This work was funded by the University of Michigan Department Of Psychiatry (U032826; JDM), the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA; K08 DA037912-01; JDM) and the Department of Defense (DoD) National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate (NDSEG) Fellowship (CJF).

(; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI UCUCA) Alle Verfahren wurden von der Universität Ausschuss für die Nutzung und Pflege von Tieren zugelassen. 1. Ausrüstung und Software <ol><li> Erhalten kommerziellen operanten Kammern und Geräte. Siehe Werkstoff-Tabelle. </li><li> Verhaltenstraining in Rattenoperanten Konditionierung Kammern (24,1 cm Breite × 20,5 cm Tiefe x 29,2 cm Höhe), im schalldämpfenden Gehäuse mit Lüfter Umgebungsgeräusche zu liefern. </li><li> Anlegen jede Kammer mit einem Pellet-Magazin (Behälter), zentral gelegen in der 21,6 cm breiten Vorderwand der operante Kammer 3 cm über dem Edelstahlgitterboden. Stellen Sie sicher, dass das Pellet-Magazin enthält eine Infrarot-Sensor, der zum Erfassen Kopf Einträge in das Gerät geeignet ist. </li><li> Schließen Sie das Pellet-Magazin zu einem Pellet Spender, die Bananengeschmack Futterpellets (45 mg) liefert. </li><li> In einer ausgeglichen Weise Stellung eines versenkbaren lever (CS) ungefähr 2,5 cm auf jeder Seite des Pellets Aufnahme (links oder rechts) 3 cm oberhalb der Edelstahlgitterboden. </li><li> Stellen Sie sicher, dass der Hebel in ihm einen LED-Cue-Licht enthält die erweiterte Hebel optisch auffällig zu machen. </li><li> Wenn eine einziehbare Hebel, um den Hebel zu kalibrieren, indem ein 10 g Kalibriergewicht auf der Oberseite des Hebels platzieren und dann Einstellen der Kalibrierungsschraube (befindet sich auf der Oberseite des Gerätes) mit einem Sechskantschraubenschlüssel, bis das Gewicht allein ist in der Lage zu unterdrücken der Hebel. </li><li> Anlegen ein rotes Haus-Licht an der Oberseite der Kammer an der Wand gegenüber dem Magazinaufnahme. Hinweis: Ein rotes Haus Licht verwendet, um die Auffälligkeit des beleuchteten Hebel zu erhöhen. </li></ol> 2. PCA Trainings <ol><li> Pair-Haus erwachsenen männlichen Sprague Dawley-Ratten (250-300 g) bei der Ankunft und sie für mindestens zwei Tage im Gehäuse Kolonie ungestört lassen, die auf einem 12 Stunden Licht / Dunkel-Zyklus gehalten wird. </li><li> Griff sanft each Ratten für mindestens 1 min pro Tag für zwei Tage, um die Ratten an menschlichen Kontakt zu akklimatisieren. Geben Ratten ad libitum Zugang zu Futter und Wasser in das Gehäuse Kolonie. </li><li> Machen Ratten mit den Bananengeschmack Futterpellets, indem Futterpellets in ihre Käfige (ca. 15 Pellets pro Ratte) für zwei Tage, beginnend 3 Tage vor der PCA-Training. Anmerkung: Falls Ratten paaruntergebracht sind, ist es nützlich, die Pellets gleichmäßig auf beiden Seiten des Heimkäfig zu unterteilen. </li><li> Vortraining Programm Hinweis: Alle unsere Programmierung erfolgt MEDState Notation (z Med Associates, Software) und das Handbuch ist online verfügbar (mednr.com/pdf/doc003_MedPCProgramr.pdf). Die Programme werden als unformatierte Textdokumente geschrieben (zB ASCII oder DOS-Text) mit MedState Notation, mit der richtigen Erweiterung gespeichert (dh, [Dateiname] .mpc), dann übersetzt mit dem MED-PC-Programm, Trans IV. Alle diese Schritte werden in größerem Detail in dem oben erwähnten Pro vorgesehenProgrammierhandbuch. <ol><li> Erstellen Sie ein Programm, das Vortraining fünfzig Futterpellets auf eine variable Zeit (VT) 30 sec Zeitplan 5 Minuten nach dem Start des Programms liefert (dh eine Futterpellet durchschnittlich alle 30 Sekunden geliefert wird, aber die tatsächliche Lieferung variiert zufällig zwischen 0- 60 sec). </li><li> Schreiben Sie die