Wir danken Dr. Diane Baronas-Lowell für das kritische Lesen des Manuskripts. Diese Arbeit wurde von einem FAU Charles E. Schmidt College of Science Seed Grant und einer alternden Stipendium der Ellison Medical Foundation unterstützt KJ

1. XLD (Xylose-Lysin Desoxycholate) Agar-Platten XLD-Agar ist ein Selektivwachstumsmedium für Salmonellen, die als schwarze Kolonien auf XLD-Agar-Platten erscheint. Falls jedoch keine Bedenken der Verunreinigung kann eine regelmäßige LB-Platte ersetzt werden. <ol><li> Abwiegen 5,5 g XLD-Agar und Resuspension in 5 ml VE-Wasser. </li><li> Gut mischen, bis alle Agar nass ist. In 95 ml VE-Wasser, bis alle Klumpen verschwunden sind und das Medium wird vollständig suspendiert. </li><li> Kochen Sie die mittel-bis vollständig auflösen (nicht autoklavieren). </li><li> Kühlen des Mediums bei Raumtemperatur bis 50 ° C. </li><li> Gießen in 25 ml Agar je 95 x 15 mm (Durchmesser x Höhe) Platte (Platten mit Parafilm verschlossen bei 4 ° C für bis zu 1 Monat gelagert werden.) </li></ol> 2. Nematode Growth Medium (NGM) RNAi Fütterungsplatten Vorbereitung von C. elegans NGM-Platten wurde bereits beschrieben 19. Hier wird ein Verfahren kurz beschrieben, um das Antibiotikum Ampicillin und die RNAi chemischen Induktors Isopropyl-β-D-1-thiogalactopyranosid (IPTG) in die NGM-Medien zu den RNAi Vorschubplatten zu machen. <ol><li> Lösen Sie 3 g NaCl und 2,5 g Bacto Pepton in 1 L VE-Wasser. </li><li> In 17 g Bacto-Agar in die Medien. </li><li> Autoklavieren das Medium für 45 Minuten und kühlen die Medien auf 50 ° C in einem Wasserbad. </li><li> Fügen Sie die folgenden Lösungen: 1 ml Cholesterin (5 mg / ml in 95% Ethanol), 1 ml 1 M CaCl 2, 1 ml 1 M MgSO 4 und 25 ml 1 M Kaliumphosphatpuffer (pH 6,0). Gut mischen. </li><li> 1 ml 1 M IPTG und 500 ul Ampicillin (100 mg / ml in sterilem Wasser). </li><li> Mischen Sie die Lösung gut vermischen und in 60 x 15 mm (Durchmesser x Höhe) Petrischalen mit einer Pipette Hilfe und 25 ml serologische Pipette folgende sterile Verfahren. Füllen Sie jede Platte mit 12 ml Agar. Platten können bei 4 ° C für bis zu 1 Monat gelagert werden. </li></ol> Der wesentliche Autophagie-Gen bec-1 wird als Beispiel verwendet, um die Funktion eines Gens Gastgeber in der Verteidigung gegen Salmonellen-Infektion zu untersuchen. Die Versuchsverfahren sind in Abbildung 1 und Tabelle 1 dargestellt. Das Protokoll für die Herstellung von RNAi-behandelten Tieren Infektion folgt, mit dem Tag der einzelnen Versuchsschritt in Klammern angegeben. <ol><li> Impfen bec-1 RNAi Fütterung und Kontrolle leeren Vektor L4440 RNAi Fütterung Bakterien, indem eine Flocke von -80 ° C eingefroren Bakterien in 2 ml LB-Medium mit 100 mg / ml Ampicillin (Tag 1) ergänzt. Wiederholen Sie diesen Schritt einmal pro Woche während des gesamten Experiments an die frische RNAi Bakterien haben. Bewahren Sie die Kultur in der 4 ° C Kühlschrank, wenn nicht verwendet. </li><li> Seed 100 ml Bakterienkultur über Nacht auf RNAi RNAi-Platten. Bereiten Sie drei bec-1-RNAi und drei Steuer leer vECTOR RNAi-Platten. Die Inkubation