This study was supported by a grant from the Baden-W&#252;rttemberg Stiftung (Adult Stem Cells Program II) awarded to C.L. We thank Dr. Martina Konantz for critical input and review of the manuscript. We thank Emmanuel Traunecker and Toni Krebs from the DBM FACS Facility (University Hospital Basel) for assistance with FACS sorting.

1. Erzeugung von OVCAR-3 Human Ovarialkarzinomzellen Stabil mit Lentiviren Beinhaltet den SOX2 Regulatory Region Reporterkonstrukt Transduzierte <ol><li> Generieren lentivirale Partikel durch Transfizieren der HEK 293T-Verpackungszelllinie mit einem Reporter-Konstrukt Erkennen eines SOX2 regulatorische Region, wie beschrieben 10,21. HINWEIS: Die Reporter-Konstrukt weiterhin enthält eine Destabilisierung Domäne des ProteoTuner Schild-System vor dem tdTomato fluoreszierendes Protein. Shield1 bindet zur Destabilisierung Domäne wodurch das Proteasom, das Fluoreszenzprotein 22 abbauen zu verhindern. </li><li> Transduzieren OVCAR-3-Zellen mit lentivirale Partikel über einen Zeitraum von 24 Stunden. Danach das Virusüberstand und die Zellen werden mit phosphatgepufferter Salzlösung (PBS) gewaschen und in komplettem Medium (RPMI, ergänzt mit 10% FBS, 100 U / ml Penicillin, 100 ug / ml Streptomycin). </li><li> 48 Stunden später wurden 10 ug / ml puromycin wurden zu den Kulturen zugegeben und für 5 Tage gehalten, um die Auswahl richtig transduzierten Zellen zu ermöglichen. </li></ol> 2. Herstellung der Zellsortierung und Oberflächen <ol><li> Fügen Shield1 bei 1: 1.000-Verdünnung 24 Stunden vor der Zellsortierung. Verwenden stabil transduzierten OVCAR-3-Zellen ohne Shield1 Behandlung als negative Kontrollen (Figur 1). Absaugen Medien aus Kolben, waschen Sie die Zellen mit 1 × PBS und trypsinieren Zellen mit 0,05% Trypsin-EDTA für 3 min. </li><li> Stoppen Trypsin unter Verwendung Vollmedium (siehe oben), zu zählen Zellzahlen Zentrifuge Zellen bei 300 · g bei RT (15 - 25 ° C) für 5 min. </li><li> Dekantieren und resuspendieren Zellen vorsichtig in 0,5-1 ml sterilem PBS. </li><li> Verwenden Sie 40 um Zellsieb Kappe Filter auf Einzelzellsuspension zu erhalten. </li><li> Passen Zellzahl von 5 Millionen Zellen pro ml. </li><li> Bereiten ultra low-Befestigungsplatten mit 96 Vertiefungen mit 100 &amp; mgr; l Kugeln Medium (MEGM ergänzt mit Wachstumsfaktoren, Cytokine und Ergänzungen,B-27, Heparin-Natrium; oder DMEM / F12 mit Wachstumsfaktoren, Cytokine und Ergänzungen, B-27, Heparin-Natrium mit oder ohne Zugabe von 1% Methylcellulose ergänzt, siehe auch Tabelle 1). Gegebenenfalls Antibiotika, hinzugefügt werden zu dem Medium in einer Konzentration von 100 U / ml Penicillin und 100 ug / ml Streptomycin, um das Risiko einer möglichen Kontamination minimieren. </li><li> Sortieren RFP + und RFP- Zellen in vorbereitete Platten mit 96 Vertiefungen von oben, 1 Zelle pro Vertiefung (Einzelzellbasis Kugeln Assay) und 100 Zellen pro Vertiefung (multi zellbasierten Assay Kugeln) sind. Führen Art auf handelsüblichen Zellsortierer (siehe Materialien) mit Einzelzellenmodus, Setup Sortieren: 100 μ Düse, Manteldruck 20 psi und Ertrags Maske 0, Reinheit Maske 32, Phasenmaske 16. </li><li> Beurteilen Plattierungseffizienz von mikroskopisch scoring Vertiefungen mit Zellen (für die einzelnen Assays auf Zellbasis) und durch Zählen der Zellzahlen in einzelnen Vertiefungen (für die Mehr Assay auf Zellbasis, Figur 2 </strong&gt;). </li><li> Zellen unter Standardbedingungen in Bereichen mittlerer inkubieren (Zusammensetzung siehe Schritt 2.6) bei 37 ° C und 5% CO 2. Ergänzung täglich bFGF (20 ng / ml) und EGF (20 ng / ml). </li><li> Nach einer Woche zählen Anzahl von Schwellentumorsphären mit einem Standard-Mikroskop mit 10-facher Vergrößerung oder 4X und einem Fluoreszenzmikroskop zur Fluoreszenzsignal von der integrierten Reportersystem zu erkennen. Graf Kugeln mit einem Durchmesser von mehr als 100 um als &quot;große&quot; Kugeln und Kugeln mit einem Durchmesser von 50 bis 100 um, wie &quot;klein&quot; Kugeln (Abbildung 3). Achten Sie darauf, dass Sie echte Kugeln zu zählen und Cluster nicht zell. HINWEIS: In einzelnen Assays auf Zellbasis Kugelbildung ist einfacher zu mikroskopisch nach 10 (Vergleich 7) Tagen Kultur erzielen. </li><li> Berechnen des Anteils der Kugel bildenden Zellen in RFP + bzw. RFP- Zellen in einzelnen Assays auf Zellbasis (eine Platte mit 96 Vertiefungen für jedes einzelne Experiment) oder Mehrfachzelle-baSED Kugeln Assays (Eine Vertiefung für jedes einzelne Experiment), wie von Shaw et al. 16 HINWEIS: Anteil der Kugel bildenden Zellen (%) = (Anzahl der Kugeln) / (Zahl der ausgesäten Zellen) × 100 </li></ol> 3. Serien Passagieren von Kugeln <ol><li> Platzieren Sie den Inhalt jedes Wells in einer geeigneten sterilen Röhrchen und zentrifugiert bei 300 g für 10 min bei RT. Bei mehrzellbasierten Assays Kugeln, sammeln gemeinsam die Kugeln von einem gut. Mit PBS und zentrifugieren 2 Minuten mehr 5 Mal - Waschen Sie die gut 3. Für einzelne zellbasierten Assays Kugeln, sammeln einzelnen Kugeln. Aufgrund der geringen Anzahl von Zellen, verwendet 1,5 ml Röhrchen für Zentrifugation und Waschschritten. </li><li> Überstand abnehmen und das Pellet erneut in 200 &amp; mgr; l von 0,05% Trypsin-EDTA. </li><li> Um ein optimales Zelltrennung zu erreichen, Inkubation der Zellsuspension bei 37 ° C für 5 min in einem weichen Schüttler. Optimieren Trypsinierung Zeit für Ihre Zelllinie zu niedrigeren Zellsterberate: wenn keine großenSphären sichtbar verreiben vorsichtig mit einem 100 ul Pipettenspitze. Im Fall sind große Kugeln noch vorhanden, Inkubation mit Trypsin weitere 3 min und dann dem Verreiben Schritt. Bei Einzelzellbasierte Assays stellen Sie sicher, um die Zeit für eine optimale Zellausbeute von lebenden Zellen während der Trypsinierung Schritt optimieren. </li><li> Um das Trypsin zu inaktivieren, 500 &amp; mgr; l vollständiges Medium und Zentrifugation bei 300 g für 10 min, im Falle der Einzelzellassays Zentrifuge für weitere 2 min. </li><li> Überstand entfernen und resuspendieren Zellen vorsichtig in Sphären Medium. </li><li> Verwenden Sie eine 40 um Zellsieb Kappe Filter, um eine Einzelzellsuspension zu erhalten. </li><li> In dem Fall der Verwendung RFP + und RFP- Zellen in Mehrzellen bassed Assays beurteilt den Prozentsatz der fluoreszierenden Zellen in jeder Vertiefung nach Resuspendierung über Durchflusszytometer Analyse. </li><li> Für serielle replating Tests von Einzelzellen, Samen 1-Zelle pro Vertiefung in eine neue Ultra-Low-Befestigung Platte mit 96 Vertiefungen hergestellt, wie oben beschrieben. Von einer einzelnen Kugel, Saatgut rund 20 Einzelbecken. Für replating Tests von Multi zellbasierten Primär Kugeln, von einem gut von primären Sphären erhalten Samenzellen in eine neue Platte mit 96 Vertiefungen und zählen Sie die Zellzahl am nächsten Tag durch Mikroskopie. </li><li> Beurteilung der Anteil der Kugel bildenden Zellen in der Sekundärkugeln Tests unter Verwendung des in Schritt 2.11 beschriebenen Formel. </li></ol> 4. Ergebnis-Analyse <ol><li> Analysieren Ergebnisse von Experimenten in unabhängigen dreifach durchgeführt und mit zweiseitigen Student-t-Test, um normal verteilt Werte und ansonsten Mann-Whitney-Tests für die statistische Analyse zu untersuchen. