Name: mouse fetal whole intestine culture system for ex vivo manipulation of signaling pathways and three-dimensional live imaging of villus development
Uploaded: 2014-09-04T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 6 min 46 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mouse Fetal Whole Intestine Culture System for Ex Vivo Manipulation of Signaling Pathways and Three-dimensional Live Imaging of Villus Development at JoVE.com

We gratefully acknowledge Dr. Deborah L. Gumucio as our advisor and for her invaluable support in defining the culture and imaging methods. We also thank Dr. Jim Brodie, Dr. Hong-Xiang Lu, Dr. Charlotte Mistretta, and Dr. Ann Grosse for their contributions to the development of the whole intestine organ culture system. Helpful discussions on imaging provided excellent advice from Dr. Chip Montrose, Michael Czerwinski and Sasha Meshinchi. All imaging was performed in the Microscopy and Image Analysis Laboratory at the University of Michigan. Funding support was provided by NIH R01 DK065850.

HINWEIS: Alle Mäuse wurden mit human Protokolle, die von der University of Michigan Medical School Einheit für Labortiermedizin zugelassen und nach den Richtlinien der Universität Ausschuss für Nutzung und Pflege von Tieren behandelt. 1. Vollorgankultursystem <ol><li> Herstellung der Medien und Kulturplatten <ol><li> In einer Gewebekultur Haube, entfernen 5 ml BGJb Medien aus der Flasche und 5 ml Pen / Strep. Bereiten Sie einen Arbeitsvorrat von Medien in einem 50 ml konischen Röhrchen, durch Zugabe von 1 ml 5 mg / ml Ascorbinsäure bis 49 ml BGJb Medien (mit Pen / Strep). </li><li> Bereiten Sie eine 6-Loch-Kulturplatte durch Zugabe von 1 ml unter jedem der Transwells. HINWEIS: Wenn alle 6 Transwells nicht verwendet werden, bewegen zusätzlichen Transwells in eine frische sterile 6-Well-Platte für die spätere Verwendung. 3 ml Arbeits BGJb Medien zu jedem der drei 10 cm sterile Petrischalen. </li></ol></li><li> Vorbereitung für die Präparation <ol><li> Weichen Sie sezieren Tools in 70% Ethanolnol und sicher sein, die Werkzeuge sauber zu halten, während der Arbeit. </li><li> Einrichten der Sektionsbereich mit einem großen Eiskübel und platzieren Sie den 6-Loch-Kulturplatte und 10 cm Petrischalen mit BGJb Medien auf Eis. Arbeiten auf Eis, so viel wie möglich, während sezieren und die Vorbereitung der Darm für die Kultur. </li><li> Betäuben erwachsenen weiblichen Mäusen in einer Kammer mit Isofluran (100 ul) vor der Euthanasie durch Genickbruch für die Ernte der fetalen Darm. </li><li> Nach der Ernte der Föten von ihrer Mutter, zu inszenieren jeder Fötus sorgfältig nach dem Theiler Inszenierung Grafik 13. An den Tagen Verlassen Sie sich nicht nach dem Koitus auf das Alter des Fötus als Variationen von bis zu 24 Stunden in Entwicklungsstufe werden routinemäßig in einem einzigen Wurf beobachtet zu bestimmen. </li></ol></li><li> Dissektion der fetalen Darm <ol><li> Euthanize Föten durch Enthauptung vor der Entfernung der Eingeweide. </li><li> Sezieren jeden Darm in 1x Dulbecco Phosphat-gepufferte Saline (DPBS) und dann place es in eine 10 cm Petrischale mit Arbeits BGJb Medien. </li><li> Die Milz aus dem Magen und die Bauchspeicheldrüse aus dem Magen und Zwölffingerdarm oberen vorsichtig entfernen. </li><li> Trennen Sie vorsichtig das Netz darauf achten, dass die Netz so weit wie möglich und Trenn Verbindungen nur genug befestigt lassen, damit der Darm begradigt werden. HINWEIS: Für Darm älter als E14.5 oder den Personen, die länger als 24 Stunden kultiviert, sanft trennen den Darm in 3 gleich große Segmente zu ermöglichen luminalen Inhalte durch den Darm fließen und von den Schnittenden ausgeschlossen werden. Für Kulturen begannen vor E13.5 warten, bis nach 24 h der Kultivierung vor Abtrennen der 3 Segmente des Darms, damit der Serosa ordnungsgemäß über die Länge des Darms wachsen. </li><li> Verwenden Sie einen Mund pipettieren, um die Darmstücke auf die Transwells von der Kulturplatte (1.1.2) zu übertragen. </li><li> Vorsichtig positionieren den Darm nach Bedarf, so dass sie gerade über die transwell. Hinweis: Wenn der Darm beginnen, sich luminalen Inhalte durch die Röhre, werden alle Knicke im Darm ein Backup und eine Beschädigung des Darmes führen. </li></ol></li><li> Kultur und Behandlung <ol><li> Entfernen Sie die Medien unter dem Transwell, fügen Sie 700 ul der Behandlung Medien (Arbeitsmedien mit Mehr rekombinanten Proteinen oder pharmakologische Inhibitoren) im Rahmen des Transwell. </li><li> Fügen Sie 300 ul Behandlungsmedien tropfenweise auf der Oberseite des Darms und lassen Sie es durch die Transwell einweichen. Positionieren Sie den Darm wie nötig. </li><li> Ändern Behandlungsmedien mindestens einmal täglich oder öfter in Abhängigkeit