We thank Drs. Xiaofang Wang and Katharina Hopp for their invaluable help with the animal models. This work has been supported by grants from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health (DK090728, DK058816).

Vor Beginn der Verfahren mit lebenden Tieren sollten experimentelle Protokolle von der Institutional Animal Care und Verwenden Committee (IACUC) genehmigt werden. 1. Scanner Configuration <ol><li> Bevor Sie beginnen, stellen Sie sicher, das Heizgerät in die Position OFF. </li><li> Wählen Sie das mini Bildgebungsgradienten und 38 mm-HF-Spule und mini-Bildgebung Halter. </li><li> In der zentralen Bohrung der Halterung installieren Sie die variable Temperatur Montage. </li></ol> 2. Vorbereitung der Tiere <ol><li> Für MRI Experimente, eine optimale Anästhesie mit Isofluran verdampft. Zur Narkoseeinleitung, legen Tier in einer Induktionskammer mit einem saugfähigen Tuch ausgekleidet. Stellen Sie den Durchflussmesser der Isofluran-Verdampfer auf 2,0 bis 2,5 l / min, und die auf 3% Isofluran in Sauerstoff. </li><li> Entfernen Sie alle Metallschild oder andere Metallgegenstand in diesem Stadium. Bewerben vet Salbe auf die Augen Tieres bis zur Trockenheit während der Narkose zu verhindern. </li><li> Sobald das Tierhat die chirurgische Ebene der Narkose erreicht (dh Verlust der Ziehreflex bis Fuß pinch), legen Sie das Tier auf einem Halter mit der Nase in ein Nasenkegel eingesetzt. Eingestellt Anästhesieluftstrom in der Sonde an 2,0-2,5 ml / min und die Isoflurankonzentration 1,5-2,0% in Sauerstoff. Anästhesie wird während des Verfahrens durch den Nasenkegel geliefert werden. Von Zeit zu Zeit anpassen Isofluran-Konzentration je nach Alter Tieres und Gewicht, eine Atemfrequenz von ~ 40 bpm aufrechtzuerhalten. </li><li> Verwenden Tierhalter, um das Tier zu befestigen und Bewegung während der MRI-Experiment zu verhindern. Variiert die Art des Tierhalters in Abhängigkeit vom Körper abzutastenden Bereich. Hinweis: Kundenspezifische Halterungen aus Labor Kunststoffe (Polypropylen, Teflon, Polystyrol, Polycarbonat) werden können, um spezifische Experiment unterzubringen und um das Tier Größe (von neugeborenen Maus, um 160 g Ratte) angepasst werden. </li><li> Legen Sie die Rektalthermometer im Tierkörpertemperatur Tieres zu überwachen. Während der experiment, halten das Tier bei 35-37 ° C, mit einem warmen Luftstrom. Einzustellen Lufttemperatur (30-38 ° C) und Strömung (1200-2000 l / h) auf der Basis der Körpertemperatur Feedback Tieres. </li><li> Einen Ballon Atemdrucksensor Bringen Sie den Tierleib, um die Atemfrequenz zu überwachen. </li><li> Sichern Sie das Tier in der Mitte der HF-Spule und vorsichtig die HF-Spule mit Tier in MRI-Scanner. </li></ol> 3. MRI Experiment <ol><li> Tune und passen Sie die HF-Spule, bevor die Experimente zu minimieren HF-Leistung und zur Signal-zu-Rausch-Verhältnis zu maximieren. So starten Sie die passenden / Tuning: <ol><li> Öffnen Sie die Spektrometersteuerung Tool, indem Sie auf das Symbol Tools. </li><li> Im Spektrometer Steuerungstool klicken Acquisition → Wobble. Ein Acq / Reco Fenster