bei 37 ° C über Nacht (Tag 2). </li><li> Entfernen Sie die RNAi-Platten aus dem 37 ° C-Inkubator und es ihnen ermöglichen, auf Raumtemperatur auf der Bank abkühlen. Pick-up wohlgenährten L4 Wildtyp N2 Hermaphroditen und übertragen Sie sie auf bec-1-RNAi und steuern leeren Vektor RNAi-Platten. Platzieren Sie drei Würmer pro Platte, dreifach auf Platten. Am gleichen Tag, bereiten RNAi-Platten, wie in Schritt 3.2 (Tag 3) beschrieben. </li><li> Die RNAi-Platten inkubieren mit Würmern in der 20 ° C-Inkubator für 36-40 Stunden und Transfer Würmer an die frische entsprechenden RNAi-Platten in Schritt 3.3 vorbereitet. Nach Würmer übertragen werden, brüten die Platten in der 20 ° C-Inkubator für 64 h (Tag 4). </li></ol> 4. Bereiten Salmonellen für Infektions <ol><li> Streak Salmonellen -80 ° C eingefroren Lager auf 1 XLD-Agar-Platte und Inkubation der Platte bei 37 ° C über Nacht (Tag 5 </strong&gt;). </li><li> Wählen Sie eine gut isolierte Kolonie und schwarz Salmonellen impfen es in 2 ml LB-Medium bei 37 ° C mit Schütteln über Nacht (Tag 6). </li><li> Seed 80 ml ​​Salmonella-Nacht-Kultur auf 1 C. elegans 60 x 15 mm (Durchmesser x Höhe) NGM-Agar-Platte und bereiten 6 Platten insgesamt. Die Inkubation bei Raumtemperatur für 6 Stunden. Die Bakterienkultur sollte trocknen und eine Rasenfläche auf der Platte (Tag 7). </li></ol> 5. Infect RNAi-behandelten Worms mit Salmonellen <ol><li> Übertragen bec-1 RNAi-behandelten und unbe leeren Vektor RNAi-behandelten L4 N2 Hermaphroditen (Nachkommen von Würmern in Schritt 3), um Salmonellen-Platten. Die 40 Würmer pro Platte auf 3 Platten für jede Gruppe. Die Schnecken Platten bei 20 ° C für 48 Stunden (Tag 7). </li><li> Bereiten Sie eine Reihe von frischen RNAi-Platten wie in den Schritten 3.1 und 3.2 (Tag 7 beschrieben und <strong&gt; Tag 8). </li><li> Nach 48 Stunden Infektion übertragen Salmonellen-infizierten Würmer zu den entsprechenden RNAi-Platten in Schritt 5.2 vorbereitet und Inkubation bei 20 ° C (Tag 9). </li></ol> 6. Survival-Assay <ol><li> Stand das Überleben der Würmer täglich und übertragen Würmer an die frische entsprechenden RNAi-Platten während der Eiablage-Zeit. Einen Satz von frischen RNAi-Platten vor jeder Wurm Transfer wie in den Schritten 3.1 und 3.2 beschrieben. Tippen Sie auf das Schneckenkörper (Kopf, Mittelteil und Schwanz) vorsichtig mit einem Ende abgeflachten Platindraht. Eine Schnecke wird als tot gezählt, wenn keine Bewegung des Schneckenkörpers beobachtet. </li><li> Stand das Überleben der Würmer täglich oder jeden zweiten Tag, und übertragen Würmer an die frische entsprechenden RNAi-Platten zweimal pro Woche nach Würmern zu stoppen, Eier zu legen. </li><li> Nachdem alle Würmer sterben, bündeln die Überlebensdaten aus Dreifachplatten als ein Datensatz. Geben Sie die Überlebensdaten der jeweiligen Gruppe in geeigneter statistischer Software wie GraphPad Pmus, um Überlebenskurven zu generieren und Kaplan-Meier-Überlebensanalyse durchzuführen. Der gesamte Versuch wird mindestens einmal, um den Abschluss zu bestätigen wiederholt. </li></ol>

