M.M. and C.A.R. acknowledge the financial support of the Ministero della Salute, Ricerca Finalizzata/giovani ricercatori anno 2009 of the Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale San Matteo, Pavia (I). M.M and C.A.R. wish to thank Marianna Longo for helping with the images preparation.

Dieses Protokoll wird in Übereinstimmung mit den Leitlinien der europäischen (EU 63/2010) und Italienisch (26/2014) Gesetze zum Schutz von Tieren für die wissenschaftliche Forschung verwendet werden, durchgeführt. Genickbruch der Euthanasie ist für Eierstöcke Isolierung verwendet und es wird von Experten durchgeführt und ausgebildeten Personen in der genehmigten Protokoll über diese Studie aufgeführt. 1. Tiere <ol><li> Pflegen Erwachsenen 3- bis 6 Wochen alte weibliche Mäuse in einem Raum mit kontrollierter Temperatur und Feuchtigkeit (mit Phasen der 12L: 12D und ad libitum gefüttert). </li><li> Spritzen Sie Mäusen intraperitoneal mit 2,5 IU pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) bis Follikelwachstum durch Nachahmung der Wirkungen von follikelstimulierendem Hormon (FSH) zu stimulieren. Isolieren Sie die Eierstöcke für antralen Oozyten Sammlung von 48 Stunden später. Euthanize die weibliche Maus zuvor mit PMSG injiziert, nach Ihren Richtlinien des Instituts. </li><li> Schnelles Entfernen der Eierstöcke aus der Körperhöhle und legen Sie sie in die Petrischale containing M2 Medium für spätere Oozyten Isolierung (siehe Abschnitt 3). <ol><li> Einen Einschnitt in der Haut, welche die Bauchwand, gefolgt von einem Einschnitt in der Bauchfells unter Verwendung sterilen Sektions Schere. Öffnen Sie die Schnittführung, um den Bauch freizulegen, bewegen Sie den Mut, auf der einen Seite mit einer sterilen Pinzette und lokalisieren die Eileiter und bilden eine V-Form, ausgehend von der Blase. </li><li> Beachten Sie die Eierstöcke unterhalb der Nieren entfernt. Halten Sie jede Röhre mit steriler Pinzette und machen einen kleinen Schnitt an der Unterseite der Eierstöcke, um sie freizugeben. Übertragen beide Ovarien am Boden einer Petrischale mit voräquilibriert Medium. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Hormonpräparat <ol><li> Verdünnen Sie PMSG (in verschiedenen Aktien Konzentrationen) mit steriler isotonischer Kochsalzlösung, um eine Arbeitskonzentration von 2,5 IU Hormon pro 0,1 ml für eine geeignete Injektionsvolumen zu erhalten. HINWEIS: Hormon-Lösungen müssen in 0,5 ml Röhrchen aliquotiert und gelagert bei -20 ° C bis zum Tag der Verwendung. Bewahren Sie keine verdünnten Aliquots länger als drei Monate bei -20 ° C. Einmal aufgetaut, wenn serielle Injektionen durchgeführt werden, speichern die Teilmengen von Hormon-Lösungen bei +4 ° C und verwenden Sie sie innerhalb von 4 Tagen. </li></ol> 3. Die Eizellen Antrum Isolation Für die richtige Oozyten Trennung: <ol><li> Äquilibrieren M2 Medium 13 (M2) bei 5% CO 2 und 37 ° C für mindestens 1 Stunde vor dem Beginn der Oozyten Isolierungsverfahren. Bereiten zwei Petrischalen (35 mm x 10 mm), eines mit 1 ml M2 für Ovar Punktierung und die zweite mit kleinen Tropfen (20 ul) von M2 mit Mineralöl (~ 1,5 ml) für Oozyten Übertragung nach Isolierung aus der überdachten Eierstock (siehe 3,4-3,6). Halten Sie beide Petrischalen im Inkubator bei 5% CO 2 und 37 ° C bis zur Verwendung bereit. </li><li> Verwenden Sie ein Stereomikroskop bei Oozyten Isolierungsverfahren. </li><li> Bereiten dünnen Mundglaspipetten, um die Eizellen mit Strechfolie sammelnHing Glas Pasteurpipetten horizontal gehalten (Halten der Enden der Pipette mit beiden Händen), über eine vertikale Flamme aus