Vortraining Programm, so dass das rote Haus Licht eingeschaltet, aber der Hebel bleibt für die Dauer des (ca. 25 min) Programm zurückgezogen. </li><li> Führen Vortraining und alle nachfolgenden Experimente während des Lichtzyklus. </li><li> Einen Tag vor der PCA Ausbildung, platzieren Sie jede Ratte in eine operante Kammer, schließen und verriegeln Sie die Kammertür, und schließen Sie die schalldämpfenden Schranktür. </li><li> Starten Sie die Vortraining Programm so schnell wie möglich nach jeder Ratte in seiner Kammer platzieren. </li><li> Entfernen Sie jede Ratte aus seiner Kammer so bald wie möglich, nachdem das Programm beendet. </li><li> Nehmen die Anzahl der Pellets verbraucht und schließen Ratten, die nicht verbrauchen alle derPellets aus weiteren Versuchen. </li></ol></li><li> Erstellen Sie eine PCA-Trainingsprogramm, das 25 Studien in etwa 40 min liefert, beginnend 1 min nach dem Start des Programms. <ol><li> Schreiben Sie das Programm so, dass bei jedem Versuch der Hebel in die Kammer und beleuchtet für 8 Sekunden verlängert wird. </li><li> Programm Hebel Zurückziehen werden, unmittelbar gefolgt von der Reaktion unabhängige Abgabe von einem Futterpellet in die Pellet-Magazin. </li><li> Trennen Sie die Testversion auf eine Sekunde Zeitplan 90 VT (dh Hebelverlängerung und nachfolgende Futterpellet Lieferung erfolgt im Durchschnitt alle 90 Sekunden, aber die tatsächliche Lieferung variiert zufällig zwischen 30-150 sec). </li><li> Platzieren Sie jede Ratte in eine Klimakammer, in der Nähe und die Kammertür verriegeln, und schließen Sie die schalldämpfenden Schranktür. </li><li> Starten Sie die PCA Ausbildung so bald wie möglich nach jeder Ratte in seiner Kammer platzieren. </li><li> Entfernen Sie jede Ratte aus seiner Kammer so bald wie möglich, nachdem das Programm beendet. </li><li> Exclude Ratten, die alle der Pellets von der weiteren Prüfung nicht verbrauchen. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. Datenverarbeitung <ol><li> Übertragen Ausgabeinformationen in eine Tabelle (zum Beispiel ein Tabellenkalkulationsdokument). </li><li> Profil erstellen, die Informationen extrahiert Identifizierung (vorbehaltlich Nummer, Startdatum, Startzeit, und Box-Nummer) sowie Ausgangsinformationen (Anzahl und Latenz von Hebelpressen und Magazin Einträge). Anmerkung: Bei den Versuchen, nicht-CS Magazin Einträge werden auch durch das Profil extrahiert. Definieren Sie nicht-CS-Magazin Einträge als Einträge in das Magazin, die außerhalb des 8 Sek CS Periode auftreten und während der VT 90 sec (dh 60-120 sec) Zeitraum, in dem der Hebel nicht verlängert wird. </li><li> Die Daten weiterverarbeiten, indem die Hebelpresse und Zeitschriften Eintrag Latenzen bei 8 Sek Capping (dh die Dauer von CS-Präsentation). Dies kann in Tabellenkalkulation durch die IF-Funktion erreicht werden: IF (X&gt; 8,8, X). </li><li> berechnen Notenfür Antwort Bias (dh Gesamtzahl der Hebelpressen und Magazin-Einträge für eine Sitzung; [Hebelpressen - Magazin Einträge] / [Hebelpressen + Magazin Einträge]), Latenz Punktzahl (dh durchschnittliche Latenzzeit einen Hebel drücken oder Zeitschrift Eintrag durchzuführen während einer Sitzung; [Magazin Eintrag Latenz - Hebelpresse Latenz] / 8), und die Wahrscheinlichkeit Differenz (dh Anteil der Hebelpressen oder Zeitschrift Einträge; [Hebelpresse Wahrscheinlichkeit - Magazin Eintrag Wahrscheinlichkeit]) 5. Hinweis: Bei diesen Formeln sollten alle Noten zwischen 1,0 und -1,0 liegen. </li><li> Berechnen eines PCA Indexwert für jede Ratte durch ihre Antworttendenz, Latenz-Score von durchschnittlich und Wahrscheinlichkeitsdifferenz innerhalb jeder einzelnen Sitzung. Hinweis: Die PCA Indexwert sollte im Bereich zwischen 1,0 und -1,0. </li></ol>