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Spheres Kulturen sind eine weit verbreitete Methode, um zu untersuchen Krebsstammzellpotential und bereichern für stielartigen Zellen in einer breiten Palette von menschlichen Tumorzellen 15,25,26. Unter diesen Kulturbedingungen werden die Krebszellen, die Selbsterneuerung Fähigkeit fehlt voraussichtlich zu differenzieren und schließlich Zelltod. Obwohl sie zunächst bilden Zellhaufen oder auch Tumorsphären vor allem in der Grund Assays, sind sie nicht in der Lage, Kugel bildende Fähigkeit auf serielle replating Sustain wegen des Mangels an Selbsterneuerung Eigenschaften. Spheres Assays werden als Surrogat Tests zur CSCs identifizieren und bewerten ihre Häufigkeit im gesamten Tumorzellpopulationen. Jedoch können deutliche Schwankungen zwischen den Sphären Assays beobachtet, durchgeführt werden, nach verschiedenen veröffentlichten Protokollen 5,10,27-35 (Tabelle 1). In unserem Labor haben wir zuvor Kugelbildung von humanen Ovarialkarzinomzellen Verwendung MEGM mit B-27 ergänzt veröffentlichtBFGF, Heparin und SingleQuot TM (mit Insulin, rEGF und Hydrocortison). Andere Labors verwenden ganzen DMEM / F12 Medium, während einige nur hinzufügen B-27 und rEGF. In diesem Bericht wurden mehrzellbasierten Assay Kugeln in OVCAR-3-Zellen und deshalb erfolgt mit unterschiedlichen Bedingungen. Verwendung MEGM oder DMEM / F12 mit allen Ergänzungs keinen signifikanten Unterschied in Kugelbildung wurde in diesen Zellen (5A) beobachtet. Darüber hinaus haben einige Labors spekuliert, dass EGF und FGF kann schnell abbaubar und haben Protokolle Zugabe dieser Wachstumsfaktoren täglich zu dem Medium hergestellt. Daher verglichen Kugeln Assays in einem Medium, in dem EGF und FGF wurde nur zu Beginn der Kugeln Assays mit täglichen Zugabe von EGF und FGF zu der Zellkultur zugegeben wurde, und wir finden diese Assays zu gleichwertigen Ergebnissen in OVCAR-3-Zellen zu erhalten (Daten nicht gezeigt), was darauf hindeutet, dass das teure und mühsame tägliche Ergänzung mit EGF und FGF nicht immer notwendig sein. Ob diese Ergebnissesind anwendbar auf Zellen, die aus anderen Eierstockkrebszelllinien oder Primärproben oder unter verschiedenen Versuchsbedingungen noch bestimmt werden. Allerdings beobachten wir einen erheblichen Verzerrung der Zahlen erzielter Kugeln von einem anderen getesteten Variable, die Zelle Plattierungsdichte eingeführt. Überraschenderweise ausgesät Brunnen mit geringeren Mengen von Zellen zeigten eine höhere Anzahl von Kugeln. Begrenzungszellmobilität von 1% Methylcellulose in Folge der gleichen Effizienz der Kugelbildung, von der Anzahl der ursprünglich ausplattierten Zellen unabhängig. Diese Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass Zelle Verklumpung und Kugel Fusion oder Disaggregation kann auftreten, zu modifizieren Sphäre Zahlen und führen zu ungenauen Ergebnissen in mehreren zellbasierten Assays Sphären. Wenn Zellen in geeigneten Dichte ausplattiert, multi zellbasierten Assays jedoch zu Ergebnissen eher vergleichbar mit Daten in Einzelzellbasis Kugel Assays gesammelt (Figur 4) zu führen. Um diese Ergebnisse weiter zu erforschen verglichen wir ein- und mehrzellbasiertenTests unter Verwendung von Ovarialkarzinom-Zellen über eine kürzlich veröffentlichte lentiviralen RFP Ausdruck Reportersystem für eine SOX2 regulatorischen Bereich 10 in vermeintlichen CSCs sortiert. Tatsächlich bestätigten beide Tests die verbesserte Primär- und Sekundärbereich bildenden Kapazität von RFP + gegen RFP- Zellen (4A, B). Wichtig ist, dass die höheren Zahlen von Kugeln aus RFP + Zellen beobachtet aufgrund höherer proliferative Kapazität der SOX2 exprimierenden Zellen (Daten nicht gezeigt), die in Übereinstimmung mit früheren Ergebnissen zeigt, dass die Induktion von SOX2 ist fördert Kugeln Bildung und in vivo Tumorerzeugung ohne Beschleunigungs Zellzyklus 10. Zusammengenommen sind Einzelzellbasis Kugeln Assays mehr aufwendig und teuer sondern in genaueren Daten, die auch durch die höhere Reproduzierbarkeit der Ergebnisse zwischen den Experimenten bestätigt, führen. Seit Beschichtungs-Dichte hoch Einflüsse führt zu Mehrzellen-based Aussetzung Kugeln Assays Voraus Titration einer angemessenen Beschichtungs-Dichte für jede einzelne Tumorzelltyp vor der Untersuchung Kugelbildung unter Verwendung dieser Assays erforderlich. Alternativ können die genauere Einzelzellbasierten Assays verwendet werden, im Voraus oder Methyl Supplementierung um die Genauigkeit der Ergebnisse, indem mechanische Artefakte zu verbessern. Wenn Kugelbildung zwischen Bedingungen verglichen wobei die genetische Veränderung oder medikamentöse Behandlung kann stark verändern Lebensfähigkeit der Zellen und damit die Zelldichte abnimmt, kann einzelne zellbasierten Assays Bereich zwingend falsch-positive Ergebnisse zu vermeiden. Zusammengefasst unter geeigneten Versuchsbedingungen sowohl die Mehrzellbasierten Assay Sphären und die Einzelzellbasis Bereichen Assay in der Lage, Unterschiede in der Sphäre Potential zwischen verschiedenen Zellpopulationen (Stamm-und Nicht-Stammzellen) zeigen. Jedoch sind Mehrzellbasierten Assays, die Kugeln werden gewöhnlich in Flüssigkulturen ausgeführt anfälliger errors durch Versuchsplanung durch Beschichtungs-Dichte eingeführt. Ergänzung von Methylcellulose (1%), Multi zellbasierte Assays können Artefakte im Zusammenhang mit Verklumpung und Kugel Fusion Zelle zu begrenzen. Basierend auf diesen Daten, empfehlen wir einzelne zellbasierten Assays Bereichen durchgeführt, es sei denn detaillierte Titration Analysen wurden im Voraus und negativen Auswirkungen der Versuchsbedingungen auf die Lebensfähigkeit der Zellen durchgeführt und damit die Zelldichte wurde ausgeschlossen werden. Allerdings sind einzelne zellbasierten Assays Sphären aufwändiger und teurer, und vielleicht nicht in jeder Versuchseinstellung erforderlich. Methylcellulose-ergänzt Multi zellbasierten Assays Kugeln kann eine andere Alternative in einigen experimentellen Einstellungen darstellen.