dem Bunsenbrenner (Abbildung 1). <ol><li> Sobald das Glas zu schmelzen beginnt, nehmen Sie die Pipette aus der Flamme, und führen Sie einen schnellen Zugbewegung um das gewünschte Pipette zu erhalten. Fest schneiden das überschüssige Glas in der Nähe der Engstelle der Pipette mit den Fingernägeln, die Länge und der Durchmesser der inneren Kapillare einzustellen. Sicherzustellen, dass die dünne Kapillare einen Innendurchmesser von ~ 100 &amp; mgr; m, der etwas größer als der Durchmesser der Eizelle (~ 80 &amp; mgr; m). </li><li> Zu-Mund-Pipette, schließen Sie ein Ende des Ansaugrohr auf die Pipette gezogen wird unter Verwendung einer geeigneten Spitze und das andere Ende in den Mund, befestigen Sie sie mit den Zähnen. </li></ol></li><li> Sammeln der Eierstöcke mit sterilen Pinzetten und legen sie an der Unterseite eines Zellkulturpetrischale (35 mm x 10 mm). Deckt sie mit 1 ml M2 zuvor bei 37 ° C äquilibriertund 5% CO 2 (Abbildung 2). </li><li> Sanft durchstechen die Antralfollikeln der Eierstöcke mit einem sterilen Insulinspritze Nadel antralen Oozyten in M2 (Figur 3) zu lösen. </li><li> Gently Mund pipettieren die Eizellen durch eine enge Pasteur-Pipette, um Follikelzellen und andere mögliche Gewebetrümmer (4A) zu entfernen und setzen sie an der Unterseite der kleinen Tropfen (20 ul) von M2 mit Mineralöl für Embryokultur überzogen (vorher dann hergestellt; 4B). HINWEIS: Es ist wichtig, alle Cumuluszellen an die Zona pellucida der Eizellen durch kontinuierliches Pipettieren angebracht über mehrere und unterschiedliche Tropfen M2 entfernen. Führen Sie diesen Schritt so schnell wie möglich, um Veränderungen im pH des Mediums zu vermeiden. </li></ol> 4. Antral Oozyten Färbung mit Hoechst33342 HINWEIS: Antral Eizellen können in SN (Umgeben Nucleolus), NSN (Nicht Umgeben Nucleolus) oder unterschieden werdenin einer anderen Zwischenform auf der Grundlage ihrer Chromatinorganisation nach Färbung mit Supravital Konzentration Hoechst33342 (oder andere spezifische Marker für Basen AT) 14. In der Tat zeigen die SN Oozyten eine Hoechst-positive Ring um den Nukleolus, während der NSN nicht, daher der Name. Für die richtige Oozyten-Färbung: <ol><li> Übertragen die Oozyten mit einer Mundpipette in Tropfen Hoechst33342 (20 ul) in M2 verdünnt im supravitalen Konzentration von 50 ng / &amp; mgr; l für 10 Minuten im Dunkeln. </li><li> Nach der Inkubation mit Hoechst33342 Transfer jeder einzelnen Oocyte mit einem Mundpipette an der Unterseite der kleinen Tropfen (5 ul) von M2 mit Mineralöl bedeckt, zum Sortieren basierend auf Chromatinorganisation (SN oder NSN). Verwenden Sie eine beliebige Fluoreszenzmikroskop mit Hoechst33342 Filter (Emissionswellenlänge 486 nm) ausgestattet, um die Chromatin-Konfiguration der Eizellen zu visualisieren. HINWEIS: In Abhängigkeit von der Art des Fluoreszenzmikroskopes, it kann sich zwingend notwendig, um Glasboden Petrischale für die Bildaufnahme verwenden. Die konfokale Mikroskopie Olympus FluoView Fv10i, wenn mit einem Probenhalter für 35 mm-Schale ausgestattet benötigt nur Glasboden-Gerichte für die Bilderfassung, mit einer 0,17 mm Standard-Dicke und einem Bereich von 0,13 bis 0,21 mm akzeptabel. </li><li> Erregt die Oozyten auf nicht mehr als 5-10 sec, wahrscheinlich genügend Zeit, um die Anwesenheit oder die Abwesenheit von einem Ring um den Nukleolus (Abbildung 5) zu visualisieren. </li><li> Nach dem Sortieren, der Kultur der antralen SN und NSN Oozyten in M2 bei 5% CO 2 und 37 ° C, um in vitro-Reifung induzieren oder halten sie in geeigneten Puffern für die molekulare oder zelluläre Analysen. </li></ol>

