The authors acknowledge National Science Foundation grant CHE- 1214068 for supporting this research project.

1. Herstellung von GMS <ol><li> Nutzen Sie alle Chemikalien, die in dem folgenden Verfahren wie erhalten. </li><li> Vorbereitung 75 ml 2 M Salzsäure (HCl) -Lösung. Wiegen 2,0 g Poly (ethylenglycol) -block-poly (propylenglykol) -block-poly (ethylenglycol) (S123, Mw = 5800) und Überführung in den hergestellten 75 ml 2 M HCl-Lösung. Bei RT gelten Magnetrührstab in die Lösung bei einer Geschwindigkeit von 350 U / min, bis P123 vollständig gelöst ist. Die Lösung wird klar sein. </li><li> Wiegen 4 g Tetraethoxysilan (TEOS, MW = 208,33) in einem kleinen Fläschchen und Übertragung 180 ul von Bis [3- (triethoxysilyl) propyl] tetrasulfid (TESPTS, MW = 538,94) in das Fläschchen. Langsam schüttelt die Fläschchen, um die beiden Chemikalien mischen. In einer anderen Phiole wiegen 38 mg Chlorgoldsäure (HAuCl 4, 99,90%) und in 1 ml entionisiertem Wasser gelöst. </li><li> Erhöhen die P123 Lösungs-Temperatur auf 35 ° C in ein Ölbad mit Temperatur von dem Thermoelement gesteuert wird. </li><li> Sie das gesamte Gemisch aus TEOS undTESPTS in Schritt 1.3 auf den P123-Lösung hergestellt, und halten Sie die Lösung bei kräftigem magnetischem Rühren mit 700 U / min. Bewahren Sie die Lösung unter Rühren 2 Minuten, dann fügen Sie alle HAuCl 4 Lösung in Schritt 1.3 tropfenweise innerhalb von 30 Sekunden hergestellt. </li><li> Die Lösung wird unter Rühren bei 700 U / min für 24 h bei 35 ° C. </li><li> Nach 24 Stunden wird die Lösung in einer verschlossenen Flasche und lagern in einem Ofen bei 100 ° C für 72 Stunden eingestellt. Dies wird als hydrothermale Verarbeitung. </li><li> Nach der hydrothermalen Verarbeitung, filtriert die Lösung mit einem # 1 Filterpapier und Unterdruck unter einem Trichter, dann waschen mit Wasser zweimal und Ethanol dreimal zur Entfernung restlichen HCl. Bei jedem Waschvorgang, fügen Sie Wasser oder Ethanol 1 cm über feste und warten Sie, das Material zu trocknen. </li><li> Übertragen Fällung aus Filtration, um einen Keramiktiegel und kalzinieren bei 550 ° C für 4 Stunden. Stellen Sie die Rampenprogramm wie folgt: 25 ° C bis 550 ° C für 2 Stunden halten bei 550 ° C für 4hr, dann lassen Sie die Probe in Ofen bleiben bei geschlossener Tür, bis die Temperatur unter 40 ° C. </li><li> Nach dem Kalzinieren zu übertragen, um ein Produkt zu einem Glas mit einem Kunststoffspachtel. Das synthetisierte Material hat eine rote Farbe. </li></ol> 2. Katalytische Reaktion, Oxidation von Benzylalkohol <ol><li> Da die Oxidation von Benzylalkohol ist eine Flüssigphasenreaktion ohne separates Lösungsmittel Maßnahme 5 ml Benzylalkohol (99,8%) und überträgt es in einen 25 ml Dreihalskolben, dann ein Gewicht von 10 mg GMS Katalysator ist und Benzyl hinzuzufügen Alkohol. </li><li> Einrichtung einer temperaturgeregelten Ölbad mit Magnetrührer, um genaue und gleichmäßige Steuerung der Reaktionstemperatur zu gewährleisten. </li><li> Setzen Sie die Kolben mit Benzylalkohol und Katalysator in das Ölbad, stellen Sie die Temperatur auf 100 ° C und unter Rühren bei 150 U / min. </li><li> Fließt Sauerstoffgas mit 99,9% Reinheit in den Kolben bei 2 ml / min durch eine Massenflusssteuerung gesteuert. </li><li> Wenn dasTemperatur des Ölbads 100ºC erreicht und stabilisiert, einzuführen Sauerstoffgas in den Dreihalskolben gegeben. </li><li> Halten Sie die Sauerstoffströmungsrate und Temperatur konstant, und die die Reaktion für 6 Stunden gehen. </li><li> Nach der Reaktion zu filtern, um ein Produkt mit einem # 1 Filterpapier. Sammeln Sie die flüssige Phase und einen aliquoten zu einer Gaschromatographie (GC) Fläschchen. In der GC-Fläschchen, mischen vier Teile HPLC Essigsäure für jeden ein Teil Probe (Verwenden Sie beispielsweise 36 &amp; mgr; l Probe und 144 ul Essigsäure.) Setzen Sie die Fläschchen auf einem Gaschromatographen Autosampler für die Analyse. Abwaschen der feste Niederschlag auf dem Filterpapier mit DI-Wasser und Ethanol gewaschen und dann zu ermöglichen, in der Luft trocknen. Sammeln Sie die getrockneten Feststoff mit einem Spatel als Recycling-Katalysator. </li><li> Wiederholen Sie das gleiche Experiment Vorgang ab Schritt 2.3 durch 2.7 mit Recycling-Katalysator dreimal. In jeder Wiederholung, passen Sie die Menge an Benzylalkohol, um den in Schritt 2.2 beschrieben Verhältnis entsprechen. </li></ol> 3. Tippen Standmal Behandlung von GMS für die Prüfung der thermischen Stabilität <ol><li> Wiegen Sie drei separate 300 mg Portionen synthetisiert GMS, und speichern sie in Glasfläschchen. Diese werden als Batch 1, Charge 2 und Charge 3. Halten Batch 1 als Kontrollgruppe bezeichnet, und legte Charge 2 Charge 3 und in einen Ofen für die thermische Verarbeitung. </li><li> Programm der Ofen wie folgt für die Verarbeitung bei 400 ° C: 0,5 h in eine Rampe von 25 ° C bis 400 ° C, halten bei 400 ° C für 4 Stunden, damit die Probe in dem Ofen mit der Tür bleibt, bis die Temperatur sinkt geschlossen unter 40 ° C. Setzen Charge 2 in einem Tiegel und das Programm starten. </li><li> Programm der Ofen wie folgt für die Verarbeitung bei 650 ° C: 0,75 h Rampe von 25 ° C bis 650 ° C, halten bei 650 ° C für 4 Stunden, damit die Probe in dem Ofen verbleiben die Tür geschlossen, bis die Temperatur unter 40 ° C. Setzen Charge 3 in einem Tiegel und das Programm starten. </li></ol> 4. Charakterisierungder GMS Materials 21,22 <ol><li> Auf der Physisorption Instrument, GMS Degas Materialien mit folgendem Programm: 90 ° C für 60 min und dann 350 ° C für 480 min. Führen Sie Voll Isotherme Analyse der entgasten Materialien Physisorption Daten zu erhalten. </li><li> Disperse GMS Probe auf einem 200-mesh löchrigen Kohlen TEM-Gitter und beobachten die Probe unter einem Transmissionselektronenmikroskop. Beschränken Vergrößerung unter 44,000X, um das Material zu schützen. </li><li> Führen XRD mit Cu Ka-Strahlung (λ = 1,5418 Å). Set Röhrenspannung von 45 kV und Röhrenstrom von 40 mA. Sammeln Intensität im 2θ zwischen 10 ° und 90 ° mit einer Schrittweite von 0,008 ° und einer Messdauer von 5 s bei jedem Schritt. </li></ol>

