This&#160;research was supported by NIH 1 U01 HL097973, NHLBI 5 R01 HL116511-02, UCSF-CTSI Grant Number UL1 TR000004, the Robert Wood Johnson Health and Society Scholars Program, and the Lisa and John Pritzker Family Foundation. The authors also wish to acknowledge Michelle Stephens for her assistance with scoring the ANS data as well as Vanessa Tearnan, Marialma Gonzales-Cruz, Yurivia Cervantes, Amy Engler, Stephanie Grover and Karen Jones-Mason for their assistance in collecting the ANS data, and Michael Coccia for his help with the data. We are also thankful to the families for their generous participation in this research and to the volunteers who helped us to test and refine this protocol, including the first author&#8217;s two children. We want to acknowledge our mentors who taught us about measuring ANS and why measuring ANS responsivity is meaningful in young children: W. Thomas Boyce, Gary Bernston, and Dave Lozano.

<ol>
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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Diese Studie hat gezeigt, dass in einer Probe von 18 Monate alten Kinder, entworfen standardisierte Ruhe- und Herausforderung Aufgaben Antworten aus einer Reihe von Domains zu entlocken (aufschrecken, sensorische, soziale, Ruhe) auf einen Bereich von ANS Antworten geführt. Die mittleren ANS Antworten unter diesen Rast- und Herausforderung Bedingungen gefunden wurden , waren ähnlich wie ANS Werte von anderen berichtet , die ANS Ansprechbarkeit mit kleinen Kindern mit ähnlichen Aufgaben 8,11,27,29 gemessen h...

