This work was supported by the Terry Fox Program of the National Cancer Institute of Canada.

<ol>
	<li>Voigt, J. U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrasound+molecular+imaging.">Ultrasound molecular imaging.</a> Methods. 48 (2), 92-97 (2009).</li><li>Klibanov, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preparation+of+targeted+microbubbles:+Ultrasound+contrast+agents+for+molecular+imaging.">Preparation of targeted microbubbles: Ultrasound contrast agents for molecular imaging.</a> Medical Biological Engineering Computing. 47 (8), 875-882 (2009).</li><li>Cosgrove, D., Lassau, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+of+perfusion+using+ultrasound.">Imaging of perfusion using ultrasound.</a> European Journal Of Nuclear Medicine And Molecular Imaging. 37 (S1), 65 (2010).</li><li>Williams, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+microbubble+contrast-enhanced+US+to+measure+tumor+response+to+targeted+therapy:+A+proposed+clinical+protocol+with+results+from+renal+cell+carcinoma+patients+receiving+antiangiogenic+therapy.">Dynamic microbubble contrast-enhanced US to measure tumor response to targeted therapy: A proposed clinical protocol with results from renal cell carcinoma patients receiving antiangiogenic therapy.</a> Radiology. 260 (2), 581 (2011).</li><li>Burns, P. N., Wilson, S. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Focal+liver+masses:+Enhancement+patterns+on+contrast-enhanced+Images+-+Concordance+of+US+scans+with+CT+scans+and+MR+images.">Focal liver masses: Enhancement patterns on contrast-enhanced Images - Concordance of US scans with CT scans and MR images.</a> Radiology. 242 (1), 162 (2006).</li><li>Phoon, C. K. L., Aristizabal, O., Turnbull, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=40+MHz+doppler+characterization+of+umbilical+and+dorsal+aortic+Blood+flow+in+the+early+mouse+embryo.+Ultrasound.">40 MHz doppler characterization of umbilical and dorsal aortic Blood flow in the early mouse embryo. Ultrasound.</a> In Medicine And Biology. 26 (8), 1275-1283 (2000).</li><li>Phoon, C. K. L., Aristizabal, O., Turnbull, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatial+velocity+profile+in+mouse+embryonic+aorta+and+doppler-derived+volumetric+flow:+A+preliminary+model.">Spatial velocity profile in mouse embryonic aorta and doppler-derived volumetric flow: A preliminary model.</a> Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 283, H908-H916 (2002).</li><li>Aristizábal, O., Williamson, R., Turnbull, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> 12A-4 in vivo 3D contrast-enhanced imaging of the embryonic mouse vasculature. Paper presented at Ultrasonics Symposium. , (2007).</li><li>Bartelle, B. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+genetic+approach+for+in+vivo+vascular+imaging+in+mice.">Novel genetic approach for in vivo vascular imaging in mice.</a> Circ.Res. 110 (7), 938-947 (2012).</li><li>Endoh, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fetal+gene+transfer+by+intrauterine+injection+with+microbubble-enhanced+ultrasound.">Fetal gene transfer by intrauterine injection with microbubble-enhanced ultrasound.</a> Molecular Therapy. 5 (5), 501-508 (2002).</li><li>Yamada, M., Hatta, T., Otani, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+exo+utero+development+system:+Protocol+and+troubleshooting.">Mouse exo utero development system: Protocol and troubleshooting.</a> Congenital Anomalies. 48 (4), 183-187 (2008).</li><li>Denbeigh, J. M., Nixon, B. A., Hudson, J. M., Purin, M. C., Foster, F. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=VEGFR2-targeted+molecular+imaging+in+the+mouse+embryo:+An+alternative+to+the+tumor+model.">VEGFR2-targeted molecular imaging in the mouse embryo: An alternative to the tumor model.</a> Ultrasound in medicine and biology. 40 (2), 389-399 (2014).</li><li>Paauwe, M., Dijke, t. e. n., P, L. J. A. C., Hawinkels, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endoglin+for+tumor+imaging+and+targeted+cancer+therapy.">Endoglin for tumor imaging and targeted cancer therapy.</a> Expert Opinion On Therapeutic Targets. 17 (4), 421-435 (2013).</li><li>Bourdeau, A., Faughnan, M. E., Letarte, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endoglin-deficient+mice,+a+unique+model+to+study+hereditary+hemorrhagic+telangiectasia.">Endoglin-deficient mice, a unique model to study hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia.</a> Trends Cardiovasc. Med. 10 (7), 279-285 (2000).