Finanzierung durch Slippery Rock University. Wir möchten, dass T. Boron III (Slippery Rock University) und C. Haney (University of Pennsylvania) für ihre Erkenntnisse danken.

1. Hydrolyse von Ni-Schiff-Base-Komplex <ol><li> Man löst 1 mmol des Ni-PBP-Schiff-Base - Komplexes in 40 ml N, N - Dimethylformamid (DMF) mit in einem 250 ml Rundkolben bei Raumtemperatur gerührt wird. </li><li> 60 ml von 0,2 M wässrigen EDTA-Lösung, pH 4,5. </li><li> Unter Verwendung eines magnetischen Rührstabs und Platte rühren, über Nacht rühren die kombinierte Lösung. Da der Schiff-Base-Komplex hydrolysiert wird, wird die Farbe von einem tiefen Rot nach Weiß verschieben. </li><li> Nach Beendigung der Reaktion, wie durch das Fehlen jeglicher Rotfärbung angegeben, übertragen, um die Reaktion in einen 250 ml Scheidetrichter. </li><li> In 50 ml Dichlormethan, die Kappe des Trenntrichter und mischen. Lassen Sie das organische Wasch in einen Abfallbecher. Wiederholen Sie diesen Vorgang dreimal PBP und jegliches restlichen Ni-PBP-Schiff-Base-Komplex zu entfernen. Sammeln der verbleibenden wässrigen Schicht in einem 250 ml Rundkolben. </li></ol> 2. Fmoc Schutz von Hydrolyzed Aminosäure <ol><liAnpassen&gt; die isolierte wässrige Phase aus Schritt 1.5 oben beschrieben, auf pH 7 festen Natriumbicarbonat verwendet wird. Überprüfen Sie pH pH-Teststreifen regelmäßig verwenden. </li><li> Hinzufügen 168 mg Natriumbicarbonat (2,00 mmol, 2 Äquivalente) zu der Lösung und Rühren eines magnetischen Rührstabs und unter Verwendung Rührplatte. </li><li> Man löst 337 mg Fmoc - N - hydroxysuccinimidester (1,00 mmol, 1 equiv) in einer minimalen Menge von Dioxan (ca. 4 oder 5 ml) in einem 10 ml Glasfläschchen. Diese Lösung in der wässrigen Lösung und rühre über Nacht. </li><li> Nachdem man über Nacht rührt die Reaktion, säuert die erhaltene Lösung auf pH 2 mit 1 M Salzsäure. Überprüfen Sie pH pH-Teststreifen regelmäßig verwenden. </li><li> Übertragen, um die Reaktion in einen 250 ml Scheidetrichter überführt und mit 50 ml Ethylacetat. Kappe der Trenntrichter, gut mischte, und sammeln die organische Schicht in einer 250 ml-Erlenmeyerkolben. Wiederholen Sie diesen Vorgang zwei weitere Male, die organischen Extrakte kombiniert. Die vereinigten organischen Extrakte werden mit ca. 3 g Magnesium sulfate. </li><li> Konzentrieren der vereinigten organischen Extrakte mit einem Rotationsverdampfer der rohen Fmoc-geschützten Aminosäure zu ergeben. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Wang, J., Shi, T., Deng, G., Jiang, H., Liu, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Highly+Enantio-+and+Diastereoselective+Mannich+Reactions+of+Chiral+Ni(II)+Glycinates+with+amino+sulfones.+Efficient+asymmetric+synthesis+of+aromatic+&#945;,&#946;-diamino+acids.">Highly Enantio- and Diastereoselective Mannich Reactions of Chiral Ni(II) Glycinates with amino sulfones. Efficient asymmetric synthesis of aromatic &#945;,&#946;-diamino acids.</a> J. Org. Chem. 73 (21), 8563-8570 (2011).</li><li>Wang, J., Lin, D., Zhou, S., Ding, X., Soloshonok, V. A., Liu, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Asymmetric+synthesis+of+sterically+and+electronically+demanding+linear+&#969;,-trifluoromethyl+containing+amino+acids+via+alkylation+of+chiral+equivalents+of+nucleophilic+glycine+and+alanine.">Asymmetric synthesis of sterically and electronically demanding linear &#969;,-trifluoromethyl containing amino acids via alkylation of chiral equivalents of nucleophilic glycine and alanine.</a> J. Org. Chem. 76 (2), 684-687 (2011).</li><li>Wang, J., Zhou, S., Lin, D., Ding, X., Jiang, H., Liu, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Highly+diastereo-+and+enantioselective+synthesis+of+syn-&#946;,-substituted+tryptophans+via+asymmetric+Michael+addition+of+a+chiral+equivalent+of+nucleophilic+glycine+and+sulfonylindoles.">Highly diastereo- and enantioselective synthesis of syn-&#946;,-substituted tryptophans via asymmetric Michael addition of a chiral equivalent of nucleophilic glycine and sulfonylindoles.