We gratefully acknowledge the Swedish Research Council Formas for generous financial support.

1. Gramm-Maßstab Synthese von Methyl-6-oxo-3,4,6-triphenylhexanoate <ol><li> Trocken 1-Ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium-acetat (EMIMAc) in einem Rundkolben am Rotationsverdampfer bei 10 mbar, 40 ° C für 1 Stunde. </li><li> Hinzufügen von 2,1 g Trocken EMIMAc und 1,0 g 1,3-Diphenyl-2-propen-1-on Zu einer 100 ml-Rundkolben mit einem Magnetrührer ausgestattet war. </li><li> Hinzufügen 2,019 ml Methanol und 2,3 g Zimtaldehyd in den Kolben. </li><li> Bei Raumtemperatur (22 ° C) auflösen des Gemisches in 60 ml Dichlormethan unter Rühren für 1 min. </li><li> Anschließend fügen 0,37 ml 1,8-Diazabicyclo [5.4.0] undec-7-en (DBU) zu dem gerührten Gemisch (Schritt 1.4) und der Rundkolben begrenzen. </li><li> Zugegeben und mit einem Magnetrührer bei einer Drehzahl von 500 Umdrehungen pro Minute bei Raumtemperatur (22 ° C). </li><li> Überprüfen Beendigung der Reaktion mit 1 H-NMR. 24 Suchen Sie nach Verschwinden der Doppelbindung des Chalcon in der 7,8 ppm-Bereich. </li><li> Wenn die Reaktion erreicht hat<html> Abschluss Die flüchtigen Bestandteile werden am Rotationsverdampfer bei 10 mbar, 20 ° C für 15 min. </li><li> 50 ml Methanol zu dem Rückstand, um die EMIMAc durch Rühren mit einem magnetischen Rührstab aufzulösen. </li><li> Entfernen der Feststoffe von den Wänden des Kolbens durch Rühren heftig mit einem Magnetrührer bei einer Drehzahl von 750 Upm für 30 min. Falls erforderlich, verwenden Sie einen Spachtel, um verbleibenden Feststoffe von den Wänden entfernen. </li><li> Das Gemisch wird auf einer Fritte (Porengröße 3). </li><li> Mit zusätzlichen 20 ml Methanol waschen. Ist eine Wiederverwertung des EMIMAc gewünscht verdampfe das methanolische Filtrat. (Schritt 2.1). </li><li> Noch auf der Fritte, sanft teilen den Filterkuchen (aus Schritt 1.11) in kleinere Stücke mit einem Spatel und übertragen die Feststoffe über einen Pulvertrichter in eine vorgewogene Rundkolben gegeben und die Feststoffe unter Vakuum filtriert. </li><li> Wiegen Sie die Kolben und die Berechnung der Ausbeute. </li><li> Analysieren Sie das Produkt durch 1 H-NMR (Schritt 1.7). Vergleichen mit berichteten Spektren. 24 </li></ol>title &quot;&gt; 2. Recycling von EMIMAc <ol><li> Entfernen der flüchtigen Stoffe aus der methanolischen Mischung (aus Schritt 1.12) unter vermindertem Druck von 10 mbar, bei 40 ° C für 30 min. </li><li> Analysieren Sie die erhaltene Öl durch 1 H-NMR und 13 C-NMR, um zu überprüfen, dass EMIMAc vorhanden ist. 24 </li><li> Verwenden Sie das recycelte EMIMAc ab Schritt 1.2. </li></ol> 3. Die Gelierung <ol><li> Herstellung einer Stammlösung <ol><li> 200 mg Methyl-6-oxo-3,4,6-triphenylhexanoate (das Produkt von Schritt 1.15), und einem magnetischen Rührstab in ein Fläschchen. 2,0 ml Dichlormethan, um die Ketoester aufzulösen. Rühren bis alles gelöst ist. </li></ol></li><li> Gelierung <ol><li> 50 ml Heptan in einen 500 ml Becher. 1,5 ml der Stammlösung zu dem Heptan. Rühren Sie schnell auf eine ausreichende Durchmischung zu gewährleisten und stehen lassen, ohne Rühren bei Raumtemperatur, bis Gelierung auftritt. </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Bezogen auf die anti-Konfiguration durch Röntgenanalyse -Ketoester 3 und auf der Untersuchung des Reaktionsmechanismus von Bode et al vorgeschlagenen 30 bestimmt die folgenden Reaktionspfad vorgeschlagen (Figur 5). Deprotonierung des IL erzeugt NHC Arten; das NHC reagiert mit dem ungesättigten Aldehyds der Breslow-Intermediat I. Der Breslow-Intermediat zu bilden, und die Chalcon reagieren in einer Quer Benzoin Reaktion auf Dien II bilden. Mittelstufe II durchläuft eine Oxy-Cope-Um...

