasiveness Using a Three-dimensional 3D Model

Multi-modal Imaging of Angiogenesis in a Nude Rat Model of Breast Cancer Bone Metastasis Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Volumetric Computed Tomography and Ultrasound

Angiogenesis is an essential feature of cancer growth and metastasis formation. In bone metastasis, angiogenic factors are pivotal for tumor cell proliferation in the bone marrow cavity as well as for interaction of tumor and bone cells resulting in local bone destruction. Our aim was to develop a model of experimental bone metastasis that allows in vivo assessment of angiogenesis in skeletal lesions using non-invasive imaging techniques.
For this purpose, we injected 105 MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells into the superficial epigastric artery, which precludes the growth of metastases in body areas other than the respective hind leg1. Following 25-30 days after tumor cell inoculation, site-specific bone metastases develop, restricted to the distal femur, proximal tibia and proximal fibula1. Morphological and functional aspects of angiogenesis can be investigated longitudinally in bone metastases using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), volumetric computed tomography (VCT) and ultrasound (US).
MRI displays morphologic information on the soft tissue part of bone metastases that is initially confined to the bone marrow cavity and subsequently exceeds cortical bone while progressing. Using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) functional data including regional blood volume, perfusion and vessel permeability can be obtained and quantified2-4. Bone destruction is captured in high resolution using morphological VCT imaging. Complementary to MRI findings, osteolytic lesions can be located adjacent to sites of intramedullary tumor growth. After contrast agent application, VCT angiography reveals the macrovessel architecture in bone metastases in high resolution, and DCE-VCT enables insight in the microcirculation of these lesions5,6. US is applicable to assess morphological and functional features from skeletal lesions due to local osteolysis of cortical bone. Using B-mode and Doppler techniques, structure and perfusion of the soft tissue metastases can be evaluated, respectively. DCE-US allows for real-time imaging of vascularization in bone metastases after injection of microbubbles7.
In conclusion, in a model of site-specific breast cancer bone metastases multi-modal imaging techniques including MRI, VCT and US offer complementary information on morphology and functional parameters of angiogenesis in these skeletal lesions.

In the pathogenesis of bone metastasis, angiogenesis is a crucial process and therefore represents a target for imaging and therapy. Here, we present a rat model of site-specific breast cancer bone metastasis and describe strategies to non-invasively image angiogenesis in vivo using magnetic resonance imaging, volumetric computed tomography and ultrasound.

Multimodale Bildgebung von Angiogenese in einem Nude Rattenmodell der Brustkrebs Knochenmetastasen mittels Magnetresonanztomographie, volumetrische Computertomographie und Ultraschall

Angiogenesis is an essential feature of cancer growth and metastasis formation. In bone metastasis, angiogenic factors are pivotal for tumor cell ...

Forschung

Medizin

Heterotypic Three-dimensional In Vitro Modeling of Stromal-Epithelial Interactions During Ovarian Cancer Initiation and Progression

Epithelial ovarian cancers (EOCs) are the leading cause of death from gynecological malignancy in Western societies. Despite advances in surgical treatments and improved platinum-based chemotherapies, there has been little improvement in EOC survival rates for more than four decades 1,2. Whilst stage I tumors have 5-year survival rates &gt;85%, survival rates for stage III/IV disease are &lt;40%. Thus, the high rates of mortality for EOC could be significantly decreased if tumors were detected at earlier, more treatable, stages 3-5. At present, the molecular genetic and biological basis of early stage disease development is poorly understood. More specifically, little is known about the role of the microenvironment during tumor initiation; but known risk factors for EOCs (e.g. age and parity) suggest that the microenvironment plays a key role in the early genesis of EOCs. We therefore developed three-dimensional heterotypic models of both the normal ovary and of early stage ovarian cancers. For the normal ovary, we co-cultured normal ovarian surface epithelial (IOSE) and normal stromal fibroblast (INOF)&nbsp;cells, immortalized by retrovrial transduction of the catalytic subunit of human telomerase holoenzyme (hTERT) to extend the lifespan of these cells in culture. To model the earliest stages of ovarian epithelial cell transformation, overexpression of the CMYC oncogene in IOSE cells, again co-cultured with INOF cells. These heterotypic models were used to investigate the effects of aging and senescence on the transformation and invasion of epithelial cells. Here we describe the methodological steps in development of these three-dimensional model; these methodologies aren't specific to the development of normal ovary and ovarian cancer tissues, and could be used to study other tissue types where stromal and epithelial cell interactions are a fundamental aspect of the tissue maintenance and disease development.