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S., Szollosi, D., Vautier, D., Girousse, A., Besomber, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Competent+mouse+oocytes+isolated+from+antral+follicles+exhibit+different+chromatin+organization+and+follow+different+maturation+dynamics.">Competent mouse oocytes isolated from antral follicles exhibit different chromatin organization and follow different maturation dynamics.</a> Mol. Reprod. Dev. 36 (1), 59-74 (1993).</li><li>Zuccotti, M., Piccinelli, A., Giorgi Rossi, P., Garagna, S., Redi, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chromatin+organisation+during+mouse+oocyte+growth.">Chromatin organisation during mouse oocyte growth.</a> Mol. Reprod. Dev. 41 (1-2), 479-485 (1995).</li><li>Wu, Y. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selection+of+oocytes+for+in+vitro+maturation+by+brilliant+cresyl+blue+staining:+a+study+using+the+mouse+model.">Selection of oocytes for in vitro maturation by brilliant cresyl blue staining: a study using the mouse model.</a> Cell Res. 17, 722-731 (2007).</li><li>Opiela, Y., K&#261;tska-Ksi&#261;&#380;kiewicz, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+utility+of+Brilliant+Cresyl+Blue+(BCB)+staining+of+mammalian+oocytes+used+for+in+vitro+embryo+production+(IVP).">The utility of Brilliant Cresyl Blue (BCB) staining of mammalian oocytes used for in vitro embryo production (IVP).</a> Reproductive Biol. 13, 177-183 (2013).</li><li>Labrecque, R., Sirard, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+study+of+mammalian+oocyte+competence+by+transcriptome+analysis:+progress+and+challenges.">The study of mammalian oocyte competence by transcriptome analysis: progress and challenges.</a> Mol. Human Reprod. 20 (2), 103-116 (2014).</li><li>Monti, M., Zanoni, M., Calligaro, A., Ko, M. S., Mauri, P. L., Redi, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Developmental+arrest+and+mouse+antral+Not-Surrouded+Nucleolus+oocyte.">Developmental arrest and mouse antral Not-Surrouded Nucleolus oocyte.</a> Biol. Reprod. 88 (1), 1-7 (2013).</li><li>Yurttas, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+for+PADI6+and+the+cytoplasmic+lattices+in+ribosomal+storage+in+oocytes+and+translational+control+in+the+early+mouse+embryo.">Role for PADI6 and the cytoplasmic lattices in ribosomal storage in oocytes and translational control in the early mouse embryo.</a> Development. 135 (15), 2627-2636 (2008).</li><li>Li, L., Baibakov, B., Dean, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+subcortical+maternal+complex+essential+for+preimplantation+mouse+embryogenesis.">A subcortical maternal complex essential for preimplantation mouse embryogenesis.</a> Dev. Cell. 15 (3), 416-425 (2008).</li><li>Ami, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=FT-IR+spectra+signatures+of+mouse+antral+oocytes:+molecular+markers+of+oocyte+maturation+and+developmental+competence.">FT-IR spectra signatures of mouse antral oocytes: molecular markers of oocyte maturation and developmental competence.</a> Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1813 (6), 1220-1222 (2011).</li><li>Fulton, B. P., Whittingam, D. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activation+of+mammalian+oocytes+by+intercellular+injection+of+calcium.">Activation of mammalian oocytes by intercellular injection of calcium.</a> Nature. 273 (5658), 149-151 (1978).</li><li>Luttmer, S. J., Longo, F. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Examination+of+living+and+fixed+gametes+and+early+embryos+stained+with+supravital+fluorochromes+(Hoechst+33342+and+3,3&#8242;-dihexyloxacarbocyanine+iodide).">Examination of living and fixed gametes and early embryos stained with supravital fluorochromes (Hoechst 33342 and 3,3&#8242;-dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide).</a> Gamete Res. 15 (3), 267-283 (1986).</li><li>Monti, M., Redi, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+biopolitics+of+frozen+embryos.">The biopolitics of frozen embryos.</a> Int. J. Dev. Biol. 55, 243-247 (2011).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose

Dieses Protokoll beschreibt die verwendet werden, um zu isolieren und zu klassifizieren Maus antralen GV-Oozyten-Methode. Es gibt keine besonderen kritischen Schritte, um zu unterstreichen, mit wenigen Ausnahmen. Erstens: a) Erhaltung der Vitalität der Oozyten und b) zu vermeiden, den pH-Wert des verwendeten Mediums: Dieses Verfahren sollte so schnell wie möglich durchgeführt werden. Zweitens: Eizellen sollten kurz angeregt werden (5-10 sec), um Hoechst33342 Chromatin Schäden und der anschließenden Tod der Eizellen...

Antralen ausgewachsene Oocyten (GV, Keimbläschen) aus dem Antrum Fach der Ovarien isoliert werden routinemäßig für verschiedene Zwecke verwendet, wie zum Beispiel die Untersuchung der molekularen und zellulären Mechanismen, die in vitro-Reifung bis Metaphase II Stufe. Trotz ihres schönen Aussehens meisten antralen Eizellen, aber nicht alle sind in der Lage, um die Meiose zu vervollständigen und erreichen das Blastozystenstadium; in der Tat, in vielen Säugetierspezies, einschließlich Menschen, 1,2, etwa 30% von ihnen verhaften ihre Entwicklung in der 2-Zell-Stadium, wenn die Befruchtung stattfindet 3-5. Bisher sind nur wenige Parameter verwendet werden, um zwischen den Oozyten der Lage, die Embryonalentwicklung von denen nicht in der Lage, dies zu tun aufrecht zu unterscheiden. Zum Beispiel ist Cresyl-Blau-Färbung (BCB) einen gültigen Methode die Oozyten basierend auf der Aktivität der Glucose-6-phosphat-dehydrogenase zu sortieren, obwohl der Nutzen dieses Sortierverfahren den BCB + oder BCB- Färbung zusammenhängtnoch Labor abhängig 6-8. Eine andere gut etablierte Methode liegt in ihrer Chromatinorganisation: Wenn bei allen DNA interkalierende Farbstoffe (wie Hoechst33342) gefärbt, 70% der antralen Oozyten zeigen eine farbstoff positive Ring um den Nukleolus und sind umgeben Nucleolus (SN) aufgerufen wird, während die restlichen 30% zeigen eine gefleckte positive Signale und werden als Nicht Umgeben Nucleolus (NSN) 3-5. Kürzlich haben wir gezeigt, dass das Fehlen von zytoplasmatischen Gittern 9 (CPLs, wichtige Lagerstätten für maternalen mRNA und Ribosom in beiden Säugetier Eizellen und Embryonen) 10 und der Herunterregulierung der MATER (wichtig für CPLs Bildung 11) zusammen mit der Anwesenheit von Lipidtröpfchen in ihrem Zytoplasma 9,12, können andere Ursachen auf den NSN Oozyten Unfähigkeit, die auf über die 2-Zell-Stadium fortfahren. Leider können einige Techniken angewendet, um antralen SN und NSN Eizellen und sortiert werden,Aus diesem Grund könnte die Entwicklung einer weniger invasiven Verfahren (ohne Kernfärbung, der Fixierung oder Manipulation mit Mund-Pipetten) sehr wichtig geworden, um die Raten der menschlichen und tierischen Embryo-Entwicklung zu erhöhen. In diesem Papier haben wir ausführlich die einfache und schnelle Protokoll für die Anzeige Art SN und NSN antralen Eizellen von weiblichen Mäusen zu isolieren, und es wird an alle Wissenschaftler interessieren sich für das Studium der weiblichen Gametogenese, Eizellreifung und Embryoentwicklung gerichtet.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>PMSG</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>G4527</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EmbrioMax M2</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>MR-015-PD</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hoechst33342</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>62249</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mineral Oil</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M8410</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Culture Dish 35mmx10mm</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430165</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#181;-Dish 35mm, high glass bottom</td>
			<td>Ibidi</td>
			<td>81158</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette Pasteur Borosilicate</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>7095D-9</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aspirator tube assemblies for calibrated micropillary pipettes</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A5177</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation and characterization of mouse antral oocytes based on nucleolar chromatin organization

This protocol describes a simple and quick method to isolate and characterize mouse antral GV (Germinal Vesicle) oocytes as able (SN, Surrounded Nucleolus) or unable (NSN, Not Surrounded Nucleolus) to develop to the blastocyst stage after in vitro maturation (IVM) and in vitro fertilization (IVF). It makes use of Hoeschst33342 (or any other DNA intercalating dye) able to bind to the heterochromatin of the nucleolus showing a ring in the SN oocytes or not, like in the NSN oocytes. This represents the easiest and quickest way to sort both antral oocytes that can be eventually used for IVM or IVF procedures. 
Briefly, the protocol consists of the following steps: hormone injection to stimulate follicular growth; isolation of the oocytes at the GV stage from the antral compartment by puncturing the ovary with a sterile needle; preparation of thin glass pipettes for mouth pipetting of the oocytes; sorting of the oocytes with Hoechst33342 prepared at a supravital concentration; IVM, IVF or any other molecular/cellular analysis.
Unfortunately there are still few evidences to sort SN and NSN oocytes using less invasive techniques. If and once they will be identified, they could be potentially applied to human assisted reproductive technologies, although with several aspects that should be modified. To date, this technique has potential implications to dramatically increase IVM and IVF successful procedures in both endangered and species with economic interest.

Die folgenden Bilder zeigen die verwendet werden, um antralen Eizellen aus den Eierstöcken der Maus zu isolieren, ausgehend von Pipetten Zubereitung der Oozyten &quot;Sortierung mittels Hoechst33342 Methode. Diese Methode ist sehr einfach und kann in jedem Labor mit einem CO 2 -Inkubator, einem Stereomikroskop und einem Fluoreszenzmikroskop mit dem korrekten Filter für die Beobachtung des Hoechst33342 ausgestattet erfolgen Abbildung 1 zeigt den Anfangsschrit...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Characterization of Mouse Antral Oocytes Based on Nucleolar Chromatin Organization at JoVE.com

Isolation and Characterization of Mouse Antral Oocytes Based on Nucleolar Chromatin Organization

Hier präsentieren wir ein Protokoll für die Charakterisierung von Maus antralen Oozyten basierend auf nucleolar Organisation.