<ol>
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Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Au@Pt+core-shell+nanoparticles+supported+on+multiwalled+carbon+nanotubes+for+methanol+oxidation.">Au@Pt core-shell nanoparticles supported on multiwalled carbon nanotubes for methanol oxidation.</a> Catal. Commun. 13 (1), 54-58 (2011).</li><li>Baker, C. O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Size+Control+of+Gold+Nanoparticles+Grown+on+Polyaniline+Nanofibers+for+Bistable+Memory+Devices.">Size Control of Gold Nanoparticles Grown on Polyaniline Nanofibers for Bistable Memory Devices.</a> ACS Nano. 5 (5), 3469-3474 (2011).</li><li>Wei, G. -. T., Yang, Z., Lee, C. Y., Yang, H. Y., Wang, C. 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H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Understanding+preparation+variables+in+the+synthesis+of+Au/Al2O3+using+EXAFS+and+electron+microscopy.">Understanding preparation variables in the synthesis of Au/Al2O3 using EXAFS and electron microscopy.</a> Applied Catalysis A: General. 291 (1-2), 73-84 (2005).</li><li>Chen, L. 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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Im Syntheseprotokoll ist darauf zu Tensidkonzentration pH-Lösung und der Reaktionstemperatur für die erfolgreiche Bildung von GMS. Die kritischen Schritte 1.2, 1.3, 1.4 und 1.6. Die oben genannten Parameter steuern die kritische Packungsparameter und Phase Mizellen aus Tensid gebildet. Die Phase und die Morphologie der Mizelle bestimmt den Endzustand Silica-Matrix, die als Rahmen für die GMS dient. Auch bei der Entstehung wichtig ist die Reihenfolge und die Zeit, die HAuCl Lösung zuzugeben. TEOS und TESPTS wirken al...