There is increasing evidence that ovarian carcinomas are comprised of heterogeneous mixtures of cells and harbor so-called &#8220;cancer stem cells&#8221; (CSCs) responsible for disease initiation, maintenance and relapse after conventional cytotoxic therapies1-3. Therefore, the development of molecular strategies targeting ovarian CSCs is an important goal and promises to improve the therapy of ovarian cancer patients.
A pre-requisite for the understanding of the molecular features of CSCs is their reliable isolation from the non-CSCs. However, identification of ovarian CSCs appears challenging. While CD133 expression and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity4,5 have been reported to mark ovarian CSCs, some data indicate that these markers are unstable6. Consistently, in ovarian cancer, other than for example in breast carcinoma7, expression of ALDH1 associates with favorable outcome8 and expression of the proposed stem cell marker CD44 variant has no prognostic value9. More recently, we have shown that expression of the embryonic stem cell protein SOX2 confers stemness to ovarian carcinoma cells10 and high SOX2 expression associates with clinically aggressive ovarian and breast carcinomas11,12. Therefore, in this report we use a lentiviral reporter construct containing a red fluorescence protein (RFP) whose expression is controlled by a SOX2 regulatory region, as a method to isolate putative ovarian CSCs.
By definition, CSCs can both self-renew and differentiate, giving rise to all tumor cell types. Putative CSC populations need to be analyzed in functional assays performed in vivo. For obvious reasons, in human cells such functional tests are confined to xenograft assays, comprising mostly transplantation of human tumor cells into immuno-compromised mice10,13.
An alternative in vitro method was offered by Brent Reynolds and Sam Weiss who firstly reported the so-called neurosphere assay as a surrogate assay evaluating stem potential in neural cells14. Dontu and colleagues later confirmed the use of this assay for evaluation of stem cell potential in breast cells15,16. Here, human mammary cells were plated in different numbers in serum-free medium supplemented with epidermal growth factor (EGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), B-27 and heparin and cultured under non-adherent conditions for seven to ten days before sphere formation was scored by microscopy. Following this protocol with some adjustments in cell numbers, growth medium and supplements, several groups have explored in vitro stem cell potential from several cancer types such as breast17, brain18, pancreas19 and colon20 tumors. In ovarian carcinoma, we have recently reported feasibility of the spheres assay and compared its results to those collected in in vivo murine xenograft models10. We found that overexpression of the stem cell protein SOX2 enhanced both in vitro sphere formation as well as in vivo tumorigenicity of human ovarian carcinoma cells10. However, the frequency of sphere-initiating cells was higher than the frequency of tumor-initiating cells measured in vivo10 suggesting that either the sphere assay may lead to false positive results due to technical reasons or, alternatively, the in vivo assay may be inefficient and result in false negative results.
In this report, we analyze multi cell-based ovarian spheres assays in more detail, review the different protocols available in the literature and compare them to a single cell-based assay. We show that the single cell-based assay provides more accurate and reproducible results than multi cell-based assays, which can be highly influenced by the density of plated cells unless methylcellulose is added to the cultures to immobilize cells. However, also in single cell-based assays, in vitro sphere-initiating potential is observed at higher frequency than in vivo tumor-initiating potential.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="636">
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Comments/Description</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">low-Attachment-plate&#160;</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">3474</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MEGM</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>CC-3151</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Insulin</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CC-4136</td>
			<td>SingleQuots&#8482; Kit</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Hydrocortison</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CC-4136</td>
			<td>SingleQuots&#8482; Kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">EGF</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CC-4136</td>
			<td>SingleQuots&#8482; Kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">EGF</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>E9644</td>
			<td>end concentration: 20 ng/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">FGF</td>
			<td>PeproTech</td>
			<td>100-18B</td>
			<td>end concentration: 20 ng/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">B-27</td>
			<td>Invitrogen/ Gibco</td>
			<td>17504-044</td>
			<td>end concentration: 1x</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Heparin-Natrium-25000 IE</td>
			<td>Ratiopharm</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N68542.02</td>
			<td>dilution 1:1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Pen/Strep</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15140-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">FCS&#160;</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10500-064</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">RPMI 1640</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">21875-034</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Trypsin-EDTA&#160;</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">25300-054</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dulbecco&#8217;s PBS (1x)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14190-094</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Shield1&#160;</td>
			<td>Clontech</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">632189</td>
			<td>dilution 1:1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">DMEM/F12</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">21041-025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">DMEM/F12 (powder)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">42400-010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Methyl cellulose</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M0387</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Puromycin dihydrochloride</td>
			<td>applichem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A2856</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">cell sorter&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Aria III cell sorter&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">FACS analyser</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>accuri c6 flow cytometer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">microscope</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">Olympus&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>IX50 Osiris</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

evaluation of stem cell properties in human ovarian carcinoma cells using multi and single cell-based spheres assays