Isolierung und Charakterisierung von Maus Antral Oozyten Basierend auf Nucleolar Chromatinorganisation

This protocol describes a simple and quick method to isolate and characterize mouse antral GV (Germinal Vesicle) oocytes as able (SN, Surrounded ...

isolation-characterization-mouse-antral-oocytes-based-on-nucleolar

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

13.3K Aufrufe.  Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo.  Hier präsentieren wir ein Protokoll für die Charakterisierung von Maus antralen Oozyten basierend auf nucleolar Organisation. 

Serie: Isolation and Characterization of Mouse Antral Oocytes Based on Nucleolar Chromatin Organization

Isolation and Quantitative Immunocytochemical Characterization of Primary Myogenic Cells and Fibroblasts from Human Skeletal Muscle

The repair and regeneration of skeletal muscle requires the action of satellite cells, which are the resident muscle stem cells. These can be isolated from human muscle biopsy samples using enzymatic digestion and their myogenic properties studied in culture. Quantitatively, the two main adherent cell types obtained from enzymatic digestion are: (i) the satellite cells (termed myogenic cells or muscle precursor cells), identified initially as CD56+ and later as CD56+/desmin+ cells and (ii) muscle-derived fibroblasts, identified as CD56&#8211; and TE-7+. Fibroblasts proliferate very efficiently in culture and in mixed cell populations these cells may overrun myogenic cells to dominate the culture. The isolation and purification of different cell types from human muscle is thus an important methodological consideration when trying to investigate the innate behavior of either cell type in culture. Here we describe a system of sorting based on the gentle enzymatic digestion of cells using collagenase and dispase followed by magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS) which gives both a high purity (&#62;95% myogenic cells) and good yield (~2.8 x 106 &#177; 8.87 x 105 cells/g tissue after 7 days in vitro) for experiments in culture. This approach is based on incubating the mixed muscle-derived cell population with magnetic microbeads beads conjugated to an antibody against CD56 and then passing cells though a magnetic field. CD56+ cells bound to microbeads are retained by the field whereas CD56&#8211; cells pass unimpeded through the column. Cell suspensions from any stage of the sorting process can be plated and cultured. Following a given intervention, cell morphology, and the expression and localization of proteins including nuclear transcription factors can be quantified using immunofluorescent labeling with specific antibodies and an image processing and analysis package.

The main adherent cell types derived from human muscle are myogenic cells and fibroblasts. Here, cell populations are enriched using magnetic-activated cell sorting based on the CD56 antigen. Subsequent immunolabelling with specific antibodies and use of image analysis techniques allows quantification of cytoplasmic and nuclear characteristics in individual cells.

Isolierung und Charakterisierung von Quantitative Immunzytochemische Primäre myogenen Zellen und Fibroblasten aus menschlichen Skelettmuskel

The repair and regeneration of skeletal muscle requires the action of satellite cells, which are the resident muscle stem cells. These can be isolated ...

Forschung

Entwicklungsbiologie

Isolation and Characterization of Satellite Cells from Rat Head Branchiomeric Muscles

Fibrosis and defective muscle regeneration can hamper the functional recovery of the soft palate muscles after cleft palate repair. This causes persistent problems in speech, swallowing, and sucking. In vitro culture systems that allow the study of satellite cells (myogenic stem cells) from head muscles are crucial to develop new therapies based on tissue engineering to promote muscle regeneration after surgery. These systems will offer new perspectives for the treatment of cleft palate patients. A protocol for the isolation, culture and differentiation of satellite cells from head muscles is presented. The isolation is based on enzymatic digestion and trituration to release the satellite cells. In addition, this protocol comprises an innovative method using extracellular matrix gel coatings of millimeter size, which requires only low numbers of satellite cells for differentiation assays.

This protocol describes the isolation of satellite cells from branchiomeric head muscles of a 9 week-old rat. The muscles originate from different branchial arches. Subsequently, the satellite cells are cultured on a spot coating of millimeter size to study their differentiation. This approach avoids the expansion and passaging of satellite cells.

Isolierung und Charakterisierung von Satellitenzellen aus Ratte Kopf Branchiomeric Muscles

Fibrosis and defective muscle regeneration can hamper the functional recovery of the soft palate muscles after cleft palate repair. This causes persistent ...