Individuelle Unterschiede in der Kinder des autonomen Nervensystems (ANS) Reaktivität eine wichtige Rolle bei der Entwicklung und Erhaltung der körperlichen und psychischen Problemen 12-16 spielen. Eine wachsende Zahl von Beweisen zeigt , dass individuelle Unterschiede in der ANS Maßnahmen in Ruhe und Reaktivität von Variationen prädiktive sind in Kinder Internalisierung und Externalisierung psychopathology 4,9,17-19 und körperliche Gesundheit 7.20. Neben diesen direkten oder Haupteffekte von ANS Funktion haben einen thesaurierenden Körper von Studien festgestellt , dass die Reaktivität von Kindern mit Kontextrisikofaktoren in Wechselwirkung treten können, wie unerwünschte Ereignisse oder Ehekonflikt, diese Auswirkungen auf das Wohl der Kinder und die Gesundheit zu moderieren (siehe 21 Referenz eine Überprüfung). Trotz dieser immer mehr Belege dafür, dass die Kinder autonome Reaktivität spielt eine Rolle bei der Gesundheit in der gesamten Lebensverlauf und die Begleit Interesse an diesen Prozessen gibtdie Entwicklung von ANS Funktion bei Kindern unter drei Jahren untersucht wird weitere Forschung benötigen. Das ANS besteht aus zwei Zweigen, die parasympathische und sympathische Nervensystem. Es regelt die Funktion der inneren Organe (zB Herzfrequenz, Atmung, Verdauung und sexuelle Erregung), vor allem durch unbewusste Mechanismen, in Reaktion auf die täglichen und negativen Erfahrungen 1. Der Parasympathikus (PNS) ist die &quot;Ruhe und stärk &#39;System, das eine niedrige Herzfrequenz in Ruhe und Restaurationszustand beim Schlafen oder Entspannen Das sympathische Nervensystem (SNS) ist der&quot; Kampf oder Flucht &quot;System, das oder bedrohlich reagiert auf Notfälle unterhält Situationen , die von 23 eine Herzfrequenz zu beschleunigen. Respiratorischen Sinusarrhythmie (RSA) ist ein zuverlässiger Index des PNS Einfluss auf die Herzfunktion und Pre-Auswurfperiode (PEP) ist ein zuverlässiger Index des SNS Einfluss auf Autodiac funktioniert. Sowohl RSA und PEP wurden in Proben von Erwachsenen 24,25 gültig sein Maßnahmen durch experimentelle pharmakologische Blockade gefunden. In jüngerer Zeit hat sich diese Arbeit in der Kinder- und Jugend Proben verlängert worden ist , weiter 8,26,27 während der gesamten Entwicklung RSA und PEP als gültige und zuverlässige Maßnahmen von ANS - Aktivität zu etablieren. Zuverlässige Impedanzkardiographie Messungen (PEP) mit Band und Punktelektroden sind seit geraumer Zeit in der Erwachsenen Proben 28 verwendet. In jüngerer Zeit wurden parallel Mess- und Analyseverfahren , auch in Proben von Kindern 11,29,30 zuverlässig und nur gültig, obwohl Sammlung von PEP Maßnahmen bei kleinen Kindern ist selten gezeigt. Es ist eine noch vorhandene große Menge an Literatur über PNS bei Säuglingen und kleinen Kindern funktioniert, einschließlich Vagotonus und respiratorischen Sinusarrhythmie Maßnahmen. Es gibt weniger Studien über die SNS PEP verwenden, und nur sehr wenige gleichzeitig untersuchen sowohl dieparasympathische und sympathische Nervensystem, die für den Aufbau von Verständnis ihrer hochintegrierten Funktion kritisch ist. Von den wenigen Studien der jungen PEP Kinder, die meisten finden , dass ihre Protokolle keine signifikante Gruppe Pegeländerungen in PEP als Reaktion auf Herausforderungen 8,31. Studien haben gezeigt , dass es Stabilität in der Kindheit beginnen PNS Maßnahmen in ruhenden und sie haben Beziehungen mit Temperament, Verhalten und Gesundheit, 13,16,26,32,33 , aber es gibt ein begrenztes Verständnis von SNS reagieren und seine Stabilität im Laufe der Zeit, Beziehungen für die Entwicklung, und die Faktoren, die, dass seine Entwicklungsflugbahn zu gestalten. PNS Antworten wurden 16 in erster Linie auf soziales Engagement zugeschrieben und SNS Antworten vorgeschlagen zu reflektieren &quot;Kampf oder Flucht - Antworten&quot; 1 sowie Lohn - Empfindlichkeit (siehe 34 für eine Überprüfung verweisen). Bei kleinen Kindern ist es schwierig, spezifische Herausforderungen in einem Laborato zu simulierenry und sie aufgrund ihrer kurzen Aufmerksamkeitsspanne zu engagieren. Es gibt auch Messaufgaben für Kleinkinder, die benötigt Beschwerden im Zusammenhang mit den sieben Punktelektroden auftreten können gleichzeitig PNS und SNS zu messen. Darüber hinaus in den Bereichen Entwicklungs Wissenschaft, gibt es nur wenige Standards wie &quot;Stress-Reaktivität&quot; ausreichend zu entlocken, während auch Kinderentwicklungsbedürfnisse und die Ethik in der Arbeit mit Kindern zu respektieren. Dieser Artikel stellt Informationen über die Durchführung und Auswertung eines standardisierten Protokolls besteht aus ruhenden und schwierigen Bedingungen entwickelt, um Parasympathikus und Sympathikus Antworten von 18 Monate alten Kinder entlocken. ANS Reaktivität wird typischerweise als die physiologische Reaktion auf einen diskreten äußeren Reiz in Bezug auf einen Vergleich oder Ruhezustand konzipiert, die 22 über einzelne Organismen variiert. Die Untersuchung der frühen Lebens Ätiologie der psychischen und physischen eralth Probleme hat Wissenschaftler geführt besonders daran interessiert zu sein, in der Kinder-Reaktivität auf Situationen zu verstehen, die adaptive evozieren reagieren oder kann als stressig Herausforderungen betrachtet werden. Das Übergewicht der Literatur wird dieses Phänomen als &quot;Stress-Reaktivität&quot;, obwohl zu begegnen herausforderndes Stimuli das Potential hat, Antworten in einem breiten Spektrum von Bereichen hervorzurufen. So beschrieb das Protokoll unten entworfen wurde ANS Antworten über mehrere Domänen hinweg, darunter zwei Formen der Rest (beim Hören einer beruhigenden Wiegenlied und während Sie einen ruhigen, neutralen Video) und drei entwicklungsgerechte Herausforderungen für die 18-Monats-Jährigen zu entlocken: Erwartung / aufschrecken (Jack-in-the-Box), sensorische (Zitronensaft) und sozio-emotionale (hören zu einem kranken Kind weinen). Das Protokoll wurde angepasst von unseren bestehenden Protokolle für 12 Monate Jährigen 8 und 3-5 - Jährigen 11, um es zu machen entwicklungsherausfordernd, engagiert und erträglich für Kleinkinder (18-21 Monate). Hier präsentieren wir die Entwicklungs Herausforderungen Protocol (DCP) und ANS Daten aus der 18 Monate alten Studienbesuch der Stress, Ernährung und frühe Entwicklung (SEED) Studie von schwangeren Frauen und ihre Nachkommen. Maternal Teilnehmer mit gesunden Schwangerschaften wurden während 2013-14 für eine Studie von Schwangerschafts-Gewichtszunahme und der vorgeburtlichen Stress und waren übergewichtig, geringes Einkommen, rekrutiert und rassistisch und ethnisch vielfältig. Eltern informierte Zustimmung für das Studium ihrer Nachkommen war kurz nach der Geburt erhalten und wieder vor dem Beginn der Datensammlung für die Studie hier berichtet wird, wenn die Nachkommen 18-21 Monate alt während 2014-2015 waren.