Heterotypic Three-dimensional In Vitro Modeling of Stromal-Epithelial Interactions During Ovarian Cancer Initiation and Progression

We describe methodologies for establishing in vitro heterotypic three-dimensional models comprising ovarian fibroblasts and normal ovarian surface or ovarian cancer epithelial cells. We discuss the use of these models to study stromal-epithelial interactions that occur during ovarian cancer development.

Heterotypische Dreidimensionale<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; Modellierung von Stromal-Epithelial Interaktionen beim Eierstockkrebs Initiation und Progression

Epithelial ovarian cancers (EOCs) are the leading cause of death from gynecological malignancy in Western societies. Despite advances in surgical ...

Human Neuroendocrine Tumor Cell Lines as a Three-Dimensional Model for the Study of Human Neuroendocrine Tumor Therapy

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare tumors, with an incidence of two per 100,&#x200A;000 individuals per year, and they account for 0.5% of all human malignancies.1 Other than surgery for the minority of patients who present with localized disease, there is little or no survival benefit of systemic therapy. Therefore, there is a great need to better understand the biology of NETs, and in particular define new therapeutic targets for patients with nonresectable or metastatic neuroendocrine tumors. 3D cell culture is becoming a popular method for drug screening due to its relevance in modeling the in vivo tumor tissue organization and microenvironment.2,3 The 3D multicellular spheroids could provide valuable information in a more timely and less expensive manner than directly proceeding from 2D cell culture experiments to animal (murine) models.
To facilitate the discovery of new therapeutics for NET patients, we have developed an in vitro 3D multicellular spheroids model using the human NET cell lines. The NET cells are plated in a non-adhesive agarose-coated 24-well plate and incubated under physiological conditions (5% CO2, 37 &deg;C) with a very slow agitation for 16-24 hr after plating. The cells form multicellular spheroids starting on the 3rd or 4th day. The spheroids become more spherical by the 6th day, at which point the drug treatments are initiated. The efficacy of the drug treatments on the NET spheroids is monitored based on the morphology, shape and size of the spheroids with a phase-contrast light microscope. The size of the spheroids is estimated automatically using a custom-developed MATLAB program based on an active contour algorithm. Further, we demonstrate a simple method to process the HistoGel embedding on these 3D spheroids, allowing the use of standard histological and immunohistochemical techniques. 
This is the first report on generating 3D spheroids using NET cell lines to examine the effect of therapeutic drugs. We have also performed histology on these 3D spheroids, and displayed an example of a single drug's effect on growth and proliferation of the NET spheroids. Our results support that the NET spheroids are valuable for further studies of NET biology and drug development.

We present a simple agarose overlay platform to grow 3D multicellular spheroids using neuroendocrine cancer cell lines. This method provides a very convenient way to examine the effect of therapeutic drugs on the neuroendocrine tumor cells. It could also help us establish human neuroendocrine tumor spheroids for cancer therapy.

Menschliche neuroendokrinen Tumor-Zelllinien als dreidimensionales Modell für das Studium der menschlichen neuroendokrinen Tumor-Therapie

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare tumors, with an incidence of two per 100,&#x200A;000 individuals per year, and they account for 0.5% of all human ...

A Three-dimensional Tissue Culture Model to Study Primary Human Bone Marrow and its Malignancies

Tissue culture has been an invaluable tool to study many aspects of cell function, from normal development to disease. Conventional cell culture methods rely on the ability of cells either to attach to a solid substratum of a tissue culture dish or to grow in suspension in liquid medium. Multiple immortal cell lines have been created and grown using such approaches, however, these methods frequently fail when primary cells need to be grown ex vivo. Such failure has been attributed to the absence of the appropriate extracellular matrix components of the tissue microenvironment from the standard systems where tissue culture plastic is used as a surface for cell growth. Extracellular matrix is an integral component of the tissue microenvironment and its presence is crucial for the maintenance of physiological functions such as cell polarization, survival, and proliferation. Here we present a 3-dimensional tissue culture method where primary bone marrow cells are grown in extracellular matrix formulated to recapitulate the microenvironment of the human bone (rBM system). Embedded in the extracellular matrix, cells are supplied with nutrients through the medium supplemented with human plasma, thus providing a comprehensive system where cell survival and proliferation can be sustained for up to 30 days while maintaining the cellular composition of the primary tissue. Using the rBM system we have successfully grown primary bone marrow cells from normal donors and patients with amyloidosis, and various hematological malignancies. The rBM system allows for direct, in-matrix real time visualization of the cell behavior and evaluation of preclinical efficacy of novel therapeutics. Moreover, cells can be isolated from the rBM and subsequently used for in vivo transplantation, cell sorting, flow cytometry, and nucleic acid and protein analysis. Taken together, the rBM method provides a reliable system for the growth of primary bone marrow cells under physiological conditions.

