The authors want to thank Ms. Cornelia Heis for her excellent technical assistance in immunohistochemistry and preparation of chicken embryos. This work was supported by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF Grant No. P19552) and the European Union (EU FP7 project Optatio No: 278570).

Gemäß dem österreichischen Recht, und das Amt des Laboratory Animal Welfare der US Public Health Service Vogelembryonen nicht als lebender Wirbeltiere betrachtet, bis hatching.The NIH Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare hat geschrieben Leitlinien in diesem Bereich (http vorgesehen: // www.grants.nih.gov/grants/olaw/references/ilar91.htm und NIH Publikation Nr .: 06-4515). 1. Zellkultur und Transfektion Lentivirale <ol><li> Kultur MM-Zelllinien OPM-2, RPMI-8226 und die menschliche mesenchymale Stammzellen aus dem Knochenmark in RPMI1640-Medium, das mit 10% fötalem Rinderkalbsserum und 100 IU / ml Penicillin, 100 ug / ml Streptomycin und 2 mM Glutamin in Gegenwart ergänzt von 5% CO 2 bei 37 ° C. </li><li> Transfektion von 5 x 10 6 HEK 293FT Zellen mit viralen Verpackungsgemisch (9 ug) DNA und 3 ug pLenti6 / V5 dest eGFP-Vektor unter Verwendung von 30 ul liposomalen Transfektionsreagenz und Transfektionsmedium (10 ml). Entfernen Transfektionsmedium nach 12 h und10 ml DMEM-Medium mit 10% Kälberserum und 1% nicht-essentiellen Aminosäuren (NEAA). </li><li> Nach 5 Tagen sammeln Ständen von HEK293FT Zellen nach Zentrifugation von Schwimmzellen (1000 · g, 5 min). Bestimmen Sie Virustiter durch Echtzeit-PCR, wie an anderer Stelle 28 beschrieben. </li><li> Transfektion von 1 x 10 6 MM-Zellen mit eGFP Lentivirale Partikel (1 × 10 5 Teilchen) in einem 24-Well-Platte in komplettem Wachstumsmedium. Nach 3 Tagen beginnen Auswahlprozess durch Zugabe von 2 &amp; mgr; g / ml zum Kulturmedium Blasticidin. Für die im Handel erhältlichen eGFP Lentivirus, verwenden 500 &amp; mgr; g / ml Neomycin. </li><li> Nach 2 Wochen der Auswahl werden Cluster von eGFP exprimierenden Zellen MM erscheinen; sammeln die Zellen durch Zentrifugation (1000 × g, 5 min) und erweitern sie als OPM-2 eGFP und RPMI-8226 eGFP Unterlinien für Experimente (Kapitel 2 und 3). </li></ol> 2. 3D-Multiple Myeloma Spheroid Modell <ol><li> Chill Kollagen Typ-I-Lösung und 10 x DMEM on Eis. </li><li> Mix 1/10 Volumen 10 x DMEM-Medium in Kollagen-Matrix; hinzuzufügen NaOH (0,2 N) auf einen sauren Kollagenlösung mit einem pH-Wert von 7,4 zu neutralisieren; store Kollagen / Mittellösung auf Eis. </li><li> Mischen Sie transgenen MM-Zelllinien (OPM-2 eGFP oder RPMI-8226 eGFP; 250.000 pro Sphäroid) mit humanen mesenchymalen Zellen (50.000 Zellen / Sphäroid, das heißt, 30 &amp; mgr; drop). </li><li> Centrifuge Zellgemisch in 15 ml-Röhrchen (1000 · g, 5 min), kaltes vorbereitet Kollagen-Gemisch (1 ml) zu dem Zellpellet und gut mischen (mit 1000 ul Spitze). </li><li> Unmittelbar Je 30 ul der Kollagen / Zell-Mischung (100 ul Spitze) in einer 24 Well-Platte auf sterilem Paraffinfilm und lassen Zell / Kollagengemisch für 30 min bei 37 ° C (siehe 1A), zu polymerisieren. </li><li> Overlay MM Sphäroide mit 1 ml Kulturmedium mit 1, 10 und 100 nM Bortezomib (siehe 1B). </li><li> Nach 72 h Inkubation bei 37 ° C, Dokumenten SphäroidenFluoreszenz-Stereomikroskopie (siehe Abbildung 1C). </li><li> Übertragen jedes Sphäroid durch die Verwendung von Zangen mit breiten flachen Backen in einem Reaktionsrohr zur Messung von GFP (siehe Figur 1D). </li></ol> 3. 3D-Myeloma-Xenograft-Modell in der CAM- <ol><li> Hühnereier Inkubieren in einem speziellen Inkubator für Vogeleiern bei 37 ° C und 70% Luftfeuchtigkeit für drei Tage. </li><li> Danach offenen Eier und Transfer-Embryonen mit Ethanol, quadratisch, 10 cm mit einem Gewicht von Kunststoffbooten mit Zellkulturplatte Deckel sterilisiert und Inkubation &quot;ab ovo&quot; für weitere sechs Tage, so dass die CAM ist in der Lage zu entwickeln (siehe Abbildung 2A). </li><li> Chill Kollagen Typ-I-Lösung und 10 x DMEM auf Eis, Mischungs 1/10 Volumen 10 x DMEM Medium in Kollagenmatrix, In NaOH (0,2 N) auf einen sauren Kollagenlösung mit einem pH-Wert von 7,4 zu neutralisieren; store Kollagen / Mittellösung auf Eis. </li><li> Mischen Sie transgenen MM-Zelllinien (OPM-2 eGFP oderRPMI-8226 eGFP; 250.000 pro Sphäroid) mit humanen mesenchymalen Zellen (50.000 