</a> Chem. Commun. 47 (29), 8355-8357 (2011).</li><li>Belokon, Y. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Highly+efficient+catalytic+synthesis+of+&#945;,-amino+acids+under+phase-transfer+conditions+with+a+novel+catalyst/substrate+pair.">Highly efficient catalytic synthesis of &#945;,-amino acids under phase-transfer conditions with a novel catalyst/substrate pair.</a> Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 40 (10), 1948-1951 (2001).</li><li>Zhou, S., Wang, J., Lin, D., Zhao, F., Liu, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enantioselective+synthesis+of+2-substituted-tetrahydroisoquinolin-1-yl+glycine+derivatives+via+oxidative+cross-dehydrogenative+coupling+of+tertiary+amines+and+chiral+nickel(II)+glycinate.">Enantioselective synthesis of 2-substituted-tetrahydroisoquinolin-1-yl glycine derivatives via oxidative cross-dehydrogenative coupling of tertiary amines and chiral nickel(II) glycinate.</a> J. Org. Chem. 78 (22), 11204-11212 (2013).</li><li>Belokon, Y. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthesis+of+&#945;,-amino+acids+via+asymmetric+phase+transfer-catalyzed+alkylation+of+achiral+nickel(II)+complexes+of+glycine-derived+Schiff+bases.">Synthesis of &#945;,-amino acids via asymmetric phase transfer-catalyzed alkylation of achiral nickel(II) complexes of glycine-derived Schiff bases.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125 (42), 12860-12871 (2003).</li><li>Ueki, H., Ellis, T. K., Martin, C. H., Soloshonok, V. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+large-scale+synthesis+of+picolinic+acid-derived+nickel(II)+complexes+of+glycine.">Efficient large-scale synthesis of picolinic acid-derived nickel(II) complexes of glycine.</a> Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2003 (10), 1954-1957 (2003).</li><li>Dener, J. M., Fantauzzi, P. P., Kshirsagar, T. A., Kelly, D. E., Wolfe, A. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Large-scale+syntheses+of+Fmoc-protected+non-proteogenic+amino+acids:+useful+building+blocks+for+combinatorial+libraries.">Large-scale syntheses of Fmoc-protected non-proteogenic amino acids: useful building blocks for combinatorial libraries.</a> Org. Process Res. Dev. 5 (4), 445-449 (2001).</li><li>Cruz, L. J., Beteta, N. G., Ewenson, A., Albericio, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=&amp;#34;One-pot&amp;#34;,+preparation+of+N-carbamate+protected+amino+acids+via+the+azide.">&amp;#34;One-pot&amp;#34;, preparation of N-carbamate protected amino acids via the azide.</a> Org Process Res. Dev. 8 (6), 920-924 (2004).</li><li>Hart, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. , (2000).</li><li>Adamson, J. G., Blaskovich, M. A., Groenevelt, H., Lajoie, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simple+and+convenient+synthesis+of+tert-butyl+ethers+of+Fmoc-serine,+Fmoc-threonine,+and+Fmoc-tyrosine.">Simple and convenient synthesis of tert-butyl ethers of Fmoc-serine, Fmoc-threonine, and Fmoc-tyrosine.</a> J. Org. Chem. 56 (10), 3447-3449 (1991).</li><li>Seyfried, M. S., Lauber, B. S., Luedtke, N. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiple-turnover+isotopic+labeling+of+Fmoc-+and+Boc-protected+amino+acids+with+oxygen+isotopes.">Multiple-turnover isotopic labeling of Fmoc- and Boc-protected amino acids with oxygen isotopes.</a> Org. Lett. 12 (1), 104-106 (2010).</li><li>Bonke, G., Vedel, L., Witt, M., Jaroszewski, J. W., Olsen, C. A., Franzyk, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dimeric+building+blocks+for+solid-phase+synthesis+of+&#945;,-peptide-&#946;,-peptoid+chimeras.">Dimeric building blocks for solid-phase synthesis of &#945;,-peptide-&#946;,-peptoid chimeras.</a> Synthesis. 2008 (15), 2381-2390 (2008).</li></ol>