von der Halbwertszeit des Behandlungs Reagenz. </li></ol></li><li> Herstellung von Protein-Agarose-Kügelchen eingeweicht für eine lokalisierte Quelle der Behandlung Reagenz <ol><li> Resuspendieren der Agarose in ihren Vorratsbehälter und dann 100 ul Agarosekügelchen in ein 1,5 ml Mikrozentrifugenröhrchen. </li><li> Füllen Sie die restliche Volumen des Rohres mit sterilem 1x Phosphate Kochsalzlösung (PBS) und mischen Sie die Perlen, um sie zu waschen. Legen Sie die Mikrozentrifugenröhrchen in einem Rack für ein paar Minuten, damit die Perlen am Boden absetzen und dann pipettieren Sie das PBS von oben auf den Perlen. Füllen Sie den Mikrozentrifugenröhrchen mit sterilem 1x PBS und zweimal wiederholen Sie den Waschprozess. </li><li> Vorbereitung für das Protein von Interesse auf das Zweifache der für die Behandlung gewünschten Konzentration. </li><li> Mischen 5 ul gewaschenen Agarose-Kügelchen mit 5 ul der Protein 2x Lager und sanft schütteln die Perlen in das Protein. Das Röhrchen auf Eis für 1 h, vorsichtiges Mischen alle 10-15 min. </li><li> Spülen Sie die Perlen kurz in sterilem 1x PBS, bevor Sie die Perlen auf den Darm. </li></ol></li><li> Platzierung von Agarose-Beads <ol><li> Sanft legen Sie die Agarose-Kügelchen auf der Oberseite der Darm mit Hilfe eines mit dem Mund pipettieren gezogen Kapillarnadeln. Legen Sie die Perlen mit äußerster Vorsicht als grobe Behandlung wird den Darm beschädigen und zu verhindern villus Entwicklung in den verletzten Bereich. </li><li> Legen Sie doppelt so viele Perlen wie für die Analyse benötigt werden, da der Darm wird peristaltische Bewegungen und etwa die Hälfte der Perlen gelegt wird weg von den Darm über die Kultivierungszeit rollen zu unterziehen. </li></ol></li><li> Fixierung von kultivierten Darm <ol><li> Die Behandlungsmedien vorsichtig aus unterhalb des Transwell und lassen den Darm an der Luft trocknen für 3 min. </li><li> 1 ml Fixativ unter der Transwell für 2 min, dann decken die Spitze der Darm mit 2 ml Fixiermittel für den Rest der Fixierungszeit. Fix mit 4% Paraformaldehyd O / N bei 4 ° C oder für 2 Stunden bei RT. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Imaging von Fest Darm <ol><li> Wholemount-Bildgebung <ol><li> Stelle sämtliche Darm (mit endogenen Fluoreszenz) auf einem Objektträger mit 100 ul 1x DPBS. Verwenden einer Pinzette vorsichtig arrangieren den Darm. </li><li> Verwenden Sie ein Labor Gewebe vorsichtig die DPBS und sofort 100 l 70% Glycerin, um das Gewebe zu machen mowieder transparent und erhöhen die mögliche Tiefe der Bildgebung. HINWEIS: Wenn ein weiteres Eindringen des Darms gewünscht wird, statt die Montage der Darm in 70% Glycerin, genießen den Darm in ein paar Tropfen von Focus Klare Lösung für 10-30 min. Pipettieren Sie den Fokus Klare Lösung und montieren Sie den Darm mit dem Berg Klar. </li><li> Tauchen Sie jede der vier Ecken eines Deckglases in Knetmasse und holen Sie eine kleine Menge von Ton zu als Abstandshalter zwischen dem Schieber und Deckglas zu verwenden, um das Deckglas aus Abflachung der Darm zu halten. </li><li> Deckglas auf den Objektträger mit geschmolzenem VALAP mit einem Wattestäbchen aufgetragen. </li><li> Bild der Darm entweder aufrecht oder invertiert konfokalen Mikroskop. Bitte beachten Sie die Diskussion für weitere Details. </li></ol></li><li> Vibratom Schnitte von Fest Darm (zum Querschnitt der Darmstrukturen) <ol><li> Einbetten Darm in 7% Agarose in kleinen Kunststoffformen (10 x 10 x 15 mm) und damit die Agarose-Blöckeabkühlen und sich verfestigen. </li><li> Entfernen Agarose-Blöcke aus den Kunststoffformen und Leim Agarose-Blöcke auf die Sammlung Vibratom Bühne mit Sekundenkleber. </li><li> Füllen Sie die Sammelphase mit eiskaltem 1x DPBS. </li><li> Zuschnitte mit einer Dicke zwischen 100-150 um. Bei dickeren Abschnitte verwenden Clearing-Lösungen (in Abschnitt 2.1.2 beschrieben) tiefer in den Querschnitt zu visualisieren. </li><li> Pour Vibratom Abschnitte der Sammelstufe in eine Vertiefung einer 6-Well-Platte für die Lagerung bei 4 ° C ist. </li></ol></li><li> Immunfluoreszenzfärbung von festen, Vibratom geschnitten Gewebe <ol><li> Zeigen 5-12 Vibratom Abschnitte pro Vertiefung in eine 24-Well-Platte mit 1x DPBS. </li><li> 1x DPBS entfernen und fügen 500 ul Permeabilisierung Lösung pro Vertiefung. Schaukeln die Proben für 25 min bei RT. </li><li> Nach Permeabilisierung, waschen Sie die Proben 3 mal mit PBS 1x. </li><li> Block die Proben für mindestens 30 min in 500 ul Blockierungslösung. </li><li> Nach dem Blockieren exchange der Blockierungslösung mit 500 ul primäre Antikörper verdünnt in Blockierungslösung und halte die Proben bei 4 ° CO / N. HINWEIS: Die primären Antikörperverdünnungen, die auf gefrorenen und Paraffinschnitten gut funktionieren