Isolation and Characterization of Single Cells from Zebrafish Embryos

The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a powerful model organism to study vertebrate development. Though many aspects of zebrafish embryonic development have been described at the morphological level, little is known about the molecular basis of cellular changes that occur as the organism develops. With recent advancements in microfluidics and multiplexing technologies, it is now possible to characterize gene expression in single cells. This allows for investigation of heterogeneity between individual cells of specific cell populations to identify and classify cell subtypes, characterize intermediate states that occur during cell differentiation, and explore differential cellular responses to stimuli. This study describes a protocol to isolate viable, single cells from zebrafish embryos for high throughput multiplexing assays. This method may be rapidly applied to any zebrafish embryonic cell type with fluorescent markers. An extension of this method may also be used in combination with high throughput sequencing technologies to fully characterize the transcriptome of single cells. As proof of principle, the relative abundance of cardiac differentiation markers was assessed in isolated, single cells derived from nkx2.5 positive cardiac progenitors. By evaluation of gene expression at the single cell level and at a single time point, the data support a model in which cardiac progenitors coexist with differentiating progeny. The method and work flow described here is broadly applicable to the zebrafish research community, requiring only a labeled transgenic fish line and access to microfluidics technologies.

This protocol describes a method for isolating single cells from zebrafish embryos, enriching for cells of interest, capturing zebrafish cells in microfluidic based single cell multiplex systems, and assessing gene expression from single cells.

Isolierung und Charakterisierung von Einzelzellen aus Zebrafischembryonen

The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a powerful model organism to study vertebrate development. Though many aspects of zebrafish embryonic development have been ...

Isolation and Characterization of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Human Umbilical Cord and Fetal Placenta

The human umbilical cord (UC) and placenta are non-invasive, primitive and abundant sources of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) that have increasingly gained attention because they do not pose any ethical or moral concerns. Current methods to isolate MSCs from UC yield low amounts of cells with variable proliferation potentials. Since UC is an anatomically-complex organ, differences in MSC properties may be due to the differences in the anatomical regions of their isolation. In this study, we first dissected the cord/placenta samples into three discrete anatomical regions: UC, cord-placenta junction (CPJ), and fetal placenta (FP). Second, two distinct zones, cord lining (CL) and Wharton&#39;s jelly (WJ), were separated. The explant culture technique was then used to isolate cells from the four sources. The time required for the primary culture of cells from the explants varied depending on the source of the tissue. Outgrowth of the cells occurred within 3 - 4 days of the CPJ explants, whereas growth was observed after 7 - 10 days and 11 - 14 days from CL/WJ and FP explants, respectively. The isolated cells were adherent to plastic and displayed fibroblastoid morphology and surface markers, such as CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, and CD105, similarly to bone marrow (BM)-derived MSCs. However, the colony-forming efficiency of the cells varied, with CPJ-MSCs and WJ-MSCs showing higher efficiency than BM-MSCs. MSCs from all four sources differentiated into adipogenic, chondrogenic, and osteogenic lineages, indicating that they were multipotent. CPJ-MSCs differentiated more efficiently in comparison to other MSC sources. These results suggest that the CPJ is the most potent anatomical region and yields a higher number of cells, with greater proliferation and self-renewal capacities in vitro. In conclusion, the comparative analysis of the MSCs from the four sources indicated that CPJ is a more promising source of MSCs for cell therapy, regenerative medicine, and tissue engineering.

Here, we present a protocol for the dissection of human umbilical cord (UC) and fetal placenta sample into cord lining (CL), Wharton&#39;s jelly (WJ), cord-placenta junction (CPJ), and fetal placenta (FP) for the isolation and characterization of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) using the explant culture technique.

Isolierung und Charakterisierung von mesenchymalen Stromazellen aus Nabelschnur und Fetal Placenta

The human umbilical cord (UC) and placenta are non-invasive, primitive and abundant sources of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) that have increasingly ...

A Novel Use of Three-dimensional High-frequency Ultrasonography for Early Pregnancy Characterization in the Mouse

High-frequency ultrasonography (HFUS) is a common method to non-invasively monitor the real-time development of the human fetus in utero. The mouse is routinely used as an in vivo model to study embryo implantation and pregnancy progression. Unfortunately, such murine studies require pregnancy interruption to enable follow-up phenotypic analysis. To address this issue, we used three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction of HFUS imaging data for early detection and characterization of murine embryo implantation sites and their individual developmental progression in utero. Combining HFUS imaging with 3-D reconstruction and modeling, we were able to accurately quantify embryo implantation site number as well as monitor developmental progression in pregnant C57BL6J/129S mice from 5.5 days post coitus (d.p.c.) through to 9.5 d.p.c. with the use of a transducer. Measurements included: number, location, and volume of implantation sites as well as inter-implantation site spacing; embryo viability was assessed by cardiac activity monitoring. In the immediate post-implantation period (5.5 to 8.5 d.p.c.), 3-D reconstruction of the gravid uterus in both mesh and solid overlay format enabled visual representation of the developing pregnancies within each uterine horn. As genetically engineered mice continue to be used to characterize female reproductive phenotypes derived from uterine dysfunction, this method offers a new approach to detect, quantify, and characterize early implantation events in vivo. This novel use of 3-D HFUS imaging demonstrates the ability to successfully detect, visualize, and characterize embryo-implantation sites during early murine pregnancy in a non-invasive manner. The technology offers a significant improvement over current methods, which rely on the interruption of pregnancies for gross tissue and histopathologic characterization. Here we use a video and text format to describe how to successfully perform ultrasounds of early murine pregnancy to generate reliable and reproducible data with reconstruction of the uterine form in mesh and solid 3-D images.