</li><li>Whiteley, K. J., Adamson, S. L., Pfarrer, C. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vascular+corrosion+casting+of+the+uteroplacental+and+fetoplacental+vasculature+in+mice.">Vascular corrosion casting of the uteroplacental and fetoplacental vasculature in mice.</a> Placenta And Trophoblast: Methods And Protocols. 121 (121), 371-392 (2006).</li><li>Kulandavelu, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Embryonic+and+neonatal+phenotyping+of+genetically+engineered+mice.">Embryonic and neonatal phenotyping of genetically engineered mice.</a> ILAR Journal. 47 (2), 103-10 (2006).</li><li>Kalaskar, V. K., Lauderdale, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+embryonic+development+in+a+serum-free+whole+embryo+culture+system.">Mouse embryonic development in a serum-free whole embryo culture system.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. 85, (2014).</li><li>Willmann, J. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeted+contrast-enhanced+ultrasound+imaging+of+tumor+angiogenesis+with+contrast+microbubbles+conjugated+to+integrin-binding+knottin+peptides.">Targeted contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging of tumor angiogenesis with contrast microbubbles conjugated to integrin-binding knottin peptides.</a> The Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 51 (3), 433-440 (2010).</li><li>Deshpande, N., Ren, Y., Foygel, K., Rosenberg, J., Willmann, J. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tumor+angiogenic+marker+expression+levels+during+tumor+growth:+Longitudinal+assessment+with+molecularly+targeted+microbubbles+and+US+imaging.">Tumor angiogenic marker expression levels during tumor growth: Longitudinal assessment with molecularly targeted microbubbles and US imaging.</a> Radiology. 258 (3), 804-811 (2011).</li><li>Lyshchik, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+imaging+of+vascular+endothelial+growth+factor+receptor+2+expression+using+targeted+contrast-enhanced+high-frequency+ultrasonography.">Molecular imaging of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 expression using targeted contrast-enhanced high-frequency ultrasonography.</a> Journal Of Ultrasound In Medicine. 26 (11), 1575-1586 (2007).</li><li>Jerkic, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endoglin+regulates+nitric+oxide-dependent+vasodilatation.">Endoglin regulates nitric oxide-dependent vasodilatation.</a> The FASEB Journal. 18 (3), 609-611 (2004).</li><li>Denbeigh, J. M., Nixon, B. A., Lee, J. J. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Contrast-Enhanced Molecular Ultrasound Differentiates Endoglin Genotypes in Mouse Embryos. , (2014).</li><li>Adamson, S. L., Lu, Y., Whiteley, K. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interactions+between+trophoblast+cells+and+the+maternal+and+fetal+circulation+in+the+mouse+placenta.">Interactions between trophoblast cells and the maternal and fetal circulation in the mouse placenta.</a> Dev Biol. 250, 358-35 (2002).</li><li>Needles, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nonlinear+contrast+imaging+with+an+array-based+micro-ultrasound+system.+Ultrasound.">Nonlinear contrast imaging with an array-based micro-ultrasound system. Ultrasound.</a> Medicine Biology. 36 (12), 2097 (2010).</li><li>Watson, E. D., Cross, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+structures+and+transport+functions+in+the+mouse+placenta.">Development of structures and transport functions in the mouse placenta.</a> Physiology. 20 (3), 180-193 (2005).</li><li>Shalaby, F., Rossant, J., Yamaguchi, T. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Failure+of+blood-island+formation+and+vasculogenesis+in+Flk-1-deficient+mice.">Failure of blood-island formation and vasculogenesis in Flk-1-deficient mice.</a> Nature. 376, 62-66 (1995).</li><li>Kwee, L., Baldwin, H. S., Shen, H. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Defective+development+of+the+embryonic+and+extraembryonic+circulatory+systems+in+vascular+cell+adhesion+molecule+(VCAM-1)+deficient+mice.">Defective development of the embryonic and extraembryonic circulatory systems in vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM-1) deficient mice.</a> Development. 121, (1995).</li><li>Mercurio, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lessons+from+the+&#945;2+integrin+knockout+mouse.">Lessons from the &#945;2 integrin knockout mouse.</a> The American journal of pathology. , 161-163 (2002).