<img alt="TOC 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53213/53213TOC.jpg" /> (Oben) Drei-Komponenten-Synthese von 1,6-Ketoestern: eine neue Klasse von Gewichts Gelatoren niedrigem Molekulargewicht. Ionische Flüssigkeiten (ILs) eine hohe Stabilität, geringe Volatilität, nicht-entflammbar und daher als sicher Reaktionsmedien und ideale Lösungsmittel für Recycling gemacht Aufmerksamkeit. 1-3 Dialkyl imidazoliums sind eine bestimmte Art von ionischen Flüssigkeiten, die, in der Gegenwart einer Base kann deprotoniert, um ein N-heterocyclisches Carben (NHC). 4 Auf dem Gebiet der Organokatalyse übertragen werden, NHCs, die unter verschiedenen Reaktionswegen, haben eine weit verbreitete Nutzung in einer breiten Palette von generischen Reaktionen gefunden. 5-11 Trotz dieser, die Verbindung zwischen ILs und CC-Bindung forming NHC-Katalyse ist relativ unerforscht. Dennoch NHC von ILs abgeleitet wurde berichtet, dass CC-Bindung bildenden Reaktionen wie der Benzoinkondensation und die Stetter-Reaktion katalysieren. 12-22 beispielsweise Davis et al. Haben gezeigt, dass IL aus N-Alkyl Thiazoliumgruppen abgeleitet dienen als Präkatalysatoren in der Bildung Benzoin aus Benzaldehyd. 12 In jüngerer Zeit, Chen et al erweitert dieses Konzept unter Verwendung eines Imidazolium basierend IL, 1-Ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium-acetat (EMIMAc), um die Benzoinkondensation von 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) durch, um zu generieren 5,5 &#39;-di (hydroxymethyl) Furoin (DHMF). 23 Da ILs sind kommerziell erhältlich und bieten eine kostengünstige Möglichkeit der Erzeugung von NHCs, waren wir an die Untersuchung, was andere Arten von Reaktionen ILs durchführen könnte. Zu diesem Zweck haben wir festgestellt, daß Dialkylcarbonate imidazoliums könnte effizient wie Präkatalysatoren in der formalen Konjugat additi verwendet werdenon von ungesättigten Aldehyden Chalkone (Abbildung 1), was 1,6-Ketoester. Die effizienteste IL, EMIMAc, fördert eine hoch stereoselektive Reaktion von Zimtaldehyd und Chalkon. Die Umsetzung erfolgt mit hoher Präferenz für das anti-Diastereomer und die 1,6-Ketoester in Ausbeuten bis zu 92% isoliert werden. 24,25,26 <img alt="Abbildung 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53213/53213fig1.jpg" /> Abbildung 1: IL-vermittelte dreikomponentigen, stereoselektive Addition von Zimtaldehyd zu Chalkon.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium acetate</td>
			<td>Aldrich</td>
			<td>51053-100G-F</td>
			<td>Produced by BASF &#8805;90%, dried on a rotary evaporated before use (10 mBar, 40 &#176;C, 1h) 
			CAS NUMBER: 143314-17-4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1,3-diphenyl-2-propen-1-one</td>
			<td>Aldrich</td>
			<td>11970-100G</td>
			<td>98.0% 
			CAS NUMBER: 94-41-7</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>trans-cinnamaldehyde&#160;</td>
			<td>Aldrich</td>
			<td>C80687-25G</td>
			<td>99%, stored under nitrogen prior to use 
			CAS NUMBER: 14371-10-9</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1,8-Diazobicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene</td>
			<td>Aldrich</td>
			<td>139009-25G</td>
			<td>98% 
			CAS NUMBER: 6674-22-2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>32213N-2.5L</td>
			<td>puriss. P.a., ACS reagent, reag. ISO, reag. Ph. Eur. &#8805;99.8% (GC) 
			CAS NUMBER: 67-56-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dichloromethane</td>
			<td>Fischer Chemical</td>
			<td>D/1852/17X</td>
			<td>Analytic reagent grade, stabilized with amylene 
			CAS NUMBER:9/2/1975</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>n-Heptane</td>
			<td>Fischer Chemical</td>
			<td>H/0160/17X</td>
			<td>Analytic reagent grade 
			CAS NUMBER: 142-82-5</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