Years of research indicates that ovarian cancers harbor a heterogeneous mixture of cells including a subpopulation of so-called &#8220;cancer stem cells&#8221; (CSCs) responsible for tumor initiation, maintenance and relapse following conventional chemotherapies. Identification of ovarian CSCs is therefore an important goal. A commonly used method to assess CSC potential in vitro is the spheres assay in which cells are plated under non-adherent culture conditions in serum-free medium supplemented with growth factors and sphere formation is scored after a few days. Here, we review currently available protocols for human ovarian cancer spheres assays and perform a side-by-side analysis between commonly used multi cell-based assays and a more accurate system based on single cell plating. Our results indicate that both multi cell-based as well as single cell-based spheres assays can be used to investigate sphere formation in vitro. The more laborious and expensive single cell-based assays are more suitable for functional assessment of individual cells and lead to overall more accurate results while multi cell-based assays can be strongly influenced by the density of plated cells and require titration experiments upfront. Methylcellulose supplementation to multi cell-based assays can be effectively used to reduce mechanical artifacts.

Bei herkömmlichen Sphären Assays fast 40% der RFP + OVCAR-3-Zellen gegenüber 20% der RFP- Zellen führte zu einer individuellen Tumorbereich in der primären Kügelchen Assay (4A). Darüber hinaus waren die Bereiche, die durch RFP + Zellen gebildet Größe als die RFP- Zellen größer ausgebildet. Beim Betrieb in Tests auf Zellbasis überzogen, RFP + Zellen ebenfalls gebildet mehr Kugeln als RFP- Zellen bestätigt die obigen Ergebnisse. Allerdings gab es eine Tendenz zur Erzeugung von weniger Kugeln pro im einzelnen gegenüber dem Mehr Assay auf Zellbasis (4A, B) überzogen, das anzeigt, dass in diesem Assay Kugelbildung kann durch technische Artefakte wie mechanische Kugel Fusion oder Dissoziation vorgespannt wird in der nicht-adhärenten Kulturmedium. Um diese Aspekte weiter zu untersuchen, verglichen wir den Einfluss der Zell Beschichtungs-Dichte auf Kugeln Bildung. Wir plattierten Zellen mit limitierender Verdünnung von 1000 Zellen auf 1 Zelle pro Well in 96--Wanne Platten und festgestellt, dass die Anzahl der Schwellenkügelchen waren in hohem Maße abhängig von der Anzahl der ursprünglich ausplattierten Zellen. Überraschenderweise wurden höhere Zahlen von Kugeln aus niedrigeren Zahlen von plattierten Zellen sowohl MGEM und DMEM / F12-basierte Medien gezählt, was zeigt, dass tatsächlich Plattierung Modalitäten hochBefunden in diesem Assay (Figur 5). Im Gegensatz dazu, wenn die Zellen durch Zugabe von 1% iger Methylcellulose zu DMEM / F12 basierende Kugeln immobilisierten Medium 23,24 der Wirkungsgrad der Kugelbildung war weitgehend unabhängig von der Zelldichte. Um den Einfluss von Kugeln Kulturbedingungen auf CSC Eigenschaften zu erforschen, untersuchten wir den Prozentsatz an Zellen nach 7 Tagen Inkubation in der Kugeln Assay exprimieren roten Fluoreszenz-Signal. Wir fanden, dass in mehreren Zellbasis Kugeln Kulturen bei etwa 35% der Zellen aus RFP + Kugeln verloren ihre roten Fluoreszenz Signal nach sieben Tagen in Kultur (6A), was darauf hindeutet, dass sie undergeine Unterscheidung, während 65% erhalten eine RFP + Signal hindeutet Selbsterneuerungskapazität. Im Gegensatz dazu zeigten Zellen von Kugeln aus zunächst RFP- Zellen erzeugt blieb RFP negativ (6A), was darauf hinweist, dass sie nicht die Wiederherstellung der Stammzellpotential unter diesen Bedingungen. Die Fluoreszenzmikroskopie auf Kugeln aus einzelnen Zellen erzeugt geführt bestätigten diese Ergebnisse zeigen, dass einzelne Bereiche abgeleitet RFP + Zellen enthalten sowohl RFP + und RFP- Zellen, während Kugeln aus RFP- Zellen stammen weiterhin negativ für das rote Signal. Ähnliche Ergebnisse wurden in replating Assays von beiden Bedingungen beobachtet. <img alt="Figur 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/52259/52259fig1highres.jpg" width="600" /> Abbildung 1. Arbeitsablauf des lentiviralen Transduktion, Auswahl und Sortierung von RFP + und RFP- Zellen. Nach lentivirale Transduktion und positive Selektion von<html> erfolgreich transduzierten Zellen über Puromycin Belichtung RFP- und RPF + Zellen durch FACS in einzelne Vertiefungen einer Platte mit 96 Vertiefungen in Bereichen mittlerer sortiert. Bei mehrzellbasierten Assays Sphären werden 100 Zellen in einer guten Position. Plattierungseffizienz durch Mikroskopie nach der Sortierung durchgeführt bewertet. Kugeln wurden durch Mikroskopie nach sieben bis zehn Tagen hat, in Einzelzellen dissoziiert, über Durchflusszytometrie analysiert und in sekundäre Kugeln erneut plattiert. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/52259/52259fig1highres.jpg" target="_blank">Bitte klicken Sie hier, um eine größere Version dieses Bild anzuzeigen.</a> <img alt="Abbildung 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/52259/52259fig2highres.jpg" width="700" /> Abbildung 2. Imaging sortierter RFP + und RFP- Zellen nach der Plattierung. Einzel RFP + und RFP- Zellen in jede Vertiefung einer Platte mit 96 Vertiefungen sortiert sind zum korrekten Plattierung unter Verwendung eines (Fluoreszenz) Mikroskop analysiert.w.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/52259/52259fig2highres.jpg &quot;target =&quot; _ blank &quot;&gt; Bitte klicken Sie hier, um eine größere Version dieses Bild anzuzeigen. <img alt="Figur 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/52259/52259fig3highres.jpg" width="600" /> Abbildung 3. Analyse von Kugeln Bildung in einzelnen Assays auf Zellbasis. Spheres Bildung ist nach sieben bis zehn Tagen analysiert. (A) Large (Durchmesser&gt; 100 um) und (B) klein (Durchmesser von 50 bis 100 um). Sphären unterschieden mikroskopisch auf Größe basieren <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/52259/52259fig3highres.jpg" target="_blank">Bitte klicken Sie hier, um eine größere Version dieses Bild anzuzeigen.