In standard culture methods cells are taken out of their physiological environment and grown on the plastic surface of a dish. To study the behavior of primary human bone marrow cells we created a 3-D culture system where cells are grown under conditions recapitulating the native microenvironment of the tissue.

Eine dreidimensionale Zellkulturmodell zu primären humanen Knochenmark und seine Malignome Studieren

Tissue culture has been an invaluable tool to study many aspects of cell function, from normal development to disease. Conventional cell culture methods ...

Initiation of Metastatic Breast Carcinoma by Targeting of the Ductal Epithelium with Adenovirus-Cre: A Novel Transgenic Mouse Model of Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease involving complex cellular interactions between the developing tumor and immune system, eventually resulting in exponential tumor growth and metastasis to distal tissues and the collapse of anti-tumor immunity. Many useful animal models exist to study breast cancer, but none completely recapitulate the disease progression that occurs in humans. In order to gain a better understanding of the cellular interactions that result in the formation of latent metastasis and decreased survival, we have generated an inducible transgenic mouse model of YFP-expressing ductal carcinoma that develops after sexual maturity in immune-competent mice and is driven by consistent, endocrine-independent oncogene expression. Activation of YFP, ablation of p53, and expression of an oncogenic form of K-ras was achieved by the delivery of an adenovirus expressing Cre-recombinase into the mammary duct of sexually mature, virgin female mice. Tumors begin to appear 6 weeks after the initiation of oncogenic events. After tumors become apparent, they progress slowly for approximately two weeks before they begin to grow exponentially. After 7-8 weeks post-adenovirus injection, vasculature is observed connecting the tumor mass to distal lymph nodes, with eventual lymphovascular invasion of YFP+ tumor cells to the distal axillary lymph nodes. Infiltrating leukocyte populations are similar to those found in human breast carcinomas, including the presence of &#945;&#946; and &#947;&#948; T cells, macrophages and MDSCs. This unique model will facilitate the study of cellular and immunological mechanisms involved in latent metastasis and dormancy in addition to being useful for designing novel immunotherapeutic interventions to treat invasive breast cancer.

Activation of latent mutations with adenovirus-Cre into the mammary ductal system results in a clinically relevant metastatic breast cancer. Incorporation of a YFP promoter allows tracking of distal metastatic tumor cells. This model is useful to study latent metastasis, anti-tumor immunity, and for designing novel immunotherapies to treat breast cancer.

Initiation Metastasierende Mammakarzinom durch Targeting des duktalen Epithel mit Adenovirus-Cre: Eine neue transgene Maus-Modell der Brustkrebs

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease involving complex cellular interactions between the developing tumor and immune system, eventually resulting in ...

