The authors thank the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada and the Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI) for funding and scholarship support.

HINWEIS: Deuterierte Lösungsmittel wurden nach Literaturverfahren getrocknet , wenn erforderlich, und alle anderen Lösungsmittel wurden 12 eine Reihe von Grubbs&#39; artigen Säulen getrocknet und entgast vor der Verwendung. Kalium - 1,2,4-tris (diphenylphosphino) cyclopentadien [K] [(Ph 2 P) 3 C 5 H 2] und die N-heterocyclischen Carben - 1,3,4,5-tetramethylimidazole-2-yliden (Me Me NHC ) wurden nach Literaturverfahren synthetisiert und diese wurde vor Gebrauch sublimiert. 9,13 Cyclohexen wurde über CaH 2 getrocknet, destilliert und entgast vor der Verwendung. Acetonitril-d 3 (CD 3 CN) und Dichlormethan-d 2 (CD 2 Cl 2) wurden über Phosphorpentoxid getrocknet und entgast vor der Verwendung. Diatomeenerde wurde bei 150 ºC in einem Ofen über Nacht getrocknet, vor der Verwendung. Alle anderen Reagenzien wurden wie erhalten verwendet. 1. Synthese von [dppeP] [Br] <ol><li> Dissolve 1,00 g 1,2-Bis (diphenylphosphino) ethan (dppe) in etwa 40 ml wasserfreiem, entgastem Dichlormethan (DCM) in einem 250 ml Schlenkkolben unter Inertgas, mit einem Gummiseptum ausgestattet. </li><li> Durch die Spritze oder Kanüle Transfer, fügen 2,53 ml trockenem, entgast, Cyclohexen zum Schlenkkolben die gerührte Lösung von dppe enthält. </li><li> Zu dieser Lösung, fügen 0,26 ml PBr 3 über eine Spritze tropfenweise unter kräftigem Rühren. Die Lösung sollte sofort wieder hellgelb, und weißer Niederschlag bildet sich nach der Lösung für 20 min gerührt wurde. Die Reaktion kann für mehrere Stunden oder über Nacht rühren. </li><li> Nach dem Rühren für mehrere Stunden oder über Nacht filtriert man das Reaktionsgemisch durch einen Frittenkolben mit einem Zoll dicken Kieselgur Stecker ganz oben auf der Niederschlag zu entfernen. </li><li> Sammeln Sie die resultierende Lösung und entfernen Sie den DCM unter Vakuum auf einem Schlenk Linie. </li><li> Um das erhaltene Öl fügen etwa 75 ml aus Tetrahydrofuran (THF), während stirring kräftig (oder Beschallen), um das Produkt als weißer Feststoff auszufallen. </li><li> Unmittelbar nach den weißen Niederschlag bildet, sammeln sie durch Filtration mit einem Frittenkolben unter einer inerten Atmosphäre. Der Feststoff wird sofort, und lassen Sie nicht die Aussetzung länger als 30 min rühren. </li><li> Einmal gesammelt, lösen sich eine geringe Menge an [dppeP] [Br] in CD 2 Cl 2 oder CDCl 3-31 P erhalten, 1 H und 13 C NMR Reinheit zu bestätigen. unbestimmte Zeit in einer inerten Atmosphäre gelagert werden oder für mehrere Wochen am Prüfplatz [dppeP] [Br] können. 6 </li></ol> 2. Synthese von [dppeP] [BPh 4] <ol><li> Man löst 0,5 g [dppeP] [Br] Salz in 5 ml DCM in einem Kolben Schlenk. Rühren Sie die Lösung unter Stickstoffgas. Dann fügen Sie 0,35 g Natriumtetraphenylborat in 5 ml THF. </li><li> Lassen Sie die Lösung für mehrere Stunden rühren oder über Nacht, bis ein feiner Niederschlag bildet. </li><li> Zentrifugieren Sie die sUSSETZUNG den Niederschlag (KBr) zu entfernen und das Lösungsmittel unter vermindertem Druck zu entfernen, wobei [dppeP] [BPh 4] als ein weißes Pulver. </li></ol> 3. Synthese von [Me NHC Me 2 P] [BPh 4] <ol><li> Legen Sie eine 100 ml - Schlenk - Kolben mit 0,200 g Me NHC Me und einem Rührstab unter einer inerten Atmosphäre. </li><li> Legen Sie eine 100 ml - Rundkolben mit 0,603 g [dppeP] [BPh 4] unter einer inerten Atmosphäre. </li><li> Cannula Transfer 20 ml THF zu dem Schlenk - Kolben mit 0,200 g Me NHC Me und beginnen Magnetrührstab. </li><li> Cannula Transfer 20 ml THF zu den 100 - ml - Rundkolben , der mit 0,603 g [dppeP] [BPh 4] und rühren bis gelöst. </li><li> Cannula wird die Lösung von [dppeP] [BPh 4] in THF zu der gerührten Lösung von Me NHC Me in THF und erlauben die gelbe Lösung für 1 Stunde rühren. </li><li> Konzentrieren Sie die gelben solution auf ein Drittel des ursprünglichen Volumens (13 ml) unter vermindertem Druck. </li><li> Hinzufügen Diethylether (Et 2 O) (40 ml) zu der gerührten konzentrierten Lösung die Ausfällung des gelben Produktes zu initiieren und die resultierende Suspension erlauben für 20 min rühren. </li><li> Legen Sie eine versiegelte Fritte angebracht an einer 100 ml-Schlenk-Kolben auf der Schlenklinie und schaffen eine inerte Atmosphäre, indem der Kolben evakuiert unter Verwendung von Vakuum und Nachfüllen des Kolbens mit Stickstoff aus der Schleck Linie. Evakuieren Sie für 5 min und Nachfüllen mit Stickstoff 3-mal um eine inerte Atmosphäre zu gewährleisten. </li><li> Cannula übertragen die Et 2 O - Suspension in das Gerät und filtern den Niederschlag. </li><li> Wäscht den Niederschlag mit 10 ml Et 2 O dreimal und lassen den Niederschlag unter vermindertem Druck für 2 Stunden zu trocknen. </li><li> Optional) Lassen Sie das Filtrat und die Waschlösungen langsam unter Stickstoff zu verdampfen dppe zu rekristallisieren. Waschen Sie die Kristalle mit einer minimalen Menge an Hexan, trocken und sammeln dieKristalle für die Wiederverwendung. </li></ol> 4. Synthese von (Ph 2 P) C 5 H 2 (Ph 2 P) 2 P <ol><li> In einen 150 ml-Schlenk-Kolben mit 0.484g [dppeP] [Br] in einer inerten Atmosphäre, 40 ml trockenem hinzufügen, entgast THF. </li><li> Legen Sie die Schlenk in einem Trockeneis / Aceton-Bad die Suspension auf -78 ° C abkühlen lassen. </li><li> Cannula übertragen eine THF - Lösung von 0.625g [K] [(Ph 2 P) 3 C 5 H 2] in einem Rundkolben, der mit dem Schlenk - Flash , die [dppeP] [Br]. </li><li> Wenn die Zugabe beendet ist, entfernen Sie den Schlenk-Kolben aus dem Bad Aceton und