Name: testing of nanoparticle release from a composite containing nanomaterial using a chamber system
Uploaded: 2016-11-22T13:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 4 min 55 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Testing of Nanoparticle Release from a Composite Containing Nanomaterial Using a Chamber System at JoVE.com

This research was supported by the "Development of technologies for safety evaluation and standardization of nanomaterials and nanoproducts" (10059135)" through the Korea Evaluation Institute of Industrial Technology by the Korean Ministry of Trade, Industry &amp; Energy.

1. Herstellung von Instrumenten und Proben <ol><li> Abrasor <ol><li> Basierend auf einem Abrasionstester, ein abrasor mit einer Probe Rotationsstufe verwenden (140 mm Durchmesser), zwei Abriebrad Halter und einer Rotationsgeschwindigkeit von 30 - 80 Umdrehungen pro Minute. </li><li> Verwenden, um ein Gewicht, um die Abriebsscheibe zur Abrasion Radhalter zu sichern, was auch Last auf die Testprobe bezieht. </li><li> Installieren Sie einen zusätzlichen Lufteinlass besser Suspension für die abgeschliffen Teilchen zu liefern, wie in Abbildung 3 dargestellt. Verwenden Sie ein 1/8 &quot;-Durchmesser Rohr liegt 15 mm oberhalb und 40 mm vom Zentrum des Prüflings. </li></ol></li><li> Abriebrad <ol><li> Wickeln Sie das Abriebrad (55 mm Durchmesser, 13 mm dick) mit Sandpapier (Körnung 100 und ganz neu). </li></ol></li><li> Probe <ol><li> Probe ist ein Verbund für Abriebtest enthält Nanomaterial. Um bei abrasor installiert ist, sollte die Probe vorbereitet Witz seinh 140 mm Durchmesser. </li></ol></li><li> Kammer <ol><li> Verwenden Sie Edelstahl für die Kammerwände Partikelabscheidung durch elektrostatische Kraft zu vermeiden. Legen Sie die abrasor im Inneren der Kammer (Volumen 1 m 3) (Tabelle 1), und suchen Sie den Lufteinlass und Auslass im oberen und unteren Teil der Kammer sind. Verwenden, um einen Mischer, bestehend aus drei perforierten Platten, an der Luftauslass eine gleichmäßig gemischte Teilchenstrom zu erzielen. </li></ol></li><li> Neutralisator <ol><li> Als elektrostatisch geladene Partikel Partikelablagerung an den Kammerwänden zu verbessern, verwenden Sie einen Neutralisator (weiche Röntgenstrahlung Ionisator), um den Ladezustand der Teilchen zu minimieren. </li></ol></li><li> Online Messgeräte 12, 13 <ol><li> Verwenden Sie ein CPC und OPC die Partikelanzahlkonzentration und Partikelgrößenverteilung zu messen, wie den Anweisungen des Herstellers. </li><li> Installieren Sie den CPC und OPC an der outlet der Kammer, um die Partikelkonzentration und die Partikelgrößenverteilung zu messen. </li></ol></li><li> Partikelprobenahmeinstrumente <ol><li> Probieren Sie die freigesetzten Teilchen ein Teilchen Sampler enthält Filtermedien oder ein TEM-Gitter mit der Partikelmorphologie und Komponenten zu analysieren. </li><li> Installieren Sie die Partikel-Sampler enthält Filtermedien oder ein TEM-Gitter am Ausgang der Kammer die Morphologie der Freisetzung Teilchen zu analysieren. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Abriebtest für Nanoparticle Veröffentlichung Mit Kammersystem HINWEIS: Die Abriebtestbedingungen sind in Tabelle 2 beschrieben. <ol><li> Suchen Sie die abrasor in der Mitte der Kammer. </li><li> Installieren Sie die Testprobe auf dem Probenrotationsstufe des abrasor. </li><li> Sicherung der Abriebräder in die Abrasion Radhalter mit einer 1,000 g Gewichtslast auf die Testprobe anzuwenden. </li><li> Suchen Sie den Neutralisator (weiche Röntgenstrahlung Ionisator)28 cm von der Mitte des Probekörpers entfernt in einem 45 ° -Winkel, wie in Abbildung 2 zu sehen , die elektrostatischen Partikelabscheidung auf den Kammerwänden zu verringern. HINWEIS: Der Neutralisator entfernt die elektrostatische Kraft, die durch Strahlenexposition. Da jedoch die Lufteinlass und Abriebsräder werden über dem Probenrotationsstufe befindet, schränkt dies den Zugang des Neutralisator Strahl auf die Oberfläche des Prüflings. Daher wird der Neutralisator diagonal angeordnet, um den Strahl zu erlauben, so viel von der Probenoberfläche wie möglich zu erreichen. </li><li> Betreiben Sie das Gebläse am Ausgang der Kammer bei einer 50 installiert l / min Volumenstrom. </li><li> Versorgung 25 L / min zusätzliche partikelfreie Suspension Luft einen Luftkompressor durch die zusätzliche Lufteinlass verwendet wird. HINWEIS: Die Teilchen, die durch Abrieb erzeugt werden, auf der Oberfläche der Probe und der Abriebräder abgelagert wurden, stark. Daher ist es schwierig, die Teilchen abgerieben zu messen. Die zusätzliche Lufteinlass kann help, dieses Problem zu Teilchensuspension zu lösen. </li><li> Überprüfen Sie den Hintergrund Partikelkonzentration im Inneren der Kammer eine mittlere Partikelkonzentration für 1 h unter Verwendung von CPC unter 1 # / cc zu erreichen, wie in Figur 4 beschrieben. </li><li> Betreiben Sie die Probe Rotationsstufe des abrasor einen Schrittmotor verwenden, die die Probe Rotationsstufe bei 72 Umdrehungen pro Minute mit 1.000 Umdrehungen dreht. </li><li> Messen und notieren Sie die Freigabe Partikelanzahlkonzentration und die Partikelgrößenverteilung der CPC und OPC. HINWEIS: Die Teilchen aus den Nanokomposite freigesetzt werden suspendiert und durch die Luft getragen, das gepumpt wird. Diese suspendierten Partikel werden schließlich zum Auslaß nach dem Luftstrom transportiert werden. Die freigesetzten Teilchen werden dann durch den CPC und OPC am Auslaß der Kammer detektiert. Ein CPC und OPC werden am häufigsten zur Messung der Partikelkonzentration verwendet wird, während ein OPC auch die Partikelgrößenverteilung messen kann. </li><li> Sample die freigesetzten Partikel mit einem Partikel Sampler enthält Filtermedien oder ein TEM-Gitter verwenden. HINWEIS: Die Teilchen aus Nanokompositen durch Abrasion Bewegung zum Auslaß der Kammer nach dem Luftstrom freigegeben. Am Austritt der Kammer können die freigesetzten Teilchen mit einem Partikel Sampler gesampelt. Die freigesetzten Partikel auf Filtermedien oder einem TEM-Gitter gesammelt werden, können dann TEM oder SEM analysiert werden (Rasterelektronenmikroskopie). </li><li> Stoppen Sie die Messung und Probenahme, wenn die Partikelkonzentration unter 0,1% der Anzahl Konzentrationsspitze Teilchen erreicht. </li><li> Speichern Sie die alle Daten (CPC, OPC) und entfernen Sie alle Proben (Proben). </li><li> Verwenden Sie eine neue Probe und neue Abriebräder für jeden Test, und waschen Sie die Kammer und abrasor mit Kimwipes und IPA (Isopropylalkohol) nach jeder Abriebtest Wiederholbarkeit zu bestätigen. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Froggett, S. J., Clancy, S. F., Boverhof, D. R., Canady, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+review+and+perspectives+of+existing+research+on+the+release+of+nanomaterials+from+solid+nanocomposites.">A review and perspectives of existing research on the release of nanomaterials from solid nanocomposites.</a> Part Fibre Toxicol. 11, (2014).</li><li>Kingston, C., Zepp, R., Andrady, A., Boverhof, D., Fehir, R., Hawkins, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Release+characteristics+of+selected+carbon+nanotube+polymer+composites.">Release characteristics of selected carbon nanotube polymer composites.</a> Carbon. 68, 33-57 (2014).</li><li>Kaiser, D., Stefaniak, A., Scott, K., Nguyen, T., Schutz, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Methods for the Measurement of Release of MWCNTs from MWCNT-Polymer Composites, NIST. , (2014).</li><li>Nowack, B., David, R. M., Fissan, H., Morris, H., Shatkin, J. A., Stintz, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Potential+release+scenarios+for+carbon+nanotubes+used+in+composites.">Potential release scenarios for carbon nanotubes used in composites.</a> Environ. Int. 59, 1-11 (2013).</li><li>Kim, E., Lee, J. H., Kim, J. K., Lee, G. H., Ahn, K., Park, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Case+Study+on+Risk+Evaluation+of+Silver+Nanoparticle+Exposure+from+Antibacterial+Sprays+Containing+Silver+Nanoparticles.">Case Study on Risk Evaluation of Silver Nanoparticle Exposure from Antibacterial Sprays Containing Silver Nanoparticles.</a> J of Nanomaterial. , 346586 (2015).</li><li>Kim, E., Lee, J. H., Kim, J. K., Lee, G. H., Ahn, K., Park, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Case+study+on+risk+evaluation+of+printed+electronics+using+nanosilver+ink.">Case study on risk evaluation of printed electronics using nanosilver ink.</a> Nano Convergence. , (2016).</li><li>Vorbau, M., Hillemann, L., Stintz, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Method+for+the+characterization+of+the+abrasion+induced+nanoparticle+release+into+air+from+surface+coatings.">Method for the characterization of the abrasion induced nanoparticle release into air from surface coatings.</a> J. Aerosol Sci. 40, 209-217 (2009).</li><li>Golanski, L., Gaborieau, A., Guiot, A., Uzu, G., Chatenet, J., Tardif, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+abrasion-induced+nanoparticle+release+from+paints+into+liquids+and+air.">Characterization of abrasion-induced nanoparticle release from paints into liquids and air.</a> J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 304, 012062 (2011).</li><li>Wohlleben, W., Brill, S., Meier, M. W., Mertler, M., Cox, G., Hirth, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=On+the+lifecycle+of+nanocomposites:+Comparing+released+fragments+and+their+in-vivo+hazards+from+three+release+mechanisms+and+four+nanocomposites.">On the lifecycle of nanocomposites: Comparing released fragments and their in-vivo hazards from three release mechanisms and four nanocomposites.</a> Small. 7, 2384-2395 (2011).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> ISO 7784-1, Paints and varnishes -- Determination of resistance to abrasion -- Part 1: Rotating abrasive-paper-covered wheel method. , (1997).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> ISO 5470-1, Rubber- or plastics-coated fabrics -- Determination of abrasion resistance -- Part 1: Taber abrader. , (1999).</li><li>Schlagenhauf, L., Chu, B. T. T., Buha, J., N&#252;sch, F., Wang, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Release+of+carbon+nanotubes+from+an+epoxy-based+nanocomposites+during+an+abrasion+process.">Release of carbon nanotubes from an epoxy-based nanocomposites during an abrasion process.</a> Enviorn. Sci. Tech. 46, 7366-7372 (2012).</li><li>Bello, D., Wardle, B. L., Yamamoto, N., deVilloria, R. G., Garcia, E. J., Hart, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exposure+to+nanoscale+particles+and+fibers+during+machining+of+hybrid+advanced+composites+containing+carbon+nanotubes.">Exposure to nanoscale particles and fibers during machining of hybrid advanced composites containing carbon nanotubes.</a> J. Nanopart. Res. 11, 231-249 (2009).</li><li>Cena, L. G., Peters, T. 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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Die kritischsten Schritte bei der nanorelease Test von Nanokompositmaterialien Durchführung eines Abriebtests unter Verwendung waren: 1) ein Kammersystem unter Verwendung von Edelstahl mit einem Neutralisationsmittel aus der elektrostatischen Ladung durch Abrieb erzeugt zu entfernen und die Ablagerung von Partikeln an den Kammerwänden zu verringern; 2) Zuführen von Zusatzluft bessere Partikelsuspension zur Verfügung zu stellen; und 3) das Abtasten der freigesetzten Partikel und Online-Überwachung ein CPC und OPC au...