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Die Autoren erklären, dass sie keine finanziellen Interessen konkurrieren.

C. elegans ist eine einfache genetische Modellorganismus, die Bakterien als Nährstoffquelle isst. Somit ist es einfach, seine normale Bakteriennahrung mit einer Darmerreger ersetzt, um die Wechselwirkungen zwischen C untersuchen elegans und das Pathogen ausgewählt. Hier ein Protokoll beschrieben, um Salmonellen-Infektion und C verbinden elegans RNAi Fütterung Behandlung, um die Rolle der Wirtsgene in der Verteidigung gegen Salmonellen-Infektion zu untersu...

Die frei lebenden Nematoden Caenorhabditis elegans Boden ist eine einfache und genetisch manipulierbaren Modellorganismus verwendet, um viele biologische Fragestellungen zu untersuchen. C elegans besteht überwiegend als selbstDünge Hermaphroditen. Männer sind spontan von Nicht-Trennung von dem X-Chromosom während gametogenesis 1,2 erzeugt. In Anwesenheit von reichlich Nahrung, C. elegans kontinuierlich über vier Larvenstadien zum Erwachsenen zu entwickeln. Temperatur beeinflusst auch C. elegans Entwicklung; schnellere Entwicklung bei höheren Temperaturen beobachtet. Im Labor C. elegans ist bei einer Standardtemperatur von 20 ° C auf Agar-Platten mit ausgesät Bakterium Escherichia coli (Stamm OP50) als Lebensmittel 1,2 kultiviert. In den letzten zehn Jahren, C. elegans wurde als wirbellosen Organismus, Wirt-Pathogen-Interaktionen zu studieren 3-5 entstanden. In der Natur, C. elegans frisst Bakterien als nutrient 1,2 Quelle. Seine normale bakterielle Labor Essen, OP50, kann leicht mit anderen Krankheitserregern ersetzt werden, um die Wechselwirkungen zwischen C untersuchen elegans und jede gewählte Erregers. Unter diesen Bedingungen ist der Darm der primäre Ort der Infektion. In der Tat, eine breite Palette von bakteriellen Krankheitserregern hat sich gezeigt, tödlich infizieren C. elegans 3-5. Das gram-negative Bakterium Salmonella ist ein Magen-Darm-Erreger, der menschlichen Lebensmittelvergiftungen verursacht weltweit 6,7. C elegans ist ein gutes Modell für die Host-Salmonella typhimurium, wie dieses Bakterium repliziert und zeigt anhaltende Darminfektionen 10.08. C elegans wurde verwendet, um sowohl neue als identifizieren und bisher bekannten Salmon Virulenzfaktoren 11. Interessanterweise ist die C elegans Immunsystem erfolgreich begrenzt Salmonellen-Replikation. Es wurde bereits berichtet, dass INHIBition der Autophagie-Gene macht erhöhte Salmonella-Replikation in C. elegans, was zu frühen Tod der infizierten Würmer 10. Makroautophagie (hierin als Autophagie bezeichnet) ist ein dynamischer Prozess, der die Neuanordnung der subzellulären Membranen Zytoplasma und Organellen für die Lieferung an den Lysosomen zum Abbau 12 zu maskieren. Autophagie wurde berichtet, dass die Salmonellen-Replikation in C zu begrenzen elegans und bei Säugetieren 10,13. Die C. elegans Genoms war der erste mehrzellige eukaryotische Genom sequenziert; es reagiert auf RNAi-Behandlung 14-16. Außerdem kann RNAi effektiv, indem Würmer, Bakterien, die den doppelsträngigen RNA des Zielgens, wie RNAi Fütterung 16,17 bekannt einnehmen verwaltet werden. Gesamte Genom RNAi Fütterung Bibliotheken für genomweite RNAi Screening 16,18 generiert. Hierbei wird eine Salmonellen-Infektion proProtokoll ist mit RNAi-Zuführung zum Testen C erlauben gekoppelt elegans Gene von Interesse für ihre Fähigkeit, gegen Salmonellen-Infektion zu schützen.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="621">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">LB Broth</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP9723-500</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">XLD agar</td>
			<td>EMD Chemicals</td>
			<td>1.05287.0500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bacto Agar</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>DF0140-01-0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Peptone</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP1420-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium Chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>S671-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Calcium Chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>C69-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Magnesium Sulfate</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>M65-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">IPTG</td>
			<td>Gold Biotechnology</td>
			<td>12481C50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cholesterol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C8667-25G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ampicillin</td>
			<td>Fisher&#160;</td>
			<td>BP1760-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Salmonella typhimurium</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>ATCC14028</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Petri Dish 95 x 15mm</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>FB0875714G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Petri Dish 60 x 15mm&#160;</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>08-757-13A&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Falcon Serological pipet</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>13-668-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Falcon Express Pipet-Aid</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>13-675-42</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MaxQ6000 shaking incubator&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>SHKE6000-7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Incubator</td>
			<td>Percival</td>
			<td>I-36DL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a protocol to infect caenorhabditis elegans with salmonella typhimurium