Die Autoren haben nichts zu offenbaren.

Das oben beschriebene Protokoll ist nützlich in seiner Fähigkeit, die Isolierung aus einer Aminosäurerückgrat aus einem Ni-Schiff-Base-Komplex unter milden pH-Bedingungen und anschließenden Fmoc-Schutz dieses isolierten Aminosäure durch zwei kritische Schritte zu erleichtern. Der erste Schritt beinhaltet Rühren eine DMF / Wasser-Lösung, enthaltend EDTA Freisetzung der Aminosäure aus dem Komplex zu erleichtern. Residual-Komplex oder organische Nebenprodukte können leicht mit der Extraktion entfernt werden. Der ...

Unnatürliche Aminosäuren (UAA&#39;S) Lagerseitenketten, die sich von denen der zwanzig natürlich vorkommenden Aminosäuren, die in der Natur gefunden variieren haben einen Nutzen in einer breiten Palette von Anwendungen zu finden. Synthese dieser UAA ist, kann jedoch schwierig sein, in Abhängigkeit von der Struktur der Seitenketten und der Stereochemie des Aminosäure-Rückgrats. CH - Bindungsaktivierung von Glycin in Zusammenhang mit einer Nickel Schiff-Base - Komplex wird verwendet, um 2 fluoriert oder heterocyclischen Seitenketten , die eine Vielzahl von Aminosäurederivaten einschließlich α, β-Diaminosäuren 1 und UAA des Lager zu erzeugen. 3 Nach Zugabe von unnatürlichen Seitenketten funktionalisiertes UAA der typischerweise aus dem Schiffschen-Base - Komplex , der durch Rückfluss in Salzsäure entfernt werden und anschließend 4 Ionenaustauschchromatographie isoliert werden. Während im Allgemeinen effizient, erzeugt dieses Protokoll einmino Säuren, die zur Verwendung in der Festphasen-Peptidsynthese (SPPS) ungeeignet sein können. Die Art der SPPS erfordert die Anwesenheit von säurelabilen Seitenkettenschutzgruppen und die starken sauren Natur von typischen Ni-Schiff-Basen-Zersetzungsbedingungen verhindert Isolierung der UAA des mit diesen Schutzgruppen intakt. Nach unserer Kenntnis hat nur eine alternative Zersetzungsverfahren berichtet worden: Die Verwendung von Ethylendiamintetraessigsäure (EDTA) und Hydrazin bei erhöhten Temperaturen, 5 Bedingungen , die sich nicht für alle Seitenketten - Schutzgruppen, wie Phthalimide geeignet sein können. <img alt="Abbildung 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/55677/55677fig1.jpg" /> Abbildung 1: Synthese von Ni-PBP-Gly aus Ni 2+, PBP und Glycin (Gly). <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55677/55677fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Bitte klicken Sie hier</a> , um <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55677/55677fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">eine größere Version dieser Figur zu sehen.</a> </a&gt; Hier beschreiben wir ein Verfahren zur Hydrolyse eines Ni-Schiff-Base - Komplexes, Ni-PBP-Gly (Abbildung 1). Dieser Komplex, abgeleitet von Ni 2+, Glycin und Pyridin-2-carbonsäure (2-benzoyl-phenyl) -amid (PBP), 6 ist gezeigt worden , eine nützliche Plattform für die Synthese einer Vielzahl von UAA des sein und ist einfach zugänglich unter Verwendung eines zweistufigen Syntheseweg. 7 Synthese dieses Komplexes ist literatur dagewesene in hohen Ausbeute. 6 Unsere Ergebnisse unten beschrieben zeigen die Anwendbarkeit der Bedingungen der Hydrolyse EDTA bei schwach sauren bis neutralen pH - Bedingungen , die für die Verwendung mit UAA des Lagersäurelabilen Seitenkettenschutzgruppen verwendet. Nach der Hydrolyse kann die resultierende wässrige Lösung getrennt und sofort auf Standard - Fmoc - Schutzbedingungen unterzogen werden , um ein Fmoc-geschützte Aminosäure (Abbildung 2) zu ergeben. Abbildung 2: Hydrolyse und Fmoc-Schutz einer Aminosäure isoliert aus Ni-PBP-Gly. Reaktionsbedingungen: i. EDTA (12 Äquiv), pH 4,5; ii. Ethylacetat Waschen und Einstellung auf pH 7; iii. Fmoc-OSu (1 Äquiv), NaHCO 3 (2 Äquivalente). <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55677/55677fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">Bitte klicken Sie hier</a> , um <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55677/55677fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">eine größere Version dieser Figur zu sehen.</a>