<table><tbody><tr><td>ANS equipment</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Laptop and power cord&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Dell</td><td>60-0107-3.0</td><td>Mindware BioLab software requires a PC with 2 USB ports</td></tr><tr><td>ANS data collection software</td><td>Mindware</td><td>contact company</td><td>BioLab acquisition program</td></tr><tr><td>ANS data acquisition unit and cords</td><td>Mindware</td><td>50-3711-08</td><td>BioNex 8-slot Chassis</td></tr><tr><td>Snap leads</td><td>Mindware</td><td>93-0498-00</td><td>2 white, 2 red, 2 brown, 1 black</td></tr><tr><td>Spot electrodes</td><td>Kendall</td><td>31112496</td><td>130 model; 7 for each assessment + extras-to be sealed in a ziplock bag at all times)</td></tr><tr><td>ANS scoring/editing software</td><td>Mindware</td><td>contact company</td><td>HRV Analysis, version 3.1.0F and IMP Analysis, version 3.1.0I</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Protocol equipment</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>tablet computer</td><td>Apple</td><td></td><td>iPad; for playing audio and video clips</td></tr><tr><td>portable speaker</td><td>Polariod</td><td>PBT510</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Jack in the Box</td><td>Schylling</td><td>SMJB</td><td>Sock Monkey theme</td></tr><tr><td>Lemon juice</td><td>ReaLemon</td><td>98077</td><td>0.14 oz shelf-stable packets</td></tr><tr><td>Pasture pipettes</td><td>Grainger</td><td>6FAV9</td><td>1 ml size, disposable</td></tr><tr><td>Portion cups</td><td>Dart Solo Con</td><td>250PC</td><td>2.5 oz, disposable, plastic</td></tr><tr><td>audio files of baby cry</td><td>Alkon lab</td><td></td><td>30 sec clip recorded in a neonatal intensive care unit</td></tr><tr><td>audio file of baseline lullaby</td><td>Rockabye Baby Music</td><td></td><td>60 sec of &quot;Across the Universe&quot; on &quot;Rockabye Baby Lullaby Renditions of the Beatles&quot; CD</td></tr><tr><td>audio file of final lullaby</td><td>Rockabye Baby Music</td><td></td><td>60 sec of &quot;Here Comes the Sun&quot; on &quot;Rockabye Baby Lullaby Renditions of the Beatles&quot; CD</td></tr><tr><td>video file of neutral video</td><td></td><td></td><td>2 min of Baby Einstein video</td></tr><tr><td>Retractable measuring tape</td><td>Rollfix</td><td>TM04</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Miscellaneous materials</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Surge protector</td><td></td><td></td><td>to plug in all electronics</td></tr><tr><td>2-prong adapter for surge protector</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Video camera</td><td>Sony</td><td></td><td>Handycam HDR-CX440</td></tr><tr><td>Video Encoder, power and input cords</td><td>Mindware</td><td>50-8614-01</td><td>optional; to sync video and ANS data files</td></tr><tr><td>Baby wipes and gauze</td><td></td><td></td><td>for cleaning and drying oily skin</td></tr><tr><td>Toys</td><td></td><td></td><td>to distract children during assessment</td></tr><tr><td>Visual aids</td><td></td><td></td><td>pictures of child with electrodes on, description of protocol to show participants</td></tr><tr><td>Script of protocol for research assistants</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Charging cords for tablet and speaker</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Doll and stickers</td><td></td><td></td><td>for demonstration if necessary</td></tr></tbody></table>

measuring cardiac autonomic nervous system (ans) activity in toddlers - resting and developmental challenges