in der Regel gut auf Vibratom Abschnitte zu, jedoch erfordern Antikörper im Kern Antigen-Retrieval in der Regel nicht gut mit diesem Protokoll (zB BrdU) zu arbeiten. </li><li> Am folgenden Tag, waschen Sie die Proben 3 mal für 15 min mit je Blockierlösung. </li><li> Nach dem Waschen anzuwenden 500 ul des sekundären Antikörpers in Blockierlösung verdünnt. Wickeln Sie die 24-Well-Platte in Alufolie, um die Fluorophore von Licht für 45 min bei RT schützen und rocken die Proben 2 Stunden. </li><li> 3 mal waschen die Proben mit 1x PBS für jeweils 15 min und montieren Sie die Vibratom Abschnitte auf Objektträger, wie in Abschnitt 2.4 beschrieben. </li></ol></li><li> Montage Vibratom Abschnitte <ol><li> Bereiten Sie Folien für Vibratom Montage durch Schneiden von dünnen Scheiben der Doppel-stick Band und indem sie entlang der langen Seiten der Folien. </li><li> Vorsichtig 5-10 Vibratom Abschnitte zwischen dem doppelseitigem Klebeband auf den Folien in einem Tropfen von 100 ul 1x PBS. </li><li> Entfalten alle Abschnitte und breitete sie in einer einzigen Schicht über die Rutsche. </li><li> Entfernen Sie überschüssiges Agarose oder unebenen Bits, die einen Deckglas aus dem Sitzen Flach verhindern würde. </li><li> Sorgfältig einen Labor Gewebe aus der ganzen Vibratom Abschnitte tanken überschüssige 1x PBS. </li><li> Fügen Sie einen Tropfen wässrigen Eindeckmedium auf der Oberseite der Vibratom Abschnitte und dann das Deckglas. </li><li> Verschließen Sie die Deckgläser auf die Objektträger mit zerlassener VALAP angewendet mit einem Wattestäbchen. </li><li> Bild die Vibratom Abschnitte entweder aufrecht oder invertiert konfokalen Mikroskop. Bitte beachten Sie die Diskussion für weitere Details zur Auswahl eines Abbildungssystems beziehen. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. Live-Imaging von Whole Darm Darm von fetuse geerntets nach E12.5, mit dem angeschlossenen Netz intakt gelassen, erfolgreich zu entwickeln Zotten in Kultur unter Verwendung der oben System. Daher ermöglicht diese ex vivo-System die Erfassung von lebenden z-Schnittbilder der Entwicklungs Darm, die eine dreidimensionale Ansicht der Morphogenese im Laufe der Zeit wieder aufgebaut werden kann. <ol><li> Einrichten Live-Bildgebung <ol><li> Sekundenkleber verwenden, eine individuelle Polycarbonatmembran auf ein feinmaschiges Sieb zu halten. Dies bietet eine Unterstützung Gerüst, um den Darm an Ort und Stelle unter dem Eintauchen Linse des konfokalen Mikroskop aufrecht zu halten. Bitte beachten Sie die Diskussion Abschnitt für weitere Details über die Auswahl der Live-Bildgebung Mikroskope beziehen. </li><li> Legen Sie die Mesh-Bildschirm in der Mitte und einer Kulturplatte. </li><li> Legen Sie die seziert Darm auf die Polycarbonatmembran und einen Tropfen Sekundenkleber an jedem Ende. Verwenden Sie nur ausreichend Leim, um den Darm zu befestigen, aber nicht überziehen es! </li><li> Fügen Kulturmedien frei von Phenol-Rot unter dem PolycarbonatMembran in der Mitte und von der Kulturplatte. </li><li> Wasser hinzufügen, um den äußeren Rand der Kulturplatte gegen Feuchtigkeit bieten. </li><li> Da die fötalen Darm erfährt peristaltische artige Kontraktionswellen in der Kultur wird mit 100 ul einer 1: 5-Lösung von Xylazin in 1x PBS bis 3 ml Medium, um die Bewegung des Darmes während Abbildungs ​​steuern. Diese Dosierung wird Darmbewegungen für etwa 8-10 Stunden ohne Kompromisse villus Entwicklung steuern. </li><li> Für eine Queransicht des Darms, die Live-Darm einbetten in einer 3-4% igen Lösung und schneiden dicke Abschnitte (150-500 um) auf einem Vibratom. Entsprechen die Steifigkeit der Agarose mit der Steifigkeit des Darms geschnitten und empirisch ermittelt die Entwicklungsstadium. Im Allgemeinen wird eine 3% Agarose-Lösung eignet sich gut für Darm jünger als E14.5 und eine 4% ige Lösung funktioniert gut für Darm E15-E16. </li><li> Kleben Sie die Vibratom Abschnitte, um eine Polycarbonatmembran mit einem Mesh-Sieb angebracht (wie in Abschnitt 3.1.1) undKultur, wie in Abschnitt 3.1.2-3.1.6 beschrieben. </li><li> Führen die Echtzeit-Bildgebung unter Verwendung einer Zwei-Photonen konfokalen Fluoreszenzmikroskop (Anregungslaser zwischen 690-1,040 nm) an einem aufrechten Ständer mit einem abstimmbaren Tabelle. </li><li> Zwei-Photonen-Laser bis 900 nm tiefe Penetration mit der besten Auflösung für GFP-Signale bietet abgestimmt. Es reduziert Schäden an Geweben während Imaging. Darüber hinaus die Einstellung der Leistung des Lasers auf das geringstmögliche Emissions verringert Gewebeschäden. Typischerweise, um eine gute Anregung von GFP zu erhalten, verwenden 12% der Leistung auf der Zwei-Photonen-Laser. </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors have no financial conflicts to disclose.