Als eine neue Technologie, die ein großes Potenzial in der Katalyse-Anwendungen hat, haben nanoskaligen Materialien intensive Forschungsinteresse in den letzten Jahrzehnten erhielt. Unter den nanoskaligen Katalysatoren berichtet, haben Edelmetallkatalysatoren wie Au, Ag, Pd und Pt weltweite Aufmerksamkeit 1-3 angezogen. Wählen katalytischer Reaktionen gehören die Oxidation von Kohlenmonoxid Forscher auf Au, Heck-Reaktion auf Pd-Katalysatoren und Wasserspaltung mit Pt. Trotz der vielversprechenden katalytische Potential wird nanoskalige Gold in ihrer Anwendbarkeit wegen der Deaktivierung von Vergiftungen, Verkokung thermischen Abbau, und Sintern beschränkt. Es wurde berichtet, dass Gold, als Vertreter für Edelmetalle, hat eine hohe Selektivität und ist weniger anfällig für Metall Auslaugen Überoxidation und Selbstvergiftung 4. Jedoch ist die katalytische Leistung von Gold hängt stark von der Partikelgröße. Haruta et al. Hat die Beziehung zwischen Katalysatorleistung und gehen gemeldetld Clusterdurchmesser, was die höchste Aktivität von Gold-Katalysatoren mit Partikelgröße ~ 2,7 nm 5. Die Teilchengröße der Edelmetalle können durch das Herstellungsverfahren 6-9 gesteuert werden; jedoch das Haupthindernis zur breiten Anwendung bleibt Aggregation und Aktivitätsverlust. Um das Problem der Sinterung zu lösen, ist ein übliches Verfahren, um nanoskalige Teilchen auf einem Trägermaterial zu immobilisieren. Verschiedene Trägermaterialien aufgebracht wurden einschließlich poröses Siliciumdioxid 10-11, halbleitende Metalloxide 12-13, Polymere 14, Graphen 15 und 16 Kohlenstoffnanoröhren. Unter den verwendeten Materialien ist poröses Siliciumdioxid ein attraktives Material als Träger, weil es nur schwach sauren, relativ inert, thermisch und chemisch stabil und kann mit sehr gut definierten meso- / Mikroporosität hergestellt werden. Die poröse Struktur bietet eine gute Unterstützung für Metallpartikel, sondern auch vermittelt größenselektive Substrat Zugang zuDie Metallkatalysatoren. Diese Selektivität ist wegen der Abstimmbarkeit mit diesen porösen Materialien verbunden sind besonders vielversprechend. Oft werden Goldpartikel als äußerst mobil auf Siliciumdioxidoberflächen 17-18 zu sein und bilden leicht sehr groß (über 50 nm) unreaktiv Teilchen, wenn sie hohen Temperaturen ausgesetzt wird, so dass es schwierig zu Goldnanopartikeln auf Kieselgel 19 vorzubereiten. Mukherjee et al. Berichteten Immobilisierung monodisperse gold auf mesoporösen Siliciumdioxid MCM-41 3-Aminopropyl-trimethoxysilan und 3-Mercaptopropyl-triethoxysilan sowie die unterstützten Goldnanopartikel wurde gefunden, daß für Hydrierungsreaktionen hochaktiv, und ein Auswaschen von Gold wurde festgestellt, in der Reaktion 20. Nach dem Bericht der Oberflächenmodifikation von mesoporösen Siliciumdioxid berichteten wir ein Verfahren, um Gold herzustellen interkaliert in die Wand des mesoporösen Siliciumdioxid (GMS). Darüber hinaus bietet das mesoporöse Siliciumdioxid Ansatz eine skalierbare apAnsatz, um potenziell unabhängig zu verändern den Katalysator und porösen Umgebung. Da katalytische Prozesse von entscheidender wirtschaftlicher Bedeutung könnten die Vorteile weit reich sein. Die Fähigkeit zur Entwicklung &quot;grüner&quot; Katalysatoren würde eine tiefgreifende positive Auswirkungen auf die Umwelt haben und zur Verbesserung der Wirtschaftlichkeit und Ressourceneffizienz wichtige industrielle Prozesse.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(propylene glycol)-block-poly(ethylene glycol)</td>
			<td>Aldrich</td>
			<td>435465-250ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>tetraethoxysilane</td>
			<td>TCI</td>
			<td>201-083-8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>bis[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]-tetrasulfide</td>
			<td>GELEST</td>
			<td>SIB1825.0-100GM</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>chloroauric acid</td>
			<td>Aldrich</td>
			<td>520918-1G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>benzyl alcohol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>305197-1L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>nitrogen physisorption</td>
			<td>Micromeritics</td>
			<td>Tristar II</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>X-ray diffraction</td>
			<td>Philips</td>
			<td>X&#39;Pert Pro</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>transmission electron microscopy</td>
			<td>Philips</td>
			<td>CM200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>gas chromatography</td>
			<td>Shimadzu</td>
			<td>GC-2010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