geöffnet, das Wobble-Kurve. </li><li> Alternativ können die Tuning und Anpassungskondensatoren (unter Verwendung der passenden Tuning- und Stäbe) in kleinen Schritten einzustellen, bis der reflektierte HF-Leistungminimiert. Das Ziel ist, eine Kurve mit einem Minimum an der vertikalen Achse bei Null an der horizontalen Achse positioniert sehen. </li><li> Wenn die Kalibrierung der Spule hat erfolgreich erreicht wurde, drücken Sie die Stopptaste in der Acq / Reco-Fenster. </li></ol></li><li> Erwerben Sie scout Bilder in den drei orthogonalen Ebenen, um eine axiale, koronale und sagittale Bilder zu schaffen. Verwenden Sie eine schnelle Bildfolge, wie Intra-Tor Fast Low Angle Shot (IG-FLASH), um die Erkundungsbilder 12 zu erwerben. Verwenden Sie die Erkundungsbilder, um die richtige Geometrie für die eigentliche Bildgebung eingestellt. </li><li> Je nach den spezifischen Forschungsziele, wählen Sie die richtige Bildfolge und Parameter ein und starten die Suche mit einer Ampel. Dies wird HF-Kanal zu kalibrieren, Shim den Magneten, setzen Trägerfrequenz bei Resonanz für Wasser und passen Empfängerverstärkung, die alle automatisch. <ol><li> Für anatomische Studien und T2-gewichteten Bildern, erwerben in 2D Multi Slice oder 3D-Modus. Um das Experiment für eine gegebene räumliche Auflösung zu verkürzen, halten Sie das Feld-der (FOV) so klein wie möglich, aber groß genug, um Umwickelartefakte (2,56 bis 3,2 cm) zu vermeiden. </li></ol></li><li> Halten des Zyklus der gewählten Sequenz geringfügig kürzer als die tierischen Atemzyklus durch geeignete Wahl der Wiederholungszeit (TR) und / oder der Anzahl der Schichten. Dadurch wird sichergestellt, dass die Daten während der Ruheperiode der Tiere gesammelt. <ol><li> Zum Beispiel für Bauch Bilder, halten Atemfrequenz Tieres bei ~ 30 bpm; das ist etwa 2000 ms pro Atemzug. Verwenden Sie einen Turbo schnelle Erfassung mit Relaxation Enhancement (RARE) Sequenz und erwerben 11-19 koronalen Scheiben schneiden, mit TR / TE 1500/9 msec, RARE Faktor 8 und (Matrix 256 x 256, FOV 2,56 x 2,56 cm, Schichtdicke 0,75 mm) . Hinweis: Durch Einstellen des TR 1500 ms, und halten die Atemfrequenz des Tieres ~ 30 bpm (2,000 ms pro Atemzug), stellen wir sicher, dass die Daten während der Ruhezeit der Tiere gesammelt. </li></ol></li><li> Nachdem alle Bildaufnahme abgeschlossen ist, legen Sie das gescannte Tierauf beheizten Unterlage und zu überwachen, bis die ambulante. Nach der Wiederherstellung, bringen Sie das Tier in den Käfig und 1 Stunde lang überwacht zumindest vor der Rückkehr in die Tierhaltung. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Diese Handschrift zeigt die Durchführbarkeit der Verwendung von UHF-MRT als Instrument für die in vivo phänotypische Charakterisierung oder Arzneimittelüberwachung in Nagetiermodellen für PKD. Wir beschreiben Experimente bei 16,4 T mit einer großen Bohrung Avance III hochauflösende NMR-Spektrometer mit Mikro- und Mini-Imaging-Zubehör ausgestattet wurde. Das Spektrometer wurde durch die Erfassung und Verarbeitung Software TopSpin2.0PV von Paravision 5.1 Imaging-Software geste...