Die Dynamik und komplexe Gewebe-Wechselwirkungen der Entwicklungs Darm erfordert 3D-Visualisierung, um eine volle Anerkennung dieser morphogenetischen Ereignisse. Mit der Entwicklung der Imaging-Technologie, die Fähigkeit villus Morphogenese im Detail entwickelt / verbessert und mit ihr wird das Verständnis der räumlichen Kommunikation und Interaktion während der Organogenese stark verbessert zu prüfen. Alternative Methoden zur Kultivierung ganze Darm wurden auch getestet worden, aber d...

Each intestinal villus is composed of two main tissue compartments: an epithelial surface layer and a mesenchymal core. The mouse small intestine is formed at embryonic day 10 when a sheet of endoderm closes and seals to form a tube of epithelium surrounded by mesenchymal cells3. This flat tube of epithelium undergoes rapid proliferation, growing both in length and girth and undergoes dramatic rearrangements involving dynamic cell shape changes1. At the same time, the surrounding mesenchyme also undergoes many developmental processes including the formation of the vascular plexus, differentiation of smooth muscle and recruitment of enteric neurons4. In the proximal small intestine at embryonic day 14.5, condensations (clusters) of Hedgehog- and PDGF-responsive cells begin to form adjacent to the epithelium2,5. Formation of mesenchymal clusters continues to spread along the length of the intestine so that they cover the entirety of the small intestine by embryonic day 16.52. As mesenchymal clusters form, the epithelial cells closest to the clusters begin to withdraw from the cell cycle, while the other epithelial cells continue to proliferate. Those cells directly above the mesenchymal cluster that have withdrawn from the cell cycle begin to change shape as the emerging villus buckles into the lumen. Further growth of the villus is driven in part by the continued proliferation of the epithelium between the emerging villi. The mesenchymal clusters remain tightly adhered to the epithelium of the growing villus and continue to express a variety of signaling molecules. The wave of villus emergence propagates along the length of the small intestine following the formation of mesenchymal clusters. As the intestine continues to grow and the intervillus region extends between emerging villi, new mesenchymal clusters form adjacent to the intervillus epithelium and further rounds of villus emergence and growth ensue6.
Synchronized development of the epithelium and mesenchyme is essential for villus morphogenesis. Signaling molecules are secreted from one layer to the other where receptors receive and transduce the signal message in order to coordinate development between the epithelium and mesenchyme. Mesenchymal clusters act as signaling centers and express a variety of developmental morphogens7-10. Disruption of cluster formation or pattern results in loss of villus emergence and pattern. Inhibition of PDGF signaling results in fewer clusters and fewer villi and those villi that do form are misshapen following the abnormal clusters11. Loss of Hedgehog signaling results in complete loss of cluster formation and failure of villus emergence2,12. Together, these data demonstrate that clusters coordinate development of the villus epithelium with its mesenchymal core.
Using this whole organ culture system, we are able to alter signaling involved in epithelial-mesenchymal cluster cross-talk to determine the role of those signals in villus morphogenesis. Two-photon confocal optical sectioning and reconstruction afford the ability to visualize cluster formation and villus emergence in three-dimensions and better understand the spatial relationships between the mesenchymal clusters and their overlying epithelium. Extending the culture system to four dimensions, we can capture z-stacks of developing clusters and villi over time and observe these interactions. Ultimately, the ability to follow villus development in this manner and observe changes that occur with altered signaling will revolutionize the understanding of epithelial mesenchymal interactions in villus morphogenesis.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Fine dissecting forceps&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>&amp;nbsp;11254-20</td><td>2 pairs</td></tr><tr><td>70% Ethanol</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1x sterile Dulbecco&#039;s Phosphate-Buffered Saline (DPBS)</td><td>Gibco&amp;nbsp;</td><td>14040-133</td><td>500 ml</td></tr><tr><td>6 well plates</td><td>Costar</td><td>3516</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>24 well plates</td><td>Costar&amp;nbsp;</td><td>3524</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>60 x 15 mm petri dishes</td><td>Falcon</td><td>&amp;nbsp;451007</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Transwell plates, 24 mm inserts, 8.0 mm polycarbonate membranes</td><td>Corning Costar&amp;nbsp;</td><td>3428</td><td>6 inserts per plate</td></tr><tr><td>BGJb media</td><td>Invitrogen&amp;nbsp;</td><td>12591-038</td><td>500 ml</td></tr><tr><td>PenStrep (10,000U/ml Penicillin; 10,000 mg/ml Streptomycin)</td><td>Gibco</td><td>&amp;nbsp;15140</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ascorbic Acid</td><td>Sigma&amp;nbsp;</td><td>A0278</td><td>make 5 mg/ml stock, filter, aliquot and store at -20 &amp;deg;C</td></tr><tr><td>Mouth pipet (Drummond 1-15 inch aspirator tube assembly)</td><td>Fisher</td><td>&amp;nbsp;21-180-10</td><td>remove the aspirator assembly and replace it with a 1,000 &amp;micro;l pipet tip which acts as an adaptor to plug in a 6 inch glass Pasteur pipet.</td></tr><tr><td>6 inch glass pasteur pipets</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Capillary Tubes</td><td>World Precision Instruments&amp;nbsp;</td><td>TW100F-4</td><td>pull to needles</td></tr><tr><td>4% Paraformaldehyde</td><td></td><td></td><td>made in 1 x PBS, pH to 7.3</td></tr><tr><td>Culture plates</td><td>Falcon&amp;nbsp;</td><td>353037</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fine mesh stainless steel screen</td><td>purchase at hardware store</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Polycarbonate membranes</td><td>Thomas scientific&amp;nbsp;</td><td>4663H25</td><td>alternatively, cut Corning Costar 3428 membranes off of transwell supports</td></tr><tr><td>Instant glue</td><td>purchase at hardware store</td><td>gel based preferrably</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>35 x 10 mm plates</td><td>Falcon&amp;nbsp;</td><td>351008</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>7% agarose</td><td>Sigma</td><td>&amp;nbsp;A9414</td><td>prepare w/v in 1x DPBS, heating to dissolve in a waterbath</td></tr><tr><td>minutien pins</td><td>Fine Science Tools&amp;nbsp;</td><td>26002-20</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phenol red free media (DMEM)</td><td>Gibco&amp;nbsp;</td><td>21063-029</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Xylazine (100 mg/ml)</td><td>AnaSed&amp;nbsp;</td><td>139-236</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Matrigel</td><td>BD</td><td>356231</td><td>basement membrane matrix, growth factor reduced, phenol red-free</td></tr><tr><td>3-4% agarose</td><td>Sigma&amp;nbsp;</td><td>A9414</td><td>prepare w/v in 1x DPBS, heating to dissolve in a waterbath</td></tr><tr><td>Imaging of fixed intestines</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Name of Material/Equipment</td><td>Company</td><td>Catalog Number</td><td>Comments/Description</td></tr><tr><td>vaseline</td><td>purchase at pharmacy</td><td></td><td>used to make VALAP: equal parts vaseline, lanolin, paraffin</td></tr><tr><td>lanolin</td><td>Sigma&amp;nbsp;</td><td>L7387</td><td>used to make VALAP: equal parts vaseline, lanolin, paraffin</td></tr><tr><td>paraffin</td><td>Surgipath</td><td>39601006</td><td>used to make VALAP: equal parts vaseline, lanolin, paraffin</td></tr><tr><td>70% glycerol in 1 x PBS</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Focus clear and Mount Clear</td><td>CelExplorer Labs Co.</td><td>&amp;nbsp;F101-KIT</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Modeling clay</td><td>purchase at art supply store</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>double stick tape</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>cotton applicator swabs</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>plastic molds, 10mm x 10mm x 5 mm)</td><td>Tissue Tek&amp;nbsp;</td><td>4565</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>slides</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>coverslips</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>lab wipe</td><td>Kimberly Clark</td><td>34155</td><td>lint free delicate task wipe</td></tr><tr><td>Theiler staging chart&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td><td>&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.emouseatlas.org/emap/ema/theiler_stages/%20downloads/theiler2.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.emouseatlas.org/emap/ema/theiler_stages/ downloads/theiler2.pdf&lt;/a&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Leica SP5X confocal microscope&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Leica</td><td></td><td>Used to conduct the live imaging&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Leica DMI 6000 stand&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Leica</td><td></td><td>Used to conduct the live imaging&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Aqueous mounting medium (Prolong Gold)</td><td>Molecular Probes&amp;nbsp;</td><td>P36930</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Name of Material/Equipment</td><td>Company</td><td>Catalog Number</td><td>Comments/Description</td></tr><tr><td>24 well plate</td><td>Costar</td><td>&amp;nbsp;3524</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Triton X-100</td><td>Sigma&amp;nbsp;</td><td>T-8787</td><td>used to make Permeabilization solution: 0.5% Triton X-100 in 1 x PBS</td></tr><tr><td>Goat serum</td><td></td><td></td><td>used to make Blocking Solution: 4% Goat serum, 0.1% Tween20 in 1x PBS</td></tr><tr><td>Tween20&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma</td><td>&amp;nbsp;P9416</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