highly stereoselective synthesis of 1,6-ketoesters mediated by ionic liquids: a three-component reaction enabling rapid access to a new class of low molecular weight gelators

In organic chemistry ionic liquids (ILs) have emerged as safe and recyclable reaction solvents. In the presence of a base ILs can be deprotonated to form catalytically active N-Heterocyclic Carbenes (NHCs). Here we have used ILs as precatalysts in the addition of &#945;,&#946;-unsaturated aldehydes to chalcones to form 1,6-ketoesters, incorporating an anti-diphenyl moiety in a highly stereoselective fashion. The reaction has a broad substrate scope and several functional groups and heteroaromatics can be integrated into the ketoester backbone in generally good yields with maintained stereoselectivity. The reaction protocol is robust and scalable. The starting materials are inexpensive and the products can be obtained after simple filtration, avoiding solvent-demanding chromatography. Furthermore, the IL can be recycled up to 5 times without any loss of reactivity. Moreover, the 1,6-ketoester end product is a potent gelator in several hydrocarbon based solvents. The method enables rapid access to and evaluation of a new class of low molecular weight gelators (LMWGs) from recyclable and inexpensive starting materials.

Wie oben beispielhaft, EMIMAc dienen als Präkatalysator in der formalen konjugierte Addition von α, β-ungesättigten Aldehyd zu Chalkone. Andere im Handel erhältliche imidazolium IFs wie 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Chlorid (EMIMCl) und 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Chlorid (BMIMCl) wurden ebenfalls untersucht, jedoch sind diese Reaktionen geringere Ausbeuten anzeigt, dass das Acetatanion sein kann gangen 27,28 * wichtig für die Reaktivität (Tabelle 1, 1-3). <p class="...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,6-Ketoesters Mediated by Ionic Liquids: A Three-component Reaction Enabling Rapid Access to a New Class of Low Molecular

Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,6-Ketoesters Mediated by Ionic Liquids: A Three-component Reaction Enabling Rapid Access to a New Class of Low Molecular Weight Gelators

Ionic liquids (ILs) mediate fast, simple and cheap access to 1,6-ketoesters in high diastereoselectivities and good yields. The reaction protocol is robust and the 1,6-ketoesters can be obtained in gram scale after a simple filtration protocol. Moreover, the 1,6-ketoesters are potent gelators in hydrocarbon solvents.

Hochstereoselektive Synthese von 1,6-Ketoester durch Ionische Flüssigkeiten vermittelte: Ein Dreikomponentenreaktion zur raschen Zugang zu einer neuen Klasse von niedermolekularen Gelbildner

In organic chemistry ionic liquids (ILs) have emerged as safe and recyclable reaction solvents. In the presence of a base ILs can be deprotonated to form ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

8.6K Aufrufe.  Chalmers University of Technology. Ionic liquids (ILs) mediate fast, simple and cheap access to 1,6-ketoesters in high diastereoselectivities and good yields. The reaction protocol is robust and the 1,6-ketoesters can be obtained in gram scale after a simple filtration protocol. Moreover, the 1,6-ketoesters are potent gelators in hydrocarbon solvents. 