auf Raumtemperatur erwärmen. Nach dem Rühren für 2 Stunden wird die Lösung hellgelb mit einem weißen Niederschlag vorliegen. </li><li> Übertragen, um die Suspension zu einem luftfreie Frittenfilter, ausgestattet mit einem 150 ml Schlenk-Kolben, der weiße Niederschlag (KBr) zu entfernen. </li><li> Sammeln Sie die gelbe Lösung und das THF unter Vakuum zu entfernen. </li><li> Hinzufügen eines 80:20Mischung aus trockenem und entgastem Diethylether: Pentan zu dem resultierenden Öl und lassen für 20 min rühren. </li><li> Sammeln des Produkts (Ph 2 P) C 5 H 2 (Ph 2 P) 2 P als einen blaßgelben Niederschlag durch Filtrieren der Suspension durch eine luftfreie, Frittenkolben. Der verbleibende Ether / Pentan-Lösung enthält die dppe Verunreinigung und verworfen werden kann oder das Lösungsmittel kann zur weiteren Verwendung gesammelt unter Vakuum und der dppe entfernt werden. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Macdonald, C. L. B., Ellis, B. D., Swidan, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Low-Oxidation-State+Main+Group+Compounds.">Low-Oxidation-State Main Group Compounds.</a> Encyclopedia of Inorganic and Bioinorganic Chemistry. , (2011).</li><li>Coffer (n&#233;e Monks), P. K., Dillon, K. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cyclic+triphosphenium+ions+and+related+species.">Cyclic triphosphenium ions and related species.</a> Coord. Chem. Rev. 257 (5-6), 910-923 (2013).</li><li>Schmidpeter, A., Lochschmidt, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+Products+from+PCl3,+P(NMe2)3,+and+AlCl3.">New Products from PCl3, P(NMe2)3, and AlCl3.</a> Angew. Chem. Internat. Ed. in Engl. 25 (3), 253-254 (1986).</li><li>Schmidpeter, A., Lochschmidt, S., Karaghiosoff, K., Sheldrickb, W. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Triphosphane-l,3-di-ium+Ions.">Triphosphane-l,3-di-ium Ions.</a> J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. , 1447-1448 (1985).</li><li>Ellis, B. D., Carlesimo, M., Macdonald, C. L. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stabilised+phosphorus(I)+and+arsenic(I)+iodide:+readily-synthesised+reagents+for+low+oxidation+state+main+group+chemistry.">Stabilised phosphorus(I) and arsenic(I) iodide: readily-synthesised reagents for low oxidation state main group chemistry.</a> Chem. Commun. 15 (15), 1946-1947 (2003).</li><li>Norton, E. L., Szekely, K. L. S., Dube, J. W., Bomben, P. G., Macdonald, C. L. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+convenient+preparative+method+for+cyclic+triphosphenium+bromide+and+chloride+salts.">A convenient preparative method for cyclic triphosphenium bromide and chloride salts.</a> Inorg. Chem. 47 (3), 1196-1203 (2008).</li><li>Ellis, B. D., Macdonald, C. L. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phosphorus(I)+iodide:+a+versatile+metathesis+reagent+for+the+synthesis+of+low+oxidation+state+phosphorus+compounds.">Phosphorus(I) iodide: a versatile metathesis reagent for the synthesis of low oxidation state phosphorus compounds.</a> Inorg. Chem. 45 (17), 6864-6874 (2006).</li><li>Kosnik, S. C., Farrar, G. J., Norton, E. L., Cooper, B. F. T., Ellis, B. D., Macdonald, C. L. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Low-Valent+Chemistry:+An+Alternative+Approach+to+Phosphorus-+Containing+Oligomers.">Low-Valent Chemistry: An Alternative Approach to Phosphorus- Containing Oligomers.</a> Inorg. Chem. 11 (53), 13061-13069 (2014).</li><li>Kosnik, S. C., Macdonald, C. L. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+zwitterionic+triphosphenium+compound+as+a+tunable+multifunctional+donor.">A zwitterionic triphosphenium compound as a tunable multifunctional donor.</a> Dalton Trans. 45 (14), 6251-6258 (2016).</li><li>Binder, J. F., Swidan, A., Tang, M., Nguyen, J. H., Macdonald, C. L. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Remarkably+stable+chelating+bis-N-heterocyclic+carbene+adducts+of+phosphorus(I)+cations.">Remarkably stable chelating bis-N-heterocyclic carbene adducts of phosphorus(I) cations.</a> Chem. Commun. 51 (36), 7741-7744 (2015).</li><li>Binder, J. F., Corrente, A. M., Macdonald, C. L. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+route+to+phosphamethine+cyanines+from+S,N-heterocyclic+carbenes.">A simple route to phosphamethine cyanines from S,N-heterocyclic carbenes.</a> Dalton Trans. 45 (5), 2138-2147 (2016).</li><li>Pangborn, A. B., Ma Giardello, ., Grubbs, R. H., Rosen, R. K., Timmers, F. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Safe+and+Convenient+Procedure+for+Solvent+Purification.">Safe and Convenient Procedure for Solvent Purification.</a> Organometallics. 15 (5), 1518-1520 (1996).</li><li>Smaliy, R. V., Beaup&#233;rin, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hexaphosphine:+A+multifaceted+ligand+for+transition+metal+coordination.">Hexaphosphine: A multifaceted ligand for transition metal coordination.</a> Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. (9), 1347-1352 (2012).</li><li>Klebach, T. C., Lourens, R., Bickelhaupt, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthesis+of+mesityldiphenylmethylenephosphine:+a+stable+compound+with+a+localized+phosphorus:carbon+bond.">Synthesis of mesityldiphenylmethylenephosphine: a stable compound with a localized phosphorus:carbon bond.</a> J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 100 (15), 4886-4888 (1978).</li><li>Alcarazo, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=&#945;-Cationic+Phosphines:+Synthesis+and+Applications.">&#945;-Cationic Phosphines: Synthesis and Applications.</a> Chem. Eur. J. 20 (26), 7868-7877 (2014).</li></ol>