In den letzten zehn Jahren, C. elegans wurde als wirbellosen Organismus, um Wechselwirkungen zwischen Hosts und Krankheitserregern zu untersuchen entstanden, einschließlich der Wirtsabwehr gegen gram-negative Bakterium Salmonella typhimurium. Salmon stellt eine persistierende Infektion im Darm von C. elegans und führt zu frühen Tod der infizierten Tiere. Eine Anzahl von Immunitätsmechanismen in C identifiziert elegans gegen Salmonellen-Infektionen zu verteidigen. Autophagie ist ein evolutionär konservierten lysosomalen Abbauweg, wurde gezeigt, dass die Salmonellen-Replikation in C zu begrenzen elegans und in Säugern. Hier ist ein Protokoll beschrieben, um C zu infizieren elegans mit Salmonella typhimurium, wobei die Würmer zu Salmon für eine begrenzte Zeit, ähnlich wie Salmonella-Infektion beim Menschen ausgesetzt. Salmonella-Infektion signifikant die Lebensdauer verkürzt C. elegans &lt;/ Em&gt;. Mit den wesentlichen Autophagie-Gen bec-1 als Beispiel kombinieren wir diese Infektion mit C. Verfahren elegans RNAi Fütterung Ansatz und zeigte dieses Protokoll kann verwendet werden, um die Funktion von C zu untersuchen elegans Wirtsgene in der Verteidigung gegen Salmonellen-Infektion. Da C. elegans gesamte Genom RNAi-Bibliotheken zur Verfügung stehen, macht es möglich, dieses Protokoll umfassend Bildschirm für C. elegans Gene, die gegen Salmonellen und andere Krankheitserreger zu schützen, die Darmgenomweiten RNAi-Bibliotheken.

Bei 20 ° C ist die mittlere Lebensdauer von Wildtyp N2 Würmer 17 Tage (Abbildung 2A und Tabelle 2). Salmonellen-Infektion deutlich auf 10,5 Tage verringert die mittlere Lebensdauer der Würmer N2 (p = 0,0002, Log-Rank-Test) (2A ). Wenn ein C elegans Gen spielt eine wichtige Rolle in der Verteidigung gegen Salmonellen-Infektion, wird vorhergesagt, dass seine Hemmung wird die Anfälligkeit für Salmonellen-Infe...

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A Protocol to Infect Caenorhabditis elegans with Salmonella typhimurium

C. elegans hat als neues genetisches Modell zur Wirt-Pathogen-Interaktionen zu untersuchen entstanden. Hier sind wir zu C infizieren beschreiben ein Protokoll elegans mit Salmonella typhimurium in Verbindung mit dem Doppelstrang-RNAi-Interferenz-Technik, um die Rolle der Wirtsgene in der Verteidigung gegen Salmonellen-Infektion zu untersuchen.

Ein Protokoll zum Infect<em&gt; Caenorhabditis elegans</em&gt; Mit<em&gt; Salmonella typhimurium</em

In the last decade, C. elegans has emerged as an invertebrate organism to study interactions between hosts and pathogens, including the host defense ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

A Protocol to Infect Caenorhabditis elegans with Salmonella typhimurium

11.5K Aufrufe.  Florida Atlantic University.  C. elegans hat als neues genetisches Modell zur Wirt-Pathogen-Interaktionen zu untersuchen entstanden. Hier sind wir zu C infizieren beschreiben ein Protokoll elegans mit Salmonella typhimurium in Verbindung mit dem Doppelstrang-RNAi-Interferenz-Technik, um die Rolle der Wirtsgene in der Verteidigung gegen Salmonellen-Infektion zu untersuchen. 

Serie: A Protocol to Infect Caenorhabditis elegans with Salmonella typhimurium

An Allelotyping PCR for Identifying Salmonella enterica serovars Enteritidis, Hadar, Heidelberg, and Typhimurium