Zellen / Sphäroid). </li><li> Centrifuge Zellen in 15-ml-Röhrchen (1.000 × g, 5 min; für jede Testverbindung 1 Fläschchen), fügen Sie 1 ml kaltem vorbereitete Kollagenmischung mit Drogen (at gewünschte Arbeitskonzentration) zu dem Zellpellet und gut mischen (mit 1000 ul Spitze). </li><li> Platzieren Kollagen Tropfen (30 &amp; mgr; l jeweils) auf Parafilm in einem 6 für 30 min gut Pastete, um die Polymerisation der extrazellulären Matrix bei 37 ° C zu ermöglichen. </li><li> Transfer &quot;onplants&quot; aus Schritt 3.6 mit der Verwendung von Zangen, um die unbehandelte Oberfläche des Nockens (2 cm vom Embryo) von 9 Tage alten Hühnerembryonen (4 onplants je Hühnerembryo, siehe 2B) </li><li> Nach 5 Tagen in vivo Wachstum in einem Eierbrutschrank bei 37 ° C und 70% Luftfeuchte, Dokumenten Xenotransplantate durch Fluoreszenz-Stereomikroskopie (siehe 2C). Euthanize Hühnerembryonen durch Unterkühlung bei 4 ° C im Kühlschrank 5h. </li><li> Xenotransplantate mit darunter liegenden CAM Gewebe zu entfernen, indem eine ophthalmische Schere und Zange mit breiten, flachen Backen. Verwenden Sie sie für die Messung der GFP (Abschnitt 4, siehe Abbildung 2D) oder für immunhistochemische Analyse von Blutgefäßen und / oder Invasion von Tumorzellen (Abschnitt 5). </li></ol> 4. Quantifizierung der eGFP Protein durch ELISA <ol><li> Übertragen Sie jede MM Sphäroid oder ausgeschnitten Xenotransplantat in 0,5 ml RIPA-Puffer, enthaltend 200 ug / ml Protease-Inhibitoren. </li><li> Homogenisieren Sphäroid / Xenotransplantats mit einem Gewebe-Homogenisator auf Eis. </li><li> Führen Sie drei Gefrier / Tau-Zyklen in flüssigem Stickstoff und 37 ° C Wasserbad. </li><li> Zentrifuge Homogenisat bei 4 ° C für 20 min (12.000 g) und Speicher-Überstände. </li><li> Verdünnte Proben 1:20 mit Assay-Puffer (200 ul) des ELISA-Kits. Messen GFP-Niveaus durch einen kommerziellen ELISA-Kit GFP unter Verwendung von biotinyliertem anti-GFP-Antikörper, entsprechend dem Protokoll des Herstellers. </li></ol> 5. Immunohistochemical Analyse von Blutgefäßen und eindringenden Tumorzellen <ol><li> Fix herausgeschnitten Xenotransplantate mit CAM-Bereich in 4% Paraformaldehyd O / N bei 4 ° C. </li><li> Fixiert Xenotransplantaten in Einbettkassetten und sie in einer Gewebeeinbettung Station mit einer zunehmenden abgestuften Alkoholreihe (50%, 70%, 80%, 95% Ethanol, Xylol und Paraffin; jeder Schritt 60 Minuten). </li><li> Abschnitt Xenotransplantaten (5 um) unter Verwendung eines stationären Rotationsmikrotom. Bake Paraffinschnitten auf Objektträgern O / N bei 56 ° C. </li><li> Entparaffinieren Abschnitte durch eine abnehmende abgestufte Alkoholreihe bis zweifach destilliertem Wasser (Xylol, 95%, 80%, 70%, 50% Ethanol, doppelt destilliertem Wasser; jeder Schritt 10 min). </li><li> Antigen-Retrieval durchzuführen in einem Wasserbad (95 ° C, 20 min) mit einem Antigen-Retrieval-Lösung (Citrat-Puffer, pH 7,0; Volumen 100 ul). </li><li> Block endogene Peroxidaseaktivität mit 100 ul 3% H 2 O 2 / Methanol 30 min. </li><li> Blockabschnitte in PBS,10% fötalem Kälberserum für 45 min (Volumen 100 ul). </li><li> Fleck 1 Stunde mit 100 ul des primären Antikörpers (1 ug / ml) in PBS, das 1% fötales Kälberserum bei RT verdünnt. </li><li> Nach dem Waschen 3-mal in PBS, inkubiert für 1 h mit biotinylierten sekundären Antikörpers (0,1 ug / ml) in PBS, das 1% fötales Kälberserum bei RT. </li><li> Nach dem Waschen 3-mal in PBS auszuführen Farbreaktion durch das Avidin / Biotin-Komplex (ABC) und Diaminobenzidin (DAB) Substratlösung nach den Anweisungen des Herstellers. </li><li> 5.11. Stopp-Reaktion durch die Übertragung von Abschnitten zu doppelt destilliertem Wasser, Gegenfärbung mit Hämatoxylin und montieren Abschnitte mit einem Kunst Eindeckmedium. </li></ol>

<ol>
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Die Entwicklung neuer therapeutischer Mittel zur feuerfesten MM erfordert weniger zeitaufwendig und teuer in-vivo-Systemen, um die Empfindlichkeit des menschlichen Myelomzellen, um Medikamente zu bewerten. Bisher sind nur wenige in-vivo-Systeme für die präklinische Evaluierung neuer anti-Myelom-Therapien zur Verfügung. Alle von ihnen haben ihre Grenzen für große Screening von Substanzbibliotheken 29. Die derzeit besten Modelle für menschliche MM-Zellen sind sehr immun-defizienten Mäusen <s...