Die Autoren haben nichts zu offenbaren.

Kristallstrukturen und mehrkernige NMR (31 P, 1 H und 13 C) wurden für alle erhaltenen Produkte berichtet Verbindung zu bestätigen. Elektrospray-Ionisations-Massenspektrometrie wurde zur Bestätigung Anwesenheit der Kationen und Elementaranalyse wurde verwendet, analytische Reinheit der Proben zu bestätigen. Es ist zwingend notwendig, dass alle Reaktionen in einem luftfreien und trockenen Umgebung durchgeführt werden, um sicherzustellen, dass keine unerwa...

Die Chemie der Hauptgruppenelemente in ungewöhnlich niedrigen Oxidations oder Wertigkeiten hat ein Gebiet von großem Interesse in den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten. 1 Abgesehen von der grundlegenden Interesse die sich aus ihrer einzigartigen Bindung und Struktur solcher Verbindungen zeigen häufig Reaktivitäten , die sehr unterschiedlich sind , die ihrer typischen Oxidationsstufe Pendants. In diesem Sinne, bieten sie ein erhebliches Potenzial als Reagenzien komplexere Hauptgruppenelement enthaltenden Materialien zu bauen. Ein Meilenstein Klasse von niedervalenten Phosphormoleküle enthalten , sind &quot;triphosphenium&quot; Kationen , die in den 1980er Jahren von Schmidpeter zuerst berichtet. 2 Diese Ionen eine dikoordinierten Phosphor (I) -Ionen durch zwei phosphonio Substituenten ligiert verfügen, wobei die stabilere Varianten von einem eingebauten . Chelat - Rahmen 3,4 Unsere Gruppe hat die Synthese von triphosphenium Halogenidsalze optimiert fähig 5 - 7 und hatgezeigt , daß diese stabilen Verbindungen vielseitig P + Übertragungsmittel sind , die 8 Zwitterionen für die kontrollierte Synthese von Phosphor (I) enthaltenden Oligomeren, nützlich sind, 9 und phosphamethine Cyaninfarbstoffe. 10,11 Während oft die ursprünglichen Synthesen solcher Verbindungen gefährliche Phosphor beinhalten haltigen Reagenzien und / oder stark reduzierenden Bedingungen, präsentieren die gesteuerte Strecke, die wir sicher, P-Atom effizient und bequem. Das Verfahren führt in hoher Reinheit Materialien, die als Farbstoffe verwendet werden können, Liganden für Übergangsmetallkomplexe und Vorstufen für komplexere phosphorhaltige Spezies.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="968">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">bis(diphenyl)phosphino ethane (dppe)</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Strem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1663-45-2</td>
			<td style="width:468px;">98% Stored in gloved box, used as is.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">Anhydrous Dichloromethane (DCM)</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">270997</td>
			<td>Purified through solvent purification system, or standard methods</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">Anhydrous Cyclohexene&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">29240</td>
			<td>Dried over calcium hydride and distilled.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">Phosphorus Tribromide (PBr3)</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">157783</td>
			<td>99% Stored in glove box, used as is. Air sensitive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">Anyhydrous Tetrahydrofuran (THF)</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">401757</td>
			<td>Purified through solvent purification system, or standard methods</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">Methylene Chloride-D2 (CD2Cl2)</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">DLM-23-25</td>
			<td>Dried over phosphorus pentoxide, vacuum transferred or distilled</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">Acetonitrile</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">5/8/1975</td>
			<td>Stored in glove box, used as is</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">Sodium Tetraphenylborate</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">T25402</td>
			<td>Stored in glove box, used as is</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">Anyhydrous Diethyl Ether&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">673811</td>
			<td>Purified through solvent purification system, or standard methods</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">Anhydrous Pentane</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">236705</td>
			<td>Purified through solvent purification system, or standard methods</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