synthesis and catalytic performance of gold intercalated in the walls of mesoporous silica

Als vielversprechenden katalytisch aktiven Nanoreaktor wurden Gold-Nanopartikel in mesoporösen Siliciumdioxid (GMS) interkaliert erfolgreich synthetisiert und Eigenschaften der Materialien wurden untersucht. Wir verwendeten eine Eintopf Sol-Gel-Ansatz, um Gold-Nanopartikeln in den Wänden der mesoporösen Siliciumdioxid einlagern. Mit der Synthese zu starten, wurde P123 als Matrize verwendet, um Mizellen zu bilden. Dann wurde TESPTS als Oberflächenmodifizierungsmittel verwendet, um Nanopartikel aus Gold einlagern. Nach diesem Verfahren wurde in TEOS als Siliciumdioxid-Quelle, die eine Polymerisation in saurem Milieu unter zugegeben. Nachdem die hydrothermische Bearbeitung und die Kalzinierung wurde das Endprodukt erworben. Verschiedene Techniken wurden eingesetzt, um die Porosität, die Morphologie und Struktur der Gold interkalierten mesoporösen Siliciumdioxid charakterisieren. Die Ergebnisse zeigten eine stabile Struktur von mesoporösem Siliciumdioxid nach gold Interkalation. Durch die Oxidation von Benzylalkohol als Bezugsreaktion zeigten die GMS Materialien hoher Selecvität und Recyclingfähigkeit.

Dieses Verfahren wurde verwendet, um das Niveau der Häm-Synthese in normal (HBEC30KT) gegen Krebs (HCC4017) Lungenzellen zu vergleichen. 2 zeigt ein höheres Niveau der Häm-Synthese in Krebszellen (HCC4017) als normale Lungenzellen (HBEC30KT). Das Niveau der Häm-Synthese wurde auch in normalen Zellen und Krebszellen in Gegenwart von mitochondrialen Entkoppler Carbonylcyanid 3-chlorphenylhydrazon (CCCP) gemessen. Zellen wurden mit 10 uM CCCP 24 h vor der Messung Hämsynthese Ebenen behandelt. Wie erwa...

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Synthesis and Catalytic Performance of Gold Intercalated in the Walls of Mesoporous Silica

Here, we present a protocol with a sol-gel process to synthesize gold intercalated in the walls of mesoporous materials (GMS), which is confirmed to possess a mesoporous matrix with gold intercalated in the walls imparting great stability and recyclability.

Synthese und katalytische Aktivität von Gold-Intercalated in den Wänden der mesoporösen Silicat-

As a promising catalytically active nano reactor, gold nanoparticles intercalated in mesoporous silica (GMS) were successfully synthesized and properties ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

10.0K Aufrufe.  Colorado School of Mines. Here, we present a protocol with a sol-gel process to synthesize gold intercalated in the walls of mesoporous materials (GMS), which is confirmed to possess a mesoporous matrix with gold intercalated in the walls imparting great stability and recyclability.