Multiple myeloma (MM) is characterized by proliferation of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow, bone lesions and immunodeficiency 1. Although new treatment options such as proteasome inhibitors (bortezomib) and immune modulatory drugs (pomalidomide and lenalidomide) are available, MM still remains an incurable malignancy with a grim prognosis 2. The bad prognosis might be explained by the extraordinary heterogeneity of MM cell clones that contributes to variable responses to therapy, in particular under long time treatment and selection pressure of MM clones 3.
Preclinical testing of new drugs and their combinations in vitro and in vivo is a critical and time-consuming step for future drug development. Thus, useful in-vivo models of MM are required to gain a better understanding of the biology of the disease and to enable the discovery of new drugs. Actually, the best xenotransplantation models for hematological malignancies and therapeutics are immune-deficient mice, such as the severe-combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice 4-7, the non-obese diabetic/SCID (NOD/SCID) mice 8,9 or the &#946;-microglobulin-knockout NOD/SCID mice 10,11.
Although murine models of human MM in some aspects can resemble the phenotype of human disease, immune-deficient mice are inbred, therefore simulate only one individual response to a drug and costs are very high. Due to immunosuppression animals require special maintenance conditions and the engraftment of human MM in mice requires 6 weeks to 2 months 9,12, unless cells are grafted directly to the bone marrow using a technically demanding procedure with lower rates of animal survival 7,13. Therefore, new methods using stem-cell based organoid models 14, tissue engineering 15 or sophisticated 3D cell culture models 16 have been established. They will compete in the near future with classical animal experiments for preclinical drug testing, but cannot replace systemic toxicity tests in living organisms.
The chicken embryo has been demonstrated before to be a suitable organism for xenotransplantation of human cells and tissues due to lack of adaptive immune response until hatching 17-19. Moreover, each chicken embryo reflects an individual reaction to applied drugs or tumor cells due to genetic diversity within the chicken population. The chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) is a well-established system to study tumor-dependent angiogenesis 20-22. When solid tumors are grafted to the CAM, they display many characteristics of cancers in vivo, including proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis 23-27. 
Based on the previous experience of our group with CAM xenograft models20,26,27, a human MM model was established that combines the advantage of a human 3D culture system with the model of ex ovo developing chicken embryos. This MM model system allows real time monitoring of MM growth progression, quantification of cell mass and preclinical drug testing.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI-8226 cells</td>
			<td>DSMZ</td>
			<td>ACC 9</td>
			<td>STR profiled</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OPM-2 cells</td>
			<td>DSMZ</td>
			<td>ACC 50</td>
			<td>STR profiled</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human mesenchymal stem cells&#160;</td>
			<td>PromoCell</td>
			<td>PC-C-12974</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEK293FT cells&#160;</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>R700-07</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI1640 Medium</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>R0883</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum&#160; HyClone</td>
			<td>ThermoScientific</td>
			<td>SH30070.03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Glut- Pen- Strep solution</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>G6784</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM Medium</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>31966</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NEAA</td>
			<td>Sigma Life Sciences</td>
			<td>M7145</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transfection Medium/Opti-MEM&#160;</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>51985</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>eGFP lentiviral particles</td>
			<td>GeneCopoeia</td>
			<td>LPP-EGFP-LV105</td>
			<td>Ready to use viral particles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pLenti6/V5Dest6 eGFP vector</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>PN 35-1271</td>
			<td>from authors</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ViralpowerTM packaging mix&#160;</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>P/N 35-1275</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transfection reagent/ Lipofectamin 2000</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>11668-027</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Blasticidin</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>R210-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neomycin</td>
			<td>Biochrom</td>
			<td>A2912</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagen-Type1&#160; Rat Tail</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>354236</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM powder</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>Art.Nr. 10338582</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>plitidepsin</td>
			<td>Pharmamar</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>bortezomib</td>
			<td>LKT Lab., Inc.</td>
			<td>B5871</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="3">SPF-white hen eggs</td>
			<td rowspan="3">Charles River</td>
			<td rowspan="3"></td>
			<td rowspan="3">Fertilized&#160; white Leghorn&#160; chicken eggs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
		</tr>
		<tr>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="2">Plastic weighing boats</td>
			<td rowspan="2">neoLab</td>
			<td rowspan="2">Art.Nr. 1-1125</td>
			<td rowspan="2">for ex-ovo culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petridish square (Lids)</td>
			<td>Simport</td>
			<td>D210-16</td>
			<td>for ex-ovo culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RIPA Buffer (10x)</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling</td>
			<td>#9806</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protease Inhibitor Tablets</td>
			<td rowspan="2">Roche</td>
			<td rowspan="2">11 836 170 001</td>
			<td rowspan="2"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Complete Mini EDTA-free</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GFP ELISA</td>
			<td>Cell Biolabs, Inc.</td>
			<td>AKR-121</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Histocette II</td>
			<td>Simport</td>
			<td>M493-6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PFA&#160; 37%</td>
			<td>Roth</td>
			<td>7398.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DPBS</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>BE17-512F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol absolut</td>
			<td>Normapur</td>
			<td>20,821,321</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Roti-Histol</td>
			<td>Roth</td>
			<td>Art.Nr.6640.4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraplast</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A6330</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="2">SuperFrost Microscope Slides</td>
			<td>R. Langenbrinck&#160;</td>
			<td>Art.-Nr.</td>
			<td rowspan="2"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Labor- u. Medizintechnik</td>
			<td>03-0060</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="2">DakoCytomation Wash Buffer 10x</td>
			<td rowspan="2">DakoCytomation</td>
			<td>Code-Nr.</td>
			<td rowspan="2"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>S 3006</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="2">Target Retrieval Solution (10x)&#160; pH 6,1</td>
			<td rowspan="2">DAKO</td>
			<td>Code-Nr.</td>
			<td rowspan="2"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>S 1699</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>H2O2</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>m-a-hu ASMA clone 1A4</td>
			<td>DAKO</td>
			<td>M0851</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>m-a-hu CD138 clone MI15</td>
			<td>DAKO</td>
			<td>M7228</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>m-a-hu Vimentin clone V9</td>
			<td>DAKO</td>
			<td>M0725</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>m-a-hu Desmin clone D33</td>
			<td>DAKO</td>
			<td>&#160;M0760</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>m-a-hu Ki67&#160; clone MIB-1&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>DAKO</td>
			<td>&#160;M7240</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>biotinylated goat- anti-mouse IgG</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories Inc.</td>
			<td>BA-9200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vectastain Elite ABC Kit</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories Inc.</td>
			<td># PK-6100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FAST DAB Tablet Set.</td>
			<td>Sigma Biochemicals</td>
			<td># D4293</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mayer&#8217;s haemalaun solution</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>1,092,490,500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Roti Histokitt</td>
			<td>Roth</td>
			<td>Art.Nr.6638.2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bench top rotary microtome</td>
			<td>Thermo Electron, Shandon Finesse ME+</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue embedding station</td>
			<td>Leica, TP1020</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Egg-Incubator</td>
			<td>Grumbach&#160;</td>
			<td>BSS160</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereo fluorescence microscope equipped with an connected with a digital camera (Olympus E410) and flexible cold light&#160;</td>
			<td>Olympus, SZX10</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultra Turrax&#160;</td>
			<td>IKA T10</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Homogenizer</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