Serie: Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,6-Ketoesters Mediated by Ionic Liquids: A Three-component Reaction Enabling Rapid Access to a New Class of Low Molecular Weight Gelators

Preparation and Use of Samarium Diiodide (SmI2) in Organic Synthesis: The Mechanistic Role of HMPA and Ni(II) Salts in the Samarium Barbier Reaction

Although initially considered an esoteric reagent, SmI2 has become a common tool for synthetic organic chemists. SmI2 is generated through the addition of molecular iodine to samarium metal in THF.1,2-3 It is a mild and selective single electron reductant and its versatility is a result of its ability to initiate a wide range of reductions including C-C bond-forming and cascade or sequential reactions. SmI2 can reduce a variety of functional groups including sulfoxides and sulfones, phosphine oxides, epoxides, alkyl and aryl halides, carbonyls, and conjugated double bonds.2-12 One of the fascinating features of SmI-2-mediated reactions is the ability to manipulate the outcome of reactions through the selective use of cosolvents or additives. In most instances, additives are essential in controlling the rate of reduction and the chemo- or stereoselectivity of reactions.13-14 Additives commonly utilized to fine tune the reactivity of SmI2 can be classified into three major groups: (1) Lewis bases (HMPA, other electron-donor ligands, chelating ethers, etc.), (2) proton sources (alcohols, water etc.), and (3) inorganic additives (Ni(acac)2, FeCl3, etc).3
Understanding the mechanism of SmI2 reactions and the role of the additives enables utilization of the full potential of the reagent in organic synthesis. The Sm-Barbier reaction is chosen to illustrate the synthetic importance and mechanistic role of two common additives: HMPA and Ni(II) in this reaction. The Sm-Barbier reaction is similar to the traditional Grignard reaction with the only difference being that the alkyl halide, carbonyl, and Sm reductant are mixed simultaneously in one pot.1,15 Examples of Sm-mediated Barbier reactions with a range of coupling partners have been reported,1,3,7,10,12 and have been utilized in key steps of the synthesis of large natural products.16,17 Previous studies on the effect of additives on SmI2 reactions have shown that HMPA enhances the reduction potential of SmI2 by coordinating to the samarium metal center, producing a more powerful,13-14,18 sterically encumbered reductant19-21 and in some cases playing an integral role in post electron-transfer steps facilitating subsequent bond-forming events.22 In the Sm-Barbier reaction, HMPA has been shown to additionally activate the alkyl halide by forming a complex in a pre-equilibrium step.23
Ni(II) salts are a catalytic additive used frequently in Sm-mediated transformations.24-27 Though critical for success, the mechanistic role of Ni(II) was not known in these reactions. Recently it has been shown that SmI2 reduces Ni(II) to Ni(0), and the reaction is then carried out through organometallic Ni(0) chemistry.28
These mechanistic studies highlight that although the same Barbier product is obtained, the use of different additives in the SmI2 reaction drastically alters the mechanistic pathway of the reaction. The protocol for running these SmI2-initiated reactions is described.

Preparation and Use of Samarium Diiodide SmI2 in Organic Synthesis: The Mechanistic Role of HMPA and NiII Salts in the Samarium Barbier Reaction

A straightforward procedure for the preparation of samarium diiodide (SmI2) in THF is described. The role of two main additives namely hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA) and Ni(acac)2 in Sm mediated reactions is demonstrated in the Sm-Barbier reaction.

Herstellung und Verwendung von Samariumdiiodid (SmI<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;) In der organischen Synthese: die mechanistische Rolle von HMPA und Ni (II)-Salzen in Samarium Barbier Reaction

Although initially considered an esoteric reagent, SmI2 has become a common tool for synthetic organic chemists. SmI2 is generated through the addition of ...