Serie: Synthesis and Catalytic Performance of Gold Intercalated in the Walls of Mesoporous Silica

Template Directed Synthesis of Plasmonic Gold Nanotubes with Tunable IR Absorbance

A nearly parallel array of pores can be produced by anodizing aluminum foils in acidic environments1, 2. Applications of anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membranes have been under development since the 1990's and have become a common method to template the synthesis of high aspect ratio nanostructures, mostly by electrochemical growth or pore-wetting. Recently, these membranes have become commercially available in a wide range of pore sizes and densities, leading to an extensive library of functional nanostructures being synthesized from AAO membranes. These include composite nanorods, nanowires and nanotubes made of metals, inorganic materials or polymers 3-10. Nanoporous membranes have been used to synthesize nanoparticle and nanotube arrays that perform well as refractive index sensors, plasmonic biosensors, or surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrates 11-16, as well as a wide range of other fields such as photo-thermal heating 17, permselective transport 18, 19, catalysis 20, microfluidics 21, and electrochemical sensing 22, 23. Here, we report a novel procedure to prepare gold nanotubes in AAO membranes. Hollow nanostructures have potential application in plasmonic and SERS sensing, and we anticipate these gold nanotubes will allow for high sensitivity and strong plasmon signals, arising from decreased material dampening 15.

Solution-suspendable gold nanotubes with controlled dimensions can be synthesized by electrochemical deposition in porous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membranes using a hydrophobic polymer core. Gold nanotubes and nanotube arrays hold promise for applications in plasmonic biosensing, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, photo-thermal heating, ionic and molecular transport, microfluidics, catalysis and electrochemical sensing.

Template Gezielte Synthese von Plasmonic Gold-Nanoröhren mit einstellbaren IR Absorption

A nearly parallel array of pores can be produced by anodizing aluminum foils in acidic environments1, 2. Applications of anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) ...

Forschung

Chemie

Isolation and Preparation of Bacterial Cell Walls for Compositional Analysis by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography

The bacterial cell wall is critical for the determination of cell shape during growth and division, and maintains the mechanical integrity of cells in the face of turgor pressures several atmospheres in magnitude. Across the diverse shapes and sizes of the bacterial kingdom, the cell wall is composed of peptidoglycan, a macromolecular network of sugar strands crosslinked by short peptides. Peptidoglycan&#8217;s central importance to bacterial physiology underlies its use as an antibiotic target and has motivated genetic, structural, and cell biological studies of how it is robustly assembled during growth and division. Nonetheless, extensive investigations are still required to fully characterize the key enzymatic activities in peptidoglycan synthesis and the chemical composition of bacterial cell walls. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is a powerful analytical method for quantifying differences in the chemical composition of the walls of bacteria grown under a variety of environmental and genetic conditions, but its throughput is often limited. Here, we present a straightforward procedure for the isolation and preparation of bacterial cell walls for biological analyses of peptidoglycan via HPLC and Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC), an extension of HPLC that utilizes pumps to deliver ultra-high pressures of up to 15,000 psi, compared with 6,000 psi for HPLC. In combination with the preparation of bacterial cell walls presented here, the low-volume sample injectors, detectors with high sampling rates, smaller sample volumes, and shorter run times of UPLC will enable high resolution and throughput for novel discoveries of peptidoglycan composition and fundamental bacterial cell biology in most biological laboratories with access to an ultracentrifuge and UPLC.

The bacterial cell wall is composed of peptidoglycan, a macromolecular network of sugar strands crosslinked by peptides. Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography provides high resolution and throughput for novel discoveries of peptidoglycan composition. We present a procedure for the isolation of cell walls (sacculi) and their subsequent preparation for analysis via UPLC.

Isolierung und Vorbereitung von bakteriellen Zellwänden für die Kompositionsanalyse durch Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatographie

The bacterial cell wall is critical for the determination of cell shape during growth and division, and maintains the mechanical integrity of cells in the ...