<table><tbody><tr><td>Ni-PBP-Gly</td><td></td><td></td><td>Synthesized from published protocol</td></tr><tr><td>DMF</td><td>Fisher</td><td>D119-4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EDTA</td><td>Fisher</td><td>S311-100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dichloromethane</td><td>Acros</td><td>AC610050040</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium Bicarbonate</td><td>Fisher</td><td>S233-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fmoc-OSu</td><td>Chem-Impex</td><td>&quot;00147&quot;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dioxane</td><td>Fisher</td><td>D111-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hydrochloric Acid</td><td>Fisher</td><td>A144-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethyl Acetate</td><td>Acros</td><td>AC610060040</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Magnesium Sulfate</td><td>Fisher</td><td>M65-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ZEOPrep 60ECO Silica Gel</td><td>ZEOChem</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hexanes</td><td>Fisher</td><td>3200250.650.443</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Chromatography Column</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>pH Test Strips</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rotary Evaporator</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>250 mL Separatory Funnel</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>250 mL Round Bottom Flask</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stir Bar</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stir Plate</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

hydrolysis of a ni-schiff-base complex using conditions suitable for retention of acid-labile protecting groups

Unnatürliche Aminosäuren, Aminosäuren Seitenkettenfunktionalitäten, die nicht üblicherweise in der Natur gesehen, wird zunehmend in der synthetischen Peptidsequenzen gefunden. Synthese einiger unnatürliche Aminosäuren beinhaltet oft die Verwendung eines Vorläufers, bestehend aus einer Schiff-Base durch einen Nickelkation stabilisiert. Unnatürliche Seitenketten können in diesem Schiff-Base-Komplex gefunden auf einem Aminosäurerückgrat eingebaut werden. Die resultierenden unnatürlichen Aminosäure können dann aus dieser Komplex unter Verwendung von Hydrolyse der Schiffschen-Base isoliert werden, typischerweise durch Rückfluss in stark saurer Lösung einsetzt. Diese stark sauren Bedingungen können säurelabilen Seitenkettenschutzgruppen, die für die nicht natürlichen Aminosäuren verwendet werden in Mikrowellen-unterstützten Festphasen-Peptidsynthese entfernt werden. In dieser Arbeit präsentieren wir eine effiziente Hydrolyse und anschließender Fmoc Schutz eines aus einer Ni-Schiff-Base-Komplex isoliert Aminosäure. Hydrolysebedingungen in dieser Arbeit vorgestellten eignen sich zur Aufbewahrung von säurelabilen side Ketten-Schutzgruppen und kann auf eine Vielzahl von Substraten unnatürlicher Aminosäuren anpassbar sein.

Wir nahmen an, dass die Entfernung des Ni 2+ aus der Ni-PBP-Gly - Komplex könnte eine effiziente wässrige Hydrolyse der Schiffschen-Base , ohne die Notwendigkeit für raue pH - Bedingungen ermöglichen. Als EDTA eine kostengünstige und gut untersuchten Chelatbildner ist, 10 die Hypothese aufgestellt , dass wir die Zugabe von EDTA zu einer Lösung von Ni-PBP-Gly Chelatisierung von Ni 2+ -Ionen erleichtern würde, wodurch die Hydrolyse des K...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Hydrolysis of a Ni-Schiff-Base Complex Using Conditions Suitable for Retention of Acid-labile Protecting Groups at JoVE.com

Hydrolysis of a Ni-Schiff-Base Complex Using Conditions Suitable for Retention of Acid-labile Protecting Groups

Hier stellen wir eine effiziente Hydrolyse und anschließender Fmoc Schutz einer Aminosäure isoliert aus einer Ni-Schiff-Base-Komplex. Hydrolysebedingungen hier vorgestellten sind geeignet für die Verwendung bei der Beibehaltung der säurelabilen Seitenkettenschutzgruppen erforderlich ist. Diese Technik kann auf eine Vielzahl von Substraten unnatürlicher Aminosäuren anpassbar sein.

Hydrolyse eines Ni-Schiff-Base-Komplex unter Verwendung von Bedingungen, die für Retention von säurelabilen Schutzgruppen

Unnatural amino acids, amino acids containing side-chain functionalities not commonly seen in nature, are increasingly found in synthetic peptide ...

hydrolysis-ni-schiff-base-complex-using-conditions-suitable-for

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

9.6K Aufrufe.  Slippery Rock University.  Hier stellen wir eine effiziente Hydrolyse und anschließender Fmoc Schutz einer Aminosäure isoliert aus einer Ni-Schiff-Base-Komplex. Hydrolysebedingungen hier vorgestellten sind geeignet für die Verwendung bei der Beibehaltung der säurelabilen Seitenkettenschutzgruppen erforderlich ist. Diese Technik kann auf eine Vielzahl von Substraten unnatürlicher Aminosäuren anpassbar sein. 