Profiling of Estrogen-regulated MicroRNAs in Breast Cancer Cells

Estrogen plays vital roles in mammary gland development and breast cancer progression. It mediates its function by binding to and activating the estrogen receptors (ERs), ER&#945;, and ER&#946;. ER&#945; is frequently upregulated in breast cancer and drives the proliferation of breast cancer cells. The ERs function as transcription factors and regulate gene expression. Whereas ER&#945;&#39;s regulation of protein-coding genes is well established, its regulation of noncoding microRNA (miRNA) is less explored. miRNAs play a major role in the post-transcriptional regulation of genes, inhibiting their translation or degrading their mRNA. miRNAs can function as oncogenes or tumor suppressors&#160;and are also promising biomarkers. Among the miRNA assays available, microarray and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) have been extensively used to detect and quantify miRNA levels. To identify miRNAs regulated by estrogen signaling in breast cancer, their expression in ER&#945;-positive breast cancer cell lines were compared before and after estrogen-activation using both the &#181;Paraflo-microfluidic microarrays and Dual Labeled Probes-low density arrays. Results were validated using specific qPCR assays, applying both Cyanine dye-based and Dual Labeled Probes-based chemistry. Furthermore, a time-point assay was used to identify regulations over time. Advantages of the miRNA assay approach used in this study is that it enables a fast screening of mature miRNA regulations in numerous samples, even with limited sample amounts. The layout, including the specific conditions for cell culture and estrogen treatment, biological and technical replicates, and large-scale screening followed by in-depth confirmations using separate techniques, ensures a robust detection of miRNA regulations,&#160;and eliminates false positives and other artifacts. However, mutated or unknown miRNAs, or regulations at the primary and precursor transcript level, will not be detected. The method presented here represents a thorough investigation of estrogen-mediated miRNA regulation.

Molecular signaling through both estrogen and microRNAs are critical in breast cancer development and growth. Estrogen activates the estrogen receptors, which are transcription factors. Many transcription factors can regulate the expression of microRNAs, and estrogen-regulated microRNAs can be profiled using different large-scale techniques.

Profiling von Östrogen-regulierte MicroRNAs in Brustkrebszellen

Estrogen plays vital roles in mammary gland development and breast cancer progression. It mediates its function by binding to and activating the estrogen ...

Three Dimensional Cultures: A Tool To Study Normal Acinar Architecture vs. Malignant Transformation Of Breast Cells

Invasive breast carcinomas are a group of malignant epithelial tumors characterized by the invasion of adjacent tissues and propensity to metastasize. The interplay of signals between cancer cells and their microenvironment exerts a powerful influence on breast cancer growth and biological behavior1. However, most of these signals from the extracellular matrix are lost or their relevance is understudied when cells are grown in two dimensional culture (2D) as a monolayer. In recent years, three dimensional (3D) culture on a reconstituted basement membrane has emerged as a method of choice to recapitulate the tissue architecture of benign and malignant breast cells. Cells grown in 3D retain the important cues from the extracellular matrix and provide a physiologically relevant ex&#160;vivo system2,3. Of note, there is growing evidence suggesting that cells behave differently when grown in 3D as compared to 2D4. 3D culture can be effectively used as a means to differentiate the malignant phenotype from the benign breast phenotype and for underpinning the cellular and molecular signaling involved3. One of the distinguishing characteristics of benign epithelial cells is that they are polarized so that the apical cytoplasm is towards the lumen and the basal cytoplasm rests on the basement membrane. This apico-basal polarity is lost in invasive breast carcinomas, which are characterized by cellular disorganization and formation of anastomosing and branching tubules that haphazardly infiltrates the surrounding stroma. These histopathological differences between benign gland and invasive carcinoma can be reproduced in 3D6,7. Using the appropriate read-outs like the quantitation of single round acinar structures, or differential expression of validated molecular markers for cell proliferation, polarity and apoptosis in combination with other molecular and cell biology techniques, 3D culture can provide an important tool to better understand the cellular changes during malignant transformation and for delineating the responsible signaling.

Three dimensional culture of mammary epithelial cells on a reconstituted basement membrane is a useful method to recapitulate the in vivo architecture of the benign breast, and to differentiate the malignant phenotype from the benign breast phenotype. Importantly, this system can be applied to study invasive carcinomas in other tissues.

Dreidimensional Kulturen: Ein Werkzeug, um Architektur zu studieren Normale acinar gegen maligne Transformation von Brustzellen

Invasive breast carcinomas are a group of malignant epithelial tumors characterized by the invasion of adjacent tissues and propensity to metastasize. The ...

Three-dimensional Co-culture Model for Tumor-stromal Interaction

Cancer progression (initiation, growth, invasion and metastasis) occurs through interactions between malignant cells and the surrounding tumor stromal cells. The tumor microenvironment is comprised of a variety of cell types, such as fibroblasts, immune cells, vascular endothelial cells, pericytes and bone-marrow-derived cells, embedded in the extracellular matrix (ECM). Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) have a pro-tumorigenic role through the secretion of soluble factors, angiogenesis and ECM remodeling. The experimental models for cancer cell survival, proliferation, migration, and invasion have mostly relied on two-dimensional monocellular and monolayer tissue cultures or Boyden chamber assays. However, these experiments do not precisely reflect the physiological or pathological conditions in a diseased organ. To gain a better understanding of tumor stromal or tumor matrix interactions, multicellular and three-dimensional cultures provide more powerful tools for investigating intercellular communication and ECM-dependent modulation of cancer cell behavior. As a platform for this type of study, we present an experimental model in which cancer cells are cultured on collagen gels embedded with primary cultures of CAFs.