A Simple Method for the Size Controlled Synthesis of Stable Oligomeric Clusters of Gold Nanoparticles under Ambient Conditions

Reducing dilute aqueous HAuCl4 with sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN) under alkaline conditions produces 2 to 3 nm diameter nanoparticles. Stable grape-like oligomeric clusters of these yellow nanoparticles of narrow size distribution are synthesized under ambient conditions via two methods. The delay-time method controls the number of subunits in the oligoclusters by varying the time between the addition of HAuCl4 to alkaline solution and the subsequent addition of reducing agent, NaSCN. The yellow oligoclusters produced range in size from ~3 to ~25 nm. This size range can be further extended by an add-on method utilizing hydroxylated gold chloride (Na+[Au(OH4-x)Clx]-) to auto-catalytically increase the number of subunits in the as-synthesized oligocluster nanoparticles, providing a total range of 3 nm to 70 nm. The crude oligocluster preparations display narrow size distributions and do not require further fractionation for most purposes. The oligoclusters formed can be concentrated &#62;300 fold without aggregation and the crude reaction mixtures remain stable for weeks without further processing. Because these oligomeric clusters can be concentrated before derivatization they allow expensive derivatizing agents to be used economically. In addition, we present two models by which predictions of particle size can be made with great accuracy.

We describe a simple method for producing highly stable oligomeric clusters of gold nanoparticles via the reduction of chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) with sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN). The oligoclusters have a narrow size distribution and can be produced with a wide range of sizes and surface coats.

Eine einfache Methode für die Größe kontrollierte Synthese von stabilen Oligomere Cluster von Goldclustern unter Umgebungsbedingungen

Reducing dilute aqueous HAuCl4 with sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN) under alkaline conditions produces 2 to 3 nm diameter nanoparticles. Stable grape-like ...

Sequencing of Plant Wall Heteroxylans Using Enzymic, Chemical (Methylation) and Physical (Mass Spectrometry, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) Techniques

This protocol describes the specific techniques used for the characterization of reducing end (RE) and internal region glycosyl sequence(s) of heteroxylans. De-starched wheat endosperm cell walls were isolated as an alcohol-insoluble residue (AIR)1 and sequentially extracted with water (W-sol Fr) and 1 M KOH containing 1% NaBH4 (KOH-sol Fr) as described by Ratnayake et al. (2014)2. Two different approaches (see summary in Figure 1) are adopted. In the first, intact W-sol AXs are treated with 2AB to tag the original RE backbone chain sugar residue and then treated with an endoxylanase to generate a mixture of 2AB-labelled RE and internal region reducing oligosaccharides, respectively. In a second approach, the KOH-sol Fr is hydrolyzed with endoxylanase to first generate a mixture of oligosaccharides which are subsequently labelled with 2AB. The enzymically released ((un)tagged) oligosaccharides from both W- and KOH-sol Frs are then methylated and the detailed structural analysis of both the native and methylated oligosaccharides is performed using a combination of MALDI-TOF-MS, RP-HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS and ESI-MSn. Endoxylanase digested KOH-sol AXs are also characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) that also provides information on the anomeric configuration. These techniques can be applied to other classes of polysaccharides using the appropriate endo-hydrolases.

Sequencing of Plant Wall Heteroxylans Using Enzymic, Chemical Methylation and Physical Mass Spectrometry, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Techniques

This protocol describes the specific techniques used for the structural characterization of reducing end (RE) and internal region glycosyl sequence(s) of heteroxylans by tagging the RE with 2 aminobenzamide prior to enzymatic (endoxylanase) hydrolysis and then analysis of the resultant oligosaccharides using mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).

Sequenzierung von Pflanzenwand Heteroxylane Mit Enzymatische, Chemical (Methylierungs) und Physical (Mass Spectrometry, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) Techniques

This protocol describes the specific techniques used for the characterization of reducing end (RE) and internal region glycosyl sequence(s) of ...

Synthesis of Protein Bioconjugates via Cysteine-maleimide Chemistry

The chemical linking or bioconjugation of proteins to fluorescent dyes, drugs, polymers and other proteins has a broad range of applications, such as the development of antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) and nanomedicine, fluorescent microscopy and systems chemistry. For many of these applications, specificity of the bioconjugation method used is of prime concern. The Michael addition of maleimides with cysteine(s) on the target proteins is highly selective and proceeds rapidly under mild conditions, making it one of the most popular methods for protein bioconjugation.
We demonstrate here the modification of the only surface-accessible cysteine residue on yeast cytochrome c with a ruthenium(II) bisterpyridine maleimide. The protein bioconjugation is verified by gel electrophoresis and purified by aqueous-based fast protein liquid chromatography in 27% yield of isolated protein material. Structural characterization with MALDI-TOF MS and UV-Vis is then used to verify that the bioconjugation is successful. The protocol shown here is easily applicable to other cysteine - maleimide coupling of proteins to other proteins, dyes, drugs or polymers.