Serie: Hydrolysis of a Ni-Schiff-Base Complex Using Conditions Suitable for Retention of Acid-labile Protecting Groups

Separation of Aldehydes and Reactive Ketones from Mixtures Using a Bisulfite Extraction Protocol

The purification of organic compounds is an essential component of routine synthetic operations. The ability to remove contaminants into an aqueous layer by generating a charged structure provides an opportunity to use extraction as a simple purification technique. By combining the use of a miscible organic solvent with saturated sodium bisulfite, aldehydes and reactive ketones can be successfully transformed into charged bisulfite adducts that can then be separated from other organic components of a mixture by the introduction of an immiscible organic layer. Here, we describe a simple protocol for the removal of aldehydes, including sterically-hindered neopentyl aldehydes and some ketones, from chemical mixtures. Ketones can be separated if they are sterically unhindered cyclic or methyl ketones. For aliphatic aldehydes and ketones, dimethylformamide is used as the miscible solvent to improve removal rates. The bisulfite addition reaction can be reversed by basification of the aqueous layer, allowing for the re-isolation of the reactive carbonyl component of a mixture.

Here, we present a protocol to remove aldehydes and reactive ketones from mixtures by a liquid-liquid extraction protocol directly with saturated sodium bisulfite in a miscible solvent. This combined protocol is rapid and facile to perform. The aldehyde or ketone can be re-isolated by the basification of the aqueous layer.

Trennung von Aldehyden und reaktive Ketone von Mischungen mit einem Bisulfit-Extraktion-Protokoll

The purification of organic compounds is an essential component of routine synthetic operations. The ability to remove contaminants into an aqueous layer ...

Forschung

Chemie

Preparation of SNS Cobalt(II) Pincer Model Complexes of Liver Alcohol Dehydrogenase

Chemical model complexes are prepared to represent the active site of an enzyme. In this protocol, a family of tridentate pincer ligand precursors (each possessing two sulfur and one nitrogen donor atom functionalities (SNS) and based on bis-imidazole or bis-triazole compounds) are metallated with CoCl2&#183;6H2O to afford tridentate SNS pincer cobalt(II) complexes. Preparation of the cobalt(II) model complexes for liver alcohol dehydrogenase is facile. Based on a quick color change upon adding the CoCl2&#183;6H2O to acetonitrile solution that contains the ligand precursor, the complex forms rapidly. Formation of the metal complex is complete after allowing the solution to reflux overnight. These cobalt(II) complexes serve as models for the zinc active site in liver alcohol dehydrogenase (LADH). The complexes are characterized using single crystal X-ray diffraction, electrospray mass spectrometry, ultra-violet visible spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. To accurately determine the structure of the complex, its single crystal structure must be determined. Single crystals of the complexes that are suitable for X-ray diffraction are then grown via slow vapor diffusion of diethyl ether into an acetonitrile solution that contains the cobalt(II) complex. For high quality crystals, recrystallization typically takes place over a 1 week period, or longer. The method can be applied to the preparation of other model coordination complexes and can be used in undergraduate teaching laboratories. Finally, it is believed that others may find this recrystallization method to obtain single crystals beneficial to their research.

Preparation of SNS CobaltII Pincer Model Complexes of Liver Alcohol Dehydrogenase

The preparation of SNS pincer cobalt(II) model complexes of liver alcohol dehydrogenase is presented here. The complexes can be prepared by reacting the ligand precursor with CoCl2&#183;6H2O and can then be recrystallized by allowing diethyl ether to slowly diffuse into an acetonitrile solution that contains the cobalt complex.

Herstellung von SNS Cobalt(II) Pincer Model Complexes of Liver Alcohol Dehydrogenase

Chemical model complexes are prepared to represent the active site of an enzyme. In this protocol, a family of tridentate pincer ligand precursors (each ...

Targeted Antibody Blocking by a Dual-Functional Conjugate of Antigenic Peptide and Fc-III Mimetics (DCAF)

Elimination of harmful antibodies from organisms is a valuable approach for the intervention of antibody-associated diseases, such as Dengue hemorrhagic fever and autoimmune diseases. Since thousands of antibodies with different epitopes are circulating in blood, no universal method, except for the dual-functional conjugate of antigenic peptide and Fc-III mimetics (DCAF), was reported to target specific harmful antibodies. The development of DCAF molecules makes significant contribution to the progress of targeted therapy, which were demonstrated to eliminate the antibody dependent enhancement (ADE) effect in a Dengue virus (DENV) infection model and to boost the acetylcholine receptor activity in a myasthenia gravis model. Here, we describe a protocol for the synthesis of a DCAF molecule (DCAF1), which can selectively block 4G2 antibody to attenuate ADE effect during Dengue virus infection, and illustrate the binding of DCAF1 to 4G2 antibody by an ELISA assay. In our method, DCAF1 is synthesized by the conjugation of a hydrazine derivative of a Fc-III peptide and a recombinant expressed long &#945;-helix with antigenic sequence through native chemical ligation (NCL). This protocol has been successfully applied to DCAF1 as well as other DCAF molecules for targeting their cognate antibodies.