establishment of a human multiple myeloma xenograft model in the chicken to study tumor growth, invasion and angiogenesis

Das Multiple Myelom (MM), einem bösartigen Plasmazellerkrankung, nicht heilbar und neuartige Medikamente sind erforderlich, um die Prognose von Patienten zu verbessern. Durch das Fehlen der Knochenmikroumgebung und auto / parakrine Wachstumsfaktoren menschlichen MM-Zellen sind schwierig zu kultivieren. Es besteht daher ein dringender Bedarf in vitro und in vivo-Kultursystemen richtige, um festzustellen, um die Aktion neuartiger Therapeutika auf die menschliche MM-Zellen zu untersuchen. Hier präsentieren wir ein Modell für die menschliche multiple Myelomzellen in einem komplexen 3D-Umgebung in vitro und in vivo zu wachsen. MM-Zelllinien OPM-2 und RPMI-8226 transfiziert wurden, um die GFP-Transgen exprimieren und wurden in Gegenwart von humanen mesenchymalen Zellen und Kollagen kultivierten Typ-I-Matrix als dreidimensionale Sphäroide. Zusätzlich wurden Sphäroide auf der Chorioallantoismembran (CAM) des Hühnerembryos gepfropft und das Tumorwachstum wurde durch Stereofluoreszenzmikroskopie überwacht. Beide Modelle ermöglichen die Untersuchung von neuartigen therapeutischen drugs in einer komplexen 3D-Umgebung und die Quantifizierung der Tumorzellmasse nach der Homogenisierung der Transplantate in einer Transgen-spezifischen GFP-ELISA. Außerdem kann angiogene Reaktionen des Wirtes und Invasion von Tumorzellen in das darunterliegende Wirtsgewebe täglich durch ein Stereomikroskop beobachtet und durch immunhistochemische Färbung gegen menschliche Tumorzellen (Ki-67, CD138, Vimentin) oder Host mural Zellen abdeckt Blutgefße analysierende (Desmin / ASMA). Abschließend kann der Onplantat System studieren MM Zellwachstum und die Angiogenese in einem komplexen 3D-Umgebung und ermöglicht Screening nach neuen therapeutischen Verbindungen Targeting Überleben und die Proliferation von MM-Zellen.

