The authors would like to thank Drs. C. Szalinski, H. Teng, and M. Bruchez for help with Imaris, R. Vistein, and D. Shiwarski for technical help and advice, and Dr. M von Zastrow, Dr. T Kirchhausen, Dr. D Drubin, and Dr. W Almers for reagents and helpful discussion. Funding provided by T32 grant NS007433 to SLB and NIH DA024698 and DA036086 to MAP.

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Hier beschreiben wir den Einsatz von TIRFM zu Clathrin-vermittelte Endozytose (CME) auf der Ebene der einzelnen CCPs in lebenden Zellen in Echtzeit zu visualisieren. CME ist eine schnelle und hochdynamische Veranstaltung durch die kumulative Wirkung vieler räumlich und zeitlich getrennte Einzelveranstaltungen vermittelt. Die meisten Assays, die gegenwärtig verwendet werden, wie zum Beispiel biochemische Messungen der Internalisierung mit Oberflächen Biotinylierung oder Liganden-Bindung, Durchflusszytometrie oder fixi...

Der Prozess der Clathrin-vermittelte Endozytose (CME) ist abhängig von der rechtzeitigen Ankunft der vielen Komponenten der Clathrin-vermittelten endozytischen Maschinen, um Fracht in die Vesikel 1-3 sammeln und die Plasmamembran zu manipulieren. CME ist durch Membran Verformung und Fracht-Adapterproteine, die an werdende Stellen der Endozytose 1 zusammen kommen eingeleitet. Diese Proteine ​​rekrutieren das Hüllprotein Clathrin, die in eine käfigartige Struktur, die die Clathrin-beschichteten Nadel (KPCh) 4 bildet versammelt. Nachdem die KPCh ist vollständig in eine Kugelform, Membranspaltung, vor allem durch Maßnahmen der großen GTPase, Dynamin montiert, erzeugt freie Clathrin-umhüllten Vesikeln (CCV) 5,6. Diese Internalisierung triggert schnelle Demontage der Clathrin-Mantel, so dass für mehrere Runden von CME Komponenten wiederverwendet werden. Die Entdeckung und Charakterisierung der Proteine ​​in CME beteiligt wurde in der traditionellen Bioch verwurzeltemical, genetischen und mikroskopischen Techniken 4-6,8. Diese Tests haben die Rollen und Interaktionspunkte dieser endozytischen Komponenten erläutert. Obwohl sehr nützlich zur Definition von wesentlichen Komponenten Handel Maschinen sind diese Tests sehr bei der Erfassung des dynamischen Verhaltens von CME Komponenten oder Ladungskonzentration begrenzt. Dies ist eine kritische Einschränkung, da CME wird durch die Anordnung choreographiert von Sätzen von Protein-Module in definierten Schritten angetrieben wird, und da kleine Veränderungen in der Dynamik der einzelnen endocytic Ereignisse große kumulativen Auswirkungen auf die Endozytose haben. Ferner bisherigen Daten zeigen, dass einzelne CCP kann sowohl in ihrer Zusammensetzung und in ihrem Verhalten unterscheiden, was darauf hindeutet, dass die physiologische Regulation dieses Verfahren ist sehr räumlich und zeitlich eingeschränkt 9-14. Visualisierung einzelner endozytischen Ereignisse ist daher wichtig zu verstehen, warum es mehrere redundante Proteine ​​in CME beteiligt und wie diese Proteine ​​könnte gesteuert werden by physiologische Signale, um Fracht Internalisierung regulieren. Hier beschreiben wir den Einsatz von Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy (TIRFM) CME auf der Ebene der Dynamik der einzelnen CCPs in lebenden Zellen zu beobachten. TIRFM beruht auf dem Unterschied im Brechungsindex zwischen dem Deckglas und der Fluidumgebung der Zellen 15,16. Wenn das Anregungslicht auf die Zellen zu mehr als dem kritischen Winkel gerichtet ist, wird intern reflektiert, wodurch eine abklingende Welle, die einen dünnen Bereich der Beleuchtung, der sich ungefähr 100 nm oberhalb des Deckglases beibehält. Dies stellt sicher, dass nur die Fluoreszenzmoleküle in diesem engen Bereich angeregt werden. Praktisch kann dies die Anregung von Fluoreszenzmolekülen auf oder in der Nähe der Plasmamembran, und minimiert die Fluoreszenz von den inneren Teilen der Zelle. Dies stellt einen wesentlich höheren Signal-zu-Rausch-Verhältnis und z-Achsenauflösung auf Ereignisse in der Plasmamembran, CO visualisierenzu häufig verwendeten Modi wie herkömmliche Epifluoreszenz oder konfokaler Fluoreszenzmikroskopie mpared. Wir beschreiben auch, zu einem Einführungs und praktischen Ebene, um die Verwendung einer gängigen Bildanalyse-Plattform zu analysieren und zu quantifizieren einfache morphologische Merkmale und Dynamik der einzelnen Lade endozytischen Veranstaltungen.