Das autonome Nervensystem (ANS) besteht aus zwei Zweigen, die parasympathische und sympathische Nervensystem und steuert die Funktion der inneren Organe (zB Herzfrequenz, Atmung, Verdauung) und reagiert auf jeden Tag und negativen Erfahrungen 1. ANS Maßnahmen bei Kindern gefunden worden , um Verhaltensprobleme, Emotionsregulation verbunden zu sein, und die Gesundheit 2-7. Daher Verständnis der Faktoren, die in der frühen Kindheit ANS Entwicklung beeinflussen, ist wichtig. Beide Zweige der ANS beeinflussen junge Kinder kardiovaskuläre Reaktionen auf Reize und haben nicht - invasiv, über externe Überwachungsgeräte gemessen, indem gültige und zuverlässige Maßnahmen der physiologischen Veränderung 11.08. Allerdings gibt es nur wenige Studien von sehr jungen Kindern mit gleichzeitiger Messungen der parasympathischen und sympathischen Nervensystems, die das Verständnis der integrierten Funktion der beiden Systeme begrenzt. Darüber hinaus ist die majority bestehender Studien von kleinen Kindern berichten über Säuglinge &quot;Ruhe ANS Maßnahmen oder ihre Reaktivität zu Mutter-Kind-Interaktionsparadigmen häufig verwendet, und weniger über ANS Reaktivität zu anderen schwierigen Bedingungen bekannt. Wir präsentieren ein Studiendesign und standardisiertes Protokoll für eine nicht-invasive und schnelle Beurteilung der Herz autonome Kontrolle in 18 Monate alten Kindern. Wir beschreiben Verfahren zur kontinuierlichen Überwachung der parasympathischen und sympathischen Zweigen der ANS unter Ruhe- und Herausforderung Bedingungen während eines Hause oder im Labor besuchen und eine deskriptive Erkenntnisse aus unserer Stichprobe von 140 ethnisch vielfältigen Kleinkinder validiert Ausrüstung und Scoring-Software. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass dieses Protokoll eine Reihe von physiologischen Reaktionen auf sowohl Ruhe- und entwicklungspolitisch schwierigen Bedingungen produzieren können, wie durch Veränderungen der Herzfrequenz und Indizes von parasympathischen und sympathischen Aktivität angezeigt. Personen zeigten Variabilität in Ruhe Ebenen, responses zu Herausforderungen und Herausforderung Reaktivität, die zusätzliche Beweise dafür vor, dass dieses Protokoll für die Untersuchung von ANS individuellen Unterschiede für Kleinkinder geeignet ist.

Die SEED Studie wurden 162 Mutter-Kind-Dyade (37% African American, 30% Latina, 16% weiß, 17% andere oder multiracial). Für die 18 Monate Besuch haben wir die in persönlichen Einschätzung mit 140 Kindern (87% der registrierten Probe); 6 Teilnehmer weg bewegt, und die übrigen Teilnehmer waren nicht erreichbar oder für diesen Besuch nicht zur Verfügung. Die Ablehnungsquote für ANS Datenerfassungskomponente des Besuchs war 3/140 (2%) für Mütter für diesen Besuch zur Verfügung. Drei Besuche wurden von 21 Monaten...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System ANS Activity in Toddlers - Resting and Developmental Challenges at JoVE.com

Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System ANS Activity in Toddlers - Resting and Developmental Challenges

Wir beschreiben die Methoden für die kontinuierliche Überwachung des autonomen Nervensystems unter Ruhe und Herausforderung Bedingungen mit 18 Monate alten Kindern. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass dieses Protokoll sinnvolle physiologische Reaktionen in beiden Zweigen des autonomen Nervensystems und entlocken erhebliche individuelle Variabilität in den Mustern der Reaktionen hervorrufen können.

Mess Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Aktivität in Kleinkinder - Ruhe- und Entwicklungs Herausforderungen

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) consists of two branches, the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems, and controls the function of internal ...

measuring-cardiac-autonomic-nervous-system-ans-activity-toddlers

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Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Toddlers - Resting and Developmental Challenges

Biopsychology

The Autonomic Nervous System

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15.3K Aufrufe.  University of California, San Francisco.  Wir beschreiben die Methoden für die kontinuierliche Überwachung des autonomen Nervensystems unter Ruhe und Herausforderung Bedingungen mit 18 Monate alten Kindern. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass dieses Protokoll sinnvolle physiologische Reaktionen in beiden Zweigen des autonomen Nervensystems und entlocken erhebliche individuelle Variabilität in den Mustern der Reaktionen hervorrufen können. 