Current commercial PCRs tests for identifying Salmonella target genes unique to this genus. However, there are two species, six subspecies, and over 2,500 different Salmonella serovars, and not all are equal in their significance to public health. For example, finding S. enterica subspecies IIIa Arizona on a table egg layer farm is insignificant compared to the isolation of S. enterica subspecies I serovar Enteritidis, the leading cause of salmonellosis linked to the consumption of table eggs. Serovars are identified based on antigenic differences in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)(O antigen) and flagellin (H1 and H2 antigens). These antigenic differences are the outward appearance of the diversity of genes and gene alleles associated with this phenotype.
We have developed an allelotyping, multiplex PCR that keys on genetic differences between four major S. enterica subspecies I serovars found in poultry and associated with significant human disease in the US. The PCR primer pairs were targeted to key genes or sequences unique to a specific Salmonella serovar and designed to produce an amplicon with size specific for that gene or allele. Salmonella serovar is assigned to an isolate based on the combination of PCR test results for specific LPS and flagellin gene alleles. The multiplex PCRs described in this article are specific for the detection of S. enterica subspecies I serovars Enteritidis, Hadar, Heidelberg, and Typhimurium.
Here we demonstrate how to use the multiplex PCRs to identify serovar for a Salmonella isolate.

An Allelotyping PCR for Identifying Salmonella enterica serovars Enteritidis, Hadar, Heidelberg, and Typhimurium

We describe a multiplex PCR for the rapid detection of Salmonella enterica serovars Enteritidis, Hadar, Heidelberg, and Typhimurium. Specific Salmonella serovars can be identified by targeting a multiplex PCR to genes and sequences unique to the O-antigen biosynthesis cluster and flagellin of a given serovar. Serovar is assigned then to a Salmonella isolate based on the appearance of specific, size amplicons (PCR product) corresponding to the target allele.

Ein Allelotyping PCR zur Identifizierung Salmonella enterica Serovare Enteritidis, Hadar, Heidelberg, und Typhimurium

Current commercial PCRs tests for identifying Salmonella target genes unique to this genus.  However, there are two species, six subspecies, and over ...

Forschung

Immunologie und Infektion

High-throughput Assay to Phenotype Salmonella enterica Typhimurium Association, Invasion, and Replication in Macrophages

Salmonella species are zoonotic pathogens and leading causes of food borne illnesses in humans and livestock1. Understanding the mechanisms underlying Salmonella-host interactions are&#160;important to elucidate the molecular pathogenesis of Salmonella infection. The Gentamicin protection assay to phenotype Salmonella association, invasion and replication in phagocytic cells was adapted to allow high-throughput screening to define the roles of deletion mutants of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium in host interactions using RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. Under this protocol, the variance in measurements is significantly reduced compared to the standard protocol, because wild-type and multiple mutant strains can be tested in the same culture dish and at the same time. The use of multichannel pipettes increases the throughput and enhances precision. Furthermore, concerns related to using less host cells per well in 96-well culture dish were addressed. Here, the protocol of the modified in vitro Salmonella invasion assay using phagocytic cells was successfully employed to phenotype 38 individual Salmonella deletion mutants for association, invasion and intracellular replication. The in vitro phenotypes are presented, some of which were subsequently confirmed to have in vivo phenotypes in an animal model. Thus, the modified, standardized assay to phenotype Salmonella association, invasion and replication in macrophages with high-throughput capacity could be utilized more broadly to study bacterial-host interactions.

High-throughput Assay to Phenotype Salmonella enterica Typhimurium Association, Invasion, and Replication in Macrophages

A high-throughput assay to in vitro phenotype Salmonella or other bacterial association, invasion, and replication in phagocytic cells with high-throughput capacity was developed. The method was employed to evaluate Salmonella gene knockout mutant strains for their involvements in host-pathogen interactions.

Hochdurchsatz-Assay zum Phänotyp<em&gt; Salmonella enterica</em&gt; Typhimurium Association, Invasion und Replikation in Makrophagen

Salmonella species are zoonotic pathogens and leading causes of food borne illnesses in humans and livestock1. Understanding the mechanisms underlying ...

Isolation of Salmonella typhimurium-containing Phagosomes from Macrophages

Salmonella typhimurium is a facultative intracellular bacterium that causes gastroenteritis in humans. After invasion of the lamina propria, S. typhimurium bacteria are quickly detected and phagocytized by macrophages, and contained in vesicles known as phagosomes in order to be degraded. Isolation of S. typhimurium-containing phagosomes have been widely used to study how S. typhimurium infection alters the process of phagosome maturation to prevent bacterial degradation. Classically, the isolation of bacteria-containing phagosomes has been performed by sucrose gradient centrifugation. However, this process is time-consuming, and requires specialized equipment and a certain degree of dexterity. Described here is a simple and quick method for the isolation of S. typhimurium-containing phagosomes from macrophages by coating the bacteria with biotin-streptavidin-conjugated magnetic beads. Phagosomes obtained by this method can be suspended in any buffer of choice, allowing the utilization of isolated phagosomes for a broad range of assays, such as protein, metabolite, and lipid analysis. In summary, this method for the isolation of S. typhimurium-containing phagosomes is specific, efficient, rapid, requires minimum equipment, and is more versatile than the classical method of isolation by sucrose gradient-ultracentrifugation.