Forschung

Chemie

Synthesis and Reaction Chemistry of Nanosize Monosodium Titanate

This paper describes the synthesis and peroxide-modification of nanosize monosodium titanate (nMST), along with an ion-exchange reaction to load the material with Au(III) ions. The synthesis method was derived from a sol-gel process used to produce micron-sized monosodium titanate (MST), with several key modifications, including altering reagent concentrations, omitting a particle seed step, and introducing a non-ionic surfactant to facilitate control of particle formation and growth. The resultant nMST material exhibits spherical-shaped particle morphology with a monodisperse distribution of particle diameters in the range from 100 to 150&#160;nm. The nMST material was found to have a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of 285 m2g-1, which is more than an order of magnitude higher than the micron-sized MST. The isoelectric point of the nMST measured 3.34 pH units, which is a pH unit lower than that measured for the micron-size MST. The nMST material was found to serve as an effective ion exchanger under weakly acidic conditions for the preparation of an Au(III)-exchange nanotitanate. In addition, the formation of the corresponding peroxotitanate was demonstrated by reaction of the nMST with hydrogen peroxide.

The surfactant mediated sol-gel synthesis of nanosized monosodium titanate is described, along with preparation of the corresponding peroxide modified material. An ion-exchange reaction with Au(III) is also presented.

Synthese und Reaktionschemie von nanoskaligen Mononatrium Titanat

This paper describes the synthesis and peroxide-modification of nanosize monosodium titanate (nMST), along with an ion-exchange reaction to load the ...

Synthesis and Exfoliation of Discotic Zirconium Phosphates to Obtain Colloidal Liquid Crystals

Due to their abundance in natural clay and potential applications in advanced materials, discotic nanoparticles are of interest to scientists and engineers. Growth of such anisotropic nanocrystals through a simple chemical method is a challenging task. In this study, we fabricate discotic nanodisks of zirconium phosphate [Zr(HPO4)2&#183;H2O] as a model material using hydrothermal, reflux and microwave-assisted methods. Growth of crystals is controlled by duration time, temperature, and concentration of reacting species. The novelty of the adopted methods is that discotic crystals of size ranging from hundred nanometers to few micrometers can be obtained while keeping the polydispersity well within control. The layered discotic crystals are converted to monolayers by exfoliation with tetra-(n)-butyl ammonium hydroxide [(C4H9)4NOH, TBAOH]. Exfoliated disks show isotropic and nematic liquid crystal phases. Size and polydispersity of disk suspensions is highly important in deciding their phase behavior.

A two dimensional model material of discotic zirconium phosphate was developed. The inorganic crystal with lamellar structure was synthesized by hydrothermal, reflux, and microwave-assisted methods. On exfoliation with organic molecules, layered crystals can be converted to monolayers, and nematic liquid crystal phase was formed at sufficient concentration of monolayers.

Synthese und Exfoliation von diskotischen Zirkoniumphosphaten Erhalten Kolloidales Liquid Crystals

Due to their abundance in natural clay and potential applications in advanced materials, discotic nanoparticles are of interest to scientists and ...

Synthesis of Programmable Main-chain Liquid-crystalline Elastomers Using a Two-stage Thiol-acrylate Reaction

This study presents a novel two-stage thiol-acrylate Michael addition-photopolymerization (TAMAP) reaction to prepare main-chain liquid-crystalline elastomers (LCEs) with facile control over network structure and programming of an aligned monodomain. Tailored LCE networks were synthesized using routine mixing of commercially available starting materials and pouring monomer solutions into molds to cure. An initial polydomain LCE network is formed via a self-limiting thiol-acrylate Michael-addition reaction. Strain-to-failure and glass transition behavior were investigated as a function of crosslinking monomer, pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-mercaptopropionate) (PETMP). An example non-stoichiometric system of 15 mol% PETMP thiol groups and an excess of 15 mol% acrylate groups was used to demonstrate the robust nature of the material. The LCE formed an aligned and transparent monodomain when stretched, with a maximum failure strain over 600%. Stretched LCE samples were able to demonstrate both stress-driven thermal actuation when held under a constant bias stress or the shape-memory effect when stretched and unloaded. A permanently programmed monodomain was achieved via a second-stage photopolymerization reaction of the excess acrylate groups when the sample was in the stretched state. LCE samples were photo-cured and programmed at 100%, 200%, 300%, and 400% strain, with all samples demonstrating over 90% shape fixity when unloaded. The magnitude of total stress-free actuation increased from 35% to 115% with increased programming strain. Overall, the two-stage TAMAP methodology is presented as a powerful tool to prepare main-chain LCE systems and explore structure-property-performance relationships in these fascinating stimuli-sensitive materials.