Polyzystische Nierenerkrankung (PKD) eine Gruppe von monogenen Erkrankungen, die durch die Entwicklung von Nierenzysten. Unter ihnen sind autosomal-dominante polyzystische Nierenerkrankung (ADPKD) und autosomal-rezessive polyzystische Nierenerkrankung (ARPKD), die die häufigsten Arten 1,2 darstellen. ADPKD, die häufigste Form der erblichen Nieren zystische Erkrankungen durch Mutationen in den PKD1 oder PKD2 Gene stammen. Es wird von late-onset, mehrere bilaterale Nierenzysten, begleitet von variable extraNierenZysten sowie Herz-Kreislauf- und Muskelskelettanomalien gekennzeichnet. ARPKD, allgemein betreffen die meisten Neugeborenen und kleinen Kindern, wird durch Mutationen im PKHD1 verursacht und wird durch vergrößerte echoreiche Nieren und angeborene Leberfibrose 3 gekennzeichnet. Wichtig ist, dass durch ADPKD Heterogenität sowohl auf der Gen (gene) und Mutation (Allel) Ebenen, die im wesentlichen p-Ergebnissehenotypic Variabilität. Mutationen im PKD1-Gen werden mit schweren klinischen Präsentation (zahlreiche Zysten, Früherkennung, Bluthochdruck und Hämaturie) sowie schnelle Progression zu End-stage renal disease (20 Jahre früher als Patienten mit Mutationen PKD2) zugeordnet 4. Schwere polyzystischen Lebererkrankung (PLD) und Gefäßmissbildungen können mit Mutationen in PKD1 und PKD2 sowohl 5 zugeordnet werden. Die Mehrzahl von Nierenkomplikationen ADPKD entstehen im Wesentlichen als Folge der Zystenexpansion, den zugehörigen Entzündung und Fibrose. Zyste Entwicklung beginnt in der Gebärmutter und setzt sich über den Patienten Lebenszeit. Nieren Regel behalten ihre reniform Form, auch wenn sie mehr als 20 Mal die normale Nierenvolumen erreichen konnte. Die meisten der Patienten vorhanden bilateralen Verteilung von Nierenzysten, aber in einigen seltenen Fällen, Zyste kann in einer einseitigen oder asymmetrische Muster zu entwickeln. Ein Haupt Challenge für Nephrologen folgenden Patienten mit ADPKD oder Durchführungstherapien ist die Naturgeschichte der Krankheit. Während der meisten Zeit seines Laufs bleibt die Nierenfunktion normal und durch die Zeit der Nierenfunktion beginnt zu sinken, die meisten der Nieren durch Zysten ersetzt. Wenn Therapien werden in späteren Phasen implementiert, ist es weniger wahrscheinlich, um erfolgreich zu sein, da der Patient kann bereits einen Punkt ohne Wiederkehr bei chronischen Nierenerkrankungen zu erreichen. Wenn im Gegensatz dazu Therapien in frühen Stadien gestartet werden, ist es schwierig, eine Antwort nur auf die glomeruläre Filtrationsrate basierend identifizieren. Als Ergebnis der Begriff Nierenvolumen als Marker der Progression der Erkrankung gewonnen Aufmerksamkeit. Das Konsortium für Radiologische Imaging Studium der Kidney Disease (CRISP) Studie hat gezeigt, dass bei Patienten mit ADPKD die Zunahme der Nierenzyste und Volumina direkt korreliert mit Nierenfunktionsverschlechterung und unterstreicht das Potenzial der Gesamtnieren Volume (TKV), wie alsurrogate Marker für die Progression der Erkrankung 6,7. Folglich wird TKV derzeit als primäre oder sekundäre Endpunkt in mehreren klinischen Studien für ADPKD 2,8,9 verwendet. Mehrere Mausmodellen einschließlich spontaner Mutationen und gentechnisch verändert wurden, Licht auf die Pathogenese der PKD 10,11 vergießen. Pkd1 oder PKD2 Modelle (Mutationen entweder Pkd1 oder PKD2) haben sich am meisten verbreitet sind, da sie perfekt imitieren menschliche Krankheit. Darüber hinaus haben Nagetiermodellen mit Mutationen in anderen als Pkd1 oder PKD2 Gene Gene als experimentelle Plattform verwendet, um zu erläutern Signalwege mit der Krankheit. Außerdem können mehrere dieser Modelle wurden verwendet, um mögliche Therapien zu testen. Jedoch ist ein begrenzender Faktor in vielen Studien an Nagetieren für PKD oft der Mangel an effizienten nichtinvasive Methoden zur sequentiellen Analyse der anatomischen und funktionellen Veränderungen in der Niere. Magnetic resonance Tomographie (MRT) ist der derzeitige Goldstandard bildgebendes Verfahren zur ADPKD Patienten folgen und bietet eine ausgezeichnete Weichteilkontrast und anatomische Detail, und ermöglichen TKV Messungen. Obwohl MRI ist für anatomischen Bildgebung in größeren Tieren und Menschen, Imaging kleine Nagetiere in vivo etabliert bringt zusätzliche technische Herausforderungen, denen die Fähigkeit, hochauflösende Bilder erwerben kann seine Nützlichkeit zu begrenzen. Mit der Einführung von Ultrahochfeld (UHF) MRI (7-16,4 T) und der Entwicklung von stärkeren Gradienten, ist es nun möglich, höhere Signal-zu-Rausch-Verhältnisse und der räumlichen Auflösung von MRI-Bildern mit diagnostischer Qualität ähnlich derjenigen zu erreichen beim Menschen erhalten. Folglich ist die Verwendung von UHF-MRT für die in-vivo-Bildgebung von kleinen Nagetiermodellen für PKD hat sich ein leistungsfähiges Werkzeug für die Forscher.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>AVANCEIII-700 (16.4 T)</td>
			<td>Bruker</td>
			<td>BH067206</td>
			<td>Wide-bore two channel multinuclear spectrometer equipped with mini and micro-imaging accessories for in vivo small rodent imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TopSpin2.0PV&#160;</td>
			<td>Bruker</td>
			<td>H9088TA2</td>
			<td>Spectrometer processing software&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paravision 5.1&#160;</td>
			<td>Bruker</td>
			<td>T10314L5</td>
			<td>Imaging sofware</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VTU BVT 3000 digital</td>
			<td>Bruker</td>
			<td>W1101095</td>
			<td>Temperature controller</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