mouse fetal whole intestine culture system for ex vivo manipulation of signaling pathways and three-dimensional live imaging of villus development

Die meisten morphogenetische Prozesse in der fetalen Darm haben von Dünnschnitten von fixierten Gewebe entnommen worden, die Bereitstellung Schnappschüsse von Veränderungen über die Entwicklungsstadien. Dreidimensionale Informationen aus dünnen Serienschnitten kann eine Herausforderung sein, wegen der Schwierigkeit der Rekonstruktion Serienschnitte perfekt und die Aufrechterhaltung der richtigen Ausrichtung des Gewebes über Serienschnitte zu interpretieren. Jüngsten Erkenntnisse Grosse et al., 2011, die Bedeutung der dreidimensionalen Informationen für das Verständnis der Morphogenese der Entwicklungs Zotten des Darms 1. Dreidimensionale Rekonstruktion des einfach markierten Darmzellen zeigte, dass die Mehrheit der intestinalen Epithelzellen treten sowohl die apikale und basale Oberflächen. Weiterhin dreidimensionale Rekonstruktion des Aktin an der apikalen Oberfläche des Epithels zeigte, dass die Darmlumen kontinuierlich ist und dass die sekundäre Lumen ein Artefakt sectioning. Diese zwei Punkte, zusammen mit dem Nachweis der interkinetic Kernwanderung im Darmepithel, definiert die Entwicklungs Darmepithel als mehrreihigen Epithel und nicht wie bisher angenommen geschichtete 1. Die Fähigkeit, das Epithel dreidimensional beobachten war wegweisend für demonstriert diesen Punkt und die Neudefinition epithelialen Morphogenese in der fetalen Darm. Mit der Entwicklung der Mehrphotonen-Bildgebungstechnik und dreidimensionale Rekonstruktionssoftware, die Fähigkeit zu visualisieren intakt Entwicklungsorgane rasch verbessert. Zwei-Photonen-Anregung ermöglicht weniger schädliches Eindringen tiefer in Gewebe mit hoher Auflösung. Zwei-Photon-Imaging und 3D-Rekonstruktion der gesamten fötalen Mausdarm in Walton et al., 2012, half, das Muster der Zotten Auswuchs 2 definieren. Hier beschreiben wir eine ganze Organkultursystem, das ex vivo Entwicklung der Zotten und Erweiterungen dieser Kultur-System ermöglicht, damitder Darm dreidimensional in ihrer Entwicklung dargestellt werden.

Kultur ganzer fötaler Explantate Darm ermöglicht die Analyse der Lage, die Verteilung, und die Dauer der Signalmoleküle, die Darmentwicklung zu koordinieren, da dieses System ermöglicht die Bearbeitung der Signalisierungs pharmakologische Reagenzien oder rekombinante Proteine. Die Transwell-Kultursystem (1A, von Walton et al wiedergegeben., 2012) 2 stellt ein Luft-Flüssigkeits-Schnittstelle, die es ermöglicht, Wirkstoff-oder Protein getränkt Agarosekügelchen auf das Gewebe zu...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mouse Fetal Whole Intestine Culture System for Ex Vivo Manipulation of Signaling Pathways and Three-dimensional Live Imaging of Villus Development at JoVE.com

Mouse Fetal Whole Intestine Culture System for Ex Vivo Manipulation of Signaling Pathways and Three-dimensional Live Imaging of Villus Development

Improved imaging technology is allowing three-dimensional imaging of organs during development. Here we describe a whole organ culture system that allows live imaging of the developing villi in the fetal mouse intestine.

Maus Fetal ganze Darm-System für Kultur<em&gt; Ex-vivo-</em&gt; Manipulation von Signalwegen und dreidimensionale Live-Imaging von Zotte Entwicklung

Most morphogenetic processes in the fetal intestine have been inferred from thin sections of fixed tissues, providing snapshots of changes over ...

mouse-fetal-whole-intestine-culture-system-for-ex-vivo-manipulation

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Mouse Fetal Whole Intestine Culture System for Ex Vivo Manipulation of Signaling Pathways and Three-dimensional Live Imaging of Villus Development

14.9K Aufrufe.  University of Michigan. Improved imaging technology is allowing three-dimensional imaging of organs during development. Here we describe a whole organ culture system that allows live imaging of the developing villi in the fetal mouse intestine. 

Serie: Mouse Fetal Whole Intestine Culture System for Ex Vivo Manipulation of Signaling Pathways and Three-dimensional Live Imaging of Villus Development

Using Ex Vivo Upright Droplet Cultures of Whole Fetal Organs to Study Developmental Processes during Mouse Organogenesis

Investigating organogenesis in utero is a technically challenging process in placental mammals due to inaccessibility of reagents to embryos that develop within the uterus. A newly developed ex vivo upright droplet culture method provides an attractive alternative to studies performed in utero. The ex vivo droplet culture provides the ability to examine and manipulate cellular interactions and diverse signaling pathways through use of various blocking and activating compounds; additionally, the effects of various pharmacological reagents on the development of specific organs can be studied without unwanted side effects of systemic drug delivery in utero. As compared to other in vitro systems, the droplet culture not only allows for the ability to study three-dimensional morphogenesis and cell-cell interactions, which cannot be reproduced in mammalian cell lines, but also requires significantly less reagents than other ex vivo and in vitro protocols. This paper demonstrates proper mouse fetal organ dissection and upright droplet culture techniques, followed by whole organ immunofluorescence to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method. The ex vivo droplet culture method allows the formation of organ architecture comparable to what is observed in vivo and can be utilized to study otherwise difficult-to-study processes due to embryonic lethality in in vivo models. As a model application system, a small-molecule inhibitor will be utilized to probe the role of vascularization in testicular morphogenesis. This ex vivo droplet culture method is expandable to other fetal organ systems, such as lung and potentially others, although each organ must be extensively studied to determine any organ-specific modifications to the protocol. This organ culture system provides flexibility in experimentation with fetal organs, and results obtained using this technique will help researchers gain insights into fetal development.