Nanomaterial Exposition hat sich vor allem in Bezug zu Beschäftigten in den Betrieben untersuchten die Herstellung, Handhabung, Herstellung und Nanomaterialien Verpackung, während die Exposition der Verbraucher hat weitgehend nicht untersucht worden. Eine aktuelle Analyse der Umwelt- und Gesundheitsliteraturdatenbank vom Internationalen Rat für Nanotechnologie (ICON) erstellt auch darauf hingewiesen, dass die meisten Nanomaterial Sicherheitsforschung auf Gefahren konzentriert hat (83%) und der möglichen Exposition (16%), mit der Veröffentlichung von Nanokompositen, was nur die Exposition der Verbraucher, was 0,8% 1. Somit ist nur sehr wenig über die Exposition der Verbraucher gegenüber Nanomaterialien bekannt. Nanoparticle Mitteilung wurde verwendet in Simulationsstudien zur Abschätzung der Verbraucherexposition, einschließlich der Abrieb und Verwitterung von Nanokompositen, Waschen von Textilien oder Staubigkeit Testmethoden, wie zum Beispiel die rotierende Trommel Verfahren, Wirbel Schüttelmethode und andere Schüttler Methoden 2-3. Darüber hinaus mehrere internationaleVersuche, wie die ILSI (International Life Science Institute) nanorelease und EU NanoReg, wurden unternommen, Technologie zu entwickeln, um die Freisetzung von Nanomaterialien in Verbraucherprodukten verwendet zu verstehen. Die ILSI nanorelease Verbraucher im Jahr 2011 ins Leben gerufen Produkt einen lebenszyklusorientierten Ansatz in Nanomaterial Freisetzung von Konsumgütern darstellt, wo die Phase 1 Nanomaterial Auswahl beinhaltet, Phase 2 umfasst Bewertungsverfahren und die Phase 3 implementiert Laborvergleichsuntersuchungen. Mehrere Monographien und Veröffentlichungen über die Sicherheit von Nanomaterialien in Verbraucherprodukten haben auch 4-6 veröffentlicht. Inzwischen stellt NanoReg eine gemeinsame europäische Herangehensweise an die regulatorische Prüfung der hergestellten Nanomaterialien und bietet ein Programm von Methoden für den Einsatz in der Simulation von Verbraucherprodukten nanorelease Ansätze 2. ISO TC 229 auch relevanten Normen für die Verbrauchersicherheit zu entwickeln versucht, und eine neue einreichen Arbeitspositionsvorschlag für die Sicherheit der Verbraucher. Die OECD WPMN (working Partei auf Nanomaterialien), insbesondere SG8 (Lenkungsgruppe zur Expositionsbewertung und Expositionsminderung), führte kürzlich eine Studie über die Richtung der künftigen Arbeit, vor allem Verbraucher- und Umweltexpositionsabschätzung. Daher ist in Anbetracht dieser internationalen Aktivitäten startete die koreanischen Ministerien für Handel, Industrie und Energie ein mehrstufiger Projekt im Jahr 2013 konzentrierte sich auf die &quot;Entwicklung von Technologien für die Sicherheitsbewertung und Standardisierung von Nanomaterialien und Nanoprodukten&quot;. Darüber hinaus mehrere Verbraucher sicherheitsrelevante Studien Nanomaterial Freisetzung von Konsumgütern zu standardisieren haben auch 7-8 veröffentlicht. Ein Abriebtest ist eine der Simulationsansätze im ILSI enthalten nanorelease und NanoReg 2-3 für das Potenzial Emissionsniveau von Nanopartikeln aus verschiedenen kommerziellen Verbundprodukte zu bestimmen. Das Massengewichtsverlust wird auf der Differenz in der Probengewicht abgeleitet basierend vor und nach abrasIon mit einem abrasor. Die Nanokomposit-Probe mit einer konstanten Geschwindigkeit abgeschliffen wird, saugt ein Sampler das Aerosol auf, und die Partikel werden dann Geräte Partikelzählung analysiert, wie ein Kondensationspartikelzähler (CPC) oder optischer Partikelzähler (OPC), und auf einem TEM gesammelt (Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie) Gitter oder eine Membran für eine weitere visuelle Analyse. Einem Abriebtest für Nanokomposit jedoch leitende Materialien ein konsistentes Nanopartikels Freisetzung, die schwierig aufgrund Teilchen als Ergebnis des Abriebs Laden und wenn die Partikel Abtastung in der Nähe des Emissionspunkts 2-3, 9-11 durchgeführt. Dementsprechend stellt dieses Papier ein Kammersystem als eine neue Methode zur Nanomaterial Freisetzung im Fall von Abrieb von Nanokomposit-Materialien zu bewerten. Wenn mit anderen Abrieb und Simulationstests verglichen, sieht die vorgeschlagene Kammersystem konsistent Nanopartikels Freisetzungsdaten im Fall von Abrieb. Darüber hinaus ist diese neue Testmethodewurde in großem Umfang auf dem Gebiet der Innenraumluftqualität und Halb Verhalten der Industrie als Gesamtpartikelzahl - Zählverfahren 12, 13. Daher wird erwartet , dass das vorgeschlagene Verfahren entwickelt werden können , in ein standardisiertes Verfahren zum Testen von Nanopartikel - Freisetzung von Konsumgütern verwendet enthält , Nanomaterialien.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Foamex</td><td>Taeyoung, R. of Korea</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MWCNT (multiwalled carbon nanotube) composite</td><td>Hanwha, Incheon, R. of Korea</td><td></td><td>2% MWCNTs in low density polyethylene</td></tr><tr><td>Abrasion Paper</td><td>Derfos, R. of Korea</td><td>#100</td><td>100 grit sand paper</td></tr><tr><td>Condensation Particle Counter (CPC)</td><td>TSI Inc, Shoreview, MN</td><td>UCPC 3775</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Optical Paritcle Counter (OPC)</td><td>Grimm, Ainring, Germany</td><td>1.109</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mini Particle Sampler</td><td>Ecomesure, Saclay, France</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Quantifoil Holey Carbon Film</td><td>TED PELLA Inc. USA</td><td>1.2/1.3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Filter Holder</td><td></td><td></td><td>custom made</td></tr><tr><td>Polycarbonate Filter&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Millipore, USA</td><td>CAT No. GTTP02500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Soft X-ray Ionizer (Neutralizer)</td><td>SUNJE, R. of Korea</td><td>SXN-05U</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Field Emission-Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM)</td><td>Hitachi</td><td>S-4300</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