Mice are widely used to study gestational biology. However, pregnancy termination is required for such studies which precludes longitudinal investigations and necessitates the use of large numbers of animals. Therefore, we describe a non-invasive technique of high-frequency ultrasonography for early detection and monitoring of post-implantation events in the pregnant mouse.

Eine neue Verwendung des dreidimensionalen Hochfrequenz-Sonographie zur frühen Schwangerschaft Charakterisierung in der Maus

High-frequency ultrasonography (HFUS) is a common method to non-invasively monitor the real-time development of the human fetus in utero. The mouse is ...

A Neural Network-Based Identification of Developmentally Competent or Incompetent Mouse Fully-Grown Oocytes

Infertility clinics would benefit from the ability to select developmentally competent vs. incompetent oocytes using non-invasive procedures, thus improving the overall pregnancy outcome. We recently developed a classification method based on microscopic live observations of mouse oocytes during their in vitro maturation from the germinal vesicle (GV) to the metaphase II stage, followed by the analysis of the cytoplasmic movements occurring during this time-lapse period. Here, we present detailed protocols of this procedure. Oocytes are isolated from fully-grown antral follicles and cultured for 15 h inside a microscope equipped for time-lapse analysis at 37 &#176;C and 5% CO2. Pictures are taken at 8 min intervals. The images are analyzed using the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) method that calculates, for each oocyte, the profile of Cytoplasmic Movement Velocities (CMVs) occurring throughout the culture period. Finally, the CMVs of each single oocyte are fed through a mathematical classification tool (Feed-forward Artificial Neural Network, FANN), which predicts the probability of a gamete to be developmentally competent or incompetent with an accuracy of 91.03%. This protocol, set up for the mouse, could now be tested on oocytes of other species, including humans.

Here, we present a protocol for non-invasive assessment of oocyte developmental competence performed during their in vitro maturation from the germinal vesicle to the metaphase II stage. This method combines time-lapse imaging with particle image velocimetry (PIV) and neural network analyses.

Eine neuronale Netzwerk-basierte Identifikation der entwicklungsgeschichtlich zuständigen oder inkompetent Maus ausgewachsene Eizellen

Infertility clinics would benefit from the ability to select developmentally competent vs. incompetent oocytes using non-invasive procedures, thus ...

Isolation and Characterization of Human Umbilical Cord-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Preterm and Term Infants

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have considerable therapeutic potential and attract increasing interest in the biomedical field. MSCs are originally isolated and characterized from bone marrow (BM), then acquired from tissues including adipose tissue, synovium, skin, dental pulp, and fetal appendages such as placenta, umbilical cord blood (UCB), and umbilical cord (UC). MSCs are a heterogeneous cell population with the capacity for (1) adherence to plastic in standard culture conditions, (2) surface marker expression of CD73+/CD90+/CD105+/CD45-/CD34-/CD14-/CD19-/HLA-DR- phenotypes, and (3) trilineage differentiation into adipocytes, osteocytes, and chondrocytes, as currently defined by the International Society for Cellular Therapy (ISCT). Although BM is the most widely used source of MSCs, the invasive nature of BM aspiration ethically limits its accessibility. Proliferation and differentiation capacity of MSCs obtained from BM generally decline with the age of the donor. In contrast, fetal MSCs obtained from UC have advantages such as vigorous proliferation and differentiation capacity. There is no ethical concern for UC sampling, as it is typically regarded as medical waste. Human UC starts to develop with continuing growth of the amniotic cavity at 4-8 weeks of gestation and keeps growing until reaching 50-60 cm in length, and it can be isolated during the whole newborn delivery period. To gain insight into the pathophysiology of intractable diseases, we have used UC-derived MSCs (UC-MSCs) from infants delivered at various gestational ages. In this protocol, we describe the isolation and characterization of UC-MSCs from fetuses/infants at 19-40 weeks of gestation.

Human umbilical cord (UC) can be obtained during the perinatal period as a result of preterm, term, and postterm delivery. In this protocol, we describe the isolation and characterization of UC-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) from fetuses/infants at 19-40 weeks of gestation.