</li><li>Hodivala-Dilke, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=&#945;v&#946;3+integrin+and+angiogenesis:+a+moody+integrin+in+a+changing+environment.">&#945;v&#946;3 integrin and angiogenesis: a moody integrin in a changing environment.</a> Curr Opin Cell Biol. 20, 514-519 (2008).</li><li>Pysz, M. A., Gambhir, S. S., Willmann, J. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+imaging:+current+status+and+emerging+strategies.">Molecular imaging: current status and emerging strategies.</a> Clinical radiology. 65, 500-516 (2010).</li><li>Cybulsky, M. I., Iiyama, K., Li, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+major+role+for+VCAM-1,+but+not+ICAM-1,+in+early+atherosclerosis.">A major role for VCAM-1, but not ICAM-1, in early atherosclerosis.</a> J Clin Invest. 107, 1255-1262 (2001).</li><li>Xu, H., Gonzalo, J. A., St Pierre, ., Y, , et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Leukocytosis+and+resistance+to+septic+shock+in+intercellular+adhesion+molecule+1-deficient+mice.">Leukocytosis and resistance to septic shock in intercellular adhesion molecule 1-deficient mice.</a> J Exp Med. 180, 95-109 (1994).</li><li>Gerwin, N., Gonzalo, J. A., Lloyd, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prolonged+eosinophil+accumulation+in+allergic+lung+interstitium+of+ICAM-2-deficient+mice+results+in+extended+hyperresponsiveness.">Prolonged eosinophil accumulation in allergic lung interstitium of ICAM-2-deficient mice results in extended hyperresponsiveness.</a> Immunity. 10, 9-19 (1999).</li><li>Johnson, R. C., Mayadas, T. N., Frenette, P. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Blood+cell+dynamics+in+P-selectin-deficient+mice.">Blood cell dynamics in P-selectin-deficient mice.</a> Blood. 86, 1106-1114 (1995).</li><li>Corrigan, N., Brazil, D., McAuliffe, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-frequency+ultrasound+assessment+of+the+murine+heart+from+embryo+through+to+juvenile.">High-frequency ultrasound assessment of the murine heart from embryo through to juvenile.</a> Reproductive Sciences. 17 (2), 147-14 (2010).</li><li>Turnbull, D. H., Bloomfield, T. S., Baldwin, H. S., Foster, F. S., Joyner, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrasound+backscatter+microscope+analysis+of+early+mouse+embryonic+brain+development.">Ultrasound backscatter microscope analysis of early mouse embryonic brain development.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 92, 2239-2243 (1995).</li><li>Greco, A., Mancini, M. L., Gargiulo, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrasound+Biomicroscopy+in+Small+Animal+Research:+Applications+in+Molecular+and+Preclinical+Imaging.">Ultrasound Biomicroscopy in Small Animal Research: Applications in Molecular and Preclinical Imaging.</a> Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology. 2012, (2012).</li><li>Pysz, M. A., Guracar, I., Foygel, K., Tian, L., Willmann, J. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+assessment+of+tumor+angiogenesis+using+real-time+motion-compensated+contrast-enhanced+ultrasound+imaging.">Quantitative assessment of tumor angiogenesis using real-time motion-compensated contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging.</a> Angiogenesis. 15, 433-442 (2012).</li><li>Larina, I. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Live+imaging+of+blood+flow+in+mammalian+embryos+using+doppler+swept-source+optical+coherence+tomography.">Live imaging of blood flow in mammalian embryos using doppler swept-source optical coherence tomography.</a> J.Biomed.Opt. 13 (6), 060506-06 (2008).</li><li>Garcia, M. D., Udan, R. S., Hadjantonakis, A. K., Dickinson, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Live imaging of mouse embryos. 4 (4), 104-10 (2011).</li><li>Teichert, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endothelial+nitric+oxide+synthase+gene+expression+during+murine+embryogenesis.+Commencement+of+expression+in+the+embryo+occurs+with+the+establishment+of+a+unidirectional+circulatory+system.">Endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene expression during murine embryogenesis. Commencement of expression in the embryo occurs with the establishment of a unidirectional circulatory system.</a> Circulation Research. 103 (1), 24-33 (2008).</li><li>Walls, J. R., Coultas, L., Rossant, J., Henkelman, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+analysis+of+vascular+development+in+the+mouse+embryo.">Three-dimensional analysis of vascular development in the mouse embryo.</a> PLoS One. 3 (8), (2008).</li></ol>