Targeted Antibody Blocking by a Dual-Functional Conjugate of Antigenic Peptide and Fc-III Mimetics DCAF

Development of a dual-functional conjugate of antigenic peptide and Fc-III mimetics (DCAF) is novel for the elimination of harmful antibodies. Here, we describe a detailed protocol for the synthesis of DCAF1 molecule, which can selectively block 4G2 antibody to eliminate antibody dependent enhancement effect during Dengue virus infection.

Gezielte Antikörperblockierung durch ein dual-funktionales Konjugat von antigenem Peptid und Fc-III-Mimetik (DCAF)

Elimination of harmful antibodies from organisms is a valuable approach for the intervention of antibody-associated diseases, such as Dengue hemorrhagic ...

Immunologie und Infektion

Molecular Orbital (MO) Theory

Source: Tamara M. Powers, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&#38;M University
This protocol serves as a guide in the synthesis of two metal complexes featuring the ligand 1,1&#39;-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene (dppf): M(dppf)Cl2, where M = Ni or Pd. While both of these transition metal complexes are 4-coordinate, they exhibit different geometries at the metal center. Using molecular orbital (MO) theory in conjunction with 1H NMR and Evans method, we will determine the geometry of these two compounds.

Molecular Orbital MO Theory: Predicting Geometry of Transition Metal Complexes

Molekülorbital (MO)-Theorie

Source: Tamara M. Powers, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&#38;M University
This protocol serves as a guide in the synthesis of two metal complexes ...

Lehre

JoVE Science Education

Anorganische Chemie

Preparation of Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis of Nitriles

Nitriles (R–CN) can be converted into carboxylic acids (R–COOH) upon treatment with aqueous acids, i.e., upon hydrolysis of nitriles. Under base-catalyzed conditions, carboxylate anions (R–COO−) are formed.
<img alt="Hydrolysis reaction mechanism diagram, showing conversion of nitrile to carboxylic acid with arrows." src="/files/ftp_upload/13085/13085_PT_Figure_1.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 56px;" data-altupdatedat="1747908711000" data-alt="Figure1">
The reaction facilitates a two-step conversion of haloalkanes to carboxylic acids. Here, haloalkanes are first converted to nitriles using sodium cyanide via an SN2 reaction. The resultant nitrile is then hydrolyzed to yield carboxylic acids bearing one more carbon than the haloalkane used. The reaction uses dimethyl sulfoxide, alcohols, or water as solvents. As the process involves the SN2 mechanism, tertiary alkyl halides are seldom used.
<img alt="Organic synthesis reaction sequence; diagram illustrating nucleophilic substitution to carboxylic acid." src="/files/ftp_upload/13085/13085_PT_Figure_2.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 46px;" data-altupdatedat="1747908711000" data-alt="Figure2">

Herstellung von Carbonsäuren: Hydrolyse von Nitrilen

Nitriles (R&#8211;CN) can be converted into carboxylic acids (R&#8211;COOH) upon treatment with aqueous acids, i.e., upon hydrolysis of nitriles. Under ...