</a> <img alt="4" src="/files/ftp_upload/52259/52259fig4highres.jpg" width="600" /> Abbildung 4. Effizienz der Tumorbildung aus Kugeln RFP +und RFP- OVCAR-3-Zellen in Multi gegen einzellige basierend Sphären Assays. Vergleich von primären und sekundären Bereich Effizienz von OVCAR-3-Zellen, wie in mehreren (A) untersucht im Vergleich zu Einzelzellbasierten Assays Kugeln (B). <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/52259/52259fig4highres.jpg" target="_blank">Bitte klicken Sie hier um eine größere Version dieser Figur zu sehen.</a> <img alt="Abbildung 5" src="/files/ftp_upload/52259/52259fig5highres.jpg" width="600" /> Abbildung 5. Zell Plattierungsdichte stark Auswirkungen Kugel zählt von OVCAR-3-Zellen in den Mehrzellbasierten Assay Sphären in flüssiger, jedoch außerhalb Methyl ergänzten Kulturen. Die Verwendung von verschiedenen Zelldichten und Wachstumsmedien wurden in der Literatur für Eierstockkrebs gemeldet Kugeln Assays. Um mögliche Verzerrungen durch diese Variablen eingeführt Analyse werden die Zellen bei differe vernickeltnt Dichten in 200 ul verschiedenen Bereichen Kulturmedien (MGEM, DMEM / F12 mit allen Ergänzungsmittel im Sinne der Protokollabschnitt oder DMEM / F12 mit allen Ergänzungen detailliert und mit 1% iger Methylcellulose) und Kugelbildung wird nach 7 Tagen hat (A) . Gezeigt in (B) sind Mikroskopiebilder von Zellen bei unterschiedlichen Dichten nach dem Ausplattieren in DMEM / F12 als einen Tag zogene Kugeln Kulturmedium ohne Methylcellulose. Beachten Sie die Zellhaufen Schwellen bei hoher Zelldichte im Gegensatz zu Einzelzellen in geringer Dichte Platten gesehen. Maßstab für Bilder:. 50 &amp; mgr; m <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/52259/52259fig5highres.jpg" target="_blank">Bitte klicken Sie hier, um eine größere Version dieses Bild anzuzeigen.</a> <img alt="Figur 6" src="/files/ftp_upload/52259/52259fig6highres.jpg" width="600" /> Abbildung 6. Analyse der RFP-Signal in der Tumor Kugeln aus RFP + und JEWEILIGEN gebildetely RFP- OVCAR-3-Zellen (A) Durchflusszytometrie-Analyse für RFP-Signal in dissoziierter Kugeln aus RFP + und RFP- Zellen (Multi zellbasierten Assay Kugeln). (B) Mikroskopie von Kugeln aus RFP + und RFP- Zellen (Einzelzellbasis Bereichen Assay) abgeleitet zeigt heterogene RFP Signal in Kugeln aus RFP abgeleitet + nicht aber von RFP- Zellen. Bilder wurden am Tag 7 für konventionelle Kugeln und Tag 10 für Einzelzellbasierten Assays Kugel getroffen. Beachten Sie die größere Größe von Kugeln aus RFP + vermeintlichen CSCs abgeleitet. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/52259/52259fig6highres.jpg" target="_blank">Bitte klicken Sie hier, um eine größere Version dieses Bild anzuzeigen.</a> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" fo:keep-together.within-page="always"><tbody><tr><td> Menschlichen Eierstockkrebszellquelle </td><td> Basismedium </td><td> Zuschläge </td><td> Autoren </td></tr><tr><td> OVCAR-3, Caov-3, Grundmaterial </td><td> MEGM </td><td> 20 ng / ml rEGF, 20 ng / ml bFGF, B-27, 4 &amp; mgr; g / ml Heparin, Hydrocortison, Insulin (SingleQuot kit) </td><td> Bareiss et al. </td></tr><tr><td> SKOV3 </td><td> DMEM / F12 </td><td> 5 ug / ml Insulin, 10 ng / ml rEGF, 10 ng / ml bFGF, 12 ng / ml LIF, 0,3% BSA </td><td> Li Ma et al. </td></tr><tr><td> A2780 </td><td> DMEM / F12 </td><td> 5 ug / ml Insulin, 20 ng / ml rEGF, 2% B-27, 0,4% BSA </td><td> Haiwei Wang et al. </td></tr><tr><td> SKOV3 </td><td> DMEM / F12 </td><td> 5 ug / ml Insulin, 20 ng / ml rEGF, 10 ng / ml bFGF, 2% B-27, 1 ng / ml Hydrocortison </td><td> Yong-Rui Du et al. </td></tr><tr><td> A2780, Vormaterial </td><td> DMEM / F12 </td><td> 5 ug / ml Insulin, 20 ng / ml rEGF, 10 ng / ml bFGF, 0,4% BSA </td><td> T. Xiang et al. </td></tr><tr><td> Vormaterial </td><td> DMEM / F12 </td<html> &gt; <td> 5 ug / ml Insulin, 10 ng / ml rEGF, 10 ng / ml bFGF, 12 ng / ml LIF, 0,3% BSA </td><td> Te Liu et al. </td></tr><tr><td> MLS </td><td> DMEM / F12 </td><td> 10 ng / ml Insulin, 20 ng / ml rEGF, 20 ng / ml bFGF, 2% B-27 </td><td> Soritau et al. </td></tr><tr><td> 3AO </td><td> DMEM / F12 </td><td> 1 mg / ml Insulin, 20 ng / ml rEGF, 20 ng / ml bFGF, 2% B-27 </td><td> MF Shi et al. </td></tr><tr><td> Vormaterial </td><td> DMEM / F12 </td><td> 5 ug / ml Insulin, 20 ng / ml rEGF, 10 ng / ml bFGF, 0,4% BSA </td><td> Shu Zhang et al. </td></tr><tr><td> Vormaterial </td><td> EBM-2 oder X-VIVO </td><td> 5 ug / ml Insulin, 20 ng / ml rEGF </td><td> Ilona Kryczek et al. </td></tr><tr><td> OVCAR-3 </td><td> MEGM </td><td> 20 ng / ml rEGF, 20 ng / ml bFGF, B-27, 4 &amp; mgr; g / ml Heparin </td><td> Dongming Liang et al. </td></tr></tbody></table>NHALT &quot;&gt; Tabelle 1: Beispiele für verschiedene Zellquellen (Zelllinien und Primär Patienten stammenden Gewebes), Medien und Ergänzungen für Eierstock Kugeln Assays in früheren Berichten verwendet.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Evaluation of Stem Cell Properties in Human Ovarian Carcinoma Cells Using Multi and Single Cell-based Spheres Assays at JoVE.com

Evaluation of Stem Cell Properties in Human Ovarian Carcinoma Cells Using Multi and Single Cell-based Spheres Assays

In vitro spheres assays are commonly used to identify cancer stem cells. Here we compare single with multi cell-based spheres assays. The more laborious single cell-based assays or methylcellulose supplementation give more accurate results while multi cell-based assays performed in liquid medium can be highly influenced by cell density.