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</ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

PCA Training kann verwendet werden, um individuelle Unterschiede in der Tendenz zu bestimmen Aufmerksamkeitszuwendung auf Anlage Hinweise zuzuschreiben, die argumentiert, wurde ein wichtiger Bestandteil der Suchtanfälligkeit sein. Zum Beispiel hat es bisher gezeigt, dass STs Aufmerksamkeitszuwendung auf beide Food and Drug Hinweise 6 und sowohl Lebensmittel- und drogenbedingten Signale aktivieren ähnliche Hirnregionen innerhalb eines amygdalo-Striatum-Thalamus-Kreislauf-Attribut in STs 7. Darübe...

Der Übergang von Drogenkonsum Sucht beinhaltet komplexe Interaktionen zwischen Pavlovian und Instrumentallern 1,2. Während Drogenkonsum und Drogensucht Verhaltensweisen, Handlungen und Ergebnisse werden durch instrumentelle Prozesse gelernt; aber die Beziehungen zwischen Stimuli (zB drogenbedingten Cues) und Belohnungen werden auch durch Pavlovian Prozesse gelernt. Pavlovian Cues erwerben Vorhersagewert, aber sie können auch Anreiz Motivationswert 3, wobei sie sich attraktiv, wünschenswert und in der Lage zu fördern und aufrechtzuerhalten Lohn-seeking Verhalten 4 erwerben. Viele Verfahren Belohnung Untersuchung bei Tieren zu lernen, aber es nicht zulässig, die Herauslösung von Predictive gegen Anreiz motivierende Lern. In Medikament Selbstverwaltung Verfahren, zum Beispiel, werden die beiden Instrumental und Pavlovian Eventualitäten typischerweise verwendet, so dass Ratten lernen eine Aktion (zB Nasen poki durchzuführenng, Hebelpressen, etc.), um ein Ergebnis (dh intravenösen Drogen Infusion) zu empfangen. Die lohnende Ergebnis ist auch mit Pavlovian Reize (zB Beleuchtung einer Nase-Sack-Port, Cue Licht Präsentationen, Sound der Infusionspumpe, interozeptiven Gefühl der Flüssigkeitsabgabe in die Blutbahn, etc.) gepaart. Oft ist unklar, in diesen Verfahren, ob Hinweise zielgerichtet sind unterstützende Maßnahmen allein aufgrund ihrer vorausschauende Beziehung mit der Belohnung, oder ob Hinweise Anreiz Motivations Eigenschaften ihrer eigenen erworben haben. Um den Anreiz Motivationswert aus dem Vorhersagewert von Pavlovian Reize zu experimentell isolieren, nutzt unser Labor einen Pawlowschen bedingten Annäherung (PCA) Verfahren um Ratten zu identifizieren, die Aufmerksamkeitszuwendung Attribut zu belohnen bezogene Hinweise. Während einer Trainingseinheit, eine konditionierte Stimulus (CS, zB ein Hebel) Antwort-unabhängig prognostiziert die delivGewinnung eines unbedingten Reiz (US, zB ein Lebensmittel-Pellet). Im Laufe von mehreren Trainingseinheiten, drei Phänotypen zu entwickeln: sign-Tracking (CS-gerichtet konditionierte Reaktion [CR]), Ziel-Tracking (US-gerichtet CR) und eine Zwischenantwort (beide CR). Für Ziel-trackers (GTS), wird die CS als Prädiktor für Belohnung Lieferung verwendet wird; jedoch für Zeichen-trackers (STS), wird die CS mit Aufmerksamkeitszuwendung zugeschrieben, attraktiv und begehrenswert zu werden. In diesem Beitrag erläutern wir die Ausrüstung, Konfiguration und Datenverarbeitung notwendig, um eine PCA-Verfahren durchzuführen. die vermeintlichen Nutzen der PCA Verfahren bei der Untersuchung von Sucht und anderen neuropsychiatrischen Störungen Darüber hinaus bieten wir repräsentative Ergebnisse von PCA Ausbildung, wichtige experimentelle Überlegungen skizzieren und diskutieren.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Standard Modular Operant Test Chamber with Modified Top for Rat</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>ENV-008CT</td><td>Top has access slot for drug delivery leashes or other harness systems; comes with ENV-008CTC (Cover Insert) for access slot</td></tr><tr><td>Expanded PVC Sound Attenuating Cubicle</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>ENV-022V</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PCI Operating Package for up to Sixteen Chambers</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>MED-SYST-16</td><td>Based on the number of operant chambers, MED-SYST-8 (PCI Operating Package for up to Eight Chambers) is also available</td></tr><tr><td>SmartCtrl</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>DIG-716P2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Universal Cable, 25&amp;prime; (7.6 m)</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>SG-210CB</td><td>Based on individual needs, SG-210CB-50 (Universal Cable, 50&amp;prime; [15.2 m]) is also available</td></tr><tr><td>18&amp;Prime; (45.7 cm) 3-Pin Mini-Molex</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>SG-216A</td><td>Based on individual needs, SG-216A-2 (2&amp;prime; [61.0 cm] 3-Pin Mini-Molex) is also available</td></tr><tr><td>Power Cable, 25&amp;prime; (7.6 m)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>SG-210CP-25</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stainless Steel Grid Floor for Rat</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>ENV-005</td><td>Based on preference, ENV-005A (Stainless Steel Grid Floor for Mouse) is also available&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Reusable Waste Pan</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>ENV-007-P3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Filler Panel Package for Standard Modular Test Chamber</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>ENV-008-FP</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Modular Pellet Dispenser for Rat, 45 mg</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>ENV-203M-45</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pellet Receptacle, Trough Type</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>ENV-200R2M</td><td>Based on preference, ENV-200R1M (Pellet Receptable, Cup Type) is also available&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Retractable Lever</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>ENV-112CM</td><td>Calibrated to 25 g; needs to be adjusted to 10 g before Pavlovian conditioned approach training</td></tr><tr><td>Retractable Lever Cue Light</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>ENV-112CML</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>House Light for Rat</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>ENV-215M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100 mA Replacement Bulbs, Pack of 10</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>SG-800R</td><td>Red-colored; for use with ENV-215M (House Light for Rat)</td></tr><tr><td>Pellets, 45 mg, Primate Purified Diet, Banana Flavor</td><td>Bio-Serv</td><td>F0059</td><td>50,000/box&amp;nbsp;</td></tr></tbody></table>