testing of nanoparticle release from a composite containing nanomaterial using a chamber system

Mit der rasanten Entwicklung der Nanotechnologie als eine der wichtigsten Technologien des 21. Jahrhunderts das Interesse an der Sicherheit von Verbraucherprodukten die Nanomaterialien enthalten ist , nimmt ebenfalls zu . Die Bewertung der Nanomaterialien Freisetzung von Produkten Nanomaterialien enthalten, ist ein entscheidender Schritt in die Sicherheit dieser Produkte bewerten, und wurde in mehreren internationalen Bemühungen führten konsistente und zuverlässige Technologien zur Standardisierung der Bewertung von Nanomaterialien Freisetzung zu entwickeln. In dieser Studie wird die Freisetzung von Nanomaterialien aus Produkten mit Nanomaterialien bewertet eine Kammer-System, das ein Kondensationspartikelzähler, optische Partikelzähler und Probenentnahmeöffnungen Filterproben für die Elektronenmikroskopie-Analyse zu sammeln, umfasst. Die vorgeschlagene Kammersystem ist ein abrasor und scheibenartigen Nanokomposit-Materialproben getestet, um festzustellen, ob das Nanomaterial Freisetzung in einem akzeptablen Bereich wiederholbar und konsistent ist.Die Testergebnisse zeigen, dass die Gesamtzahl der Teilchen in jedem Test innerhalb von 20% vom Mittelwert nach mehreren Versuchen ist. Die Release-Trends sind ähnlich, und sie zeigen eine sehr gute Reproduzierbarkeit. Daher kann die vorgeschlagene Kammer-System effektiv für Nanomaterial Prüfung von Produkten verwendet werden, die Nanomaterialien enthalten.

Abriebtest Wiederholgenauigkeit Mit Kammersystem Die Gesamtpartikelzahl konsistent 8 Abriebtests waren, wie in Tabelle 3 gezeigt. Die CPC gemessen , um einen Mittelwert von 3,67 x10 9 Teilchen, während der OPC einen Durchschnitt von 1,98 x 10 9 Teilchen gezählt (&gt; 0,3 um). Die Abweichungen waren innerhalb von 20%, was eine gleichbleibende Freisetzung von Teilchen während der Abrieb dar...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Testing of Nanoparticle Release from a Composite Containing Nanomaterial Using a Chamber System at JoVE.com

Testing of Nanoparticle Release from a Composite Containing Nanomaterial Using a Chamber System

Nanoparticle release is tested using a chamber system that includes a condensation particle counter, an optical particle counter and sampling ports to collect filter samples for microscopy analysis. The proposed chamber system can be effectively used for nanomaterial release testing with a repeatable and consistent data range.