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		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:367px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:367px;">DMEM/High Glucose with L-glutamine and sodium pyruvate</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Fisher Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>SH3024301</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:367px;">Dulbecco&#39;s Phosphate Buffered Saline (DPBS), no calcium, no magnesium</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Gibco, by Life Technologies</td>
			<td>21600-010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:367px;">EDTA Free Acid</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Amresco</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">0322-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:367px;">Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Gibco, by Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">10437-028</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:367px;">Leibovitz&#39;s L-15 Medium, no phenol red</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Gibco, by Life Technologies</td>
			<td>21083-027</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:367px;">Opti-MEM</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Gibco, by Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:367px;">HEPES</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">CellPURE by Fisher Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>BP2937-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:367px;">Effectene&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">301425</td>
			<td>Transfection reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:367px;">25 millimeter coverglass</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Fisher Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>12-545-86&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:367px;">Corning cell culture treated flasks, 25cm2</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Fisher Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>10-126-28</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:367px;">Cell culture 6-well plate</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Greiner Bio-One, by VWR</td>
			<td>82050-896</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:367px;">Monoclonal ANTI-FLAG M1</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>F3040-5MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:367px;">[D-Ala2, N-Me-Phe4, Gly5-ol]-Enkephalin acetate salt (DAMGO)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>E7384-5MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:367px;">Alexa Fluor 647 Protein Labeling Kit</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">A20173</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:367px;">ImageJ</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">NIH</td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
			<td>http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:367px;">Imaris Image analysis software</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">BitPLane</td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
			<td>http://www.bitplane.com/imaris/imaris, for automated analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:367px;">Nikon Eclipse Ti inverted microscope and required accessories including filter cubes and filters</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:367px;">Nikon TIRF arm with required adapters for Nikon Eclipse Ti</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
			<td>For adjusting angle of incidence</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:367px;">iXon+ EMCCD camera and adapters</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Andor</td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

visualizing clathrin-mediated endocytosis of g protein-coupled receptors at single-event resolution via tirf microscopy

Many important signaling receptors are internalized through the well-studied process of clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). Traditional cell biological assays, measuring global changes in endocytosis, have identified over 30 known components participating in CME, and biochemical studies have generated an interaction map of many of these components. It is becoming increasingly clear, however, that CME is a highly dynamic process whose regulation is complex and delicate. In this manuscript, we describe the use of Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy to directly visualize the dynamics of components of the clathrin-mediated endocytic machinery, in real time in living cells, at the level of individual events that mediate this process. This approach is essential to elucidate the subtle changes that can alter endocytosis without globally blocking it, as is seen with physiological regulation. We will focus on using this technique to analyze an area of emerging interest, the role of cargo composition in modulating the dynamics of distinct clathrin-coated pits (CCPs). This protocol is compatible with a variety of widely available fluorescence probes, and may be applied to visualizing the dynamics of many cargo molecules that are internalized from the cell surface.

Verwendung lebender Zellen TIRF Mikroskopie wir die endozytischen Dynamik des μ-Opioid-Rezeptor (MOR) aufgezeichnet ist, ein G-Protein-gekoppelten Rezeptor (GPCR) und deren endocytic Adapterprotein β-Arrestin. Die β-Arrestin-Konstrukt wurde vorübergehend in einem stabil exprimieren MOR-Zelllinie unter Verwendung des Protokolls in Abbildung 1 skizziert transfiziert und 96 Stunden später abgebildet. Die MOR in der stabilen Zelllinie ist N-terminal mit einem pH-sensitive GFP markiert. Diese fluoreszie...

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Visualizing Clathrin-mediated Endocytosis of G Protein-coupled Receptors at Single-event Resolution via TIRF Microscopy

Clathrin-mediated endocytosis, a rapid and highly dynamic process internalizes many proteins, including signaling receptors. The protocol described here directly visualizes the kinetics of individual endocytic events. This is essential for understanding how core members of the endocytic machinery coordinate with each other, and how protein cargo influence this process.

Visualisierung Clathrin-vermittelte Endozytose von G-Protein-gekoppelten Rezeptoren an Einzelereignis Resolution über TIRF-Mikroskopie

Many important signaling receptors are internalized through the well-studied process of clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). Traditional cell biological ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

80.1K Aufrufe.  Carnegie Mellon University. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis, a rapid and highly dynamic process internalizes many proteins, including signaling receptors. The protocol described here directly visualizes the kinetics of individual endocytic events. This is essential for understanding how core members of the endocytic machinery coordinate with each other, and how protein cargo influence this process. 