In-vitro-Analyse von Zielverbindungen in 3D multiplem Myelom Sphäroid Assays Durch die Begrenzung des Kultivierens primären menschlichen Myelomzellen in vitro etablierten wir neue 3D in vitro Kulturmodelle für menschliche MM-Zelllinien unter Verwendung einer extrazellulären Matrix und das Wachstum unterstützenden primären humanen mesenchymalen Zellen aus Knochenmark (1A, B). EGFP transgenen MM Zelllinien ermöglichen die Visu...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Establishment of a Human Multiple Myeloma Xenograft Model in the Chicken to Study Tumor Growth, Invasion and Angiogenesis at JoVE.com

Establishment of a Human Multiple Myeloma Xenograft Model in the Chicken to Study Tumor Growth, Invasion and Angiogenesis

Humanen multiplen Myelom (MM) Zellen erfordern die Mikroumgebung, die von mesenchymalen Zellen und extrazellulären Matrixkomponenten für das Überleben und die Proliferation. Wir gründeten eine in vivo Hühnerembryo-Modell mit eingepflanzten menschlichen Myelom und mesenchymalen Zellen zu Wirkungen von Krebsmedikamenten auf das Tumorwachstum, Invasion und Angiogenese zu untersuchen.

Einrichtung eines Menschen Multiple Myeloma Xenograftmodell im Huhn, das Tumorwachstum, Invasion und Angiogenese Studieren

Multiple myeloma (MM), a malignant plasma cell disease, remains incurable and novel drugs are required to improve the prognosis of patients. Due to the ...

establishment-human-multiple-myeloma-xenograft-model-chicken-to-study

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

13.0K Aufrufe.  Innsbruck Medical University.  Humanen multiplen Myelom (MM) Zellen erfordern die Mikroumgebung, die von mesenchymalen Zellen und extrazellulären Matrixkomponenten für das Überleben und die Proliferation. Wir gründeten eine in vivo Hühnerembryo-Modell mit eingepflanzten menschlichen Myelom und mesenchymalen Zellen zu Wirkungen von Krebsmedikamenten auf das Tumorwachstum, Invasion und Angiogenese zu untersuchen. 

Serie: Establishment of a Human Multiple Myeloma Xenograft Model in the Chicken to Study Tumor Growth, Invasion and Angiogenesis

An In Vitro System to Study Tumor Dormancy and the Switch to Metastatic Growth

Recurrence of breast cancer often follows a long latent period in which there are no signs of cancer, and metastases may not become clinically apparent until many years after removal of the primary tumor and adjuvant therapy. A likely explanation of this phenomenon is that tumor cells have seeded metastatic sites, are resistant to conventional therapies, and remain dormant for long periods of time 1-4.
The existence of dormant cancer cells at secondary sites has been described previously as quiescent solitary cells that neither proliferate nor undergo apoptosis 5-7. Moreover, these solitary cells has been shown to disseminate from the primary tumor at an early stage of disease progression 8-10 and reside growth-arrested in the patients' bone marrow, blood and lymph nodes 1,4,11. Therefore, understanding mechanisms that regulate dormancy or the switch to a proliferative state is critical for discovering novel targets and interventions to prevent disease recurrence. However, unraveling the mechanisms regulating the switch from tumor dormancy to metastatic growth has been hampered by the lack of available model systems.
in vivo and ex vivo model systems to study metastatic progression of tumor cells have been described previously 1,12-14. However these model systems have not provided in real time and in a high throughput manner mechanistic insights into what triggers the emergence of solitary dormant tumor cells to proliferate as metastatic disease. We have recently developed a 3D in vitro system to model the in vivo growth characteristics of cells that exhibit either dormant (D2.OR, MCF7, K7M2-AS.46) or proliferative (D2A1, MDA-MB-231, K7M2) metastatic behavior in vivo . We demonstrated that tumor cells that exhibit dormancy in vivo at a metastatic site remain quiescent when cultured in a 3-dimension (3D) basement membrane extract (BME), whereas cells highly metastatic in vivo readily proliferate in 3D culture after variable, but relatively short periods of quiescence. Importantly by utilizing the 3D in vitro model system we demonstrated for the first time that the ECM composition plays an important role in regulating whether dormant tumor cells will switch to a proliferative state and have confirmed this in in vivo studies15-17. Hence, the model system described in this report provides an in vitro method to model tumor dormancy and study the transition to proliferative growth induced by the microenvironment.

An In Vitro System to Study Tumor Dormancy and the Switch to Metastatic Growth

A modified 3-D in vitro system is presented in which growth characteristics of several tumor cell lines in reconstituted basement membrane correlate with the dormant or proliferative behavior of the tumor cells at a metastatic secondary site in vivo.

Ein In Vitro System zur Tumor Vegetationsruhe und die Umstellung auf Metastasen Study

Recurrence of breast cancer often follows a long latent period in which there are no signs of cancer, and metastases may not become clinically apparent ...

Forschung

Medizin

Multi-photon Imaging of Tumor Cell Invasion in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Loco-regional invasion of head and neck cancer is linked to metastatic risk and presents a difficult challenge in designing and implementing patient management strategies. Orthotopic mouse models of oral cancer have been developed to facilitate the study of factors that impact invasion and serve as model system for evaluating anti-tumor therapeutics. In these systems, visualization of disseminated tumor cells within oral cavity tissues has typically been conducted by either conventional histology or with in vivo bioluminescent methods. A primary drawback of these techniques is the inherent inability to accurately visualize and quantify early tumor cell invasion arising from the primary site in three dimensions. Here we describe a protocol that combines an established model for squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue (SCOT) with two-photon imaging to allow multi-vectorial visualization of lingual tumor spread. The OSC-19 head and neck tumor cell line was stably engineered to express the F-actin binding peptide LifeAct fused to the mCherry fluorescent protein (LifeAct-mCherry). Fox1nu/nu mice injected with these cells reliably form tumors that allow the tongue to be visualized by ex-vivo application of two-photon microscopy. This technique allows for the orthotopic visualization of the tumor mass and locally invading cells in excised tongues without disruption of the regional tumor microenvironment. In addition, this system allows for the quantification of tumor cell invasion by calculating distances that invaded cells move from the primary tumor site. Overall this procedure provides an enhanced model system for analyzing factors that contribute to SCOT invasion and therapeutic treatments tailored to prevent local invasion and distant metastatic spread. This method also has the potential to be ultimately combined with other imaging modalities in an in vivo setting.