Prüfung von Nanoparticle Freisetzung aus einem Verbundstoff von Nanomaterialien ein Kammersystem verwenden

With the rapid development of nanotechnology as one of the most important technologies in the 21st century, interest in the safety of consumer products ...

testing-nanoparticle-release-from-composite-containing-nanomaterial

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

6.7K Aufrufe.  Hanyang University. Nanoparticle release is tested using a chamber system that includes a condensation particle counter, an optical particle counter and sampling ports to collect filter samples for microscopy analysis. The proposed chamber system can be effectively used for nanomaterial release testing with a repeatable and consistent data range.

Serie: Testing of Nanoparticle Release from a Composite Containing Nanomaterial Using a Chamber System

Optical Trapping of Nanoparticles

Optical trapping is a technique for immobilizing and manipulating small objects in a gentle way using light, and it has been widely applied in trapping and manipulating small biological particles. Ashkin and co-workers first demonstrated optical tweezers using a single focused beam1. The single beam trap can be described accurately using the perturbative gradient force formulation in the case of small Rayleigh regime particles1. In the perturbative regime, the optical power required for trapping a particle scales as the inverse fourth power of the particle size. High optical powers can damage dielectric particles and cause heating. For instance, trapped latex spheres of 109 nm in diameter were destroyed by a 15 mW beam in 25 sec1, which has serious implications for biological matter2,3.
A self-induced back-action (SIBA) optical trapping was proposed to trap 50 nm polystyrene spheres in the non-perturbative regime4. In a non-perturbative regime, even a small particle with little permittivity contrast to the background can influence significantly the ambient electromagnetic field and induce a large optical force. As a particle enters an illuminated aperture, light transmission increases dramatically because of dielectric loading. If the particle attempts to leave the aperture, decreased transmission causes a change in momentum outwards from the hole and, by Newton's Third Law, results in a force on the particle inwards into the hole, trapping the particle. The light transmission can be monitored; hence, the trap can become a sensor. The SIBA trapping technique can be further improved by using a double-nanohole structure.
The double-nanohole structure has been shown to give a strong local field enhancement5,6. Between the two sharp tips of the double-nanohole, a small particle can cause a large change in optical transmission, thereby inducing a large optical force. As a result, smaller nanoparticles can be trapped, such as 12 nm silicate spheres7 and 3.4 nm hydrodynamic radius bovine serum albumin proteins8. In this work, the experimental configuration used for nanoparticle trapping is outlined. First, we detail the assembly of the trapping setup which is based on a Thorlabs Optical Tweezer Kit. Next, we explain the nanofabrication procedure of the double-nanohole in a metal film, the fabrication of the microfluidic chamber and the sample preparation. Finally, we detail the data acquisition procedure and provide typical results for trapping 20 nm polystyrene nanospheres.

The following setup approach details low power optical trapping of dielectric nanoparticles using a double-nanohole in metal film.

Optical Trapping von Nanopartikeln

Optical trapping is a technique for immobilizing and manipulating small objects in a gentle way using light, and it has been widely applied in trapping ...

Forschung

Ingenieurwesen

Combinatorial Synthesis of and High-throughput Protein Release from Polymer Film and Nanoparticle Libraries

Polyanhydrides are a class of biomaterials with excellent biocompatibility and drug delivery capabilities. While they have been studied extensively with conventional one-sample-at-a-time synthesis techniques, a more recent high-throughput approach has been developed enabling the synthesis and testing of large libraries of polyanhydrides1. This will facilitate more efficient optimization and design process of these biomaterials for drug and vaccine delivery applications. The method in this work describes the combinatorial synthesis of biodegradable polyanhydride film and nanoparticle libraries and the high-throughput detection of protein release from these libraries. In this robotically operated method (Figure 1), linear actuators and syringe pumps are controlled by LabVIEW, which enables a hands-free automated protocol, eliminating user error. Furthermore, this method enables the rapid fabrication of micro-scale polymer libraries, reducing the batch size while resulting in the creation of multivariant polymer systems. This combinatorial approach to polymer synthesis facilitates the synthesis of up to 15 different polymers in an equivalent amount of time it would take to synthesize one polymer conventionally. In addition, the combinatorial polymer library can be fabricated into blank or protein-loaded geometries including films or nanoparticles upon dissolution of the polymer library in a solvent and precipitation into a non-solvent (for nanoparticles) or by vacuum drying (for films). Upon loading a fluorochrome-conjugated protein into the polymer libraries, protein release kinetics can be assessed at high-throughput using a fluorescence-based detection method (Figures 2 and 3) as described previously1. This combinatorial platform has been validated with conventional methods2 and the polyanhydride film and nanoparticle libraries have been characterized with 1H NMR and FTIR. The libraries have been screened for protein release kinetics, stability and antigenicity; in vitro cellular toxicity, cytokine production, surface marker expression, adhesion, proliferation and differentiation; and in vivo biodistribution and mucoadhesion1-11. The combinatorial method developed herein enables high-throughput polymer synthesis and fabrication of protein-loaded nanoparticle and film libraries, which can, in turn, be screened in vitro and in vivo for optimization of biomaterial performance.