Isolation of Salmonella typhimurium-containing Phagosomes from Macrophages

We describe here a simple and quick method for the isolation of Salmonella typhimurium-containing phagosomes from macrophages by coating the bacteria with biotin and streptavidin.

Isolierung von Salmonella Typhimurium-mit Phagosom von Makrophagen

Salmonella typhimurium is a facultative intracellular bacterium that causes gastroenteritis in humans. After invasion of the lamina propria, S. ...

A Facile Protocol to Generate Site-Specifically Acetylated Proteins in Escherichia Coli

Post-translational modifications that occur at specific positions of proteins have been shown to play important roles in a variety of cellular processes. Among them, reversible lysine acetylation is one of the most widely distributed in all domains of life. Although numerous mass spectrometry-based acetylome studies have been performed, further characterization of these putative acetylation targets has been limited. One possible reason is that it is difficult to generate purely acetylated proteins at desired positions by most classic biochemical approaches. To overcome this challenge, the genetic code expansion technique has been applied to use the pair of an engineered pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase variant, and its cognate tRNA from Methanosarcinaceae species, to direct the cotranslational incorporation of acetyllysine at the specific site in the protein of interest. After first application in the study of histone acetylation, this approach has facilitated acetylation studies on a variety of proteins. In this work, we demonstrated a facile protocol to produce site-specifically acetylated proteins by using the model bacterium Escherichia coli as the host. Malate dehydrogenase was used as a demonstration example in this work.

A Facile Protocol to Generate Site-Specifically Acetylated Proteins in Escherichia Coli

Genetic code expansion serves as a powerful tool to study a wide range of biological processes, including protein acetylation. Here we demonstrate a facile protocol to exploit this technique for generating homogeneously acetylated proteins at specific sites in Escherichia coli cells.

Eine einfache Protokoll ortspezifisch generieren acetyliert Proteine in Escherichia Coli

Post-translational modifications that occur at specific positions of proteins have been shown to play important roles in a variety of cellular processes. ...

A High-throughput Platform for the Screening of Salmonella spp./Shigella spp.

Fecal-oral transmission of acute gastroenteritis occurs from time to time, especially when people who handled food and water are infected by Salmonella spp./Shigella spp. The gold standard method for the detection of Salmonella spp./Shigella spp. is direct culture but this is labor-intensive and time-consuming. Here, we describe a high-throughput platform for Salmonella spp./Shigella spp. screening, using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) combined with guided culture. There are two major stages: real-time PCR and the guided culture. For the first stage (real-time PCR), we explain each step of the method: sample collection, pre-enrichment, DNA extraction and real-time PCR. If the real-time PCR result is positive, then the second stage (guided culture) is performed: selective culture, biochemical identification and serological characterization. We also illustrate representative results generated from it. The protocol described here would be a valuable platform for the rapid, specific, sensitive and high-throughput screening of Salmonella spp./Shigella spp.

A High-throughput Platform for the Screening of Salmonella spp./Shigella spp.

Salmonella spp./Shigella spp. are common pathogens attributed to diarrhea. Here, we describe a high-throughput platform for the screening of Salmonella spp./Shigella spp. using real-time PCR combined with guided culture.

Eine High-Throughput-Plattform für das Screening von Salmonella spp. /Shigella spp.

Fecal-oral transmission of acute gastroenteritis occurs from time to time, especially when people who handled food and water are infected by Salmonella ...

Evaluating Virulence and Pathogenesis of Aeromonas Infection in a Caenorhabditis elegans Model

The human pathogen Aeromonas has been clinically shown to cause gastroenteritis, wound infections, septicemia, and urinary tract infections. Most human diseases have been reported to be associated with four species of bacteria: Aeromonas dhakensis, Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas veronii, and Aeromonas caviae. The model organism Caenorhabditis elegans is a bacterivore that provides an excellent infection model by which to study the bacterial pathogenesis of Aeromonas. Here, we introduce three different experiments to study Aeromonas infection using a C. elegans model, including survival, liquid toxicity, and muscle necrosis assays. The results of the three methods determining the virulence of Aeromonas were consistent. A. dhakensis was shown to be the most toxic among the 4 major Aeromonas species causing clinical infections. These methods are shown to be a convenient way to evaluate the toxicity among and within Aeromonas species and contribute to our understanding of the pathogenesis of Aeromonas infection.