A comprehensive overview of the techniques involved in generating a mouse model of oral cancer and quantitative monitoring of tumor invasion within the tongue through multi-photon microscopy of labeled cells is presented. This system can serve as a useful platform for the molecular assessment and drug efficacy of anti-invasive compounds.

Multi-Photonen-Imaging der Tumorzellinvasion in einem orthotopen Mausmodell des oralen Plattenepithelkarzinoms

Loco-regional invasion of head and neck cancer is linked to metastatic risk and presents a difficult challenge in designing and implementing patient ...

A Mouse Model of the Cornea Pocket Assay for Angiogenesis Study

A normal cornea is clear of vascular tissues. However, blood vessels can be induced to grow and survive in the cornea when potent angiogenic factors are administered 1. This uniqueness has made the cornea pocket assay one of the most used models for angiogenesis studies. The cornea composes multiple layers of cells. It is therefore possible to embed a pellet containing the angiogenic factor of interest in the cornea to investigate its angiogenic effect 2,3. Here, we provide a step by step demonstration of how to (I) produce the angiogenic factor-containing pellet (II) embed the pellet into the cornea (III) analyze the angiogenesis induced by the angiogenic factor of interest. Since the basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is known as one of the most potent angiogenic factors 4, it is used here to induce angiogenesis in the cornea.

The cornea is unique in that it lacks vascular tissues. However, robust blood vessel growth and survival can be induced in the cornea by potent angiogenic factors. Therefore, the cornea can provide with us a valuable tool for angiogenic studies. This protocol demonstrates how to perform the mouse model of cornea pocket assay and how to assess the angiogenesis induced by angiogenic factors using this model.

Ein Maus-Modell der Cornea Pocket-Assay für die Angiogenese-Studie

A normal cornea is clear of vascular tissues. However, blood vessels can be induced to grow and survive in the cornea when potent angiogenic factors are ...

Human Neuroendocrine Tumor Cell Lines as a Three-Dimensional Model for the Study of Human Neuroendocrine Tumor Therapy

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare tumors, with an incidence of two per 100,&#x200A;000 individuals per year, and they account for 0.5% of all human malignancies.1 Other than surgery for the minority of patients who present with localized disease, there is little or no survival benefit of systemic therapy. Therefore, there is a great need to better understand the biology of NETs, and in particular define new therapeutic targets for patients with nonresectable or metastatic neuroendocrine tumors. 3D cell culture is becoming a popular method for drug screening due to its relevance in modeling the in vivo tumor tissue organization and microenvironment.2,3 The 3D multicellular spheroids could provide valuable information in a more timely and less expensive manner than directly proceeding from 2D cell culture experiments to animal (murine) models.
To facilitate the discovery of new therapeutics for NET patients, we have developed an in vitro 3D multicellular spheroids model using the human NET cell lines. The NET cells are plated in a non-adhesive agarose-coated 24-well plate and incubated under physiological conditions (5% CO2, 37 &deg;C) with a very slow agitation for 16-24 hr after plating. The cells form multicellular spheroids starting on the 3rd or 4th day. The spheroids become more spherical by the 6th day, at which point the drug treatments are initiated. The efficacy of the drug treatments on the NET spheroids is monitored based on the morphology, shape and size of the spheroids with a phase-contrast light microscope. The size of the spheroids is estimated automatically using a custom-developed MATLAB program based on an active contour algorithm. Further, we demonstrate a simple method to process the HistoGel embedding on these 3D spheroids, allowing the use of standard histological and immunohistochemical techniques. 
This is the first report on generating 3D spheroids using NET cell lines to examine the effect of therapeutic drugs. We have also performed histology on these 3D spheroids, and displayed an example of a single drug's effect on growth and proliferation of the NET spheroids. Our results support that the NET spheroids are valuable for further studies of NET biology and drug development.

We present a simple agarose overlay platform to grow 3D multicellular spheroids using neuroendocrine cancer cell lines. This method provides a very convenient way to examine the effect of therapeutic drugs on the neuroendocrine tumor cells. It could also help us establish human neuroendocrine tumor spheroids for cancer therapy.

Menschliche neuroendokrinen Tumor-Zelllinien als dreidimensionales Modell für das Studium der menschlichen neuroendokrinen Tumor-Therapie

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare tumors, with an incidence of two per 100,&#x200A;000 individuals per year, and they account for 0.5% of all human ...