pavlovian conditioned approach training in rats

Hinweise, die bedingt sind gepaart mit unbedingten, lohnende Reize können lohnende Eigenschaften sich durch ein Verfahren, wie die Zuweisung von Aufmerksamkeitszuwendung, oder die Umwandlung der neutralen Reize in attraktiver &quot;, wollte der Lage, das Verhalten der Reize bekannt erwerben motivieren. Pawlowschen bedingten Annäherung (PCA) entwickelt sich nach der Antwort unabhängige Darstellung eines konditionierten Reiz (CS, zB ein Hebel), die die Lieferung einer unbedingten Reiz (US, zB ein Lebensmittel-Pellet) prognostiziert für die Messung Aufmerksamkeitszuwendung und kann während des Trainings drei Muster. konditionierter Reaktionen (CR) können sich bilden:. sign-Tracking-Verhalten (CS-gerichtet CR), Ziel-Tracking-Verhalten (US-gerichtet CR) und eine Zwischenantwort (beide CR) Zeichen-trackers Attribut Aufmerksamkeitszuwendung zu belohnen bezogene und Hinweise sind anfälliger für Cue-induzierte Wiedereinsetzung von Drogen-sucht sowie andere suchtbezogenen Verhaltensweisen, so dass PCA einen Topfentially wertvolle Verfahren zur Sucht Verwundbarkeit zu studieren. Hier beschreiben wir Materialien und Methoden zur PCA Verhalten von Ratten hervorzurufen sowie analysieren und PCA Verhalten in einzelnen Experimenten deuten.

Wir haben festgestellt, dass 5-7 täglichen Sitzungen von PCA Ausbildung Phänotyp Ratten als STs ausreicht, GTs und Zwischen Responder (IRS), obwohl Ratten weiter trainiert werden, basierend auf den Anforderungen einer bestimmten Labor oder Experiment. Phänotypisierung basiert auf PCA Indexwerte, die durch Mittelung der Reaktion Vorspannung Latenz Punktzahl berechnet werden, und Wahrscheinlichkeitsdifferenz von Einzelsitzungen wie zuvor in dem Protokoll beschrieben. Phänotypen werden ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Pavlovian Conditioned Approach Training in Rats at JoVE.com

Pavlovian Conditioned Approach Training in Rats

Here, we present a protocol to elicit Pavlovian conditioned approach behavior in rats. This procedure can be used to measure individual differences in the tendency to approach and attribute incentive salience to reward-related cues and investigate addiction vulnerability.