preparation and reactivity of a triphosphenium bromide salt: a convenient and stable source of phosphorus(i)

Wir präsentieren hier die optimierte Synthese eines triphosphenium Bromidsalz. Neben einem vielseitigen Metathese - Reagenz zu sein, diese ungewöhnlich stabil niedervalenten-phosphorhaltige Verbindung wirkt als nützlich P + Übertragungsmittel. Im Gegensatz zu herkömmlichen Methoden Phosphorspezies Koordinatennieder zuzugreifen eingesetzt , die üblicherweise pyrophoren phosphorhaltige Vorstufen erfordern (weißer Phosphor, Tris (trimethylsilyl) phosphin, etc.) oder harten Reduktionsmittel (Alkalimetalle, Kaliumgraphit, etc.), die aktuelle Ansatz beinhaltet nicht pyrophor oder explosive Reagenzien und kann auf großen Skalen (&gt; 20 g) in sehr guten Ausbeuten von Studenten mit Grundluftfreien synthetischen Training durchgeführt werden. Das Bromid Gegenion mit anderen Anionen wie Tetraphenylborat (hier beschrieben) unter Verwendung typischer Salzmetathese Reagenzien zu erhalten Materialien mit gewünschten Eigenschaften und Reaktivitäten leicht ausgetauscht werden. Die Vielseitigkeit dieses P + Übertragung einNSATZ wird durch die Reaktionen dieser triphosphenium Vorläufern mit einem N-heterocyclischen Carben und einem anionischen Bisphosphin exemplifiziert, von denen jede ohne weiteres die neutrale Bisphosphin verdrängen ein NHC-stabilisiertes Phosphor (I) Kation und ein Phosphor (I) enthält, Zwitterion zu geben bzw. .

Ein stabiles Salz ([dppeP] [Br]) einen niedervalenten Phosphor (I) -Quelle enthält , kann durch die Zugabe von PBr 3 bis Diphenylphosphinoethan (dppe) in Gegenwart von überschüssigem Cyclohexen (1) , 6 leicht synthetisiert werden. Bei der Aufarbeitung der Reaktion, 31 P - NMR - Spektren zeigen die Anwesenheit eines Triplett - Signal , das deutlich auf -220 ppm abgeschirmt ist, und eine Doppel Signal bei 50 ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation and Reactivity of a Triphosphenium Bromide Salt: A Convenient and Stable Source of PhosphorusI at JoVE.com

Preparation and Reactivity of a Triphosphenium Bromide Salt: A Convenient and Stable Source of PhosphorusI

The synthesis of a triphosphenium bromide salt is described and its use as a P+ transfer agent is outlined by reactions with an N-heterocyclic carbene and an anionic bisphosphine, yielding an NHC-stabilized P(I) cation and a P(I) containing zwitterion, respectively.

Vorbereitung und Reaktivität eines Triphosphenium Bromidsalz: eine zweckmäßige und stabile Quelle von Phosphor (I)

We present herein the optimized synthesis of a triphosphenium bromide salt. Apart from being a versatile metathesis reagent, this unusually stable ...

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Preparation and Reactivity of a Triphosphenium Bromide Salt: A Convenient and Stable Source of Phosphorus(I)

7.7K Aufrufe.  University of Windsor. The synthesis of a triphosphenium bromide salt is described and its use as a P+ transfer agent is outlined by reactions with an N-heterocyclic carbene and an anionic bisphosphine, yielding an NHC-stabilized P(I) cation and a P(I) containing zwitterion, respectively.