A Novel High-resolution In vivo Imaging Technique to Study the Dynamic Response of Intracranial Structures to Tumor Growth and Therapeutics

We have successfully integrated previously established Intracranial window (ICW) technology 1-4 with intravital 2-photon confocal microscopy to develop a novel platform that allows for direct long-term visualization of tissue structure changes intracranially. Imaging at a single cell resolution in a real-time fashion provides supplementary dynamic information beyond that provided by standard end-point histological analysis, which looks solely at 'snap-shot' cross sections of tissue.
Establishing this intravital imaging technique in fluorescent chimeric mice, we are able to image four fluorescent channels simultaneously. By incorporating fluorescently labeled cells, such as GFP+ bone marrow, it is possible to track the fate of these cells studying their long-term migration, integration and differentiation within tissue. Further integration of a secondary reporter cell, such as an mCherry glioma tumor line, allows for characterization of cell:cell interactions. Structural changes in the tissue microenvironment can be highlighted through the addition of intra-vital dyes and antibodies, for example CD31 tagged antibodies and Dextran molecules.
Moreover, we describe the combination of our ICW imaging model with a small animal micro-irradiator that provides stereotactic irradiation, creating a platform through which the dynamic tissue changes that occur following the administration of ionizing irradiation can be assessed.
Current limitations of our model include penetrance of the microscope, which is limited to a depth of up to 900 &mu;m from the sub cortical surface, limiting imaging to the dorsal axis of the brain. The presence of the skull bone makes the ICW a more challenging technical procedure, compared to the more established and utilized chamber models currently used to study mammary tissue and fat pads 5-7. In addition, the ICW provides many challenges when optimizing the imaging.

A Novel High-resolution In vivo Imaging Technique to Study the Dynamic Response of Intracranial Structures to Tumor Growth and Therapeutics

We describe a novel in vivo imaging technique that couples fluorescent chimeric mice with intracranial windows and high-resolution 2-photon microscopy. This imaging platform aids studies of dynamic changes in brain tissue and microvasculature, at a single-cell level, following pathological insults and is adaptable to assess intracranial drug delivery and distribution.

A Novel Hochauflösende<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Bildtechnik, um die Dynamik der intrakranielle Strukturen zu Tumorwachstum und Therapeutics Studieren

We have successfully integrated previously established Intracranial window (ICW) technology 1-4 with intravital 2-photon confocal microscopy to develop a ...

Excitotoxic Stimulation of Brain Microslices as an In vitro Model of Stroke

Examining molecular mechanisms involved in neuropathological conditions, such as ischemic stroke, can be difficult when using whole animal systems. As such, primary or &#39;neuronal-like&#39; cell culture systems are commonly utilized. While&#160;these systems are relatively easy to work with, and are useful model systems in which various functional outcomes (such as cell death) can be readily quantified, the examined outcomes and pathways in cultured immature neurons (such as excitotoxicity-mediated cell death pathways) are not necessarily the same as those observed in mature brain, or in intact tissue. Therefore, there is the need to develop models in which cellular mechanisms in mature neural tissue can be examined. We have developed an in vitro technique that can be used to investigate a variety of molecular pathways in intact nervous tissue. The technique described herein utilizes rat cortical tissue, but this technique can be adapted to use tissue from a variety of species (such as mouse, rabbit, guinea pig, and chicken) or brain regions (for example, hippocampus, striatum, etc.). Additionally, a variety of stimulations/treatments can be used (for example, excitotoxic, administration of inhibitors, etc.). In conclusion, the brain slice model described herein can be used to examine a variety of molecular mechanisms involved in excitotoxicity-mediated brain injury.

Excitotoxic Stimulation of Brain Microslices as an In vitro Model of Stroke

We have developed a brain slice model which can be used to examine molecular mechanisms involved in excitotoxicity-mediated brain injury.&#160;This technique generates viable mature brain tissue and reduces animal numbers required for experimentation, whilst keeping the neuronal circuitry, cellular interactions, and postsynaptic compartments partly intact.

Exzitotoxische Stimulation der Hirn Microslices als<em&gt; In-vitro-</em&gt; Modell der Stroke

Examining molecular mechanisms involved in neuropathological conditions, such as ischemic stroke, can be difficult when using whole animal systems. As ...

A Modified In vitro Invasion Assay to Determine the Potential Role of Hormones, Cytokines and/or Growth Factors in Mediating Cancer Cell Invasion

Blood serum serves as a chemoattractant towards which cancer cells migrate and invade, facilitating their intravasation into microvessels. However, the actual molecules towards which the cells migrate remain elusive. This modified invasion assay has been developed to identify targets which drive cell migration and invasion. This technique compares the invasion index under three conditions to determine whether a specific hormone, growth factor, or cytokine plays a role in mediating the invasive potential of a cancer cell. These conditions include i) normal fetal bovine serum (FBS), ii) charcoal-stripped FBS (CS-FBS), which removes hormones, growth factors, and cytokines and iii) CS-FBS + molecule (denoted &#8220;X&#8221;). A significant change in cell invasion with CS-FBS as compared to FBS, indicates the involvement of hormones, cytokines or growth factors in mediating the change. Individual molecules can then be added back to CS-FBS to assay their ability to reverse or rescue the invasion phenotype. Furthermore, two or more factors can be combined to evaluate the additive or synergistic effects of multiple molecules in driving or inhibiting invasion. Overall, this method enables the investigator to determine whether hormones, cytokines, and/or growth factors play a role in cell invasion by serving as chemoattractants or inhibitors of invasion for a particular type of cancer cell or a specific mutant. By identifying specific chemoattractants and inhibitors, this modified invasion assay may help to elucidate signaling pathways that direct cancer cell invasion.