Synthesis of Protein Bioconjugates via Cysteine-maleimide Chemistry

This protocol details the important steps required for the bioconjugation of a cysteine containing protein to a maleimide, including reagent purification, reaction conditions, bioconjugate purification and bioconjugate characterization.

Synthese von Protein Biokonjugate<em&gt; über</em&gt; Cystein-maleimid Chemie

The chemical linking or bioconjugation of proteins to fluorescent dyes, drugs, polymers and other proteins has a broad range of applications, such as the ...

Hydroquinone Based Synthesis of Gold Nanorods

Gold nanorods are an important kind of nanoparticles characterized by peculiar plasmonic properties. Despite their widespread use in nanotechnology, the synthetic methods for the preparation of gold nanorods are still not fully optimized. In this paper we describe a new, highly efficient, two-step protocol based on the use of hydroquinone as a mild reducing agent. Our approach allows the preparation of nanorods with a good control of size and aspect ratio (AR) simply by varying the amount of hexadecyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and silver ions (Ag+) present in the "growth solution". By using this method, it is possible to markedly reduce the amount of CTAB, an expensive and cytotoxic reagent, necessary to obtain the elongated shape. Gold nanorods with an aspect ratio of about 3 can be obtained in the presence of just 50 mM of CTAB (versus 100 mM used in the standard protocol based on the use of ascorbic acid), while shorter gold nanorods are obtained using a concentration as low as 10 mM.

This paper describes a protocol for the synthesis of gold nanorods, based on the use of hydroquinone as reducing agent, plus the different mechanisms for controlling their size and aspect ratio.

Hydrochinon-basierte Synthese von Gold-Nanostäbchen

Gold nanorods are an important kind of nanoparticles characterized by peculiar plasmonic properties. Despite their widespread use in nanotechnology, the ...

Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions

Detailed and generalized protocols are presented for the synthesis and subsequent purification of four palladium N-heterocyclic carbene complexes from benzimidazolium salts. Detailed and generalized protocols are also presented for testing the catalytic activity of such complexes in arylation and Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions. Representative results are shown for the catalytic activity of the four complexes in arylation and Suzuki-Miyaura type reactions. For each of the reactions investigated, at least one of the four complexes successfully catalyzed the reaction, qualifying them as promising candidates for catalysis of many carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions. The protocols presented are general enough to be adapted for the synthesis, purification and catalytic activity testing of new palladium N-heterocyclic carbene complexes.

Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions

Detailed and generalized protocols are presented for the synthesis and subsequent purification of four palladium N-heterocyclic carbene complexes from benzimidazolium salts. The complexes were tested for catalytic activity in arylation and Suzuki-Miyaura reactions. For each reaction investigated, at least one of the four complexes successfully catalyzed the reaction.

Palladium<em&gt; N.</em&gt; -Heterocyclische Carbenkomplexe: Synthese aus Benzimidazoliumsalzen und katalytische Aktivität bei Kohlenstoff-Kohlenstoff-Bindungs-bildenden Reaktionen

Detailed and generalized protocols are presented for the synthesis and subsequent purification of four palladium N-heterocyclic carbene complexes from ...

Synthesis of Platinum-nickel Nanowires and Optimization for Oxygen Reduction Performance

Platinum-nickel (Pt-Ni) nanowires were developed as fuel cell electrocatalysts, and were optimized for the performance and durability in the oxygen reduction reaction. Spontaneous galvanic displacement was used to deposit Pt layers onto Ni nanowire substrates. The synthesis approach produced catalysts with high specific activities and high Pt surface areas. Hydrogen annealing improved Pt and Ni mixing and specific activity. Acid leaching was used to preferentially remove Ni near the nanowire surface, and oxygen annealing was used to stabilize near-surface Ni, improving durability and minimizing Ni dissolution. These protocols detail the optimization of each post-synthesis processing step, including hydrogen annealing to 250 &#176;C, exposure to 0.1 M nitric acid, and oxygen annealing to 175 &#176;C. Through these steps, Pt-Ni nanowires produced increased activities more than an order of magnitude than Pt nanoparticles, while offering significant durability improvements. The presented protocols are based on Pt-Ni systems in the development of fuel cell catalysts. These techniques have also been used for a variety of metal combinations, and can be applied to develop catalysts for a number of electrochemical processes.