Serie: Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System ANS Activity in Toddlers - Resting and Developmental Challenges

Quantitative Assessment of Cortical Auditory-tactile Processing in Children with Disabilities

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology to quantitatively assess children&#39;s cortical processing of light touch, speech sounds and the multisensory processing of the 2 stimuli, without requiring active subject participation or causing children discomfort. To accomplish this we developed a dual channel, time and strength calibrated air puff stimulator that allows both tactile stimulation and sham control. We combined this with the use of event-related potential methodology to allow for high temporal resolution of signals from the primary and secondary somatosensory cortices as well as higher order processing. This methodology also allowed us to measure a multisensory response to auditory-tactile stimulation.

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology to quantitatively assess infants and children&#39;s cortical processing of light touch, speech sounds, and the multisensory processing of the 2 stimuli, without requiring active subject participation or causing discomfort in vulnerable patients.

Quantitative Bewertung der kortikalen Auditory-taktile Verarbeitung bei Kindern mit Behinderungen

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology ...

Forschung

Verhalten

Quantitative Autonomic Testing

Disorders associated with dysfunction of autonomic nervous system are quite common yet frequently unrecognized. Quantitative autonomic testing can be invaluable tool for evaluation of these disorders, both in clinic and research. There are number of autonomic tests, however, only few were validated clinically or are quantitative. Here, fully quantitative and clinically validated protocol for testing of autonomic functions is presented. As a bare minimum the clinical autonomic laboratory should have a tilt table, ECG monitor, continuous noninvasive blood pressure monitor, respiratory monitor and a mean for evaluation of sudomotor domain. The software for recording and evaluation of autonomic tests is critical for correct evaluation of data. The presented protocol evaluates 3 major autonomic domains: cardiovagal, adrenergic and sudomotor. The tests include deep breathing, Valsalva maneuver, head-up tilt, and quantitative sudomotor axon test (QSART). The severity and distribution of dysautonomia is quantitated using Composite Autonomic Severity Scores (CASS). Detailed protocol is provided highlighting essential aspects of testing with emphasis on proper data acquisition, obtaining the relevant parameters and unbiased evaluation of autonomic signals. The normative data and CASS algorithm for interpretation of results are provided as well.

Standardized, comprehensive and fully quantitative testing of autonomic functions is described. The autonomic tests consist of evaluation of all three major autonomic domains including cardiovagal, adrenergic and sudomotor. The severity and distribution of dysautonomia is quantitated using Composite Autonomic Severity Scores.

Disorders associated with dysfunction of autonomic nervous system are quite common yet frequently unrecognized. Quantitative autonomic testing can be ...

Medizin

Infant Auditory Processing and Event-related Brain Oscillations

Rapid auditory processing and acoustic change detection abilities play a critical role in allowing human infants to efficiently process the fine spectral and temporal changes that are characteristic of human language. These abilities lay the foundation for effective language acquisition; allowing infants to hone in on the sounds of their native language. Invasive procedures in animals and scalp-recorded potentials from human adults suggest that simultaneous, rhythmic activity (oscillations) between and within brain regions are fundamental to sensory development; determining the resolution with which incoming stimuli are parsed. At this time, little is known about oscillatory dynamics in human infant development. However, animal neurophysiology and adult EEG data provide the basis for a strong hypothesis that rapid auditory processing in infants is mediated by oscillatory synchrony in discrete frequency bands. In order to investigate this, 128-channel, high-density EEG responses of 4-month old infants to frequency change in tone pairs, presented in two rate conditions (Rapid: 70 msec ISI and Control: 300 msec ISI) were examined. To determine the frequency band and magnitude of activity, auditory evoked response averages were first co-registered with age-appropriate brain templates. Next, the principal components of the response were identified and localized using a two-dipole model of brain activity. Single-trial analysis of oscillatory power showed a robust index of frequency change processing in bursts of Theta band (3 - 8 Hz) activity in both right and left auditory cortices, with left activation more prominent in the Rapid condition. These methods have produced data that are not only some of the first reported evoked oscillations analyses in infants, but are also, importantly, the product of a well-established method of recording and analyzing clean, meticulously collected, infant EEG and ERPs. In this article, we describe our method for infant EEG net application, recording, dynamic brain response analysis, and representative results.