Using Ex Vivo Upright Droplet Cultures of Whole Fetal Organs to Study Developmental Processes during Mouse Organogenesis

The&#160;ex vivo&#160;upright droplet culture is an alternative to current&#160;in vitro&#160;and&#160;in vivo&#160;experimental techniques. This protocol is easy to perform and requires smaller amounts of reagent, while permitting the ability to manipulate and study fetal vascularization, morphogenesis, and organogenesis.

Verwendung<em&gt; Ex Vivo</em&gt; Upright Droplet Kulturen von Whole Fetal Orgeln zu Entwicklungsprozessen während der Maus Organogenese Studieren

Investigating organogenesis in utero is a technically challenging process in placental mammals due to inaccessibility of reagents to embryos that develop ...

Forschung

Entwicklungsbiologie

Protocols for Analyzing the Role of Paneth Cells in Regenerating the Murine Intestine using Conditional Cre-lox Mouse Models

The epithelial surface of the mammalian intestine is a dynamic tissue that renews every 3 - 7 days. Understanding this renewal process identified a population of rapidly cycling intestinal stem cells (ISCs) characterized by their expression of the Lgr5 gene. These are supported by a quiescent stem cell population, marked by Bmi-1 expression, capable of replacing them in the event of injury. Investigating the interactions between these populations is crucial to understanding their roles in disease and cancer. The ISCs exist within crypts on the intestinal surface, these niches support the ISC in replenishing the epithelia. The interaction between active and quiescent ISCs likely involves other differentiated cells within the niche, as it has previously been demonstrated that the &#8216;&#8216;stemness&#8217;&#8217; of the Lgr5 ISC is closely tied to the presence of their neighboring Paneth cells. Using conditional cre-lox mouse models we tested the effect of deleting the majority of active ISCs in the presence or absence of the Paneth cells. Here we describe the techniques and analysis undertaken to characterize the intestine and demonstrate that the Paneth cells play a crucial role within the ISC niche in aiding recovery following substantial insult.

Protocols for Analyzing the Role of Paneth Cells in Regenerating the Murine Intestine using Conditional Cre-lox Mouse Models

Intestinal epithelial stem cells (ISCs) are intermingled with Paneth cells. These cells are differentiated progeny of the ISC, which support the ISCs and provide antibacterial protection. Here we demonstrate how we used transgenic conditional mouse models to establish that Paneth cells play a crucial role in maintaining the intestinal epithelia.

Protokolle für die Analyse der Rolle der Paneth-Zellen bei der Regeneration des Murine Darm mit Conditional<em&gt; Cre-lox</em&gt; Mausmodelle

The epithelial surface of the mammalian intestine is a dynamic tissue that renews every 3 - 7 days. Understanding this renewal process identified a ...

Tissue Engineering of the Intestine in a Murine Model

Tissue-engineered small intestine (TESI) has successfully been used to rescue Lewis rats after massive small bowel resection, resulting in return to preoperative weights within 40 days.1 In humans, massive small bowel resection can result in short bowel syndrome, a functional malabsorptive state that confers significant morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs including parenteral nutrition dependence, liver failure and cirrhosis, and the need for multivisceral organ transplantation.2 In this paper, we describe and document our protocol for creating tissue-engineered intestine in a mouse model with a multicellular organoid units-on-scaffold approach. Organoid units are multicellular aggregates derived from the intestine that contain both mucosal and mesenchymal elements,3 the relationship between which preserves the intestinal stem cell niche.4 In ongoing and future research, the transition of our technique into the mouse will allow for investigation of the processes involved during TESI formation by utilizing the transgenic tools available in this species.5The availability of immunocompromised mouse strains will also permit us to apply the technique to human intestinal tissue and optimize the formation of human TESI as a mouse xenograft before its transition into humans. Our method employs good manufacturing practice (GMP) reagents and materials that have already been approved for use in human patients, and therefore offers a significant advantage over approaches that rely upon decellularized animal tissues. The ultimate goal of this method is its translation to humans as a regenerative medicine therapeutic strategy for short bowel syndrome.

This article and the accompanying video present our protocol for generating tissue-engineered intestine in the mouse, using an organoid units-on-scaffold approach.

Tissue Engineering des Darms in einem Mausmodell

Tissue-engineered small intestine (TESI) has successfully been used to rescue Lewis rats after massive small bowel resection, resulting in return to ...

Biotechnik

Three-Dimensional Culture of Murine Colonic Crypts to Study Intestinal Stem Cell Function Ex Vivo

The intestinal epithelium regenerates every 5-7 days, and is controlled by the intestinal epithelial stem cell (IESC) population located at the bottom of the crypt region. IESCs include active stem cells, which self-renew and differentiate into various epithelial cell types, and quiescent stem cells, which serve as the reserve stem cells in the case of injury. Regeneration of the intestinal epithelium is controlled by the self-renewing and differentiating capabilities of these active IESCs. In addition, the balance of the crypt stem cell population and maintenance of the stem cell niche are essential for intestinal regeneration. Organoid culture is an important and attractive approach to studying proteins, signaling molecules, and environmental cues that regulate stem cell survival and functions. This model is less expensive, less time-consuming, and more manipulatable than animal models. Organoids also mimic the tissue microenvironment, providing in vivo relevance. The present protocol describes the isolation of colonic crypts, embedding these isolated crypt cells into a three-dimensional gel matrix system and culturing crypt cells to form colonic organoids capable of self-organization, proliferation, self-renewal, and differentiation. This model allows one to manipulate the environment-knocking out specific proteins such as claudin-7, activating/deactivating signaling pathways, etc.-to study how these effects influence the functioning of colonic stem cells. Specifically, the role of tight junction protein claudin-7 in colonic stem cell function was examined. Claudin-7 is vital for maintaining intestinal homeostasis and barrier function and integrity. Knockout of claudin-7 in mice induces an inflammatory bowel disease-like phenotype exhibiting intestinal inflammation, epithelial hyperplasia, weight loss, mucosal ulcerations, epithelial cell sloughing, and adenomas. Previously, it was reported that claudin-7 is required for intestinal epithelial stem cell functions in the small intestine. In this protocol, a colonic organoid culture system is established to study the role of claudin-7 in the large intestine.