A novel methodology is presented to synthesize and program main-chain liquid-crystalline elastomers using commercially available starting monomers. A wide range of thermomechanical properties was tailored by adjusting the amount of crosslinker, while the actuation performance was dependent on the amount of applied strain during programming.

Synthese von Programmierbare Hauptkettenflüssigkristalline Elastomere unter Verwendung eines Zwei-Stufen-Thiol-Acrylat-Reaktions

This study presents a novel two-stage thiol-acrylate Michael addition-photopolymerization (TAMAP) reaction to prepare main-chain liquid-crystalline ...

Synthesis of Cd-free InP/ZnS Quantum Dots Suitable for Biomedical Applications

Fluorescent nanocrystals, specifically quantum dots, have been a useful tool for many biomedical applications. For successful use in biological systems, quantum dots should be highly fluorescent and small/monodisperse in size. While commonly used cadmium-based quantum dots possess these qualities, they are potentially toxic due to the possible release of Cd2+ ions through nanoparticle degradation. Indium-based quantum dots, specifically InP/ZnS, have recently been explored as a viable alternative to cadmium-based quantum dots due to their relatively similar fluorescence characteristics and size. The synthesis presented here uses standard hot-injection techniques for effective nanoparticle growth; however, nanoparticle properties such as size, emission wavelength, and emission intensity can drastically change due to small changes in the reaction conditions. Therefore, reaction conditions such temperature, reaction duration, and precursor concentration should be maintained precisely to yield reproducible products. Because quantum dots are not inherently soluble in aqueous solutions, they must also undergo surface modification to impart solubility in water. In this protocol, an amphiphilic polymer is used to interact with both hydrophobic ligands on the quantum dot surface and bulk solvent water molecules. Here, a detailed protocol is provided for the synthesis of highly fluorescent InP/ZnS quantum dots that are suitable for use in biomedical applications.

In this protocol, the synthesis of Cd-free InP/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) is detailed. InP-based QDs are gaining popularity due to the toxicity of Cd2+ ions that may be released through nanoparticle degradation. After synthesis, QDs are solubilized in water using an amphiphilic polymer for use in biomedical applications.

Synthese von Cd-frei InP / ZnS-Quantenpunkte Geeignet für biomedizinische Anwendungen

Fluorescent nanocrystals, specifically quantum dots, have been a useful tool for many biomedical applications. For successful use in biological systems, ...

Facile Synthesis of Worm-like Micelles by Visible Light Mediated Dispersion Polymerization Using Photoredox Catalyst

Presented herein is a protocol for the facile synthesis of worm-like micelles by visible light mediated dispersion polymerization. This approach begins with the synthesis of a hydrophilic poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) (POEGMA) homopolymer using reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Under mild visible light irradiation (&#955; = 460 nm, 0.7 mW/cm2), this macro-chain transfer agent (macro-CTA) in the presence of a ruthenium based photoredox catalyst, Ru(bpy)3Cl2 can be chain extended with a second monomer to form a well-defined block copolymer in a process known as Photoinduced Electron Transfer RAFT (PET-RAFT). When PET-RAFT is used to chain extend POEGMA with benzyl methacrylate (BzMA) in ethanol (EtOH), polymeric nanoparticles with different morphologies are formed in situ according to a polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) mechanism. Self-assembly into nanoparticles presenting POEGMA chains at the corona and poly(benzyl methacrylate) (PBzMA) chains in the core occurs in situ due to the growing insolubility of the PBzMA block in ethanol. Interestingly, the formation of highly pure worm-like micelles can be readily monitored by observing the onset of a highly viscous gel in situ due to nanoparticle entanglements occurring during the polymerization. This process thereby allows for a more reproducible synthesis of worm-like micelles simply by monitoring the solution viscosity during the course of the polymerization. In addition, the light stimulus can be intermittently applied in an ON/OFF manner demonstrating temporal control over the nanoparticle morphology.