High-density electroencephalography (dEEG) is being used increasingly to study brain development and plasticity in the early years of life. Here we present an application of sophisticated analysis techniques that builds on traditional EEG recording to understand the oscillatory dynamics of rapid auditory processing in the infant brain.

Infant Auditive Verarbeitungs- und Veranstaltungsbezogene Gehirn Schwingungen

Rapid auditory processing and acoustic change detection abilities play a critical role in allowing human infants to efficiently process the fine spectral ...

Eye Tracking Young Children with Autism

The rise of accessible commercial eye-tracking systems has fueled a rapid increase in their use in psychological and psychiatric research. By providing a direct, detailed and objective measure of gaze behavior, eye-tracking has become a valuable tool for examining abnormal perceptual strategies in clinical populations and has been used to identify disorder-specific characteristics1, promote early identification2, and inform treatment3. In particular, investigators of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have benefited from integrating eye-tracking into their research paradigms4-7. Eye-tracking has largely been used in these studies to reveal mechanisms underlying impaired task performance8 and abnormal brain functioning9, particularly during the processing of social information1,10-11. While older children and adults with ASD comprise the preponderance of research in this area, eye-tracking may be especially useful for studying young children with the disorder as it offers a non-invasive tool for assessing and quantifying early-emerging developmental abnormalities2,12-13. Implementing eye-tracking with young children with ASD, however, is associated with a number of unique challenges, including issues with compliant behavior resulting from specific task demands and disorder-related psychosocial considerations. In this protocol, we detail methodological considerations for optimizing research design, data acquisition and psychometric analysis while eye-tracking young children with ASD. The provided recommendations are also designed to be more broadly applicable for eye-tracking children with other developmental disabilities. By offering guidelines for best practices in these areas based upon lessons derived from our own work, we hope to help other investigators make sound research design and analysis choices while avoiding common pitfalls that can compromise data acquisition while eye-tracking young children with ASD or other developmental difficulties.

Eye tracking has long been used to study gaze patterns in typically-developing individuals, but recent technological advancements have made its use with clinical populations, including autism, more feasible. While eye-tracking young children with autism can offer insight into early symptom manifestations, it involves methodological challenges. Suggestions for best practices are provided.

Eye Tracking kleine Kinder mit Autismus

The rise of accessible commercial eye-tracking systems has fueled a rapid increase in their use in psychological and psychiatric research. By providing a ...

Psychophysiological Assessment of the Effectiveness of Emotion Regulation Strategies in Childhood

Effective regulation of emotion is one of the most important skills that develops in childhood. Research interest in this area is expanding, but empirical work has been limited by predominantly correlational investigations of children's skills. Relatedly, a key conceptual challenge for emotion scientists is to distinguish between emotion responding and emotion regulatory processes. This paper presents a novel method to address these conceptual and methodological issues in child samples. An experimental paradigm that assesses the effectiveness with which children regulate emotion is described. Children are randomly assigned to use specific emotion regulation strategies, negative emotions are elicited with film clips, and changes in subsequent psychophysiology index the extent to which emotion regulation is effective. Children are instructed to simply watch the emotion-eliciting film (control), distract themselves from negative emotions (cognitive distraction), or reframe the situation in a way that downplays the importance of the emotional event (cognitive reappraisal). Cardiac physiology, continuously acquired before and during the emotional task, serves as an objective measure of children's unfolding emotional responding while viewing evocative films. Key comparisons in patterns of obtained physiological reactivity are between the control and emotion regulation strategy conditions. Representative results from this approach are described, and discussion focuses on the contribution of this methodological approach to developmental science.

A detailed protocol for an experimental paradigm to assess the effectiveness with which children regulate emotion is described. Children are randomly assigned to use specific emotion regulation strategies, negative emotions are elicited with film clips, and changes in subsequent psychophysiology index the extent to which emotion regulation is effective.

Psychophysiologische Bewertung der Wirksamkeit von Emotionsregulationsstrategien im Kindesalter

Effective regulation of emotion is one of the most important skills that develops in childhood. Research interest in this area is expanding, but empirical ...