JoVE Core

Organische Chemie

Unit 1

Carbonsäuren

SCHLÜSSELBEGRIFFE UND KONZEPTE

Protection of Alcohols

This lesson delves into the concept of protection and deprotection of a functional group fundamental to synthetic organic chemistry. These phenomena are explained in the context of aliphatic and aromatic alcohols.
<h4>Protection</h4>
It defines a protecting group as the masking agent to make the more reactive species inert to a given set of conditions. This concept is depicted via the illustration of liquid flow through different outlets in an assembly of pipes. The analogy helps to understand the role of a protecting group in reaction selectivity, as in the case of the organolithium alkylation of a halide in the presence of a competing acidic alcohol group. The example shows how protection of the alcohol group helps to achieve the alkylation of the halide. Popular protecting groups for alcohols include the trialkylsilyl family for nucleophiles or carbon and nitrogen bases and the tetrahydropyranyl (THP) group for strong bases. In the former example, the halide of the trialkylsilyl derivative reacts with the alcohol in the presence of a nucleophilic catalyst to generate a trialkylsilyl ether.
<h4>Deprotection</h4>
Every protection is followed by deprotection after the intended reaction. The deprotection restores the system to its native state. In protection with trialkylsilyl groups, deprotection is achieved using fluoride salts like tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride (TBAF) that are soluble in organic solvents. Here, the re-protonation of the oxygen regenerates the native alcohol. In the case of protection with THP, deprotection is achieved using acid hydrolysis.
<h4>Principle of design</h4>
The lesson also elucidates the principles behind the design of a protecting group using an illustration of a house under varying external weather conditions. It demonstrates the selectivity offered by a protecting group in a specific environment. For instance, THP protects alcohol from strong bases. The acetal formed in this case is stable towards bases but susceptible to acid hydrolysis.
Apart from the reaction conditions, the reactivity of the molecule to be protected also plays a key role in designing a suitable protecting group. For example, methyl ethers&#8217; ability to protect phenols is found inappropriate for aliphatic alcohols. Here, the stability of the corresponding leaving groups during deprotection plays a key role. For example, the alkoxides, unlike phenoxides, are poor leaving groups for deprotection with hydrogen bromide.
The following table summarizes the various protection/deprotection groups for different types of alcohols and related conditions:
<table style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
	<tbody style="border: 1px solid black;">
		<tr>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Protecting group</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Structure</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Protects</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">From</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Protection</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Deprotection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Trialkylsilyl (R3Si&#8211;), 
			e.g., TBDMS</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Me3Si&#8211;OR 
			(Me3C)Me2Si&#8211;OR</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Alcohols 
			(OH in general)</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Nucleophiles, 
			C or N bases</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">R3SiCl, 
			base</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">H+, H2O, 
			or F&#8722;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Tetrahydropyranyl 
			(THP)</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure1" src="/files/ftp_upload/11927/Figure_1-11927.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 50px;" /></td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Alcohols 
			(OH in general)</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Strong bases</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">3,4-Dihydropyran, 
			H+</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">H+, H2O</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Benzyl ether 
			(OBn)</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure2" src="/files/ftp_upload/11927/Figure_2-11927.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 50px;" /></td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Alcohols 
			(OH in general)</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Almost everything</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">NaH, BnBr</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">H2, Pd/C, 
			or HBr</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Methyl ether 
			(ArOMe)</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure3" src="/files/ftp_upload/11927/Figure_3-11927.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 50px;" /></td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Phenols 
			(ArOH)</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Bases</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">NaH, MeI, or 
			(MeO)2SO2</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">BBr3, HBr, HI, 
			Me3SiI</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

Protection and Deprotection of Alcohols and Phenols

Schutz vor Alkoholen

This lesson delves into the concept of protection and deprotection of a functional group fundamental to synthetic organic chemistry. These phenomena are ...

Alkohole und Phenole

Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis of acid halides is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which acid halides react with water to give carboxylic acids. The reaction occurs readily and does not require acid or a base catalyst.
As shown below, the mechanism involves a nucleophilic attack by water at the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the reformation of the carbon–oxygen π bond along with the departure of a halide ion. A final proton transfer step yields carboxylic acid as the substitution product. 
<img alt="Organic reaction mechanism, diagram, showing nucleophilic substitution and product formation steps." src="/files/ftp_upload/12361/12361_PT_Figure_1_.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 200px;" data-altupdatedat="1747908711000" data-alt="Figure1">
The reaction produces a very strong acid, HCl, as a by-product. Therefore, a base such as pyridine is used in the reaction, which reacts with HCl to form pyridinium chloride. This process neutralizes the acid and prevents undesired side reactions.

Säurehalogenide zu Carbonsäuren: Hydrolyse

Hydrolysis of acid halides is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which acid halides react with water to give carboxylic acids. The reaction ...

Carbonsäurederivate

Protecting Groups for Aldehydes and Ketones: Introduction

Protecting groups are compounds that can bind to a specific functional group in the presence of other functional groups to protect them from undesired chemical reactions. These compounds can selectively bind to particular functional groups and advance chemoselective reactions in polyfunctional systems (Figure 1). After the functional group has served its purpose, it is removed by reacting it with specific compounds.
<img alt="Chemical structure of malonic acid, diagram showing bonding, central CH2 group, molecular geometry." src="/files/ftp_upload/12844/12844_PT_Figure_1.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;" data-altupdatedat="1747908711000" data-alt="Chemical structure of malic acid, diagram, showing molecular arrangement, functional groups.">
The aldehydes and ketones can be selectively protected in the presence of other carbonyl groups such as esters or acids based upon their reactivity. This is important for the manipulation of one functional group over the other.
For instance, when carrying out a reduction reaction in the presence of an ester and a ketone, the ketone will always be preferentially reduced to alcohol. In order to achieve the selective reduction of an ester to an alcohol while keeping the ketone unaffected, the ketone group needs to be protected (Figure 2, first step). After the ketone is protected, the ester is reduced to an alcohol using LiAlH4 (Figure 2, second step). Finally, the ketone is regenerated by removing the protecting group (Figure 2, third step).
<img alt="Organic synthesis diagram, ketone protection with cyclic acetal and reduction with LiAlH4." src="/files/ftp_upload/12844/12844_PT_Figure_2.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 215px;" data-altupdatedat="1747908711000" data-alt="Chemical reaction diagram; acetal formation, protection, and reduction; TsOH, LiAlH4 used.">
Acetals and thioacetals are the most commonly used protecting groups for aldehydes and ketones and can be easily removed. In addition, they are resistant to chemical species such as nucleophiles, or reducing and oxidizing agents.