Pavlovian Trainings konditionierten Ansatz bei Ratten

Cues that are contingently paired with unconditioned, rewarding stimuli can acquire rewarding properties themselves through a process known as the ...

pavlovian-conditioned-approach-training-in-rats

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

10.9K Aufrufe.  University of Michigan. Here, we present a protocol to elicit Pavlovian conditioned approach behavior in rats. This procedure can be used to measure individual differences in the tendency to approach and attribute incentive salience to reward-related cues and investigate addiction vulnerability. 

Serie: Pavlovian Conditioned Approach Training in Rats

A Fully Automated Rodent Conditioning Protocol for Sensorimotor Integration and Cognitive Control Experiments

Rodents have been traditionally used as a standard animal model in laboratory experiments involving a myriad of sensory, cognitive, and motor tasks. Higher cognitive functions that require precise control over sensorimotor responses such as decision-making and attentional modulation, however, are typically assessed in nonhuman primates. Despite the richness of primate behavior that allows multiple variants of these functions to be studied, the rodent model remains an attractive, cost-effective alternative to primate models. Furthermore, the ability to fully automate operant conditioning in rodents adds unique advantages over the labor intensive training of nonhuman primates while studying a broad range of these complex functions.
Here, we introduce a protocol for operantly conditioning rats on performing working memory tasks. During critical epochs of the task, the protocol ensures that the animal's overt movement is minimized by requiring the animal to 'fixate' until a Go cue is delivered, akin to nonhuman primate experimental design. A simple two alternative forced choice task is implemented to demonstrate the performance. We discuss the application of this paradigm to other tasks.

A fully automated protocol for rodent operant conditioning is proposed. The protocol relies on precise temporal control of behavioral events to investigate the extent to which this control influences neural activity underlying sensorimotor integration and cognitive control experiments.

Eine vollautomatische Nageranlage Protokoll für die Integration sensorischer und kognitiver Kontrollexperimente

Rodents have been traditionally used as a standard animal model in laboratory experiments involving a myriad of sensory, cognitive, and motor tasks. ...

Forschung

Verhalten

A Procedure to Observe Context-induced Renewal of Pavlovian-conditioned Alcohol-seeking Behavior in Rats

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate drug-seeking behavior and prompt relapse in abstinent drug users. We have developed a procedure to study the behavioral and neural processes that mediate the impact of context on alcohol-seeking behavior in rats. Following acclimation to the taste and pharmacological effects of 15% ethanol in the home cage, male Long-Evans rats receive Pavlovian discrimination training (PDT) in conditioning chambers. In each daily (Mon-Fri) PDT session, 16 trials each of two different 10 sec auditory conditioned stimuli occur. During one stimulus, the CS+, 0.2 ml of 15% ethanol is delivered into a fluid port for oral consumption. The second stimulus, the CS-, is not paired with ethanol. Across sessions, entries into the fluid port during the CS+ increase, whereas entries during the CS- stabilize at a lower level, indicating that a predictive association between the CS+ and ethanol is acquired. During PDT each chamber is equipped with a specific configuration of visual, olfactory and tactile contextual stimuli. Following PDT, extinction training is conducted in the same chamber that is now equipped with a different configuration of contextual stimuli. The CS+ and CS- are presented as before, but ethanol is withheld, which causes a gradual decline in port entries during the CS+. At test, rats are placed back into the PDT context and presented with the CS+ and CS- as before, but without ethanol. This manipulation triggers a robust and selective increase in the number of port entries made during the alcohol predictive CS+, with no change in responding during the CS-. This effect, referred to as context-induced renewal, illustrates the powerful capacity of contexts associated with alcohol consumption to stimulate alcohol-seeking behavior in response to Pavlovian alcohol cues.

A procedure to study the capacity of an alcohol associated environmental context to trigger the renewal of alcohol-seeking behavior in rats is described.

Eine Vorgehensweise, um Context-induzierte Erneuerung der Pawlowschen Anlage Alkoholsucht bei Ratten Verhalten beobachten

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate ...