Three-Dimensional Culture of Murine Colonic Crypts to Study Intestinal Stem Cell Function Ex Vivo

The present protocol describes establishing a murine colonic organoid system to study the activity and functioning of colonic stem cells in a claudin-7 knockout model.

Dreidimensionale Kultur von murinen Kolonkrypten zur Untersuchung der Funktion von intestinalen Stammzellen ex vivo

The intestinal epithelium regenerates every 5-7 days, and is controlled by the intestinal epithelial stem cell (IESC) population located at the bottom of ...

Krebsforschung

Co-culture of Living Microbiome with Microengineered Human Intestinal Villi in a Gut-on-a-Chip Microfluidic Device

Here, we describe a protocol to perform long-term co-culture of multi-species human gut microbiome with microengineered intestinal villi in a human gut-on-a-chip microphysiological device. We recapitulate the intestinal lumen-capillary tissue interface in a microfluidic device, where physiological mechanical deformations and fluid shear flow are constantly applied to mimic peristalsis. In the lumen microchannel, human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells are cultured to form a &#39;germ-free&#39; villus epithelium and regenerate small intestinal villi. Pre-cultured microbial cells are inoculated into the lumen side to establish a host-microbe ecosystem. After microbial cells adhere to the apical surface of the villi, fluid flow and mechanical deformations are resumed to produce a steady-state microenvironment in which fresh culture medium is constantly supplied and unbound bacteria (as well as bacterial wastes) are continuously removed. After extended co-culture from days to weeks, multiple microcolonies are found to be randomly located between the villi, and both microbial and epithelial cells remain viable and functional for at least one week in culture. Our co-culture protocol can be adapted to provide a versatile platform for other host-microbiome ecosystems that can be found in various human organs, which may facilitate in vitro study of the role of human microbiome in orchestrating health and disease.

We describe an in vitro protocol to co-culture gut microbiome and intestinal villi for an extended period using a human gut-on-a-chip microphysiological system.

Co-Kultur des Lebens Microbiome mit mikro humanen intestinalen Villi in ein Gut-on-a-Chip-Mikrofluidik-Vorrichtung

Here, we describe a protocol to perform long-term co-culture of multi-species human gut microbiome with microengineered intestinal villi in a human ...

Recapitulating Suckling-to-Weaning Transition In Vitro using Fetal Intestinal Organoids

At the end of the suckling period, many mammalian species undergo major changes in the intestinal epithelium that are associated with the capability to digest solid food. This process is termed suckling-to-weaning transition and results in the replacement of neonatal epithelium with adult epithelium which goes hand in hand with metabolic and morphological adjustments. These complex developmental changes are the result of a genetic program that is intrinsic to the intestinal epithelial cells but can, to some extent, be modulated by extrinsic factors. Prolonged culture of mouse primary intestinal epithelial cells from late fetal period, recapitulates suckling-to-weaning transition in vitro. Here, we describe a detailed protocol for mouse fetal intestinal organoid culture best suited to model this process in vitro. We describe several useful assays designed to monitor the change of intestinal functions associated with suckling-to-weaning transition over time. Additionally, we include an example of an extrinsic factor that is capable to affect suckling-to-weaning transition in vivo, as a representation of modulating the timing of suckling-to-weaning transition in vitro. This in vitro approach can be used to study molecular mechanisms of the suckling-to-weaning transition as well as modulators of this process. Importantly, with respect to animal ethics in research, replacing in vivo models by this in vitro model contributes to refinement of animal experiments and possibly to a reduction in the use of animals to study gut maturation processes.

This protocol describes how to mimic suckling-to-weaning transition in vitro using mouse late fetal intestinal organoids cultured for 30 days.

Rekapitulation saugen-zu-Weaning Transition In Vitro mit fetalen Intestinal Organoiden

At the end of the suckling period, many mammalian species undergo major changes in the intestinal epithelium that are associated with the capability to ...

The Ex Vivo Culture and Pattern Recognition Receptor Stimulation of Mouse Intestinal Organoids

Primary intestinal organoids are a valuable model system that has the potential to significantly impact the field of mucosal immunology. However, the complexities of the organoid growth characteristics carry significant caveats for the investigator. Specifically, the growth patterns of each individual organoid are highly variable and create a heterogeneous population of epithelial cells in culture. With such caveats, common tissue culture practices cannot be simply applied to the organoid system due to the complexity of the cellular structure. Counting and plating based solely on cell number, which is common for individually separated cells, such as cell lines, is not a reliable method for organoids unless some normalization technique is applied. Normalizing to total protein content is made complex due to the resident protein matrix. These characteristics in terms of cell number, shape and cell type should be taken into consideration when evaluating secreted contents from the organoid mass. This protocol has been generated to outline a simple procedure to culture and treat small intestinal organoids with microbial pathogens and pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). It also emphasizes the normalization techniques that should be applied when protein analysis are conducted after such a challenge.

The Ex Vivo Culture and Pattern Recognition Receptor Stimulation of Mouse Intestinal Organoids

Here, a protocol to harvest, maintain, and treat mouse small intestinal organoids with pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and Listeria monocytogenes is described, as well as emphasis on gene expression and proper normalization techniques for protein.

Das<em&gt; Ex Vivo</em&gt; Kultur und Mustererkennung Rezeptor-Stimulation von Maus-Darm-Organoide

Primary intestinal organoids are a valuable model system that has the potential to significantly impact the field of mucosal immunology. However, the ...