Bewertung der Stammzelleigenschaften in Menschen Ovarialkarzinomzellen Mit Multi und Single Cell-basierte Assays Spheres

Years of research indicates that ovarian cancers harbor a heterogeneous mixture of cells including a subpopulation of so-called &#8220;cancer stem ...

evaluation-stem-cell-properties-human-ovarian-carcinoma-cells-using

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

9.5K Aufrufe.  University Hospital Basel. In vitro spheres assays are commonly used to identify cancer stem cells. Here we compare single with multi cell-based spheres assays. The more laborious single cell-based assays or methylcellulose supplementation give more accurate results while multi cell-based assays performed in liquid medium can be highly influenced by cell density.

Serie: Evaluation of Stem Cell Properties in Human Ovarian Carcinoma Cells Using Multi and Single Cell-based Spheres Assays

Multi-photon Imaging of Tumor Cell Invasion in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Loco-regional invasion of head and neck cancer is linked to metastatic risk and presents a difficult challenge in designing and implementing patient management strategies. Orthotopic mouse models of oral cancer have been developed to facilitate the study of factors that impact invasion and serve as model system for evaluating anti-tumor therapeutics. In these systems, visualization of disseminated tumor cells within oral cavity tissues has typically been conducted by either conventional histology or with in vivo bioluminescent methods. A primary drawback of these techniques is the inherent inability to accurately visualize and quantify early tumor cell invasion arising from the primary site in three dimensions. Here we describe a protocol that combines an established model for squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue (SCOT) with two-photon imaging to allow multi-vectorial visualization of lingual tumor spread. The OSC-19 head and neck tumor cell line was stably engineered to express the F-actin binding peptide LifeAct fused to the mCherry fluorescent protein (LifeAct-mCherry). Fox1nu/nu mice injected with these cells reliably form tumors that allow the tongue to be visualized by ex-vivo application of two-photon microscopy. This technique allows for the orthotopic visualization of the tumor mass and locally invading cells in excised tongues without disruption of the regional tumor microenvironment. In addition, this system allows for the quantification of tumor cell invasion by calculating distances that invaded cells move from the primary tumor site. Overall this procedure provides an enhanced model system for analyzing factors that contribute to SCOT invasion and therapeutic treatments tailored to prevent local invasion and distant metastatic spread. This method also has the potential to be ultimately combined with other imaging modalities in an in vivo setting.

A comprehensive overview of the techniques involved in generating a mouse model of oral cancer and quantitative monitoring of tumor invasion within the tongue through multi-photon microscopy of labeled cells is presented. This system can serve as a useful platform for the molecular assessment and drug efficacy of anti-invasive compounds.

Multi-Photonen-Imaging der Tumorzellinvasion in einem orthotopen Mausmodell des oralen Plattenepithelkarzinoms

Loco-regional invasion of head and neck cancer is linked to metastatic risk and presents a difficult challenge in designing and implementing patient ...

Forschung

Medizin

Evaluation of Cancer Stem Cell Migration Using Compartmentalizing Microfluidic Devices and Live Cell Imaging

In the last 40 years, the United States invested over 200 billion dollars on cancer research, resulting in only a 5% decrease in death rate. A major obstacle for improving patient outcomes is the poor understanding of mechanisms underlying cellular migration associated with aggressive cancer cell invasion, metastasis and therapeutic resistance1. Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM), the most prevalent primary malignant adult brain tumor2, exemplifies this difficulty. Despite standard surgery, radiation and chemotherapies, patient median survival is only fifteen months, due to aggressive GBM infiltration into adjacent brain and rapid cancer recurrence2. The interactions of aberrant cell migratory mechanisms and the tumor microenvironment likely differentiate cancer from normal cells3. Therefore, improving therapeutic approaches for GBM require a better understanding of cancer cell migration mechanisms. Recent work suggests that a small subpopulation of cells within GBM, the brain tumor stem cell (BTSC), may be responsible for therapeutic resistance and recurrence. Mechanisms underlying BTSC migratory capacity are only starting to be characterized1,4.
Due to a limitation in visual inspection and geometrical manipulation, conventional migration assays5 are restricted to quantifying overall cell populations. In contrast, microfluidic devices permit single cell analysis because of compatibility with modern microscopy and control over micro-environment6-9.
We present a method for detailed characterization of BTSC migration using compartmentalizing microfluidic devices. These PDMS-made devices cast the tissue culture environment into three connected compartments: seeding chamber, receiving chamber and bridging microchannels. We tailored the device such that both chambers hold sufficient media to support viable BTSC for 4-5 days without media exchange. Highly mobile BTSCs initially introduced into the seeding chamber are isolated after migration though bridging microchannels to the parallel receiving chamber. This migration simulates cancer cellular spread through the interstitial spaces of the brain. The phase live images of cell morphology during migration are recorded over several days. Highly migratory BTSC can therefore be isolated, recultured, and analyzed further. 
Compartmentalizing microfluidics can be a versatile platform to study the migratory behavior of BTSCs and other cancer stem cells. By combining gradient generators, fluid handling, micro-electrodes and other microfluidic modules, these devices can also be used for drug screening and disease diagnosis6. Isolation of an aggressive subpopulation of migratory cells will enable studies of underlying molecular mechanisms.

A compartmentalizing microfluidic device for investigating cancer stem cell migration is described. This novel platform creates a viable cellular microenvironment and enables microscopic visualization of live cell locomotion. Highly motile cancer cells are isolated to study molecular mechanisms of aggressive infiltration, potentially leading to more effective future therapies.

Evaluation of Cancer Stem Cell Migration Mit Abschottung Mikrofluidiksysteme und Live Cell Imaging

In the last 40 years, the United States invested over 200 billion dollars on cancer research, resulting in only a 5% decrease in death rate. A major ...

Stem Cell Transplantation in an in vitro Simulated Ischemia/Reperfusion Model

Stem cell transplantation protocols are finding their way into clinical practice1,2,3. Getting better results, making the protocols more robust, and finding new sources for implantable cells are the focus of recent research4,5. Investigating the effectiveness of cell therapies is not an easy task and new tools are needed to investigate the mechanisms involved in the treatment process6. We designed an experimental protocol of ischemia/reperfusion in order to allow the observation of cellular connections and even subcellular mechanisms during ischemia/reperfusion injury and after stem cell transplantation and to evaluate the efficacy of cell therapy. H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells were placed onto cell culture plates7,8. Ischemia was simulated with 150 minutes in a glucose free medium with oxygen level below 0.5%. Then, normal media and oxygen levels were reintroduced to simulate reperfusion. After oxygen glucose deprivation, the damaged cells were treated with transplantation of labeled human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells by adding them to the culture. Mesenchymal stem cells are preferred in clinical trials because they are easily accessible with minimal invasive surgery, easily expandable and autologous. After 24 hours of co-cultivation, cells were stained with calcein and ethidium-homodimer to differentiate between live and dead cells. This setup allowed us to investigate the intercellular connections using confocal fluorescent microscopy and to quantify the survival rate of postischemic cells by flow cytometry. Confocal microscopy showed the interactions of the two cell populations such as cell fusion and formation of intercellular nanotubes. Flow cytometry analysis revealed 3 clusters of damaged cells which can be plotted on a graph and analyzed statistically. These populations can be investigated separately and conclusions can be drawn on these data on the effectiveness of the simulated therapeutical approach.