This method describes the combinatorial synthesis of biodegradable polyanhydride film and nanoparticle libraries and the high-throughput detection of protein release from these libraries.

Kombinatorische Synthese von und High-Throughput-Protein Release von Polymer Film-und Nanopartikel-Bibliotheken

Polyanhydrides are a class of biomaterials with excellent biocompatibility and drug delivery capabilities. While they have been studied extensively with ...

Biotechnik

Experimental Protocol to Investigate Particle Aerosolization of a Product Under Abrasion and Under Environmental Weathering

The present article presents an experimental protocol to investigate particle aerosolization of a product under abrasion and under environmental weathering, which is a fundamental element to the approach of nanosafety-by-design of nanostructured products for their durable development. This approach is basically a preemptive one in which the focus is put on minimizing the emission of engineered nanomaterials' aerosols during the usage phase of the product's life cycle. This can be attained by altering its material properties during its design phase without compromising with any of its added benefits. In this article, an experimental protocol is presented to investigate the nanosafety-by-design of three commercial nanostructured products with respect to their mechanical solicitation and environmental weathering. The means chosen for applying the mechanical solicitation is an abrasion process and for the environmental weathering, it is an accelerated UV exposure in the presence of humidity and heat. The eventual emission of engineered nanomaterials is studied in terms of their number concentration, size distribution, morphology and chemical composition. The purpose of the protocol is to study the emission for test samples and experimental conditions which are corresponding to real life situations. It was found that the application of the mechanical stresses alone emits the engineered nanomaterials' aerosols in which the engineered nanomaterial is always embedded inside the product matrix, thus, a representative product element. In such a case, the emitted aerosols comprise of both nanoparticles as well as microparticles. But if the mechanical stresses are coupled with the environmental weathering, the experimental protocol reveals then the eventual deterioration of the product, after a certain weathering duration, may lead to the emission of the free engineered nanomaterial aerosols too.

In this article, an experimental protocol to investigate particle aerosolization of a product under abrasion and under environmental weathering is presented. Results on the emission of engineered nanomaterials, in the form of aerosols are presented. The specific experimental set-up is described in detail.

Versuchsprotokoll Particle Aerosolisierung eines Produktes unter Abrieb und unter Umwelt Verwitterung zur Untersuchung

The present article presents an experimental protocol to investigate particle aerosolization of a product under abrasion and under environmental ...

Evaluation of Polymeric Gene Delivery Nanoparticles by Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis and High-throughput Flow Cytometry

Non-viral gene delivery using polymeric nanoparticles has emerged as an attractive approach for gene therapy to treat genetic diseases1 and as a technology for regenerative medicine2. Unlike viruses, which have significant safety issues, polymeric nanoparticles can be designed to be non-toxic, non-immunogenic, non-mutagenic, easier to synthesize, chemically versatile, capable of carrying larger nucleic acid cargo and biodegradable and/or environmentally responsive. Cationic polymers self-assemble with negatively charged DNA via electrostatic interaction to form complexes on the order of 100 nm that are commonly termed polymeric nanoparticles. Examples of biomaterials used to form nanoscale polycationic gene delivery nanoparticles include polylysine, polyphosphoesters, poly(amidoamines)s and polyethylenimine (PEI), which is a non-degradable off-the-shelf cationic polymer commonly used for nucleic acid delivery1,3 . Poly(beta-amino ester)s (PBAEs) are a newer class of cationic polymers4 that are hydrolytically degradable5,6 and have been shown to be effective at gene delivery to hard-to-transfect cell types such as human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs)7, mouse mammary epithelial cells8, human brain cancer cells9 and macrovascular (human umbilical vein, HUVECs) endothelial cells10.
A new protocol to characterize polymeric nanoparticles utilizing nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) is described. In this approach, both the particle size distribution and the distribution of the number of plasmids per particle are obtained11. In addition, a high-throughput 96-well plate transfection assay for rapid screening of the transfection efficacy of polymeric nanoparticles is presented. In this protocol, poly(beta-amino ester)s (PBAEs) are used as model polymers and human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs) are used as model human cells. This protocol can be easily adapted to evaluate any polymeric nanoparticle and any cell type of interest in a multi-well plate format.

A protocol for nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and high-throughput flow cytometry to evaluate polymeric gene delivery nanoparticles is described. NTA is utilized to characterize the nanoparticle particle size distribution and the plasmid per particle distribution. High-throughput flow cytometry enables quantitative transfection efficacy evaluation for a library of gene delivery biomaterials.

Evaluation von polymeren Gene Delivery-Nanopartikeln durch Nanopartikel Tracking-Analyse und High-throughput Durchflusszytometrie

Non-viral gene delivery using polymeric nanoparticles has emerged as an attractive approach for gene therapy to treat genetic diseases1 and as a ...