use of ultra-high field mri in small rodent models of polycystic kidney disease for in vivo phenotyping and drug monitoring

Several in vivo pre-clinical studies in Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) utilize orthologous rodent models to identify and study the genetic and molecular mechanisms responsible for the disease, and are very convenient for rapid drug screening and testing of promising therapies. A limiting factor in these studies is often the lack of efficient non-invasive methods for sequentially analyzing the anatomical and functional changes in the kidney. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the current gold standard imaging technique to follow autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) patients, providing excellent soft tissue contrast and anatomic detail and allowing Total Kidney Volume (TKV) measurements.A major advantage of MRI in rodent models of PKD is the possibility for in vivo imaging allowing for longitudinal studies that use the same animal and therefore reducing the total number of animals required. In this manuscript, we will focus on using Ultra-high field (UHF) MRI to non-invasively acquire in vivo images of rodent models for PKD. The main goal of this work is to introduce the use of MRI as a tool for in vivo phenotypical characterization and drug monitoring in rodent models for PKD.

In dieser Handschrift, streben wir an, den Nutzen der UHF-MRT als Instrument für die in vivo phänotypische Charakterisierung oder Arzneimittelüberwachung in Nagetiermodellen für PKD und anderen Nierenerkrankungen zeigen. Alle Versuche waren Teil der IACUC genehmigt Versuchsprotokollen. In-vivo-Phänotypisierung von kleinen Nagetiermodellen für PKD mit UHF-MRT: Alle bildgebenden Untersuchungen wurden auf lebende Tiere unter Isofluran-Narkose du...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Use of Ultra-high Field MRI in Small Rodent Models of Polycystic Kidney Disease for In Vivo Phenotyping and Drug Monitoring at JoVE.com

Use of Ultra-high Field MRI in Small Rodent Models of Polycystic Kidney Disease for In Vivo Phenotyping and Drug Monitoring

The use of ultra-high field MRI as a non-invasive way to obtain phenotypic information of rodent models for polycystic kidney disease and to monitor interventions is described. Compared with the traditional histological approach, MRI images can be acquired in vivo, allowing for longitudinal follow-up.

Verwendung von Ultrahochfeld-MRT in Kleintier Modelle aus Polyzystische Nierenerkrankung für<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Phänotypisierung und Drug Monitoring

Several in vivo pre-clinical studies in Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) utilize orthologous rodent models to identify and study the genetic and molecular ...

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Use of Ultra-high Field MRI in Small Rodent Models of Polycystic Kidney Disease for In Vivo Phenotyping and Drug Monitoring

11.4K Aufrufe.  Mayo Clinic. The use of ultra-high field MRI as a non-invasive way to obtain phenotypic information of rodent models for polycystic kidney disease and to monitor interventions is described. Compared with the traditional histological approach, MRI images can be acquired in vivo, allowing for longitudinal follow-up.

Serie: Use of Ultra-high Field MRI in Small Rodent Models of Polycystic Kidney Disease for In Vivo Phenotyping and Drug Monitoring

An in vivo Rodent Model of Contraction-induced Injury and Non-invasive Monitoring of Recovery

Muscle strains are one of the most common complaints treated by physicians. A muscle injury is typically diagnosed from the patient history and physical exam alone, however the clinical presentation can vary greatly depending on the extent of injury, the patient's pain tolerance, etc. In patients with muscle injury or muscle disease, assessment of muscle damage is typically limited to clinical signs, such as tenderness, strength, range of motion, and more recently, imaging studies. Biological markers, such as serum creatine kinase levels, are typically elevated with muscle injury, but their levels do not always correlate with the loss of force production. This is even true of histological findings from animals, which provide a "direct measure" of damage, but do not account for all the loss of function. Some have argued that the most comprehensive measure of the overall health of the muscle in contractile force. Because muscle injury is a random event that occurs under a variety of biomechanical conditions, it is difficult to study. Here, we describe an in vivo animal model to measure torque and to produce a reliable muscle injury. We also describe our model for measurement of force from an isolated muscle in situ. Furthermore, we describe our small animal MRI procedure.