Serie: Preparation and Reactivity of a Triphosphenium Bromide Salt: A Convenient and Stable Source of PhosphorusI

Preparation and Use of Samarium Diiodide (SmI2) in Organic Synthesis: The Mechanistic Role of HMPA and Ni(II) Salts in the Samarium Barbier Reaction

Although initially considered an esoteric reagent, SmI2 has become a common tool for synthetic organic chemists. SmI2 is generated through the addition of molecular iodine to samarium metal in THF.1,2-3 It is a mild and selective single electron reductant and its versatility is a result of its ability to initiate a wide range of reductions including C-C bond-forming and cascade or sequential reactions. SmI2 can reduce a variety of functional groups including sulfoxides and sulfones, phosphine oxides, epoxides, alkyl and aryl halides, carbonyls, and conjugated double bonds.2-12 One of the fascinating features of SmI-2-mediated reactions is the ability to manipulate the outcome of reactions through the selective use of cosolvents or additives. In most instances, additives are essential in controlling the rate of reduction and the chemo- or stereoselectivity of reactions.13-14 Additives commonly utilized to fine tune the reactivity of SmI2 can be classified into three major groups: (1) Lewis bases (HMPA, other electron-donor ligands, chelating ethers, etc.), (2) proton sources (alcohols, water etc.), and (3) inorganic additives (Ni(acac)2, FeCl3, etc).3
Understanding the mechanism of SmI2 reactions and the role of the additives enables utilization of the full potential of the reagent in organic synthesis. The Sm-Barbier reaction is chosen to illustrate the synthetic importance and mechanistic role of two common additives: HMPA and Ni(II) in this reaction. The Sm-Barbier reaction is similar to the traditional Grignard reaction with the only difference being that the alkyl halide, carbonyl, and Sm reductant are mixed simultaneously in one pot.1,15 Examples of Sm-mediated Barbier reactions with a range of coupling partners have been reported,1,3,7,10,12 and have been utilized in key steps of the synthesis of large natural products.16,17 Previous studies on the effect of additives on SmI2 reactions have shown that HMPA enhances the reduction potential of SmI2 by coordinating to the samarium metal center, producing a more powerful,13-14,18 sterically encumbered reductant19-21 and in some cases playing an integral role in post electron-transfer steps facilitating subsequent bond-forming events.22 In the Sm-Barbier reaction, HMPA has been shown to additionally activate the alkyl halide by forming a complex in a pre-equilibrium step.23
Ni(II) salts are a catalytic additive used frequently in Sm-mediated transformations.24-27 Though critical for success, the mechanistic role of Ni(II) was not known in these reactions. Recently it has been shown that SmI2 reduces Ni(II) to Ni(0), and the reaction is then carried out through organometallic Ni(0) chemistry.28
These mechanistic studies highlight that although the same Barbier product is obtained, the use of different additives in the SmI2 reaction drastically alters the mechanistic pathway of the reaction. The protocol for running these SmI2-initiated reactions is described.

Preparation and Use of Samarium Diiodide SmI2 in Organic Synthesis: The Mechanistic Role of HMPA and NiII Salts in the Samarium Barbier Reaction

A straightforward procedure for the preparation of samarium diiodide (SmI2) in THF is described. The role of two main additives namely hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA) and Ni(acac)2 in Sm mediated reactions is demonstrated in the Sm-Barbier reaction.

Herstellung und Verwendung von Samariumdiiodid (SmI<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;) In der organischen Synthese: die mechanistische Rolle von HMPA und Ni (II)-Salzen in Samarium Barbier Reaction

Although initially considered an esoteric reagent, SmI2 has become a common tool for synthetic organic chemists. SmI2 is generated through the addition of ...

Forschung

Chemie

Preparing Adherent Cells for X-ray Fluorescence Imaging by Chemical Fixation

X-ray fluorescence imaging allows us to non-destructively measure the spatial distribution and concentration of multiple elements simultaneously over large or small sample areas. It has been applied in many areas of science, including materials science, geoscience, studying works of cultural heritage, and in chemical biology. In the case of chemical biology, for example, visualizing the metal distributions within cells allows us to study both naturally-occurring metal ions in the cells, as well as exogenously-introduced metals such as drugs and nanoparticles. Due to the fully hydrated nature of nearly all biological samples, cryo-fixation followed by imaging under cryogenic temperature represents the ideal imaging modality currently available. However, under the circumstances that such a combination is not easily accessible or practical, aldehyde based chemical fixation remains useful and sometimes inevitable. This article describes in as much detail as possible in the preparation of adherent mammalian cells by chemical fixation for X-ray fluorescent imaging.

Here, we present a protocol on how to determine the quantity and distribution of metals in a sample using synchrotron X-ray fluorescence. We focus on adherent cells, and describe the chemical fixation method to prepare this sample. We then describe how to mount and image the sample using synchrotron X-rays.

Vorbereitung adhärenter Zellen für die Röntgenfluoreszenzbildgebung durch chemische Fixierung

X-ray fluorescence imaging allows us to non-destructively measure the spatial distribution and concentration of multiple elements simultaneously over ...