Evaluating Virulence and Pathogenesis of Aeromonas Infection in a Caenorhabditis elegans Model

Here, we introduce three different experiments to study Aeromonas infection in C. elegans. Using these convenient methods, it is easy to evaluate the toxicity among and within Aeromonas species.

Bewertung von Virulenz und Pathogenese der Aeromonas Infektion in einem Caenorhabditis Elegans -Modell

The human pathogen Aeromonas has been clinically shown to cause gastroenteritis, wound infections, septicemia, and urinary tract infections. Most human ...

Application of Consistent Massage-Like Perturbations on Mouse Calves and Monitoring the Resulting Intramuscular Pressure Changes

Massage is generally recognized to be beneficial for relieving pain and inflammation. Although previous studies have reported anti-inflammatory effects of massage on skeletal muscles, the molecular mechanisms behind are poorly understood. We have recently developed a simple device to apply local cyclical compression (LCC), which can generate intramuscular pressure waves with varying amplitudes. Using this device, we have demonstrated that LCC modulates inflammatory responses of macrophages in situ and alleviates immobilization-induced muscle atrophy. Here, we describe protocols for the optimization and application of LCC as a massage-like intervention against immobilization-induced inflammation and atrophy of skeletal muscles of mouse hindlimbs. The protocol that we have developed can be useful for investigating the mechanism underlying beneficial effects of physical exercise and massage. Our experimental system provides a prototype of the analytical approach to elucidate the mechanical regulation of muscle homeostasis, although further development needs to be made for more comprehensive studies.

Here we describe the protocols for applying defined mechanical loads to mouse calves and for monitoring the concomitant intramuscular pressure changes. The experimental systems that we have developed can be useful for investigating the mechanism behind the beneficial effects of physical exercise and massage.

Anwendung konsistenter massageähnlicher Störungen an Mauskälbern und Überwachung der daraus resultierenden intramuskulären Druckänderungen

Massage is generally recognized to be beneficial for relieving pain and inflammation. Although previous studies have reported anti-inflammatory effects of ...

Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Intestinal Organoids to Study and Modify Epithelial Cell Protection Against Salmonella and Other Pathogens

The intestinal &#8216;organoid&#8217; (iHO) system, wherein 3-D structures representative of the epithelial lining of the human gut can be produced from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and maintained in culture, provides an exciting opportunity to facilitate the modeling of the epithelial response to enteric infections. In vivo, intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) play a key role in regulating intestinal homeostasis and may directly inhibit pathogens, although the mechanisms by which this occurs are not fully elucidated. The cytokine interleukin-22 (IL-22) has been shown to play a role in the maintenance and defense of the gut epithelial barrier, including inducing a release of antimicrobial peptides and chemokines in response to infection.
We describe the differentiation of healthy control hiPSCs into iHOs via the addition of specific cytokine combinations to their culture medium before embedding them into a basement membrane matrix-based prointestinal culture system. Once embedded, the iHOs are grown in media supplemented with Noggin, R-spondin-1, epidermal growth factor (EGF), CHIR99021, prostaglandin E2, and Y-27632 dihydrochloride monohydrate. Weekly passages by manual disruption of the iHO ultrastructure lead to the formation of budded iHOs, with some exhibiting a crypt/villus structure. All iHOs demonstrate a differentiated epithelium consisting of goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells, Paneth cells, and polarized enterocytes, which can be confirmed via immunostaining for specific markers of each cell subset, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and quantitative PCR (qPCR). To model infection, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium SL1344 are microinjected into the lumen of the iHOs and incubated for 90 min at 37 &#176;C, and a modified gentamicin protection assay is performed to identify the levels of intracellular bacterial invasion. Some iHOs are also pretreated with recombinant human IL-22 (rhIL-22) prior to infection to establish whether this cytokine is protective against Salmonella infection.

Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Intestinal Organoids to Study and Modify Epithelial Cell Protection Against Salmonella and Other Pathogens

Human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived intestinal organoids offer exciting opportunities to model enteric diseases in vitro. We demonstrate the differentiation of hiPSCs into intestinal organoids (iHOs), the stimulation of these iHOs with cytokines, and the microinjection of Salmonella Typhimurium into the iHO lumen, enabling the study of an epithelial invasion by this pathogen.