An in vivo Rodent Model of Contraction-induced Injury and Non-invasive Monitoring of Recovery

An in vivo animal model of injury is described. The method takes advantage of the subcutaneous position of the fibular nerve. Velocity, timing of muscle activation, and arc of motion are all pre-determined and synchronized using commercial software. Post injury changes are monitored in vivo using MR imaging/spectroscopy.

Ein In vivo Nager-Modell der Kontraktion-induzierte Verletzung und nicht-invasive Überwachung von Recovery

Muscle strains are one of the most  common complaints treated by physicians. A muscle injury is typically diagnosed from the patient history and  physical ...

Forschung

Medizin

Spectral Karyotyping to Study Chromosome Abnormalities in Humans and Mice with Polycystic Kidney Disease

Conventional method to identify and classify individual chromosomes depends on the unique banding pattern of each chromosome in a specific species being analyzed 1, 2. This classical banding technique, however, is not reliable in identifying complex chromosomal aberrations such as those associated with cancer. To overcome the limitations of the banding technique, Spectral Karyotyping (SKY) is introduced to provide much reliable information on chromosome abnormalities.
SKY is a multicolor fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) technique to detect metaphase chromosomes with spectral microscope 3, 4. SKY has been proven to be a valuable tool for the cytogenetic analysis of a broad range of chromosome abnormalities associated with a large number of genetic diseases and malignancies 5, 6. SKY involves the use of multicolor fluorescently-labelled DNA probes prepared from the degenerate oligonucleotide primers by PCR. Thus, every chromosome has a unique spectral color after in-situ hybridization with probes, which are differentially labelled with a mixture of fluorescent dyes (Rhodamine, Texas Red, Cy5, FITC and Cy5.5). The probes used for SKY consist of up to 55 chromosome specific probes 7-10.
The procedure for SKY involves several steps (Figure 1). SKY requires the availability of cells with high mitotic index from normal or diseased tissue or blood. The chromosomes of a single cell from either a freshly isolated primary cell or a cell line are spread on a glass slide. This chromosome spread is labeled with a different combination of fluorescent dyes specific for each chromosome. For probe detection and image acquisition,the spectral imaging system consists of sagnac interferometer and a CCD camera. This allows measurement of the visible light spectrum emitted from the sample and to acquire a spectral image from individual chromosomes. HiSKY, the software used to analyze the results of the captured images, provides an easy identification of chromosome anomalies. The end result is a metaphase and a karyotype classification image, in which each pair of chromosomes has a distinct color (Figure 2). This allows easy identification of chromosome identities and translocations. For more details, please visit Applied Spectral Imaging website (<a href="http://www.spectral-imaging.com/" target="_blank">http://www.spectral-imaging.com/</a>).
SKY was recently used for an identification of chromosome segregation defects and chromosome abnormalities in humans and mice with Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD), a genetic disease characterized by dysfunction in primary cilia 11-13. Using this technique, we demonstrated the presence of abnormal chromosome segregation and chromosomal defects in ADPKD patients and mouse models 14. Further analyses using SKY not only allowed us to identify chromosomal number and identity, but also to accurately detect very complex chromosomal aberrations such as chromosome deletions and translocations (Figure 2).

Spectral Karyotyping (SKY) is an advanced cytogenetics technique to identify genomic and chromosomal aberrations. This technique takes advantage of chromosome painting probes, which allow classification of all chromosomes. SKY can also identify complex chromosome aberrations and segregation defects in mice and humans with various diseases, including polycystic kidney disease.

Spektrale Karyotypisierung zu Chromosomenanomalien in Menschen und Mäusen mit Kidney Disease Study

Conventional method to identify and classify individual chromosomes depends on the unique banding pattern of each chromosome in a specific species being ...