A Modified In vitro Invasion Assay to Determine the Potential Role of Hormones, Cytokines and/or Growth Factors in Mediating Cancer Cell Invasion

This video article describes a modified in vitro method to examine the role of hormones, cytokines and/or growth factors in driving cancer cell invasion.

Eine modifizierte<em&gt; In-vitro-</em&gt; Invasion Assay, um die mögliche Rolle von Hormonen, Cytokinen und / oder Wachstumsfaktoren bei der Vermittlung der Invasion von Krebszellen fest,

Blood serum serves as a chemoattractant towards which cancer cells migrate and invade, facilitating their intravasation into microvessels. However, the ...

Orthotopic Injection of Breast Cancer Cells into the Mammary Fat Pad of Mice to Study Tumor Growth.

Breast cancer growth can be studied in mice using a plethora of models. Genetic manipulation of breast cancer cells may provide insights into the functions of proteins involved in oncogenic progression or help to discover new tumor suppressors. In addition, injecting cancer cells into mice with different genotypes might provide a better understanding of the importance of the stromal compartment. Many models may be useful to investigate certain aspects of disease progression but do not recapitulate the entire cancerous process. In contrast, breast cancer cells engraftment to the mammary fat pad of mice better recapitulates the location of the disease and presence of the proper stromal compartment and therefore better mimics human cancerous disease. In this article, we describe how to implant breast cancer cells into mice orthotopically and explain how to collect tissues to analyse the tumor milieu and metastasis to distant organs. Using this model, many aspects (growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis) of cancer can be investigated simply by providing a proper environment for tumor cells to grow.

Cancer is a complex disease that is influenced by the tissue surrounding the tumor as well as local pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators. Therefore, orthotropic injection models, rather than subcutaneous models may be useful to study cancer progression in a manner that better mimics human pathology.

Orthotopische Injektion von Brustkrebszellen in das Brustfettpolster von Mäusen, das Tumorwachstum zu studieren.

Breast cancer growth can be studied in mice using a plethora of models. Genetic manipulation of breast cancer cells may provide insights into the ...

Three-Dimensional (3D) Tumor Spheroid Invasion Assay

Invasion of surrounding normal tissues is generally considered to be a key hallmark of malignant (as opposed to benign) tumors. For some cancers in particular (e.g., brain tumors such as glioblastoma multiforme and squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck &#8211; SCCHN) it is a cause of severe morbidity and can be life-threatening even in the absence of distant metastases. In addition, cancers which have relapsed following treatment unfortunately often present with a more aggressive phenotype. Therefore, there is an opportunity to target the process of invasion to provide novel therapies that could be complementary to standard anti-proliferative agents. Until now, this strategy has been hampered by the lack of robust, reproducible assays suitable for a detailed analysis of invasion and for drug screening. Here we provide a simple micro-plate method (based on uniform, self-assembling 3D tumor spheroids) which has great potential for such studies. We exemplify the assay platform using a human glioblastoma cell line and also an SCCHN model where the development of resistance against targeted epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors is associated with enhanced matrix-invasive potential. We also provide two alternative methods of semi-automated quantification: one using an imaging cytometer and a second which simply requires standard microscopy and image capture with digital image analysis.

Three-Dimensional 3D Tumor Spheroid Invasion Assay

Invasion of surrounding normal tissues is a defining characteristic of malignant tumors. We provide here a simple, semi-automated micro-plate assay of invasion into a natural 3D biomatrix that has been exemplified with a number of models of advanced human cancers.

Dreidimensionale (3D) Tumor Spheroid Invasionsassay

Invasion of surrounding normal tissues is generally considered to be a key hallmark of malignant (as opposed to benign) tumors. For some cancers in ...

Intravital Microscopy of Monocyte Homing and Tumor-Related Angiogenesis in a Murine Model of Peripheral Arterial Disease

The therapeutic goal for peripheral arterial disease and ischemic heart disease is to increase blood flow to ischemic areas caused by hemodynamic stenosis. Vascular surgery is a viable option in selected cases, but for patients without indications for surgery such as progression to rest pain, critical limb ischemia, or major disruptions to life or work, there are few possibilities for mitigating their disease. Cell therapy via monocyte-enhanced perfusion through the stimulation of collateral formation is one of a few non-invasive options.
Our group examines arteriogenesis after monocyte transplantation into mice using the hindlimb ischemia model. Previously, we have demonstrated improvement in hindlimb perfusion using tetanus-stimulated syngeneic monocyte transplantation. In addition to the effects on the collateral formation, tumor growth could be affected by this therapy as well. To investigate these effects, we use a basement membrane-like matrix mouse model by injecting the extracellular matrix of the Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm sarcoma into the flank of the mouse, after occlusion of the femoral artery.
After the artificial tumor studies, we use intravital microscopy to study in vivo tumor-angiogenesis and monocyte homing within collateral arteries. Previous studies have described the histological examination of animal models, which presupposes subsequent analysis to post-mortem artifacts. Our approach visualizes monocyte homing to areas of collateralization in real time sequences, is easy to perform, and investigates the process of arteriogenesis and tumor angiogenesis in vivo.

Monocytes are important mediators of arteriogenesis in the context of peripheral arterial disease. Using a basement membrane-like matrix and intravital microscopy, this protocol investigates monocyte homing and tumor-related angiogenesis after monocyte injection in the femoral artery ligation murine model.