F.S. Foster acknowledges his role as consultant to VisualSonics Inc.

Ultraschallkontrastmittel wurden in der Spätphase der Trächtigkeit Mausembryonen und nichtlineare Kontrastbilder injiziert wurden erworben, um die Perfusion Parameter zu messen und zielgerichtete Mikrobläschen verbindlich. Erfolgreiche Abbildung von Mikrobläschen in embryonalen Vaskulatur war abhängig von einer Reihe von Faktoren, wobei der erste Embryo Lebensfähigkeit. Die gesamte Ausrüstung und die Vorrichtung wurden im Voraus, um die Zeit für die Trennung von Embryonen aus dem Uterus zu Beginn der Einspritzun...

Die kontrastverstärkte Ultraschallbildgebung nutzt Mikrobläschenkontrastmittel sichtbar zu machen und kennzeichnen das Gefäßumgebung. Diese Agenten ermöglichen die nichtinvasive Beurteilung der Mikrozirkulation, Vaskularität und Herz-Kreislauf-Funktion. Zusätzlich kann eine Modifikation der Blasenoberfläche in gezielter Mikrobläschen führen Bindung an Endothelzellen Biomarkern in der präklinischen Anwendungen der Angiogenese, Arteriosklerose und Entzündung 1,2 Herstellung Molekularultraschallbildgebungs vaskulärer Ereignisse möglich demonstriert. Kontrastverstärkten Ultraschall kann daher verwendet werden, um die komplexen und vielfältigen Umgebungen, die gesunden und erkrankten Gefäßzustände 3-5 beeinflussen zu identifizieren. In den vergangenen Jahren hat das Interesse an der Nützlichkeit der Mikroblasenabbildungs ​​der vielseitigen Mausembryo Modell erweitert. Als ein Modell der Entwicklung von Säugetieren, die Einführung von Mikroblasen in der embryonalen Gefäßsystem erhöht physiologischenStudie der Entwicklungskreislauf-System (zB Blutfluss, Herzzeitvolumen) und in Fällen von transgenen und gezielte Mutante Mausmodellen der Herzerkrankungen 6,7, kann Einblicke in die genetischen Faktoren Herz-Kreislauf-Funktion zu ändern ergeben. Tatsächlich Analysen von embryonalen Gehirngefäß quantitative und qualitative 2D sind bereits verwirklicht 8. Weiterhin stellt die Mausembryo als ausgezeichnetes Modell für die Untersuchung der Bindung von Zielmikrogefäßmarker in vivo. Bartelle et al. 9, zum Beispiel, haben Avidin Mikroblasen in Embryo Herzkammern eingeführt zu beurteilen, zielgerichtete Bindung in Biotag-BirA transgenen Embryonen und untersuchen Gefäßanatomie. Eine wichtige Benchmark bei der Übersetzung dieser Technik in die Klinik - Die Erzeugung von heterozygote und homozygote Maus-Modelle können auch als Ersatz für die Tumor-Modell-Studien mit dem Ziel, die quantitative Natur der molekularen Ultraschall definieren verwendet werden. 8-10 ausgesetzt eingeführt. In utero Injektionen, jedoch mit einer Reihe von Herausforderungen. Dazu gehören Injektion Führung, die Notwendigkeit, die Bewegung in der Mutter und exteriorisierten Embryo zu begegnen, die Aufrechterhaltung der hämodynamischen Lebensfähigkeit in der Mutter und außen gelegt Embryonen Bewältigung langfristigen Auswirkungen der Narkose und Komplikationen durch Blutungen 11. Daher ist das Ziel der Untersuchung war es, eine Technik zum Injizieren von Mikroblasen in isolierte Lebensspätstadium Embryonen 12 zu entwickeln. Diese Option bietet mehr Freiheit hinsichtlich der Einspritzsteuerung und die Positionierung, die Reproduzierbarkeit der Bildebene ohne Hindernis, und vereinfachte Bildanalyse und Quantifizierung. In der vorliegenden Studie haben wir in lebende Mäuse-Embryonen fo skizzieren ein neues Verfahren für die Injektion von Mikrobläschenr die Zwecke der Untersuchung von Mikrobläschen Kinetik und des Studiums gezielt Mikroblasen-Bindung an endogene endothelialen Oberflächenmarker. Nicht-lineare Kontrast spezifischen Ultraschall-Bildgebung wird verwendet, um eine Reihe von Grund Perfusionsparameter einschließlich Spitzenverstärkung (PE), Wasch in Rate und Zeit (TTP) in isolierten E17.5 Embryonen Spitze messen. Wir zeigen auch die Wirksamkeit des Embryos Modell zur Bewertung der quantitativen Natur der Molekular Ultraschall in einem embryonalen Endoglin Funktionsverlust transgenes Mausmodell, in dem Endoglin ist ein klinisch relevanten Ziel aufgrund seiner hohen Expression in vaskulären Endothelzellen an Stellen aktiver Angiogenese 13 . Die Haftung der Endoglin-bezogene (MB E), Ratte Isotyp IgG 2 Steuer (MB C) und ungezielte (MB U) Mikroblasen in heterozygote Endoglin (Eng +/-) und homozygot Endoglin (Eng + / +) exprimieren Embryonen untersucht. Analyse der zielBinding zeigt, dass molekulare Ultraschall in der Lage, die Unterscheidung zwischen Endoglin Genotypen und beziehen Rezeptordichten quantifizierbare molekulare Ultraschall Ebenen ist.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1477">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:419px;">Reagents</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:639px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:419px;"></td>
			<td style="width:215px;"></td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">Antibodies (biotinylated, eBioscience)</td>
			<td style="width:215px;"></td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
			<td>Antibody choice depends on the experiment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; rat isotype IgG2 control</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">eBioscience</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">13-4321-85</td>
			<td>This antibody/microbubble combination is often required as experimental control&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; biotin anti-mouse CD309</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">eBioscience</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">13-5821-85</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">Biotinylated rat MJ 7/18 antibody to mouse endoglin</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">In house hybridoma</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
			<td>Outside antibodies may also be appropriate: we&#160; have used eBioscience (13-1051-85 ) in the past</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">Distilled water</td>
			<td style="width:215px;"></td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Embryo media</td>
			<td style="width:215px;"></td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; 500 mL Dulbecco&#8217;s Modified Eagle&#8217;s Medium with high glucose</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D5796</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; 50 mL Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">30-2020</td>
			<td>lot # 7592456</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Hepes&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">15630</td>
			<td>5mL, 1M</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Penicillin-Streptomycin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">15140-122</td>
			<td>5 mL, 10,000 units Pen., 10,000 ug Strep</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">Ethanol, 70%</td>
			<td style="width:215px;"></td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">Ice</td>
			<td style="width:215px;"></td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">76240</td>
			<td>4%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">Phosphate Buffered Saline [1x]&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">D8537</td>