Use of a Video Scoring Anchor for Rapid Serial Assessment of Social Communication in Toddlers

Reciprocal social behavior (RSB), an early-emerging capacity to engage in social contingency&#8212;which is foundational for both social learning and social competency&#8212;is hypothesized to be disrupted in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The ability to quantify the full range of RSB during the toddler period, when core symptoms of ASD often arise, is pivotal for evaluating early risk for ASD, characterizing social development, and tracking response to early interventions. However, important parameters of variation in RSB&#8212;especially prior to the development of verbal language&#8212;can be nuanced and difficult to characterize using questionnaire-based methods. To address this challenge, we developed a system for measuring quantitative variation in RSB in toddlers (ages 18 - 30 months) that incorporated not only standard questionnaire data from caregivers but also a novel set of video-referenced items, through which a respondent compares the behavior of a subject to that observed in a short video of a young child manifesting a highly competent level of social communication. Testing of this measure in a general population sample of twins confirmed that both the video-referenced items and the RSB Total Score (video-referenced items plus non-video-referenced items) displayed unimodal, continuous distributions, strong internal consistency, marked preservation of individual differences, and extremely high heritability. In addition, video-referenced items were particularly sensitive to quantifying incremental changes in social communication, a major element of RSB, over the course of early childhood development. Scores on the vrRSB clearly differentiated children with and without ASD and these data comprise an initial validation of this promising method for quantifying early RSB&#8212;cross-sectionally, over time, and as a function of early intervention.

Here we present a protocol for administration of the video-referenced rating of reciprocal social behavior (vrRSB) using a paper or online version. This survey quantifies RSB, a prerequisite for social competence, in toddlers through &#34;video-referenced&#34; items whereby a subject is compared to a reference child shown in a three-minute video.

Verwendung eines Videos Scoring Anker für schnelle serielle Bewertung der sozialen Kommunikation bei Kleinkindern

Reciprocal social behavior (RSB), an early-emerging capacity to engage in social contingency&#8212;which is foundational for both social learning and ...

Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Children

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls mainly automatic bodily functions that are engaged in homeostasis, like heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, salivation, perspiration and renal function. The ANS has two main branches: the sympathetic nervous system, preparing the human body for action in times of danger and stress, and the parasympathetic nervous system, which regulates the resting state of the body.
ANS activity can be measured invasively, for instance by radiotracer techniques or microelectrode recording from superficial nerves, or it can be measured non-invasively by using changes in an organ's response as a proxy for changes in ANS activity, for instance of the sweat glands or the heart. Invasive measurements have the highest validity but are very poorly feasible in large scale samples where non-invasive measures are the preferred approach. Autonomic effects on the heart can be reliably quantified by the recording of the electrocardiogram (ECG) in combination with the impedance cardiogram (ICG), which reflects the changes in thorax impedance in response to respiration and the ejection of blood from the ventricle into the aorta. From the respiration and ECG signals, respiratory sinus arrhythmia can be extracted as a measure of cardiac parasympathetic control. From the ECG and the left ventricular ejection signals, the preejection period can be extracted as a measure of cardiac sympathetic control. ECG and ICG recording is mostly done in laboratory settings. However, having the subjects report to a laboratory greatly reduces ecological validity, is not always doable in large scale epidemiological studies, and can be intimidating for young children. An ambulatory device for ECG and ICG simultaneously resolves these three problems.
Here, we present a study design for a minimally invasive and rapid assessment of cardiac autonomic control in children, using a validated ambulatory device 1-5, the VU University Ambulatory Monitoring System (VU-AMS, Amsterdam, the Netherlands,<a href="http://www.vu-ams.nl" target="_blank"> www.vu-ams.nl</a>).

Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System ANS Activity in Children

Measurement of autonomic nervous system activity usually confines the researcher and participant to the laboratory, which may provide an intimidating environment to children. The VU University Ambulatory Monitoring System (VU-AMS) device can record cardiac autonomic control in any setting. The VU-AMS proved very amenable to testing in children.

Mess-Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Aktivität bei Kindern

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls mainly automatic bodily functions that are engaged in homeostasis, like heart rate, digestion, respiratory ...

An Electrophysiology Protocol to Measure Reward Anticipation and Processing in Children

We present a protocol designed to measure the neural correlates of reward in children. The protocol allows researchers to measure both reward anticipation and processing. Its purpose is to create a reward task that is appropriate for young children with and without autism while controlling reward properties between two conditions: social and nonsocial. The current protocol allows for comparisons of brain activity between social and nonsocial reward conditions while keeping the reward itself identical between conditions. Using this protocol, we found evidence that neurotypical children demonstrate enhanced anticipatory brain activity during the social condition. Furthermore, we found that neurotypical children anticipate social reward more robustly than children with autism diagnoses. As the task uses snacks as a reward, it is most appropriate for young children. However, the protocol may be adapted for use with adolescent or adult populations if snacks are replaced by monetary incentives. The protocol is designed to measure electrophysiological events (event-related potentials), but it may be customized for use with eye-tracking or fMRI.