Stem Cell Transplantation in an in vitro Simulated Ischemia/Reperfusion Model

We demonstrate how to set up an in vitro ischemia/reperfusion model and how to evaluate the effect of stem cell therapy on postischemic cardiac cells.

Stem Cell Transplantation in einem In-vitro- Simulierte Ischämie / Reperfusion-Modell

Stem cell transplantation protocols are finding their way into clinical practice1,2,3. Getting better results, making the protocols more robust, and ...

Processing of Primary Brain Tumor Tissue for Stem Cell Assays and Flow Sorting

Brain tumors are typically comprised of morphologically diverse cells that express a variety of neural lineage markers. Only a relatively small fraction of cells in the tumor with stem cell properties, termed brain tumor initiating cells (BTICs), possess an ability to differentiate along multiple lineages, self-renew, and initiate tumors in vivo. We applied culture conditions originally used for normal neural stem cells (NSCs) to a variety of human brain tumors and found that this culture method specifically selects for stem-like populations. Serum-free medium (NSC) allows for the maintenance of an undifferentiated stem cell state, and the addition of bFGF and EGF allows for the proliferation of multi-potent, self-renewing, and expandable tumorspheres.
To further characterize each tumor's BTIC population, we evaluate cell surface markers by flow cytometry. We may also sort populations of interest for more specific characterization. Self-renewal assays are performed on single BTICs sorted into 96 well plates; the formation of tumorspheres following incubation at 37 &deg;C indicates the presence of a stem or progenitor cell. Multiple cell numbers of a particular population can also be sorted in different wells for limiting dilution analysis, to analyze self-renewal capacity. We can also study differential gene expression within a particular cell population by using single cell RT-PCR.
The following protocols describe our procedures for the dissociation and culturing of primary human samples to enrich for BTIC populations, as well as the dissociation of tumorspheres. Also included are protocols for staining for flow cytometry analysis or sorting, self-renewal assays, and single cell RT-PCR.

The identification of brain tumor initiating cells (BTICs), the rare cells within a heterogeneous tumor possessing stem cell properties, provides new insights into human brain tumor pathogenesis. We have refined specific culture conditions to enrich for BTICs, and we routinely use flow cytometry to further enrich these populations. Self-renewal assays and transcript analysis by single cell RT-PCR can subsequently be performed on these isolated cells.

Verarbeitung von primären Hirntumoren Tissue für Stem Cell Assays und Flow Sortierung

Brain tumors are typically comprised of morphologically diverse cells that express a variety of neural lineage markers. Only a relatively small fraction ...

Isolation, Characterization and Comparative Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Derived from Permanent Teeth by Using Two Different Methods

Developing wisdom teeth are easy-accessible source of stem cells during the adulthood which could be obtained by routine orthodontic treatments. Human pulp-derived stem cells (hDPSCs) possess high proliferation potential with multi-lineage differentiation capacity compare to the ordinary source of adult stem cells1-8; therefore, hDPSCs could be the good candidates for autologous transplantation in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Along with these benefits, possessing the mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) features, such as immunolodulatory effect, make hDPSCs more valuable, even in the case of allograft transplantation6,9,10. Therefore, the primary step for using this source of stem cells is to select the best protocol for isolating hDPSCs from pulp tissue. In order to achieve this goal, it is crucial to investigate the effect of various isolation conditions on different cellular behaviors, such as their common surface markers &amp; also their differentiation capacity.
Thus, here we separate human pulp tissue from impacted third molar teeth, and then used both existing protocols based on literature, for isolating hDPSCs,11-13 i.e. enzymatic dissociation of pulp tissue (DPSC-ED) or outgrowth from tissue explants (DPSC-OG). In this regards, we tried to facilitate the isolation methods by using dental diamond disk. Then, these cells characterized in terms of stromal-associated Markers (CD73, CD90, CD105 &amp; CD44), hematopoietic/endothelial Markers (CD34, CD45 &amp; CD11b), perivascular marker, like CD146 and also STRO-1. Afterwards, these two protocols were compared based on the differentiation potency into odontoblasts by both quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) &amp; Alizarin Red Staining. QPCR were used for the assessment of the expression of the mineralization-related genes (alkaline phosphatase; ALP, matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein; MEPE &amp; dentin sialophosphoprotein; DSPP).14

The method described isolation and characterization of human Dental Pulp Stem Cells (hDPSCs) by using either enzymatic dissociation of pulp (DPSC-ED) or direct outgrowth of stem cells from pulp tissue explants (DPSC-OG). Then followed by in vitro comparative differentiation of both types of hDPSCs into odontoblasts.

Isolation, Charakterisierung und vergleichende Differenzierung humaner Dental Pulp Stammzellen aus bleibenden Zähne mit zwei verschiedenen Methoden abgeleitet

Developing wisdom teeth are easy-accessible source of stem cells during the adulthood which could be obtained by routine orthodontic treatments. Human ...

Cell-based Assay Protocol for the Prognostic Prediction of Idiopathic Scoliosis Using Cellular Dielectric Spectroscopy

This protocol details the experimental and analytical procedure for a cell-based assay developed in our laboratory as a functional test to predict the prognosis of idiopathic scoliosis in asymptomatic and affected children. The assay consists of the evaluation of the functional status of Gi and Gs proteins in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by cellular dielectric spectroscopy (CDS), using an automated CDS-based instrument, and the classification of children into three functional groups (FG1, FG2, FG3) with respect to the profile of imbalance between the degree of response to Gi and Gs proteins stimulation. The classification is further confirmed by the differential effect of osteopontin (OPN) on response to Gi stimulation among groups and the severe progression of disease is referenced by FG2. Approximately, a volume of 10 ml of blood is required to extract PBMCs by Ficoll-gradient and cells are then stored in liquid nitrogen. The adequate number of PBMCs to perform the assay is obtained after two days of cell culture. Essentially, cells are first incubated with phytohemmaglutinin (PHA). After 24 hr incubation, medium is replaced by a PHA-free culture medium for an additional 24 hr prior to cell seeding and OPN treatment. Cells are then spectroscopically screened for their responses to somatostatin and isoproterenol, which respectively activate Gi and Gs proteins through their cognate receptors. Both somatostatin and isoproterenol are simultaneously injected with an integrated fluidics system and the cells&#39; responses are monitored for 15 min. The assay can be performed with fresh or frozen PBMCs and the procedure is completed within 4 days.

A structured protocol is presented for a cell-based assay as a functional test to predict the prognosis of idiopathic scoliosis using cellular dielectric spectroscopy (CDS). The assay can be performed with fresh or frozen peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and the procedure is completed within 4 days.