			<td>1x, w/o calcium chloride &#38; magnesium chloride</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">Pregnant mouse, CD-1</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Charles River Laboratories Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">0.9% sodium chloride (saline)</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Hospira</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">0409-7984-11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">Ultrasound contrast agent, target ready and untargeted</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">MicroMarker; VisualSonics Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">Ultrasound gel (Aquasonic 100, colourless)</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">CSP Medical</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">133-1009</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;"></td>
			<td style="width:215px;"></td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:215px;"></td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;"></td>
			<td style="width:215px;"></td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">Cell culture plates (4) :&#160; 100x20 mm</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">08-772-22</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">Cell culture plates (12) : 60x15 mm</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">D8054</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:419px;">Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Sorvall Legend RT centrifuge&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">Conical tubes, 50 mL BD Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">21008-938</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">Diluent</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">Isoton II Diluent, 8448011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">Dissection scissors (Wagner)</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">Wagner 14068-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">Forceps (2), Dumont SS (0.10x0.06 mm)</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">11200-33</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">Forceps, splinter</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">25601-134</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">Glass beaker, 2 L (Griffin Beaker)</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">89000-216</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">Glass capillaries, 1x90 mm GD-1 with filament</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Narishige</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">GD-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">Glass needle puller</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Narishige</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">PN-30</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">Gloves</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Ansell</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">4002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">Gross anatomy probe</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">10088-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">Hot plate</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">89090-994</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">Ice bucket</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Cole Parmer</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">RK 06274-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">Imaging Platform</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">VisualSonics Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">Integrated Rail System</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">Light source, fiber-optic</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">12-562-36</td>
			<td>Ideally has adjustable arms</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">Luers (12), polypropylene barbed female &#188;-28 UNF thread</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Cole Parmer</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">45500-30</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">Micro-ultrasound system, high-frequency</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">VisualSonics Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">Vevo2100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">Needles, 21 gauge&#160; (1&#8221;)</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">305165</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">Particle size analyzer</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">Multisizer 3 Coulter Counter</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">Perforated spoon (Moria)</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">MC 17 10373-17</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">Pins (6), black anodized minutien 0.15 mm</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">26002-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="57">
			<td height="57" style="height:57px;">Pipettors [2-20 uL, 20-200uL, 100-1000uL]</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">Research Plus&#160; adjustable 3120000038;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; 3120000054;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; 3120000062</td>
			<td style="width:639px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;">Pipettor tips [2-200uL, 50-1000uL]</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">epT.I.P.S.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; 22491334;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; 022491351</td>
			<td style="width:639px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">Scissors</td>
			<td style="width:215px;"></td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">Sylgard 184 Silicone Elastomer Kit</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Dow Corning</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">Tubing, Tygon laboratory 1/32x3/32&#8221;</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">63010-007</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">Wooden applicator stick (swab, cotton head)</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">CA89031-270</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">Surgical microscope 5-8x magnification</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">Steromaster</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">Syringes, 1 mL Normject</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">14-817-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">Syringes (10), 30 mL</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">CA64000-041</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">Syringe infusion pump&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Bio-lynx&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">NE-1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">Thermometer, -20-110oC</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">89095-598</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">Timer</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">33501-418</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">Tubes, Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">20170-577</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">Tube racks (3)</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">82024-462</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">Ultrasound transducer, 20 MHz</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">VisualSonics Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">MS250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">Vannas-Tubingen, angled up</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">15005-08</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