The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes

Herein we report the synthesis of a tridentate phosphine ligand N(CH2PPh2)3 (N-triphosPh) (1) via a phosphorus based Mannich reaction of the hydroxylmethylene phosphine precursor with ammonia in methanol under a nitrogen atmosphere. The N-triphosPh ligand precipitates from the solution after approximately 1 hr of reflux and can be isolated analytically pure via simple cannula filtration procedure under nitrogen. Reaction of the N-triphosPh ligand with [Ru3(CO)12] under reflux affords a deep red solution that show evolution of CO gas on ligand complexation. Orange crystals of the complex [Ru(CO)2{N(CH2PPh2)3}-&#954;3P] (2) were isolated on cooling to RT. The 31P{1H} NMR spectrum showed a characteristic single peak at lower frequency compared to the free ligand. Reaction of a toluene solution of complex 2 with oxygen resulted in the instantaneous precipitation of the carbonate complex [Ru(CO3)(CO){N(CH2PPh2)3}-&#954;3P] (3) as an air stable orange solid. Subsequent hydrogenation of 3 under 15 bar of hydrogen in a high-pressure reactor gave the dihydride complex [RuH2(CO){N(CH2PPh2)3}-&#954;3P] (4), which was fully characterized by X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy. Complexes 3 and 4 are potentially useful catalyst precursors for a range of hydrogenation reactions, including biomass-derived products such as levulinic acid (LA). Complex 4 was found to cleanly react with LA in the presence of the proton source additive NH4PF6 to give [Ru(CO){N(CH2PPh2)3}-&#954;3P{CH3CO(CH2)2CO2H}-&#954;2O](PF6) (6).

The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes

Ruthenium phosphine complexes are widely used for homogeneous catalytic reactions such as hydrogenations. The synthesis of a series of novel tridentate ruthenium complexes bearing the N-triphos ligand N(CH2PPh2)3 is reported. Additionally, the stoichiometric reaction of a dihydride Ru&#8211;N-triphos complex with levulinic acid is described.

Die Synthese, Charakterisierung und Reaktivität von einer Serie von Ruthenium<em&gt; N</em&gt; -triphos<sup&gt; Ph</sup&gt; Komplexe

Herein we report the synthesis of a tridentate phosphine ligand N(CH2PPh2)3 (N-triphosPh) (1) via a phosphorus based Mannich reaction of the ...

Preparation of Mica and Silicon Substrates for DNA Origami Analysis and Experimentation

The designed nature and controlled, one-pot synthesis of DNA origami provides exciting opportunities in many fields, particularly nanoelectronics. Many of these applications require interaction with and adhesion of DNA nanostructures to a substrate. Due to its atomically flat and easily cleaned nature, mica has been the substrate of choice for DNA origami experiments. However, the practical applications of mica are relatively limited compared to those of semiconductor substrates. For this reason, a straightforward, stable, and repeatable process for DNA origami adhesion on derivatized silicon oxide is presented here. To promote the adhesion of DNA nanostructures to silicon oxide surface, a self-assembled monolayer of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) is deposited from an aqueous solution that is compatible with many photoresists. The substrate must be cleaned of all organic and metal contaminants using Radio Corporation of America (RCA) cleaning processes and the native oxide layer must be etched to ensure a flat, functionalizable surface. Cleanrooms are equipped with facilities for silicon cleaning, however many components of DNA origami buffers and solutions are often not allowed in them due to contamination concerns. This manuscript describes the set-up and protocol for in-lab, small-scale silicon cleaning for researchers who do not have access to a cleanroom or would like to incorporate processes that could cause contamination of a cleanroom CMOS clean bench. Additionally, variables for regulating coverage are discussed and how to recognize and avoid common sample preparation problems is described.

Reproducible cleaning processes for substrates used in DNA origami research are described, including bench-top RCA cleaning and derivatization of silicon oxide. Protocols for surface preparation, DNA origami deposition, drying parameters, and simple experimental set-ups are illustrated.

Herstellung von Mica und Siliziumsubstraten für die DNA-Origami-Analyse und Experimentieren

The designed nature and controlled, one-pot synthesis of DNA origami provides exciting opportunities in many fields, particularly nanoelectronics. Many of ...

Preparation and Characterization of Individual and Multi-drug Loaded Physically Entrapped Polymeric Micelles

Amphiphilic block copolymers like polyethyleneglycol-block-polylactic acid (PEG-b-PLA) can self-assemble into micelles above their critical micellar concentration forming hydrophobic cores surrounded by hydrophilic shells in aqueous environments. The core of these micelles can be utilized to load hydrophobic, poorly water soluble drugs like docetaxel (DTX) and everolimus (EVR). Systematic characterization of the micelle structure and drug loading capabilities are important before in vitro and in vivo studies can be conducted. The goal of the protocol described herein is to provide the necessary characterization steps to achieve standardized micellar products. DTX and EVR have intrinsic solubilities of 1.9 and 9.6 &#181;g/ml respectively Preparation of these micelles can be achieved through solvent casting which increases the aqueous solubility of DTX and EVR to 1.86 and 1.85 mg/ml, respectively. Drug stability in micelles evaluated at room temperature over 48 hr indicates that 97% or more of the drugs are retained in solution. Micelle size was assessed using dynamic light scattering and indicated that the size of these micelles was below 50 nm and depended on the molecular weight of the polymer. Drug release from the micelles was assessed using dialysis under sink conditions at pH 7.4 at 37 oC over 48 hr. Curve fitting results indicate that drug release is driven by a first order process indicating that it is diffusion driven.

The goal of this protocol is to describe the preparation and characterization of physically entrapped, poorly water soluble drugs in micellar drug delivery systems composed of amphiphilic block copolymers.

Herstellung und Charakterisierung von Einzel-und Multi-Wirkstoff beladen Körperlich Eingeschlossene Polymermicellen

Amphiphilic block copolymers like polyethyleneglycol-block-polylactic acid (PEG-b-PLA) can self-assemble into micelles above their critical micellar ...