Advanced Compositional Analysis of Nanoparticle-polymer Composites Using Direct Fluorescence Imaging

The fabrication of polymer-nanoparticle composites is extremely important in the development of many functional materials. Identifying the precise composition of these materials is essential, especially in the design of surface catalysts, where the surface concentration of the active component determines the activity of the material. Antimicrobial materials which utilize nanoparticles are a particular focus of this technology. Recently swell encapsulation has emerged as a technique for inserting antimicrobial nanoparticles into a host polymer matrix. Swell encapsulation provides the advantage of localizing the incorporation to the external surfaces of materials, which act as the active sites of these materials. However, quantification of this nanoparticle uptake is challenging. Previous studies explore the link between antimicrobial activity and surface concentration of the active component, but this is not directly visualized. Here we show a reliable method to monitor the incorporation of nanoparticles into a polymer host matrix via swell encapsulation. We show that the surface concentration of CdSe/ZnS nanoparticles can be accurately visualized through cross-sectional fluorescence imaging. Using this method, we can quantify the uptake of nanoparticles via swell encapsulation and measure the surface concentration of encapsulated particles, which is key in optimizing the activity of functional materials.

Here we present a reliable method to monitor the incorporation of nanoparticles into a polymer host matrix via swell encapsulation. We show that the surface concentration of cadmium selenide quantum dots can be accurately visualized through cross-sectional fluorescence imaging.

Erweiterte Analyse der Zusammensetzung von Nanopartikel-Polymer Composites mittels direkter Fluoreszenz-Imaging

The fabrication of polymer-nanoparticle composites is extremely important in the development of many functional materials. Identifying the precise ...

A System to Create Stable Nanoparticle Aerosols from Nanopowders

Nanoparticle aerosols released from nanopowders in workplaces are associated with human exposure and health risks. We developed a novel system, requiring minimal amounts of test materials (min. 200 mg), for studying powder aerosolization behavior and aerosol properties. The aerosolization procedure follows the concept of the fluidized-bed process, but occurs in the modified volume of a V-shaped aerosol generator. The airborne particle number concentration is adjustable by controlling the air flow rate. The system supplied stable aerosol generation rates and particle size distributions over long periods (0.5-2 hr and possibly longer), which are important, for example, to study aerosol behavior, but also for toxicological studies. Strict adherence to the operating procedures during the aerosolization experiments ensures the generation of reproducible test results. The critical steps in the standard protocol are the preparation of the material and setup, and the aerosolization operations themselves. The system can be used for experiments requiring stable aerosol concentrations and may also be an alternative method for testing dustiness. The controlled aerosolization made possible with this setup occurs using energy inputs (may be characterized by aerosolization air velocity) that are within the ranges commonly found in occupational environments where nanomaterial powders are handled. This setup and its operating protocol are thus helpful for human exposure and risk assessment.

We designed and developed an effective nanopowder aerosolization setup and operating protocol. The system generated nanoparticle aerosols with stable number concentrations and size distributions for long durations, requiring only small quantities of test material (min. 200 mg).

Ein System zu schaffen Stabile Nanoparticle Aerosols aus Nanopulver

Nanoparticle aerosols released from nanopowders in workplaces are associated with human exposure and health risks. We developed a novel system, requiring ...

A Continuous-flow Photocatalytic Reactor for the Precisely Controlled Deposition of Metallic Nanoparticles

In this work, a novel photocatalytic reactor for the pulsed and controlled excitation of the photocatalyst and the precise deposition of metallic nanoparticles is developed. Guidelines for the replication of the reactor and its operation are provided in detail. Three different composite systems (Pt/graphene, Pt/TiO2, and Au/TiO2) with monodisperse and uniformly distributed particles are produced by this reactor, and the photodeposition mechanism, as well as the synthesis optimization strategy, are discussed. The synthesis methods and their technical aspects are described comprehensively. The role of the ultraviolet (UV) dose (in each excitation pulse) on the photodeposition process is investigated and the optimum values for each composite system are provided.

For a continuous and scalable synthesis of noble-metal-based nanocomposites, a novel photocatalytic reactor is developed and its structure, operation principles, and product quality optimization strategies are described.

Einem kontinuierlichen Fluss photokatalytische Reaktor für die genau kontrollierten Abscheidung von metallischen Nanopartikeln

In this work, a novel photocatalytic reactor for the pulsed and controlled excitation of the photocatalyst and the precise deposition of metallic ...

Chemie

Development of a Nose-only Inhalation Toxicity Test Chamber That Provides Four Exposure Concentrations of Nano-sized Particles

Using a numerical analysis based on computerized fluid dynamics, a nose-only inhalation toxicity chamber with four different exposure concentrations is designed and validated for flow field uniformity and cross-contamination among the exposure ports for each concentration. The designed flow field values are compared with the measured values from exposure ports located horizontally and vertically. For this purpose, nanoscale sodium chloride particles are generated as test particles and introduced to the inhalation chamber to evaluate the cross-contamination and concentration maintenance among the chambers, for each concentration group. The results indicate that the designed multiconcentration inhalation chamber can be used in animal inhalation toxicity testing without cross-contamination among concentration groups. Moreover, the designed multiconcentration inhalation toxicity chamber can also be converted to a single-concentration inhalation chamber. Further testing with gas, organic vapor, or non-nanoscale particles will ensure the use of the chamber in the inhalation testing of other test articles.

A nose-only inhalation toxicity chamber capable of testing inhalation toxicity at four different exposure concentrations was designed and validated for flow field uniformity and cross-contamination between the exposure ports for each concentration. Here, we present a protocol to confirm that the designed chamber is effective for inhalation toxicity testing.