The Use of Primary Human Fibroblasts for Monitoring Mitochondrial Phenotypes in the Field of Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common movement disorder and affects 1% of people over the age of 60 1. Because ageing is the most important risk factor, cases of PD will increase during the next decades 2. Next to pathological protein folding and impaired protein degradation pathways, alterations of mitochondrial function and morphology were pointed out as further hallmark of neurodegeneration in PD 3-11.
After years of research in murine and human cancer cells as in vitro models to dissect molecular pathways of Parkinsonism, the use of human fibroblasts from patients and appropriate controls as ex vivo models has become a valuable research tool, if potential caveats are considered. Other than immortalized, rather artificial cell models, primary fibroblasts from patients carrying disease-associated mutations apparently reflect important pathological features of the human disease.
Here we delineate the procedure of taking skin biopsies, culturing human fibroblasts and using detailed protocols for essential microscopic techniques to define mitochondrial phenotypes. These were used to investigate different features associated with PD that are relevant to mitochondrial function and dynamics. Ex vivo, mitochondria can be analyzed in terms of their function, morphology, colocalization with lysosomes (the organelles degrading dysfunctional mitochondria) and degradation via the lysosomal pathway. These phenotypes are highly relevant for the identification of early signs of PD and may precede clinical motor symptoms in human disease-gene carriers. Hence, the assays presented here can be utilized as valuable tools to identify pathological features of neurodegeneration and help to define new therapeutic strategies in PD.

The Use of Primary Human Fibroblasts for Monitoring Mitochondrial Phenotypes in the Field of Parkinson&#039;s Disease

Fibroblasts from patients carrying mutations in Parkinson's disease-causing genes represent an easily accessible ex vivo model to study disease-associated phenotypes. Live cell imaging gives the opportunity to study morphological and functional parameters in living cells. Here we describe the preparation of human fibroblasts and subsequent monitoring of mitochondrial phenotypes.

Die Verwendung von primären humanen Fibroblasten zur Überwachung Mitochondriale Phänotypen auf dem Gebiet der Parkinson-Krankheit

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most  common movement disorder and affects 1% of people over the age of 60 1. Because ageing is  the most important ...

Assessment of Cardiac Function and Myocardial Morphology Using Small Animal Look-locker Inversion Recovery (SALLI) MRI in Rats

Small animal magnetic resonance imaging is an important tool to study cardiac function and changes in myocardial tissue. The high heart rates of small animals (200 to 600 beats/min) have previously limited the role of CMR imaging. Small animal Look-Locker inversion recovery (SALLI) is a T1 mapping sequence for small animals to overcome this problem 1. T1 maps provide quantitative information about tissue alterations and contrast agent kinetics. It is also possible to detect diffuse myocardial processes such as interstitial fibrosis or edema 1-6. Furthermore, from a single set of image data, it is possible to examine heart function and myocardial scarring by generating cine and inversion recovery-prepared late gadolinium enhancement-type MR images 1.
	The presented video shows step-by-step the procedures to perform small animal CMR imaging. Here it is presented with a healthy Sprague-Dawley rat, however naturally it can be extended to different cardiac small animal models.

Assessment of Cardiac Function and Myocardial Morphology Using Small Animal Look-locker Inversion Recovery SALLI MRI in Rats

Contrast enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging allows comprehensive in vivo assessment of the heart in small animal models of cardiovascular disease. Here we detail the procedures to perform CMR imaging, reconstruction and analysis using Small Animal Lock-Locker Inversion Recovery (SALLI) in rats.

Beurteilung der Herzfunktion und Morphologie Myokardiale Mit Small Animal Look-Locker Inversion Recovery (SALLI) MRI in Ratten

Small animal magnetic resonance  imaging is an important tool to study cardiac function and changes in myocardial  tissue. The high heart rates of small ...

In vivo 19F MRI for Cell Tracking

In vivo 19F MRI allows quantitative cell tracking without the use of ionizing radiation. It is a noninvasive technique that can be applied to humans. Here, we describe a general protocol for cell labeling, imaging, and image processing. The technique is applicable to various cell types and animal models, although here we focus on a typical mouse model for tracking murine immune cells. The most important issues for cell labeling are described, as these are relevant to all models. Similarly, key imaging parameters are listed, although the details will vary depending on the MRI system and the individual setup. Finally, we include an image processing protocol for quantification. Variations for this, and other parts of the protocol, are assessed in the Discussion section. Based on the detailed procedure described here, the user will need to adapt the protocol for each specific cell type, cell label, animal model, and imaging setup. Note that the protocol can also be adapted for human use, as long as clinical restrictions are met.

In vivo 19F MRI for Cell Tracking

We describe a general protocol for in vivo cell tracking using MRI in a mouse model with ex vivo labeled cells. A typical protocol for cell labeling, image acquisition processing and quantification is included.

In-vivo-19 F-MRT für die Zellverfolgung

In vivo 19F MRI allows quantitative cell tracking without the use of ionizing radiation. It is a noninvasive technique that can be applied to humans. ...