This article describes a process for producing polymeric self-assembled nanoparticles using visible light mediated dispersion polymerization. Using low energy visible light to control the polymerization allows for the reproducible formation of self-assembled worm-like micelles at high solids content.

Einfache Synthese von wurmartigen Mizellen durch sichtbares Licht Mediated Dispersion Polymerisation mit Photoredox Katalysator

Presented herein is a protocol for the facile synthesis of worm-like micelles by visible light mediated dispersion polymerization. This approach begins ...

Controlled Synthesis and Fluorescence Tracking of Highly Uniform Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Microgels

Stimuli-sensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) microgels have various prospective practical applications and uses in fundamental research. In this work, we use single particle tracking of fluorescently labeled PNIPAM microgels as a showcase for tuning microgel size by a rapid non-stirred precipitation polymerization procedure. This approach is well suited for prototyping new reaction compositions and conditions or for applications that do not require large amounts of product. Microgel synthesis, particle size and structure determination by dynamic and static light scattering are detailed in the protocol. It is shown that the addition of functional comonomers can have a large influence on the particle nucleation and structure. Single particle tracking by wide-field fluorescence microscopy allows for an investigation of the diffusion of labeled tracer microgels in a concentrated matrix of non-labeled microgels, a system not easily investigated by other methods such as dynamic light scattering.

Controlled Synthesis and Fluorescence Tracking of Highly Uniform PolyN-isopropylacrylamide Microgels

Non-stirred precipitation polymerization provides a rapid, reproducible prototyping approach to the synthesis of stimuli-sensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) microgels of narrow size distribution. In this protocol synthesis, light scattering characterization and single particle fluorescence tracking of these microgels in a wide-field microscopy setup are demonstrated.

Kontrollierte Synthese und Fluoreszenz-Tracking von Hoch Uniform Poly (<em&gt; N</em&gt; Isopropylacrylamid) Mikrogele

Stimuli-sensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) microgels have various prospective practical applications and uses in fundamental research. In this ...

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Herein, we demonstrate that a bottom-up approach, based on halogen bonding (XB), can be successfully applied for the design of a new type of ionic liquid crystals (ILCs). Taking advantages of the high specificity of XB for haloperfluorocarbons and the ability of anions to act as XB-acceptors, we obtained supramolecular complexes based on 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium iodides and iodoperfluorocarbons, overcoming the well-known immiscibility between hydrocarbons (HCs) and perfluorocarbons (PFCs). The high directionality of the XB combined with the fluorophobic effect, allowed us to obtain enantiotropic liquid crystals where a rigid, non-aromatic, XB supramolecular anion acts as mesogenic core.
X-ray structure analysis of the complex between 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide and iodoperfluorooctane showed the presence of a layered structure, which is a manifestation of the well-known tendency to segregation of perfluoroalkyl chains. This is consistent with the observation of smectic mesophases. Moreover, all the reported complexes melt below 100 &#176;C, and most are mesomorphic even at room temperature, despite that the starting materials were non-mesomorphic in nature.
The supramolecular strategy reported here provides new design principles for mesogen design allowing a totally new class of functional materials.

A protocol for the synthesis of a new type of mesogens, based on the halogen-bonded supramolecular anion [CnF2n+1-I&#183;&#183;&#183;I&#183;&#183;&#183;I-CnF2n+1]&#8722;, is reported.