Entwicklung einer Testkammer nur Nase einatmen Toxizität, die vier Exposition Konzentrationen von Nanopartikel bietet

Using a numerical analysis based on computerized fluid dynamics, a nose-only inhalation toxicity chamber with four different exposure concentrations is ...

Whole-Body Nanoparticle Aerosol Inhalation Exposures

Inhalation is the most likely exposure route for individuals working with aerosolizable engineered nano-materials (ENM). To properly perform nanoparticle inhalation toxicology studies, the aerosols in a chamber housing the experimental animals must have: 1) a steady concentration maintained at a desired level for the entire exposure period; 2) a homogenous composition free of contaminants; and 3) a stable size distribution with a geometric mean diameter &lt; 200 nm and a geometric standard deviation &sigma;g &lt; 2.5 5. The generation of aerosols containing nanoparticles is quite challenging because nanoparticles easily agglomerate. This is largely due to very strong inter-particle forces and the formation of large fractal structures in tens or hundreds of microns in size 6, which are difficult to be broken up. Several common aerosol generators, including nebulizers, fluidized beds, Venturi aspirators and the Wright dust feed, were tested; however, none were able to produce nanoparticle aerosols which satisfy all criteria 5.
A whole-body nanoparticle aerosol inhalation exposure system was fabricated, validated and utilized for nano-TiO2 inhalation toxicology studies. Critical components: 1) novel nano-TiO2 aerosol generator; 2) 0.5 m3 whole-body inhalation exposure chamber; and 3) monitor and control system. Nano-TiO2 aerosols generated from bulk dry nano-TiO2 powders (primary diameter of 21 nm, bulk density of 3.8 g/cm3) were delivered into the exposure chamber at a flow rate of 90 LPM (10.8 air changes/hr). Particle size distribution and mass concentration profiles were measured continuously with a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS), and an electric low pressure impactor (ELPI). The aerosol mass concentration (C) was verified gravimetrically (mg/m3). The mass (M) of the collected particles was determined as M = (Mpost-Mpre), where Mpre and Mpost are masses of the filter before and after sampling (mg). The mass concentration was calculated as C = M/(Q*t), where Q is sampling flowrate (m3/min), and t is the sampling time (minute). The chamber pressure, temperature, relative humidity (RH), O2 and CO2 concentrations were monitored and controlled continuously. Nano-TiO2 aerosols collected on Nuclepore filters were analyzed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis.
In summary, we report that the nano-particle aerosols generated and delivered to our exposure chamber have: 1) steady mass concentration; 2) homogenous composition free of contaminants; 3) stable particle size distributions with a count-median aerodynamic diameter of 157 nm during aerosol generation. This system reliably and repeatedly creates test atmospheres that simulate occupational, environmental or domestic ENM aerosol exposures.

A whole-body nanoparticle aerosol inhalation exposure facility was constructed for nano-sized titanium dioxide (TiO2) inhalation toxicology studies. This system provides nano-TiO2 aerosol test atmospheres that have: 1) a steady mass concentration; 2) a homogenous composition free of contaminants; and 3) a stable particle size distribution during aerosol generation.

Ganzkörper-Nanopartikel Aerosol Inhalation Exposures

Inhalation is the most likely exposure route for individuals working with aerosolizable engineered nano-materials (ENM). To properly perform nanoparticle ...

Biologie

An Air-liquid Interface Bronchial Epithelial Model for Realistic, Repeated Inhalation Exposure to Airborne Particles for Toxicity Testing

For toxicity testing of airborne particles, air-liquid interface (ALI) exposure systems have been developed for in vitro tests in order to mimic realistic exposure conditions. This puts specific demands on the cell culture models. Many cell types are negatively affected by exposure to air (e.g., drying out) and only remain viable for a few days. This limits the exposure conditions that can be used in these models: usually relatively high concentrations are applied as a cloud (i.e., droplets containing particles, which settle down rapidly) within a short period of time. Such experimental conditions do not reflect realistic long-term exposure to low concentrations of particles. To overcome these limitations the use of a human bronchial epithelial cell line, Calu-3 was investigated. These cells can be cultured at ALI conditions for several weeks while retaining a healthy morphology and a stable monolayer with tight junctions. In addition, this bronchial model is suitable for testing the effects of repeated exposures to low, realistic concentrations of airborne particles using an ALI exposure system. This system uses a continuous airflow in contrast to other ALI exposure systems that use a single nebulization producing a cloud. Therefore, the continuous flow system is suitable for repeated and prolonged exposure to airborne particles while continuously monitoring the particle characteristics, exposure concentration, and delivered dose. Taken together, this bronchial model, in combination with the continuous flow exposure system, is able to mimic realistic, repeated inhalation exposure conditions that can be used for toxicity testing.

Described is the cell culture and exposure method of an in vitro bronchial model for realistic, repeated inhalation exposure to particles for toxicity testing.

Ein Luft-Flüssig-Interface-Bronchial-Epithelmodell für realistische, wiederholte Inhalationsexposition gegenüber Luftpartikeln für Toxizitätstests

For toxicity testing of airborne particles, air-liquid interface (ALI) exposure systems have been developed for in vitro tests in order to mimic realistic ...