Isolierung und Charakterisierung der menschlichen Nabelschnur gewonnenen mesenchymalen Stammzellen aus Frühgeborenen und Kleinkindern Begriff

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have considerable therapeutic potential and attract increasing interest in the biomedical field. MSCs are originally ...

Differentiation and Characterization of Neural Progenitors and Neurons from Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

We describe the step-by-step procedure for culturing and differentiating mouse embryonic stem cells into neuronal lineages, followed by a series of assays to characterize the differentiated cells. The E14 mouse embryonic stem cells were used to form embryoid bodies through the hanging drop method, and then induced to differentiate into neural progenitor cells by retinoic acid, and finally differentiated into neurons. Quantitative&#160;reverse transcription&#160;polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and immunofluorescence experiments revealed that the neural progenitors and neurons exhibit corresponding markers (nestin for neural progenitors and neurofilament for neurons) at day 8 and 12 post-differentiation, respectively. Flow cytometry experiments on an E14 line expressing a Sox1 promoter-driven GFP reporter showed that about 60% of cells at day 8 are GFP positive, indicating the successful differentiation of neural progenitor cells at this stage. Finally, RNA-seq analysis was used to profile the global transcriptomic changes. These methods are useful for analyzing the involvement of specific genes and pathways in regulating the cell identity transition during neuronal differentiation.

We describe the procedure for the in vitro differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into neuronal cells using the hanging drop method. Furthermore, we perform a comprehensive phenotypic analysis through RT-qPCR, immunofluorescence, RNA-seq, and flow cytometry.

Differenzierung und Charakterisierung neuronaler Vorläufer und Neuronen aus embryonalen Stammzellen der Maus

We describe the step-by-step procedure for culturing and differentiating mouse embryonic stem cells into neuronal lineages, followed by a series of assays ...

Minimum Volume Vitrification of Immature Feline Oocytes

In wild animals&#8217; conservation programs, gamete banking is crucial to safeguard genetic resources of valuable individuals and rare species and to promote biodiversity preservation. In felids, most species are threatened with extinction, and domestic breeds are used as a model to increase the efficiency of protocols for germplasm banking. Among oocyte cryopreservation techniques, vitrification is more and more popular in human and veterinary assisted reproduction. Cryotop vitrification, which was at first developed for human oocytes and embryos, has demonstrated to be well-suited for cat oocytes. This method offers several advantages, such as the feasibility in field conditions and the speed of the procedure, which can be helpful when several samples need to be processed. However, the efficiency is strongly dependent on the operator&#8217;s skills, and intra- and inter-laboratory standardization are needed, as well as personnel training. This protocol describes minimum volume vitrification of immature feline oocytes on a commercial support in a step by step field-friendly protocol, from oocyte collection to warming. Following the protocol, preservation of oocyte integrity and viability at warming (as high as 90%) can be expected, although there is still room for improvement in post-warming maturation and embryonic development outcomes.

This manuscript describes a protocol for the minimum volume vitrification of immature cat oocytes with laboratory-made media on commercial supports. It covers every step from oocyte isolation from ex vivo gonads to vitrification and warming.

Minimale Volumenverglasung von unreifen FelineOozyten

In wild animals&#8217; conservation programs, gamete banking is crucial to safeguard genetic resources of valuable individuals and rare species and to ...

In Vitro Culture Strategy for Oocytes from Early Antral Follicle in Cattle

The limited reserve of mature, fertilizable oocytes represents a major barrier for the success of assisted reproduction in mammals. Considering that during the reproductive life span only about 1% of the oocytes in an ovary mature and ovulate, several techniques have been developed to increase the exploitation of the ovarian reserve to the growing population of non-ovulatory follicles. Such technologies have allowed interventions of fertility preservation, selection programs in livestock, and conservation of endangered species. However, the vast potential of the ovarian reserve is still largely unexploited. In cows, for instance, some attempts have been made to support in vitro culture of oocytes at specific developmental stages, but efficient and reliable protocols have not yet been developed. Here we describe a culture system that reproduce the physiological conditions of the corresponding follicular stage, defined to develop in vitro growing oocytes collected from bovine early antral follicles to the fully-grown stage, corresponding to the medium antral follicle in vivo. A combination of hormones and a phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor was used to prevent untimely meiotic resumption and to guide oocyte&#39;s differentiation.

We describe the procedures for isolation of growing oocytes from ovarian follicles at early stages of development, as well as the setup of an in vitro culture system which can support the growth and differentiation up to the fully-grown stage. &#160;

In Vitro Kulturstrategie für Oozyten aus dem frühen Antralfollikel bei Rindern

The limited reserve of mature, fertilizable oocytes represents a major barrier for the success of assisted reproduction in mammals. Considering that ...