Zellbasierte Assay-Protokoll für die prognostische Prognose der idiopathischen Skoliose Mit Cellular dielektrischer Spektroskopie

This protocol details the experimental and analytical procedure for a cell-based assay developed in our laboratory as a functional test to predict the ...

RNAscope for In situ Detection of Transcriptionally Active Human Papillomavirus in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

The &#39;gold standard&#39; for oncogenic HPV detection is the demonstration of transcriptionally active high-risk HPV in tumor tissue. However, detection of E6/E7 mRNA by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) requires RNA extraction which destroys the tumor tissue context critical for morphological correlation and has been difficult to be adopted in routine clinical practice. Our recently developed RNA in situ hybridization technology, RNAscope, permits direct visualization of RNA in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue with single molecule sensitivity and single cell resolution, which enables highly sensitive and specific in situ analysis of any RNA biomarker in routine clinical specimens. The RNAscope HPV assay was designed to detect the E6/E7 mRNA of seven high-risk HPV genotypes (HPV16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 52, and 58) using a pool of genotype-specific probes. It has demonstrated excellent sensitivity and specificity against the current &#39;gold standard&#39; method of detecting E6/E7 mRNA by qRT-PCR. HPV status determined by RNAscope is strongly prognostic of clinical outcome in oropharyngeal cancer patients.

RNAscope for In situ Detection of Transcriptionally Active Human Papillomavirus in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

The presence of high-risk HPV in head and neck tumor tissue is associated with favorable outcomes. The recently developed RNA in situ hybridization technique called RNAscope allows direct visualization of HPV E6/E7 mRNA in FFPE tissue sections.

RNAscope für<em&gt; In situ</em&gt; Erkennung von transkriptionell aktiven Human Papillomavirus in Kopf-Hals-Plattenepithelkarzinom

The &#39;gold standard&#39; for oncogenic HPV detection is the demonstration of transcriptionally active high-risk HPV in tumor tissue. However, detection ...

Multi-electrode Array Recordings of Human Epileptic Postoperative Cortical Tissue

Epilepsy, affecting about 1% of the population, comprises a group of neurological disorders characterized by the periodic occurrence of seizures, which disrupt normal brain function. Despite treatment with currently available antiepileptic drugs targeting neuronal functions, one third of patients with epilepsy are pharmacoresistant. In this condition, surgical resection of the brain area generating seizures remains the only alternative treatment. Studying human epileptic tissues has contributed to understand new epileptogenic mechanisms during the last 10 years. Indeed, these tissues generate spontaneous interictal epileptic discharges as well as pharmacologically-induced ictal events which can be recorded with classical electrophysiology techniques. Remarkably, multi-electrode arrays (MEAs), which are microfabricated devices embedding an array of spatially arranged microelectrodes, provide the unique opportunity to simultaneously stimulate and record field potentials, as well as action potentials of multiple neurons from different areas of the tissue. Thus MEAs recordings offer an excellent approach to study the spatio-temporal patterns of spontaneous interictal and evoked seizure-like events and the mechanisms underlying seizure onset and propagation. Here we describe how to prepare human cortical slices from surgically resected tissue and to record with MEAs interictal and ictal-like events ex vivo.

We here describe how to perform multi-electrode array recordings of human epileptic cortical tissue. Epileptic tissue resection, slice preparation and multi-electrode array recordings of interictal and ictal events are demonstrated in detail.

Multi-Elektroden-Array Recordings of Human Epileptische Postoperative Rindengewebe

Epilepsy, affecting about 1% of the population, comprises a group of neurological disorders characterized by the periodic occurrence of seizures, which ...

Enrichment for Chemoresistant Ovarian Cancer Stem Cells from Human Cell Lines

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are defined as a subset of slow cycling and undifferentiated cells that divide asymmetrically to generate highly proliferative, invasive, and chemoresistant tumor cells. Therefore, CSCs are an attractive population of cells to target therapeutically. CSCs are predicted to contribute to a number of types of malignancies including those in the blood, brain, lung, gastrointestinal tract, prostate, and ovary. Isolating and enriching a tumor cell population for CSCs will enable researchers to study the properties, genetics, and therapeutic response of CSCs. We generated a protocol that reproducibly enriches for ovarian cancer CSCs from ovarian cancer cell lines (SKOV3 and OVCA429). Cell lines are treated with 20 &#181;M cisplatin for 3 days. Surviving cells are isolated and cultured in a serum-free stem cell media containing cytokines and growth factors. We demonstrate an enrichment of these purified CSCs by analyzing the isolated cells for known stem cell markers Oct4, Nanog, and Prom1 (CD133) and cell surface expression of CD177 and CD133. The CSCs exhibit increased chemoresistance. This method for isolation of CSCs is a useful tool for studying the role of CSCs in chemoresistance and tumor relapse.

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are&#160;implicated in tumor relapse due to chemoresistance. We have optimized a protocol for selection and expansion of CSCs from ovarian cancer cell lines. By treating cells with the chemotherapeutic cisplatin and culturing&#160;in a stem cell promoting media we enrich for non-adherent CSC cultures.

Bereicherung für chemoresistenten Eierstockkrebs Stammzellen aus menschlichen Zelllinien

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are defined as a subset of slow cycling and undifferentiated cells that divide asymmetrically to generate highly proliferative, ...

Isolation of Human Lymphatic Endothelial Cells by Multi-parameter Fluorescence-activated Cell Sorting

Lymphatic system disorders such as primary lymphedema, lymphatic malformations and lymphatic tumors are rare conditions that cause significant morbidity but little is known about their biology. Isolating highly pure human lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) from diseased and healthy tissue would facilitate studies of the lymphatic endothelium at genetic, molecular and cellular levels. It is anticipated that these investigations may reveal targets for new therapies that may change the clinical management of these conditions. A protocol describing the isolation of human foreskin LECs and lymphatic malformation lymphatic endothelial cells (LM LECs) is presented. To obtain a single cell suspension tissue was minced and enzymatically treated using dispase II and collagenase II. The resulting single cell suspension was then labelled with antibodies to cluster of differentiation (CD) markers CD34, CD31, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-3 (VEGFR-3) and PODOPLANIN. Stained viable cells were sorted on a fluorescently activated cell sorter (FACS) to separate the CD34LowCD31PosVEGFR-3PosPODOPLANINPos LM LEC population from other endothelial and non-endothelial cells. The sorted LM LECs were cultured and expanded on fibronectin-coated flasks for further experimental use.

The goal of this protocol is to isolate lymphatic endothelial cells lining human lymphatic malformation cyst-like vessels and foreskins using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Subsequent cell culturing and expansion of these cells permits a new level of experimental sophistication for genetic, proteomic, functional and cell differentiation studies.

Isolation of Human Lymphatic Endothelzellen durch Multiparameter-Fluoreszenz-aktivierten Zellsortierung

Lymphatic system disorders such as primary lymphedema, lymphatic malformations and lymphatic tumors are rare conditions that cause significant morbidity ...