MRI and PET in Mouse Models of Myocardial Infarction

Myocardial infarction is one of the leading causes of death in the Western world. The similarity of the mouse heart to the human heart has made it an ideal model for testing novel therapeutic strategies.
In vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) gives excellent views of the heart noninvasively with clear anatomical detail, which can be used for accurate functional assessment. Contrast agents can provide basic measures of tissue viability but these are nonspecific. Positron emission tomography (PET) is a complementary technique that is highly specific for molecular imaging, but lacks the anatomical detail of MRI. Used together, these techniques offer a sensitive, specific and quantitative tool for the assessment of the heart in disease and recovery following treatment.
In this paper we explain how these methods are carried out in mouse models of acute myocardial infarction. The procedures described here were designed for the assessment of putative protective drug treatments. We used MRI to measure systolic function and infarct size with late gadolinium enhancement, and PET with fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) to assess metabolic function in the infarcted region. The paper focuses on practical aspects such as slice planning, accurate gating, drug delivery, segmentation of images, and multimodal coregistration. The methods presented here achieve good repeatability and accuracy maintaining a high throughput.

We describe how to perform MRI and PET imaging of the mouse heart. The protocol is tailored to assess treatment efficacy in models of myocardial infarction and heart failure.

Myocardial infarction is one of the leading causes of death in the Western world. The similarity of the mouse heart to the human heart has made it an ...

A Possible Zebrafish Model of Polycystic Kidney Disease: Knockdown of wnt5a Causes Cysts in Zebrafish Kidneys

Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is one of the most common causes of end-stage kidney disease, a devastating disease for which there is no cure. The molecular mechanisms leading to cyst formation in PKD remain somewhat unclear, but many genes are thought to be involved. Wnt5a is a non-canonical glycoprotein that regulates a wide range of developmental processes. Wnt5a works through the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway that regulates oriented cell division during renal tubular cell elongation. Defects of the PCP pathway have been found to cause kidney cyst formation. Our paper describes a method for developing a zebrafish cystic kidney disease model by knockdown of the wnt5a gene with wnt5a antisense morpholino (MO) oligonucleotides. Tg(wt1b:GFP) transgenic zebrafish were used to visualize kidney structure and kidney cysts following wnt5a knockdown. Two distinct antisense MOs (AUG - and splice-site) were used and both resulted in curly tail down phenotype and cyst formation after wnt5a knockdown. Injection of mouse Wnt5a mRNA, resistant to the MOs due to a difference in primary base pair structure, rescued the abnormal phenotype, demonstrating that the phenotype was not due to &#8220;off-target&#8221; effects of the morpholino. This work supports the validity of using a zebrafish model to study wnt5a function in the kidney.

A Possible Zebrafish Model of Polycystic Kidney Disease: Knockdown of wnt5a Causes Cysts in Zebrafish Kidneys

We describe a method of generating a possible zebrafish model of polycystic kidney disease. We used Tg(wt1b:GFP) fish to visualize kidney structure. Knockdown of wnt5a was by morpholino injection. Pronephric cyst formation after wnt5a knockdown was observed in this GFP transgenic zebrafish.

Eine mögliche Zebrafisch-Modell der Kidney Disease: Knockdown von<em&gt; Wnt5a</em&gt; Ursachen Zysten in Zebrafisch-Nieren

Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is one of the most common causes of end-stage kidney disease, a devastating disease for which there is no cure. The ...

Ex Vivo Intestinal Sacs to Assess Mucosal Permeability in Models of Gastrointestinal Disease

The epithelial barrier is the first innate defense of the gastrointestinal tract and selectively regulates transport from the lumen to the underlying tissue compartments, restricting the transport of smaller molecules across the epithelium and almost completely prohibiting epithelial macromolecular transport. This selectivity is determined by the mucous gel layer, which limits the transport of lipophilic molecules and both the apical receptors and tight junctional protein complexes of the epithelium. In vitro cell culture models of the epithelium are convenient, but as a model, they lack the complexity of interactions between the microbiota, mucous-gel, epithelium and immune system. On the other hand, in vivo assessment of intestinal absorption or permeability may be performed, but these assays measure overall gastrointestinal absorption, with no indication of site specificity. Ex vivo permeability assays using &#34;intestinal sacs&#34; are a rapid and sensitive method of measuring either overall intestinal integrity or comparative transport of a specific molecule, with the added advantage of intestinal site specificity. Here we describe the preparation of intestinal sacs for permeability studies and the calculation of the apparent permeability (Papp) of a molecule across the intestinal barrier. This technique may be used as a method of assessing drug absorption, or to examine regional epithelial barrier dysfunction in animal models of gastrointestinal disease.