Protocol for Studying Extinction of Conditioned Fear in Naturally Cycling Female Rats

Extinction of conditioned fear has been extensively studied in male rodents. Recently, there have been an increasing number of studies indicating that neural mechanisms for certain behavioral tasks and response behaviors are different in females and males. Using females in research studies can represent a challenge because of the variation of gonadal hormones during their estrous cycle. This protocol describes well-established procedures that are useful in investigating the role of estrogen in fear extinction memory consolidation in female rats. Phase of the estrous cycle and exogenous estrogen administration prior to extinction training can influence extinction recall 24 hr later. The vaginal swabbing technique for estrous phase identification described here aids the examination and manipulation of naturally cycling gonadal hormones. The use of this basic rodent model may further delineate the mechanisms by which estrogen can modulate fear extinction memory in females.

Gonadal hormones such as estrogen modulate memory formation in a number of experimental paradigms including fear extinction memory. This protocol describes a set of methods for investigating the influence of gonadal hormones specifically during extinction in naturally cycling females, including estrous cycle monitoring and exogenous estrogen administration.

Protokoll zur Untersuchung Extinction konditionierter Furcht in natürlich Radfahren weiblichen Ratten

Extinction of conditioned fear has been extensively studied in male rodents. Recently, there have been an increasing number of studies indicating that ...

Signal Attenuation as a Rat Model of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

In the signal attenuation rat model of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), lever-pressing for food is followed by the presentation of a compound stimulus which serves as a feedback cue. This feedback is later attenuated by repeated presentations of the stimulus without food (without the rat emitting the lever-press response). In the next stage, lever-pressing is assessed under extinction conditions (i.e., no food is delivered). At this stage rats display two types of lever-presses, those that are followed by an attempt to collect a reward, and those that are not. The latter are the measure of compulsive-like behavior in the model. A control procedure in which rats do not experience the attenuation of the feedback cue serves to distinguish between the effects of signal attenuation and of extinction. The signal attenuation model is a highly validated model of OCD and differentiates between compulsive-like behaviors and behaviors that are repetitive but not compulsive. In addition the measures collected during the procedure eliminate alternative explanations for differences between the groups being tested, and are quantitative, unbiased and unaffected by inter-experimenter variability. The major disadvantages of this model are the costly equipment, the fact that it requires some technical know-how and the fact that it is time-consuming compared to other models of OCD (11 days). The model may be used for detecting the anti- or pro-compulsive effects of pharmacological and non-pharmacological manipulations and for studying the neural substrate of compulsive behavior.

The goal of the protocol described in this paper is to induce compulsive-like behavior in rats for the study of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). This behavior is precipitated by attenuating a signal indicating that a lever-press response was effective in producing food.

Signaldämpfung als Rattenmodell der Zwangsstörung

In the signal attenuation rat model of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), lever-pressing for food is followed by the presentation of a compound stimulus ...

A Fully Automated and Highly Versatile System for Testing Multi-cognitive Functions and Recording Neuronal Activities in Rodents

We have developed a fully automated system for operant behavior testing and neuronal activity recording by which multiple cognitive brain functions can be investigated in a single task sequence. The unique feature of this system is a custom-made, acoustically transparent chamber that eliminates many of the issues associated with auditory cue control in most commercially available chambers. The ease with which operant devices can be added or replaced makes this system quite versatile, allowing for the implementation of a variety of auditory, visual, and olfactory behavioral tasks. Automation of the system allows fine temporal (10 ms) control and precise time-stamping of each event in a predesigned behavioral sequence. When combined with a multi-channel electrophysiology recording system, multiple cognitive brain functions, such as motivation, attention, decision-making, patience, and rewards, can be examined sequentially or independently.

In this report, we present a fully automated and highly versatile system capable of simultaneously testing multi-cognitive behaviors and recording neuronal activities for rodents.

Ein vollautomatisiertes und vielseitig verwendbares System zum Testen von Multi-kognitiven Funktionen und Aufnahme neuronaler Aktivitäten bei Nagetieren

We have developed a fully automated system for operant behavior testing and neuronal activity recording by which multiple cognitive brain functions can be ...