A Simple Method for the Size Controlled Synthesis of Stable Oligomeric Clusters of Gold Nanoparticles under Ambient Conditions

Reducing dilute aqueous HAuCl4 with sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN) under alkaline conditions produces 2 to 3 nm diameter nanoparticles. Stable grape-like oligomeric clusters of these yellow nanoparticles of narrow size distribution are synthesized under ambient conditions via two methods. The delay-time method controls the number of subunits in the oligoclusters by varying the time between the addition of HAuCl4 to alkaline solution and the subsequent addition of reducing agent, NaSCN. The yellow oligoclusters produced range in size from ~3 to ~25 nm. This size range can be further extended by an add-on method utilizing hydroxylated gold chloride (Na+[Au(OH4-x)Clx]-) to auto-catalytically increase the number of subunits in the as-synthesized oligocluster nanoparticles, providing a total range of 3 nm to 70 nm. The crude oligocluster preparations display narrow size distributions and do not require further fractionation for most purposes. The oligoclusters formed can be concentrated &#62;300 fold without aggregation and the crude reaction mixtures remain stable for weeks without further processing. Because these oligomeric clusters can be concentrated before derivatization they allow expensive derivatizing agents to be used economically. In addition, we present two models by which predictions of particle size can be made with great accuracy.

We describe a simple method for producing highly stable oligomeric clusters of gold nanoparticles via the reduction of chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) with sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN). The oligoclusters have a narrow size distribution and can be produced with a wide range of sizes and surface coats.

Eine einfache Methode für die Größe kontrollierte Synthese von stabilen Oligomere Cluster von Goldclustern unter Umgebungsbedingungen

Reducing dilute aqueous HAuCl4 with sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN) under alkaline conditions produces 2 to 3 nm diameter nanoparticles. Stable grape-like ...

Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of Chalcogenidoplumbates(II or IV)

The phases of &#34;PbCh2&#34; (Ch = Se, Te) are obtained from solid-state syntheses (i.e., by the fusion of the elements under inert conditions in silica glass ampules). Reduction of such phases by elemental alkaline metals in amines affords crystalline chalcogenidoplumbate(II) salts comprised of [PbTe3]2- or [Pb2Ch3]2- anions, depending upon which sequestering agent for the cations is present: crown ethers, like 18-crown-6, or cryptands, like [2.2.2]crypt. Reactions of solutions of such anions with transition-metal compounds yield (poly-)chalcogenide anions or transition-metal chalcogenide clusters, including one with a &#181;-PbSe ligand (i.e., the heaviest-known CO homolog).
In contrast, the solid-state synthesis of a phase of the nominal composition &#34;K2PbSe2&#34; by successive reactions of the elements and by the subsequent solvothermal treatment in amines yields the first non-oxide/halide inorganic lead(IV) compound: a salt of the ortho-selenidoplumbate(IV) anion [PbSe4]4-. This was unexpected due to the redox potentials of Pb(IV) and Se(-II). Such methods can further be applied to other elemental combinations, leading to the formation of solutions with binary [HgTe2]2- or [BiSe3]3- anions, or to large-scale syntheses of K2Hg2Se3 or K3BiSe3 via the solid-state route.
All compounds are characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and elemental analysis; solutions of plumbate salts can be investigated by 205Pb and 77Se or 127Te NMR techniques. Quantum chemical calculations using density functional theory methods enable energy comparisons. They further allow for insights into the electronic configuration and thus, the bonding situation. Molecular Rh-containing Chevrel-type compounds were found to exhibit delocalized mixed valence, whereas similar telluridopalladate anions are electron-precise; the cluster with the &#181;-PbSe ligand is energetically favored over a hypothetical CO analog, in line with the unsuccessful attempt at its synthesis. The stability of formal Pb(IV) within the [PbSe4]4- anion is mainly due to a suitable stabilization within the crystal lattice.

Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of ChalcogenidoplumbatesII or IV

The synthesis of chalcogenidoplumbates(II,IV) via the in situ reduction of nominal "PbCh2" (Ch = Chalcogen) and via a solid-state reaction and subsequent solvothermal reactions is presented. Additionally, reactivities of plumbate(II) solutions are portrayed, which yield the heaviest-known CO homolog known to date: the &#181;-PbSe ligand.

Solid-State-und Lösungsorientierte Techniken Kombination: Synthese und Reaktivität von Chalcogenidoplumbates (II oder IV)

The phases of &#34;PbCh2&#34; (Ch = Se, Te) are obtained from solid-state syntheses (i.e., by the fusion of the elements under inert conditions in silica ...

Preparation and Evaluation of 99mTc-labeled Tridentate Chelates for Pre-targeting Using Bioorthogonal Chemistry

Pre-targeting combined with bioorthogonal chemistry is emerging as an effective way to create new radiopharmaceuticals. Of the methods available, the inverse electron demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA) cycloaddition between a radiolabeled tetrazines and trans-cyclooctene (TCO) linked to a biomolecule has proven to be a highly effective bioorthogonal approach to imaging specific biological targets. Despite the fact that technetium-99m remains the most widely used isotope in diagnostic nuclear medicine, there is a scarcity of methods for preparing 99mTc-labeled tetrazines. Herein we report the preparation of a family of tridentate-chelate-tetrazine derivatives and their Tc(I) complexes. These hitherto unknown compounds were radiolabeled with 99mTc using a microwave-assisted method in 31% to 83% radiochemical yield. The products are stable in saline and PBS and react rapidly with TCO derivatives in vitro. Their in vivo pre-targeting abilities were demonstrated using a TCO-bisphosphonate (TCO-BP) derivative that localizes to regions of active bone metabolism or injury. In murine studies, the 99mTc-tetrazines showed high activity concentrations in knees and shoulder joints, which was not observed when experiments were performed in the absence of TCO-BP. The overall uptake in non-target organs and pharmacokinetics varied greatly depending on the nature of the linker and polarity of the chelate.