Here we present a protocol to co-culture in three-dimensions, which is useful for investigating multicellular interactions and extracellular matrix-dependent modulation of cancer cell behavior. In this experimental model, cancer cells are cultured on collagen gels embedded with human cancer-associated fibroblasts.

Dreidimensionale Co-Kultur-Modell für Tumor-Stroma-Interaktion

Cancer progression (initiation, growth, invasion and metastasis) occurs through interactions between malignant cells and the surrounding tumor stromal ...

Three-Dimensional (3D) Tumor Spheroid Invasion Assay

Invasion of surrounding normal tissues is generally considered to be a key hallmark of malignant (as opposed to benign) tumors. For some cancers in particular (e.g., brain tumors such as glioblastoma multiforme and squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck &#8211; SCCHN) it is a cause of severe morbidity and can be life-threatening even in the absence of distant metastases. In addition, cancers which have relapsed following treatment unfortunately often present with a more aggressive phenotype. Therefore, there is an opportunity to target the process of invasion to provide novel therapies that could be complementary to standard anti-proliferative agents. Until now, this strategy has been hampered by the lack of robust, reproducible assays suitable for a detailed analysis of invasion and for drug screening. Here we provide a simple micro-plate method (based on uniform, self-assembling 3D tumor spheroids) which has great potential for such studies. We exemplify the assay platform using a human glioblastoma cell line and also an SCCHN model where the development of resistance against targeted epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors is associated with enhanced matrix-invasive potential. We also provide two alternative methods of semi-automated quantification: one using an imaging cytometer and a second which simply requires standard microscopy and image capture with digital image analysis.

Three-Dimensional 3D Tumor Spheroid Invasion Assay

Invasion of surrounding normal tissues is a defining characteristic of malignant tumors. We provide here a simple, semi-automated micro-plate assay of invasion into a natural 3D biomatrix that has been exemplified with a number of models of advanced human cancers.

Dreidimensionale (3D) Tumor Spheroid Invasionsassay

Invasion of surrounding normal tissues is generally considered to be a key hallmark of malignant (as opposed to benign) tumors. For some cancers in ...

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Spontaneous Breast Cancer Metastasis

Metastasis is the primary cause of mortality of breast cancer patients. The mechanism underlying cancer cell metastasis, including breast cancer metastasis, is largely unknown and is a focus in cancer research. Various breast cancer spontaneous metastasis mouse models have been established. Here, we report a simplified procedure to establish orthotopic transplanted breast cancer primary tumor and resultant spontaneous metastasis that mimic human breast cancer metastasis. Combined with the bioluminescence live tumor imaging, this mouse model allows tumor growth and progression kinetics to be monitored and quantified. In this model, a low dose (1 x 104 cells) of 4T1-Luc breast cancer cells was injected into BALB/c mouse mammary fat pad using a tuberculin syringe. Mice were injected with luciferin and imaged at various time points using a bioluminescent imaging system. When the primary tumors grew to the size limit as in the IACUC-approved protocol (approximately 30 days), mice were anesthetized under constant flow of 2% isoflurane and oxygen. The tumor area was sterilized with 70% ethanol. The mouse skin around the tumor was excised to expose the tumor which was removed with a pair of sterile scissors. Removal of the primary tumor extends the survival of the 4T-1 tumor-bearing mice for one month. The mice were then repeatedly imaged for metastatic tumor spreading to distant organs. Therapeutic agents can be administered to suppress tumor metastasis at this point. This model is simple and yet sensitive in quantifying breast cancer cell growth in the primary site and progression kinetics to distant organs, and thus is an excellent model for studying breast cancer growth and progression, and for testing anti-metastasis therapeutic and immunotherapeutic agents in vivo.

An orthotopic breast cancer primary tumor model and surgical removal of primary tumor to extend mouse life to generate spontaneous metastasis are described. The tumor growth and progression are monitored and quantified by luciferase fluorescence imaging.