Neurowissenschaften

Using Clicker Training and Social Observation to Teach Rats to Voluntarily Change Cages

Cage cleaning is a routinely performed husbandry procedure and is known to induce stress in laboratory rats. As stress can have a negative impact on well-being and can affect the comparability and reproducibility of research results, the amount of stress experienced by laboratory animals should be minimized and avoided when possible. Further, the direct contact between the rat and animal caretaker during the cage change bears hygiene risks and therefore possibly negatively impacts the well-being of the rats and the quality of the research. 
Our protocol aims to improve the routinely performed cage changing procedure. For this reason, we present a feasible protocol that enables rats to learn via clicker training and observation to voluntarily change to a clean cage. This training helps to reduce stress caused by the physical disturbance and handling associated with the cage changes and concurrently enables a reduction in direct contact between animal and animal caretaker after the training phase is completed.
The implementation of clicker training to rats is fast and easy. Rats are generally interested in the training and efficiently learn the desired behavior, which entails changing cages through a pipe. Even without training, the rats learn to perform the desired behavior by observation, as 80% of the observational learning group successfully changed cages when tested. The training further helps to establish a relationship of trust between trainer and animal. As hygiene and well-being are both very important in animal experiments, this protocol might also help to improve high-quality research.

This protocol introduces a method of cage change for rats via clicker training. Rats learn the desired behavior not only by direct training but also by observational learning. The implementation of this fast and easy protocol might help to improve well-being and hygiene in rodent facilities.

Verwendung von Clicker-Training und soziale Beobachtung beibringen Ratten Käfige freiwillig ändern

Cage cleaning is a routinely performed husbandry procedure and is known to induce stress in laboratory rats. As stress can have a negative impact on ...

Fear Incubation Using an Extended Fear-Conditioning Protocol for Rats

Emotional memory has been primarily studied with fear-conditioning paradigms. Fear conditioning is a form of learning through which individuals learn the relationships between aversive events and otherwise neutral stimuli. The most-widely utilized procedures for studying emotional memories entail fear conditioning in rats. In these tasks, the unconditioned stimulus (US) is a footshock presented once or several times across single or several sessions, and the conditioned response (CR) is freezing. In a version of these procedures, called cued fear conditioning, a tone (conditioned stimulus, CS) is paired with footshocks (US) during the training phase. During the first test, animals are exposed to the same context in which training took place, and freezing responses are tested in the absence of footshocks and tones (i.e., a context test). During the second test, freezing is measured when the context is changed (e.g., by manipulating the smell and walls of the experimental chamber) and the tone is presented in the absence of footshocks (i.e., a cue test). Most cued fear conditioning procedures entail few tone-shock pairings (e.g., 1-3 trials in a single session). There is a growing interest in less common versions involving an extensive number of pairings (i.e., overtraining) related to the long-lasting effect called fear incubation (i.e., fear responses increase over time without further exposure to aversive events or conditioned stimuli). Extended fear-conditioning tasks have been key to the understanding of fear incubation&#8217;s behavioral and neurobiological aspects, including its relationship with other psychological phenomena (e.g., post-traumatic stress disorder). Here, we describe an extended fear-conditioning protocol that produces overtraining and fear incubation in rats. This protocol entails a single training session with 25 tone-shock pairings (i.e., overtraining) and a comparison of conditioned freezing responses during context and cue tests 48 h (short-term) and 6 weeks (long-term) after training.

We describe an extended fear-conditioning protocol that produces overtraining and fear incubation in rats. This protocol entails a single training session with 25 tone-shock pairings (i.e., overtraining) and a comparison of conditioned freezing responses during context and cue tests 48 h (short-term) and 6 weeks (long-term) after training.

Angst-Inkubation mit einem erweiterten Angst-Konditionierungsprotokoll für Ratten

Emotional memory has been primarily studied with fear-conditioning paradigms. Fear conditioning is a form of learning through which individuals learn the ...

A Novel Pavlovian Fear Conditioning Paradigm to Study Freezing and Flight Behavior

Fear- and anxiety-related behaviors significantly contribute to an organism&#8217;s survival. However, exaggerated defensive responses to perceived threat are characteristic of various anxiety disorders, which are the most prevalent form of mental illness in the United States. Discovering the neurobiological mechanisms responsible for defensive behaviors will aid in the development of novel therapeutic interventions. Pavlovian fear conditioning is a widely used laboratory paradigm to study fear-related learning and memory. A major limitation of traditional Pavlovian fear conditioning paradigms is that freezing is the only defensive behavior monitored. We recently developed a modified Pavlovian fear conditioning paradigm that allows us to study both conditioned freezing and flight (also known as escape) behavior within individual subjects. This model employs higher intensity footshocks and a greater number of pairings between the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus. Additionally, this conditioned flight paradigm utilizes serial presentation of pure tone and white noise auditory stimuli as the conditioned stimulus. Following conditioning in this paradigm, mice exhibit freezing behavior in response to the tone stimulus, and flight responses during the white noise. This conditioning model can be applied to the study of rapid and flexible transitions between behavioral responses necessary for survival.