contrast imaging in mouse embryos using high-frequency ultrasound

Ultrasound contrast-enhanced imaging can convey essential quantitative information regarding tissue vascularity and perfusion and, in targeted applications, facilitate the detection and measure of vascular biomarkers at the molecular level. Within the mouse embryo, this noninvasive technique may be used to uncover basic mechanisms underlying vascular development in the early mouse circulatory system and in genetic models of cardiovascular disease. The mouse embryo also presents as an excellent model for studying the adhesion of microbubbles to angiogenic targets (including vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) or &#945;v&#946;3) and for assessing the quantitative nature of molecular ultrasound. We therefore developed a method to introduce ultrasound contrast agents into the vasculature of living, isolated embryos. This allows freedom in terms of injection control and positioning, reproducibility of the imaging plane without obstruction and motion, and simplified image analysis and quantification. Late gestational stage (embryonic day (E)16.6 and E17.5) murine embryos were isolated from the uterus, gently exteriorized from the yolk sac and microbubble contrast agents were injected into veins accessible on the chorionic surface of the placental disc. Nonlinear contrast ultrasound imaging was then employed to collect a number of basic perfusion parameters (peak enhancement, wash-in rate and time to peak) and quantify targeted microbubble binding in an endoglin mouse model. We show the successful circulation of microbubbles within living embryos and the utility of this approach in characterizing embryonic vasculature and microbubble behavior.

Die Injektion von Ultraschallkontrastmitteln in ex utero Mausembryonen ist abhängig von der erfolgreichen Isolierung von lebenden spät Gestationsalter Embryonen aus dem Uterus und Wartung der Lebensfähigkeit im Verlauf der Injektion und ähnliche Ultraschallbildgebung. Nachdem der Embryo wurde nach außen verlagert und so positioniert, wie in Figur 1 gezeigt, ist eine sorgfältige Injektion von Kontrastmittel in den embryonalen Gefßsystems möglich. Eine typische B-Mode-Ultraschallbild eine...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Contrast Imaging in Mouse Embryos Using High-frequency Ultrasound at JoVE.com

Contrast Imaging in Mouse Embryos Using High-frequency Ultrasound

Hier präsentieren wir ein Protokoll zur Ultraschall Mikrobläschenkontrastmittel in Wohn-, isoliert späten Schwangerschaftsphase murine Embryonen zu injizieren. Dieses Verfahren ermöglicht die Untersuchung der Perfusion Parameter und vaskulärer molekularer Marker innerhalb des Embryos mit kontrastverstärkten hochfrequenten Ultraschall-Bildgebung.

Contrast Imaging in Maus Embryonen Verwendung von Hochfrequenz-Ultraschall

Ultrasound contrast-enhanced imaging can convey essential quantitative information regarding tissue vascularity and perfusion and, in targeted ...

contrast-imaging-in-mouse-embryos-using-high-frequency-ultrasound

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

15.2K Aufrufe.  University of Toronto.  Hier präsentieren wir ein Protokoll zur Ultraschall Mikrobläschenkontrastmittel in Wohn-, isoliert späten Schwangerschaftsphase murine Embryonen zu injizieren. Dieses Verfahren ermöglicht die Untersuchung der Perfusion Parameter und vaskulärer molekularer Marker innerhalb des Embryos mit kontrastverstärkten hochfrequenten Ultraschall-Bildgebung. 