Schutzgruppen für Aldehyde und Ketone: Einführung

Protecting groups are compounds that can bind to a specific functional group in the presence of other functional groups to protect them from undesired ...

Aldehyde und Ketone

Acetals and Thioacetals as Protecting Groups for Aldehydes and Ketones

Acetals are formed by reacting two equivalents of alcohol with carbonyl compounds like aldehydes or ketones. Acetals are unaffected by bases, nucleophiles, oxidizing agents, and reducing agents. They serve as protecting groups for aldehydes and ketones. Acetals can be easily formed and also easily removed via mild acid hydrolysis.
In the presence of multiple functional groups, when selective reduction of one group over the other is desired, groups like aldehydes and ketones that form acetals readily can be protected from undergoing undesirable reactions. For instance, if a compound contains a ketone and an ester group, the ketone can be protected by converting it into acetal. On the other hand, the ester does not form acetal; hence it can be subjected to the desired reaction, and in the end, the ketone can be deprotected.
<img alt="Chemical reaction process, acetal formation and reduction, organic chemistry mechanism diagram." src="/files/ftp_upload/12333/12333_Figure_1.svg" style="opacity: 0.9; text-align: center; height: 200px;" data-altupdatedat="1747908711000" data-alt="Figure1">
The sulfur-containing analogs of acetals are called thioacetals that can act as an efficient protecting group for aldehydes and ketones. The thioacetals are stable in acidic conditions. Due to this, they cannot be deprotected by acid hydrolysis. Instead, mercuric chloride in aqueous acetonitrile is used for its deprotection.
<img alt="Chemical reaction: Dithiolane to Acetone transformation; HgCl₂ catalyst; reaction mechanism diagram." src="/files/ftp_upload/12333/12333_Figure_2.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 55px;" data-altupdatedat="1747908711000" data-alt="Figure2">
Apart from acting as protecting groups, thioacetals also play a major role in organic synthesis, especially in reduction reactions. Thioacetals can undergo desulfurization in the presence of Raney nickel and hydrogen to form hydrocarbons.
<img alt="Organic reaction diagram, hydrogenation using H2, Raney Ni; forming hydrocarbons, thiols." src="/files/ftp_upload/12333/12333_Figure_3.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 55px;" data-altupdatedat="1747908711000" data-alt="Figure3">

Acetale und Thioacetale als Schutzgruppen für Aldehyde und Ketone

Acetals are formed by reacting two equivalents of alcohol with carbonyl compounds like aldehydes or ketones. Acetals are unaffected by bases, ...

Amides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis

Amides can undergo either acid-catalyzed hydrolysis or base-promoted hydrolysis through a typical nucleophilic acyl substitution. Each hydrolysis requires severe conditions.
Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis:
Hydrolysis of amides under acidic conditions yields carboxylic acids. Since the reaction occurs slowly, hydrolysis requires the conditions of heat.
The mechanism begins with the protonation of the carbonyl oxygen by the acid catalyst. The protonation makes the amide carbonyl carbon more electrophilic. Next, water acts as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate. Further, deprotonation of the tetrahedral intermediate gives a neutral tetrahedral addition intermediate. Subsequent protonation of the amino nitrogen converts the amino group into a better leaving group. In the next step, the carbonyl group is re-formed with the departure of ammonia as a leaving group. A final deprotonation step yields a carboxylic acid.
<img alt="Figure1" src="/files/ftp_upload/12372/12372_PT_Figure_1_.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 225px;" />
The formation of ammonium ion drives the equilibrium favoring the product formation.
Base-promoted hydrolysis: 
Base-promoted hydrolysis is another nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction, where hydroxide acts as a nucleophile. Amides undergo hydrolysis when heated under basic aqueous solutions to produce carboxylic acid.
The base-promoted mechanism involves a nucleophilic attack by the hydroxide ion at the amide carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the second step, the carbonyl group is reconstructed with the departure of an amide ion as a leaving group. Next, deprotonation yields a carboxylate ion and ammonia. This step drives the reaction to completion, which pushes the equilibrium towards the product. A final step involves acidification of the carboxylate ion to give free acid.
<img alt="Figure2" src="/files/ftp_upload/12372/12372_PT_Figure_2.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 200px;" />

Amide zu Carbonsäuren: Hydrolyse

Amides can undergo either acid-catalyzed hydrolysis or base-promoted hydrolysis through a typical nucleophilic acyl substitution. Each hydrolysis requires ...