Defensive behavioral responses are contingent upon threat intensity, proximity, and context of exposure. Based on these factors, we developed a classical conditioning paradigm that elicits clear transitions between conditioned freezing and flight behavior within individual subjects. This model is crucial for the understanding the pathologies involved in anxiety, panic, and post-traumatic stress disorders.

Ein neuartiges Pavlovian Fear Conditioning Paradigma zur Untersuchung von Einfrieren und Flugverhalten

Fear- and anxiety-related behaviors significantly contribute to an organism&#8217;s survival. However, exaggerated defensive responses to perceived threat ...

An Inescapable Cat Odor Exposure Protocol for Studying Innate and Contextual Threat Conditioning in Rats

Animals respond to threatening situations by exhibiting a number of defensive behaviors, including avoidance, freezing, and risk assessment. An animal model with an ethological approach offers a deeper insight into the biological mechanisms underlying threat responses. This paper describes a methodology to measure defensive behaviors toward both innate and learned aversive stimuli in rats. Animals were individually exposed to predator odor in an inescapable chamber to elicit a measurable, sustained, defensive state. The experimental design involved placing a rat in a familiar chamber for 10 min followed by exposure to cat odor for another 10 min in the same context. The next day, the rats were re-exposed for 10 min to the same context chamber where cat odor exposure occurred. Sessions were video-recorded and defensive behaviors were assessed on both days. 
The behavioral test was coupled with reversible functional inactivation and c-Fos immunohistochemistry techniques to determine the role of the interoceptive cortex in threat responses. Rats exposed to cat odor on the first day and re-exposed to the context chamber on the second day displayed higher levels of defensive behaviors, and that cat odor elicited a robust increase in the neural activity of the interoceptive cortex. Moreover, muscimol inactivation of the interoceptive cortex reduced the expression of defensive behaviors in response to cat odor and impaired contextual threat memory. These results show that this behavioral assay is a useful tool for studying neural mechanisms of defensive behaviors and may offer insight into mechanisms that mediate fear in humans and its related disorders.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Ein unentrinnbares Protokoll zur Exposition gegenüber Katzengerüchen zur Untersuchung der angeborenen und kontextuellen Bedrohungskonditionierung bei Ratten

Cat skin/fur odor exposure provides a reliable method to investigate neural circuits and mechanisms of defensive responses in rodents and may offer insight into mechanisms that mediate fear in humans. Here, we describe a protocol for investigating the role of the interoceptive cortex in threat responses in rats.

Ein unentrinnbares Protokoll zur Exposition gegenüber Katzengerüchen zur Untersuchung der angeborenen und kontextuellen Bedrohungskonditionierung bei Ratten

Animals respond to threatening situations by exhibiting a number of defensive behaviors, including avoidance, freezing, and risk assessment. An animal ...

Pavlovian Trainings konditionierten Ansatz bei Ratten

Zusammenfassung

Weitere Videos entdecken

Eine vollautomatische Nageranlage Protokoll für die Integration sensorischer und kognitiver Kontrollexperimente

Eine Vorgehensweise, um Context-induzierte Erneuerung der Pawlowschen Anlage Alkoholsucht bei Ratten Verhalten beobachten

Protokoll zur Untersuchung Extinction konditionierter Furcht in natürlich Radfahren weiblichen Ratten

Signaldämpfung als Rattenmodell der Zwangsstörung

Ein vollautomatisiertes und vielseitig verwendbares System zum Testen von Multi-kognitiven Funktionen und Aufnahme neuronaler Aktivitäten bei Nagetieren

Verwendung von Clicker-Training und soziale Beobachtung beibringen Ratten Käfige freiwillig ändern

Angst-Inkubation mit einem erweiterten Angst-Konditionierungsprotokoll für Ratten

Ein neuartiges Pavlovian Fear Conditioning Paradigma zur Untersuchung von Einfrieren und Flugverhalten

Ein unentrinnbares Protokoll zur Exposition gegenüber Katzengerüchen zur Untersuchung der angeborenen und kontextuellen Bedrohungskonditionierung bei Ratten

Ein unentrinnbares Protokoll zur Exposition gegenüber Katzengerüchen zur Untersuchung der angeborenen und kontextuellen Bedrohungskonditionierung bei Ratten