Verwendung von humaninduzierten, zellabgeleiteten Intestarz-Organoiden zur Untersuchung und Modifizierung des epithelialen Zellschutzes gegen Salmonellen und andere Krankheitserreger

The intestinal &#8216;organoid&#8217; (iHO) system, wherein 3-D structures representative of the epithelial lining of the human gut can be produced from ...

Chronic Salmonella Infection Induced Intestinal Fibrosis

Tissue fibrosis characterized by the pathological accumulation of extracellular matrix such as collagen is the outcome of persistent inflammation and dysregulated repair. In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), fibrosis leads to recurrent stricture formations for which there is no effective therapy other than surgical resection. Due to its late onset, the processes that drive fibrosis is less studied and largely unknown. Therefore, fibrotic complications represent a major challenge in IBD. In this protocol, a robust in vivo model of intestinal fibrosis is described where streptomycin pre-treatment of C57Bl/6 mice followed by oral gavage with vaccine grade Salmonella Typhimurium &#916;AroA mutant leads to persistent pathogen colonization and fibrosis of the cecum. Methodologies for preparing S. Typhimurium &#916;AroA for inoculation, quantifying pathogen loads in the cecum and spleen, and evaluating collagen deposition in intestinal tissues are explained. This experimental disease model is useful for examining host factors that either enhance or exacerbate CD-like intestinal fibrosis.

This protocol describes a mouse model of Salmonella driven intestinal fibrosis that resembles key pathological hallmarks of Crohn&#8217;s disease including transmural inflammation and fibrosis. This method can be used to evaluate host factors that alter fibrotic outcomes using mutant mice maintained on a C57Bl/6 genetic background.

Chronische Salmonelleninfektion induzierte Darmfibrose

Tissue fibrosis characterized by the pathological accumulation of extracellular matrix such as collagen is the outcome of persistent inflammation and ...

NF-&#954;B-dependent Luciferase Activation and Quantification of Gene Expression in Salmonella Infected Tissue Culture Cells

The dimeric transcription factor NF-&#954;B regulates many cellular response pathways, including inflammatory pathways by inducing the expression of various cytokines and chemokines. NF-&#954;B is constitutively expressed and is sequestered in the cytosol by the inhibitory protein nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells inhibitor, alpha (I&#954;B&#945;). Activation of NF-&#954;B requires the degradation of I&#954;B&#945;, which then exposes a nuclear localization signal on NF-&#954;B and promotes its trafficking to the nucleus. Once in the nucleus, NF-&#954;B binds to the promotor region of NF-&#954;B target genes such as interleukin 6 (IL-6) and IL-23, to promote their expression.
The activation of NF-&#954;B occurs independently of transcription or translation. Therefore, the activation state of NF-&#954;B must be measured either by quantifying NF-&#954;B specifically in the nucleus, or by quantifying expression of NF-&#954;B target genes. In this protocol, cells stably transfected with an NF-&#954;B::luciferase reporter construct are assayed for NF-&#954;B activation using in vitro tissue culture techniques. These cells are infected with Salmonella Typhimurium to activate NF-&#954;B, which traffics to the nucleus and binds to &#954;B sites in the promoter region of luciferase, inducing its expression. Cells are lysed and analyzed with the luciferase assay system. The amount of luciferase produced by the cells correlates with the intensity of the luminescence signal, which is detected by a plate reader. The luminescence signal generated by this procedure provides a quick and highly sensitive method by which to assess NF-&#954;B activation under a range of conditions. This protocol also utilizes quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) to detect relative mRNA levels that are indicative of gene expression.

NF-&amp;#954;B-dependent Luciferase Activation and Quantification of Gene Expression in &lt;em&gt;Salmonella&lt;/em&gt; Infected Tissue Culture Cells

Here, we present a protocol to quickly and easily measure nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-&#954;B) activation in cell lines expressing NF-&#954;B::luciferase reporter constructs, via measurements of luminescence in the cell lysate. Additionally, gene expression is determined via RT-qPCR isolated from cells infected with Salmonella Typhimurium.

NF-B-abhängige Luziferase-Aktivierung und Quantifizierung der Genexpression in Salmonellen-infizierten Gewebekulturzellen

The dimeric transcription factor NF-&#954;B regulates many cellular response pathways, including inflammatory pathways by inducing the expression of ...