Ex Vivo Intestinal Sacs to Assess Mucosal Permeability in Models of Gastrointestinal Disease

This protocol describes the use of excised intestinal tissue preparations or "intestinal sacs" as an ex vivo model of intestinal barrier function. This model may be used to assess integrity of both the epithelial barrier and the mucous gel layer at specific intestinal sites in animal models of digestive disease.

Ex vivo-Darm-Sacs zu beurteilen Durchlässigkeit der Schleimhaut in Modelle von Magen-Darm-Krankheit

The epithelial barrier is the first innate defense of the gastrointestinal tract and selectively regulates transport from the lumen to the underlying ...

Quantitative 3D In Silico Modeling (q3DISM) of Cerebral Amyloid-beta Phagocytosis in Rodent Models of Alzheimer's Disease

Neuroinflammation is now recognized as a major etiological factor in neurodegenerative disease. Mononuclear phagocytes are innate immune cells responsible for phagocytosis and clearance of debris and detritus. These cells include CNS-resident macrophages known as microglia, and mononuclear phagocytes infiltrating from the periphery. Light microscopy has generally been used to visualize phagocytosis in rodent or human brain specimens. However, qualitative methods have not provided definitive evidence of in vivo phagocytosis. Here, we describe quantitative 3D in silico modeling (q3DISM), a robust method allowing for true 3D quantitation of amyloid-&#946; (A&#946;) phagocytosis by mononuclear phagocytes in rodent Alzheimer&#39;s Disease (AD) models. The method involves fluorescently visualizing A&#946; encapsulated within phagolysosomes in rodent brain sections. Large z-dimensional confocal datasets are then 3D reconstructed for quantitation of A&#946; spatially colocalized within the phagolysosome. We demonstrate the successful application of q3DISM to mouse and rat brains, but this methodology can be extended to virtually any phagocytic event in any tissue.

Quantitative 3D In Silico Modeling q3DISM of Cerebral Amyloid-beta Phagocytosis in Rodent Models of Alzheimer&#039;s Disease

We developed a methodology for quantitative 3D in silico modeling (q3DISM) of cerebral amyloid-&#946; (A&#946;) phagocytosis by mononuclear phagocytes in rodent models of Alzheimer&#39;s disease. This method can be generalized for the quantitation of virtually any phagocytic event in vivo.

Quantitative 3D<em&gt; In Silico</em&gt; Modellierung (q3DISM) zerebraler Amyloid-beta Phagozytose in Nagetiermodellen der Alzheimer-Krankheit

Neuroinflammation is now recognized as a major etiological factor in neurodegenerative disease. Mononuclear phagocytes are innate immune cells responsible ...

In Vivo Evaluation of Fracture Callus Development During Bone Healing in Mice Using an MRI-compatible Osteosynthesis Device for the Mouse Femur

Endochondral fracture healing is a complex process involving the development of fibrous, cartilaginous, and osseous tissue in the fracture callus. The amount of the different tissues in the callus provides important information on the fracture healing progress. Available in vivo techniques to longitudinally monitor the callus tissue development in preclinical fracture-healing studies using small animals include digital radiography and &#181;CT imaging. However, both techniques are only able to distinguish between mineralized and non-mineralized tissue. Consequently, it is impossible to discriminate cartilage from fibrous tissue. In contrast, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) visualizes anatomical structures based on their water content and might therefore be able to noninvasively identify soft tissue and cartilage in the fracture callus. Here, we report the use of an MRI-compatible external fixator for the mouse femur to allow MRI scans during bone regeneration in mice. The experiments demonstrated that the fixator and a custom-made mounting device allow repetitive MRI scans, thus enabling longitudinal analysis of fracture-callus tissue development.

In Vivo Evaluation of Fracture Callus Development During Bone Healing in Mice Using an MRI-compatible Osteosynthesis Device for the Mouse Femur

The evaluation of tissue development in the fracture callus during endochondral bone healing is essential to monitor the healing process. Here, we report the use of a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-compatible external fixator for the mouse femur to allow MRI scans during bone regeneration in mice.

In Vivo Bewertung der Fraktur Kallus Entwicklung während der Knochenheilung bei Mäusen mit einem MRI-kompatiblen Osteosynthese Gerät für Maus Femur

Endochondral fracture healing is a complex process involving the development of fibrous, cartilaginous, and osseous tissue in the fracture callus. The ...