Immunologie und Infektion

A System for ex vivo Culturing of Embryonic Pancreas

The pancreas controls vital functions of our body, including the production of digestive enzymes and regulation of blood sugar levels1. Although in the past decade many studies have contributed to a solid foundation for understanding pancreatic organogenesis, important gaps persist in our knowledge of early pancreas formation2. A complete understanding of these early events will provide insight into the development of this organ, but also into incurable diseases that target the pancreas, such as diabetes or pancreatic cancer. Finally, this information will generate a blueprint for developing cell-replacement therapies in the context of diabetes.
 During embryogenesis, the pancreas originates from distinct embryonic outgrowths of the dorsal and ventral foregut endoderm at embryonic day (E) 9.5 in the mouse embryo3,4. Both outgrowths evaginate into the surrounding mesenchyme as solid epithelial buds, which undergo proliferation, branching and differentiation to generate a fully mature organ2,5,6. Recent evidences have suggested that growth and differentiation of pancreatic cell lineages, including the insulin-producing &beta;-cells, depends on proper tissue-architecture, epithelial remodeling and cell positioning within the branching pancreatic epithelium7,8. However, how branching morphogenesis occurs and is coordinated with proliferation and differentiation in the pancreas is largely unknown. This is in part due to the fact that current knowledge about these developmental processes has relied almost exclusively on analysis of fixed specimens, while morphogenetic events are highly dynamic.
 Here, we report a method for dissecting and culturing mouse embryonic pancreatic buds ex vivo on glass bottom dishes, which allow direct visualization of the developing pancreas (Figure 1). This culture system is ideally devised for confocal laser scanning microscopy and, in particular, live-cell imaging. Pancreatic explants can be prepared not only from wild-type mouse embryos, but also from genetically engineered mouse strains (e.g. transgenic or knockout), allowing real-time studies of mutant phenotypes. Moreover, this ex vivo culture system is valuable to study the effects of chemical compounds on pancreatic development, enabling to obtain quantitative data about proliferation and growth, elongation, branching, tubulogenesis and differentiation. In conclusion, the development of an ex vivo pancreatic explant culture method combined with high-resolution imaging provides a strong platform for observing morphogenetic and differentiation events as they occur within the developing mouse embryo.

A System for ex vivo Culturing of Embryonic Pancreas

Here, we describe a method for isolation, culture and manipulation of mouse embryonic pancreas. This represents an excellent ex vivo system for studying various aspects of pancreatic development, including morphogenesis, differentiation and growth. Pancreatic bud explants can be cultured for several days and used in a range of different applications, including whole-mount immunofluorescence and live imaging.

Ein System für<em&gt; Ex vivo</em&gt; Kultivierung von embryonalen Pankreas

The pancreas controls vital functions of our body,  including the production of digestive enzymes and regulation of blood sugar  levels1. Although in the ...

Biologie

Mixed Primary Cultures of Murine Small Intestine Intended for the Study of Gut Hormone Secretion and Live Cell Imaging of Enteroendocrine Cells

The gut is the largest endocrine organ of the body, with hormone-secreting enteroendocrine cells located along the length of the gastrointestinal epithelium. Despite their physiological importance, enteroendocrine cells represent only a small fraction of the epithelial cell population and in the past, their characterization has presented a considerable challenge resulting in a reliance on cell line models. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for the isolation and culture of mixed murine small intestinal cells. These primary cultures have been used to identify the signaling pathways underlying the stimulation and inhibition of gut peptide secretion in response to a number of nutrients and neuropeptides as well as pharmacological agents. Furthermore, in combination with the use of transgenic fluorescent reporter mice, we have demonstrated that these primary cultures become a powerful tool for the examination of fluorescently-tagged enteroendocrine cells at the intracellular level, using methods such as patch clamping and single-cell calcium and cAMP-FRET imaging.

This protocol describes the isolation and culture of mixed murine small intestinal cells. These primary intestinal cultures enable the investigation of signaling pathways underlying gut peptide secretion using a number of techniques.

Gemischte Primärkulturen von Murine Duenndarm bestimmt zur Untersuchung von Gut Hormonausschüttung und Live Cell Imaging von enteroendokrinen Zellen

The gut is the largest endocrine organ of the body, with hormone-secreting enteroendocrine cells located along the length of the gastrointestinal ...

Isolierung von Darmkrypten von Ratten und Generierung von Darmorganoiden

Generation and Manipulation of Rat Intestinal Organoids

When using organoids to assess physiology and cell fate decisions, it is important to use a model that closely recapitulates in vivo contexts. Accordingly, patient-derived organoids are used for disease modeling, drug discovery, and personalized treatment screening. Mouse intestinal organoids are commonly utilized to understand aspects of both intestinal function/physiology and stem cell dynamics/fate decisions. However, in many disease contexts, rats are often preferred over mice as a model due to their greater physiological similarity to humans in terms of disease pathophysiology. The rat model has been limited by a lack of genetic tools available in vivo, and rat intestinal organoids have proven fragile and difficult to culture long-term. Here, we build upon previously published protocols to robustly generate rat intestinal organoids from the duodenum and jejunum. We provide an overview of several downstream applications utilizing rat intestinal organoids, including functional swelling assays, whole mount staining, the generation of 2D enteroid monolayers, and lentiviral transduction. The rat organoid model provides a practical solution to the need of the field for an in vitro model which retains physiological relevance to humans, can be quickly genetically manipulated, and is easily obtained without the barriers involved in procuring human intestinal organoids.

Autor im Rampenlicht: Erzeugung und Manipulation von Darmorganoiden von Ratten  

Here, we present a protocol to generate rat intestinal organoids and use them in several downstream applications. Rats are often a preferred preclinical model, and the robust intestinal organoid system fills the need for an in vitro system to accompany in vivo studies.

Maus Fetal ganze Darm-System für Kultur

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Kapitel in diesem Video

Verwendung

Protokolle für die Analyse der Rolle der Paneth-Zellen bei der Regeneration des Murine Darm mit Conditional

Tissue Engineering des Darms in einem Mausmodell

Dreidimensionale Kultur von murinen Kolonkrypten zur Untersuchung der Funktion von intestinalen Stammzellen ex vivo

Co-Kultur des Lebens Microbiome mit mikro humanen intestinalen Villi in ein Gut-on-a-Chip-Mikrofluidik-Vorrichtung

Rekapitulation saugen-zu-Weaning Transition In Vitro mit fetalen Intestinal Organoiden

Das

Ein System für

Gemischte Primärkulturen von Murine Duenndarm bestimmt zur Untersuchung von Gut Hormonausschüttung und Live Cell Imaging von enteroendokrinen Zellen

Generierung und Manipulation von Ratten-Darm-Organoiden