&#160; The protocol describes the synthesis and electrochemical testing of platinum-nickel nanowires. Nanowires were synthesized by the galvanic displacement of a nickel nanowire template. Post-synthesis processing, including hydrogen annealing, acid leaching, and oxygen annealing were used to optimize nanowire performance and durability in the oxygen reduction reaction.

Synthese von Platin-Nickel Nanodrähte und Optimierung für Sauerstoff Leistung

Platinum-nickel (Pt-Ni) nanowires were developed as fuel cell electrocatalysts, and were optimized for the performance and durability in the oxygen ...

Chemical Precipitation Method for the Synthesis of Nb2O5 Modified Bulk Nickel Catalysts with High Specific Surface Area

We demonstrate a method for the synthesis of NixNb1-xO catalysts with sponge-like and fold-like nanostructures. By varying the Nb:Ni ratio, a series of NixNb1-xO nanoparticles with different atomic compositions (x = 0.03, 0.08, 0.15, and 0.20) have been prepared by chemical precipitation. These NixNb1-xO catalysts are characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The study revealed the sponge-like and fold-like appearance of Ni0.97Nb0.03O and Ni0.92Nb0.08O on the NiO surface, and the larger surface area of these NixNb1-xO catalysts, compared with the bulk NiO. Maximum surface area of 173 m2/g can be obtained for Ni0.92Nb0.08O catalysts. In addition, the catalytic hydroconversion of lignin-derived compounds using the synthesized Ni0.92Nb0.08O catalysts have been investigated.

Chemical Precipitation Method for the Synthesis of Nb2O5 Modified Bulk Nickel Catalysts with High Specific Surface Area

A protocol for the synthesis of sponge-like and fold-like Ni1-xNbxO nanoparticles by chemical precipitation is presented.

Chemischen Niederschlag-Methode für die Synthese von Nb2O5 geändert, Bulk-Nickel-Katalysatoren mit hoher spezifischer Oberfläche

We demonstrate a method for the synthesis of NixNb1-xO catalysts with sponge-like and fold-like nanostructures. By varying the Nb:Ni ratio, a series of ...

Rapid Nanoprobe Signal Enhancement by In Situ Gold Nanoparticle Synthesis

The use of nanoprobes such as gold, silver, silica or iron-oxide nanoparticles as detection reagents in bioanalytical assays can enable high sensitivity and convenient colorimetric readout. However, high densities of nanoparticles are typically needed for detection. The available synthesis-based enhancement protocols are either limited to gold and silver nanoparticles or rely on precise enzymatic control and optimization. Here, we present a protocol to enhance the colorimetric readout of gold, silver, silica, and iron oxide nanoprobes. It was observed that the colorimetric signal can be improved by up to a 10000-fold factor. The basis for such signal enhancement strategies is the chemical reduction of Au3+ to Au0. There are several chemical reactions that enable the reduction of Au3+ to Au0. In the protocol, Good&#39;s buffers and H2O2 are used and it is possible to favor the deposition of Au0 onto the surface of existing nanoprobes, in detriment of the formation of new gold nanoparticles. The protocol consists of the incubation of the microarray with a solution consisting of chloroauric acid and H2O2 in 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid pH 6 buffer following the nanoprobe-based detection assay. The enhancement solution can be applied to paper and glass-based sensors. Moreover, it can be used in commercially available immunoassays as demonstrated by the application of the method to a commercial allergen microarray. The signal development requires less than 5 min of incubation with the enhancement solution and the readout can be assessed by naked eye or low-end image acquisition devices such as a table-top scanner or a digital camera.

Rapid Nanoprobe Signal Enhancement by In Situ Gold Nanoparticle Synthesis

In this work, a protocol for signal enhancement of nanoprobe-based biosensing is presented. The protocol is based on the reduction of chloroauric acid onto the surface of existing nanoprobes that consist of gold, silver, silica or iron-oxide nanoparticles.

Schnelle Nanoprobe Signal-Verbesserung durch In Situ -Gold-Nanopartikel-Synthese

The use of nanoprobes such as gold, silver, silica or iron-oxide nanoparticles as detection reagents in bioanalytical assays can enable high sensitivity ...