Von Molekülen zu Materialien: neue ionische Flüssigkristalle durch Halogen-Bonding Technik

Herein, we demonstrate that a bottom-up approach, based on halogen bonding (XB), can be successfully applied for the design of a new type of ionic liquid ...

Rapid Nanoprobe Signal Enhancement by In Situ Gold Nanoparticle Synthesis

The use of nanoprobes such as gold, silver, silica or iron-oxide nanoparticles as detection reagents in bioanalytical assays can enable high sensitivity and convenient colorimetric readout. However, high densities of nanoparticles are typically needed for detection. The available synthesis-based enhancement protocols are either limited to gold and silver nanoparticles or rely on precise enzymatic control and optimization. Here, we present a protocol to enhance the colorimetric readout of gold, silver, silica, and iron oxide nanoprobes. It was observed that the colorimetric signal can be improved by up to a 10000-fold factor. The basis for such signal enhancement strategies is the chemical reduction of Au3+ to Au0. There are several chemical reactions that enable the reduction of Au3+ to Au0. In the protocol, Good&#39;s buffers and H2O2 are used and it is possible to favor the deposition of Au0 onto the surface of existing nanoprobes, in detriment of the formation of new gold nanoparticles. The protocol consists of the incubation of the microarray with a solution consisting of chloroauric acid and H2O2 in 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid pH 6 buffer following the nanoprobe-based detection assay. The enhancement solution can be applied to paper and glass-based sensors. Moreover, it can be used in commercially available immunoassays as demonstrated by the application of the method to a commercial allergen microarray. The signal development requires less than 5 min of incubation with the enhancement solution and the readout can be assessed by naked eye or low-end image acquisition devices such as a table-top scanner or a digital camera.

Rapid Nanoprobe Signal Enhancement by In Situ Gold Nanoparticle Synthesis

In this work, a protocol for signal enhancement of nanoprobe-based biosensing is presented. The protocol is based on the reduction of chloroauric acid onto the surface of existing nanoprobes that consist of gold, silver, silica or iron-oxide nanoparticles.

Schnelle Nanoprobe Signal-Verbesserung durch In Situ -Gold-Nanopartikel-Synthese

The use of nanoprobes such as gold, silver, silica or iron-oxide nanoparticles as detection reagents in bioanalytical assays can enable high sensitivity ...

Chemical Synthesis of Porous Barium Titanate Thin Film and Thermal Stabilization of Ferroelectric Phase by Porosity-Induced Strain

Barium titanate (BaTiO3, hereafter BT) is an established ferroelectric material first discovered in the 1940s and still widely used because of its well-balanced ferroelectricity, piezoelectricity, and dielectric constant. In addition, BT does not contain any toxic elements. Therefore, it is considered to be an eco-friendly material, which has attracted considerable interest as a replacement for lead zirconate titanate (PZT). However, bulk BT loses its ferroelectricity at approximately 130 &#176;C, thus, it cannot be used at high temperatures. Because of the growing demand for high-temperature ferroelectric materials, it is important to enhance the thermal stability of ferroelectricity in BT. In previous studies, strain originating from the lattice mismatch at hetero-interfaces has been used. However, the sample preparation in this approach requires complicated and expensive physical processes, which are undesirable for practical applications.
In this study, we propose a chemical synthesis of a porous material as an alternative means of introducing strain. We synthesized a porous BT thin film using a surfactant-assisted sol-gel method, in which self-assembled amphipathic surfactant micelles were used as an organic template. Through a series of studies, we clarified that the introduction of pores had a similar effect on distorting the BT crystal lattice, to that of a hetero-interface, leading to the enhancement and stabilization of ferroelectricity. Owing to its simplicity and cost effectiveness, this fabrication process has considerable advantages over conventional methods.

Here, we present a protocol for the synthesis of porous barium titanate (BaTiO3) thin film by a surfactant-assisted sol-gel method, in which self-assembled amphipathic surfactant micelles are used as an organic template.

Chemische Synthese von porösen Barium-Titanat Dünnschicht und thermische Stabilisierung der ferroelektrischen Phase von Porosität-induzierten Belastung