This protocol is designed to measure reward anticipation and processing in young children with and without autism. Specifically, the protocol is designed to study the neural correlates of reward during social and nonsocial conditions while controlling for reward between conditions.

Ein Protokoll der Elektrophysiologie Maßnahme Belohnung Erwartung und Verarbeitung bei Kindern

We present a protocol designed to measure the neural correlates of reward in children. The protocol allows researchers to measure both reward anticipation ...

Calculating Heart Rate Variability from ECG Data from Youth with Cerebral Palsy During Active Video Game Sessions

The aim of this study was to generate a method for calculating heart rate variability (HRV) from electrocardiogram (ECG) waveforms. The waveforms were recorded by a HR monitor that participants (youth with cerebral palsy (CP)) wore during active video game (AVG) sessions. The AVG sessions were designed to promote physical activity and fitness (aerobic performance) in participants. The goal was to evaluate the feasibility of AVGs as a physical therapy (PT) intervention strategy. The maximum HR (mHR) was determined for each participant and the Target Heart Rate Zone (THRZ) was calculated for each of three exercise phases in the 20 min AVG session: (warm-up at 40-60% mHR, conditioning at 60-80% mHR, and cool down at 40-60% mHR). Each participant played three 20 min games during the AVG session. All games were played while sitting on a bench because many youth with CP cannot stand for extended periods of time. Each game condition differed with participants using hand icons only, hand and feet icons together or feet icons only to collect objects. The objective of the game (called KOLLECT) is to collect objects to gain points and avoid hazards to not lose points. Hazards were used in the warm-up and cool down phases only to promote slower, controlled movement to maintain HR in the target heart rate zone (THRZ). There were no hazards in the conditioning phase to promote higher levels and more intense physical activity. Analytic methods were used to generate HRV (selected time-domain and frequency-domain measures) from ECG data to examine aerobic workload. Recent applications of HRV indicate that short-term measurements (5 min bouts) are appropriate and that HRV biofeedback may help improve symptoms and the quality of life in a variety of health conditions. Although HR is a well-accepted clinical measure to examine aerobic performance and intensity in PT interventions, HRV may provide information of the autonomic system functions, recovery and adaptation during AVG sessions.

This protocol describes a method for calculating Heart Rate Variability (HRV) from electrocardiogram (ECG) waveforms. Waveforms from continuous heart rate (HR) recordings during active video game (AVG) sessions were used to measure the aerobic performance of youth with cerebral palsy (CP).

Berechnung der Herzfrequenzvariabilität aus EKG-Daten von Jugendlichen mit Zerebralparese während aktiver Videospielsitzungen

The aim of this study was to generate a method for calculating heart rate variability (HRV) from electrocardiogram (ECG) waveforms. The waveforms were ...

A Familiarization Protocol Facilitates the Participation of Children with ASD in Electrophysiological Research

This paper includes a detailed description of a familiarization protocol, which is used as an integral component of a larger research protocol to collect electroencephalography (EEG) data and Event-Related Potentials (ERPs). At present, the systems available for the collection of high-quality EEG/ERP data make significant demands on children with developmental disabilities, such as those with an Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Children with ASD may have difficulty adapting to novel situations, tolerating uncomfortable sensory stimuli, and sitting quietly. This familiarization protocol uses Evidence-Based Practices (EBPs) to increase research participants&#39; knowledge and understanding of the specific activities and steps of the research protocol. The tools in this familiarization protocol are a social narrative, a visual schedule, the Premack principle, role-playing, and modeling. The goal of this familiarization protocol is to increase understanding and agency and to potentially reduce anxiety for child participants, resulting in a greater likelihood of the successful completion of the research protocol for the collection of EEG/ERP data.

Electrophysiological research is an important tool for identifying biomarkers of developmental disorders, including Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), but data collection in these populations remains challenging. This work presents a familiarization protocol to accompany research that includes electroencephalography (EEG) to improve the likelihood of collecting EEG data from children with ASD.

Ein Vertrautmachungsprotokoll erleichtert die Teilnahme von Kindern mit ASD in der elektrophysiologischen Forschung

This paper includes a detailed description of a familiarization protocol, which is used as an integral component of a larger research protocol to collect ...