Preparation and Evaluation of 99mTc-labeled Tridentate Chelates for Pre-targeting Using Bioorthogonal Chemistry

Here, we describe a protocol for radiolabeling and in vivo testing of tridentate 99mTc(I) chelate-tetrazine derivatives for pre-targeting and bioorthogonal chemistry.

Herstellung und Auswertung der<sup&gt; 99m</sup&gt; Tc-markierte Dreizähnige Chelate für Pre-Targeting Bioorthogonale Chemie

Pre-targeting combined with bioorthogonal chemistry is emerging as an effective way to create new radiopharmaceuticals. Of the methods available, the ...

A Convenient Method for Extraction and Analysis with High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography of Catecholamine Neurotransmitters and Their Metabolites

The extraction and analysis of catecholamine neurotransmitters in biological fluids is of great importance in assessing nervous system function and related diseases, but their precise measurement is still a challenge. Many protocols have been described for neurotransmitter measurement by a variety of instruments, including high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). However, there are shortcomings, such as complicated operation or hard-to-detect multiple targets, which cannot be avoided, and presently, the dominant analysis technique is still HPLC coupled with sensitive electrochemical or fluorimetric detection, due to its high sensitivity and good selectivity. Here, a detailed protocol is described for the pretreatment and detection of catecholamines with high pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD) in real urine samples of infants, using electrospun composite nanofibers composed of polymeric crown ether with polystyrene as adsorbent, also known as the packed-fiber solid phase extraction (PFSPE) method. We show how urine samples can be easily precleaned by a nanofiber-packed solid phase column, and how the analytes in the sample can be rapidly enriched, desorbed, and detected on an ECD system. PFSPE greatly simplifies the pretreatment procedures for biological samples, allowing for decreased time, expense, and reduction of the loss of targets. 
Overall, this work illustrates a simple and convenient protocol for solid-phase extraction coupled to an HPLC-ECD system for simultaneous determination of three monoamine neurotransmitters (norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E), dopamine (DA)) and two of their metabolites (3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) and 3,4-dihydroxy-phenylacetic acid (DOPAC)) in infants' urine. The established protocol was applied to assess the differences of urinary catecholamines and their metabolites between high-risk infants with perinatal brain damage and healthy controls. Comparative analysis revealed a significant difference in urinary MHPG between the two groups, indicating that the catecholamine metabolites may be an important candidate marker for early diagnosis of cases at risk for brain damage in infants.

We present a convenient solid-phase extraction coupled to high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection (ECD) for simultaneous determination of three monoamine neurotransmitters and two of their metabolites in infants' urine. We also identify the metabolite MHPG as a potential biomarker for the early diagnosis of brain damage for infants.

Eine bequeme Methode für die Extraktion und Analyse mit Hochdruck-Flüssigkeitschromatographie Katecholamin Neurotransmitter und deren Metabolite

The extraction and analysis of catecholamine neurotransmitters in biological fluids is of great importance in assessing nervous system function and ...

Preparation of Stable Bicyclic Aziridinium Ions and Their Ring-Opening for the Synthesis of Azaheterocycles

Bicyclic aziridinium ions were generated by the removal of an appropriate leaving group through internal nucleophilic attack by nitrogen atom in the aziridine ring. The utility of bicyclic aziridinium ions, specifically 1-azoniabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane and 1-azoniabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane tosylate highlighted in the aziridine ring openings by the nucleophile with the release of the ring strain to yield the corresponding ring-expanded azaheterocycles such as pyrrolidine, piperidine and azepane with diverse substituents on the ring in regio- and stereospecific manner. Herein, we report a simple and convenient method for the preparation of the stable 1-azabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane tosylate followed by selective ring opening via a nucleophilic attack either at the bridge or at the bridgehead carbon to yield piperidine and azepane rings, respectively. This synthetic strategy allowed us to prepare biologically active natural products containing piperidine and azepane motif including sedamine, allosedamine, fagomine and balanol in highly efficient manner.

Bicyclic aziridinium ions such as 1-azoniabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane tosylate were generated from 2-[4-tolenesulfonyloxybutyl]aziridine, which was utilized for the preparation of substituted piperidines and azepanes via regio- and stereospecific ring-expansion with various nucleophiles. This highly efficient protocol allowed us to prepare diverse azaheterocycles including natural products such as fagomine, febrifugine analogue and balanol.

Vorbereitung der stabile bicyclische Aziridinium Ionen und ihre Ring-Öffnung für die Synthese von Azaheterocycles

Bicyclic aziridinium ions were generated by the removal of an appropriate leaving group through internal nucleophilic attack by nitrogen atom in the ...