Financiamento concedido pela Universidade de Slippery Rock. Nós gostaríamos de agradecer T. Boron III (Slippery Rock University) e C. Haney (Universidade da Pensilvânia) para seus insights.

1. A hidrólise do complexo de Ni-base de Schiff <ol><li> Dissolve-se 1 mmol do complexo de Ni-PBP-base de Schiff em 40 mL de N, N-dimetilformamida (DMF) com agitação num balão de 250 ml de fundo redondo à temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Adicionar 60 ml de solução aquosa de EDTA 0,2 M, pH 4,5. </li><li> Usando uma barra de agitação magnética e agitou-se placa, agita-se a solução combinada durante a noite. Como o complexo de base de Schiff é hidrolisado, a cor vai mudar de um vermelho escuro para branco. </li><li> Depois de se completar a reacção, conforme indicado pela ausência de qualquer coloração vermelha, transferir a reacção para um funil de separação de 250 mL. </li><li> Adicionar 50 mL de diclorometano, a tampa do funil de separação, e misturar. Drenar a lavagem orgânico em um copo de resíduos. Repetir este processo três vezes para remover PBP e qualquer complexo de Ni-PBP-base de Schiff residual. Recolher a camada aquosa restante em um balão de fundo redondo de 250 mL. </li></ol> 2. Protecção Fmoc de Hidrolisado de Aminoácidos <ol><li&gt; Ajustar a camada aquosa isolada a partir do passo 1.5 descrito acima para pH 7 utilizando bicarbonato de sódio sólido. Verificar o pH periodicamente usando tiras de teste do pH. </li><li> Adicionar 168 mg de bicarbonato de sódio (2,00 mmol, 2 equiv) à solução e agita-se utilizando uma barra de agitação magnética e agitar placa. </li><li> Dissolve-se 337 mg de éster hidroxisuccinimida de Fmoc N (1,00 mmol, 1 equiv) numa quantidade mínima de dioxano (cerca de 4 ou 5 mL) num frasco de 10 mL. Transferir esta solução à solução aquosa e agita-se durante a noite. </li><li> Depois de deixar a reacção a agitar durante a noite, acidifica-se a solução resultante para pH 2 com ácido clorídrico 1 M. Verificar o pH periodicamente usando tiras de teste do pH. </li><li> Transferir a mistura reaccional para um funil de separação de 250 ml e adicionar 50 ml de acetato de etilo. Tapar o funil de separação, misturar bem, e recolher a camada orgânica num frasco de Erlenmeyer de 250 mL. Repetir este processo mais duas vezes, combinando-se os extractos orgânicos. Secam-se os extractos orgânicos combinados com cerca de 3 g de magnésio sulfate. </li><li> Concentra-se os extractos orgânicos combinados, utilizando um evaporador rotativo para proporcionar o aminoácido protegido com Fmoc em bruto. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Wang, J., Shi, T., Deng, G., Jiang, H., Liu, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Highly+Enantio-+and+Diastereoselective+Mannich+Reactions+of+Chiral+Ni(II)+Glycinates+with+amino+sulfones.+Efficient+asymmetric+synthesis+of+aromatic+&#945;,&#946;-diamino+acids.">Highly Enantio- and Diastereoselective Mannich Reactions of Chiral Ni(II) Glycinates with amino sulfones. Efficient asymmetric synthesis of aromatic &#945;,&#946;-diamino acids.</a> J. Org. Chem. 73 (21), 8563-8570 (2011).</li><li>Wang, J., Lin, D., Zhou, S., Ding, X., Soloshonok, V. A., Liu, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Asymmetric+synthesis+of+sterically+and+electronically+demanding+linear+&#969;,-trifluoromethyl+containing+amino+acids+via+alkylation+of+chiral+equivalents+of+nucleophilic+glycine+and+alanine.">Asymmetric synthesis of sterically and electronically demanding linear &#969;,-trifluoromethyl containing amino acids via alkylation of chiral equivalents of nucleophilic glycine and alanine.</a> J. Org. Chem. 76 (2), 684-687 (2011).</li><li>Wang, J., Zhou, S., Lin, D., Ding, X., Jiang, H., Liu, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Highly+diastereo-+and+enantioselective+synthesis+of+syn-&#946;,-substituted+tryptophans+via+asymmetric+Michael+addition+of+a+chiral+equivalent+of+nucleophilic+glycine+and+sulfonylindoles.">Highly diastereo- and enantioselective synthesis of syn-&#946;,-substituted tryptophans via asymmetric Michael addition of a chiral equivalent of nucleophilic glycine and sulfonylindoles.</a> Chem. Commun. 47 (29), 8355-8357 (2011).</li><li>Belokon, Y. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Highly+efficient+catalytic+synthesis+of+&#945;,-amino+acids+under+phase-transfer+conditions+with+a+novel+catalyst/substrate+pair.">Highly efficient catalytic synthesis of &#945;,-amino acids under phase-transfer conditions with a novel catalyst/substrate pair.</a> Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 40 (10), 1948-1951 (2001).</li><li>Zhou, S., Wang, J., Lin, D., Zhao, F., Liu, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enantioselective+synthesis+of+2-substituted-tetrahydroisoquinolin-1-yl+glycine+derivatives+via+oxidative+cross-dehydrogenative+coupling+of+tertiary+amines+and+chiral+nickel(II)+glycinate.">Enantioselective synthesis of 2-substituted-tetrahydroisoquinolin-1-yl glycine derivatives via oxidative cross-dehydrogenative coupling of tertiary amines and chiral nickel(II) glycinate.</a> J. Org. Chem. 78 (22), 11204-11212 (2013).</li><li>Belokon, Y. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthesis+of+&#945;,-amino+acids+via+asymmetric+phase+transfer-catalyzed+alkylation+of+achiral+nickel(II)+complexes+of+glycine-derived+Schiff+bases.">Synthesis of &#945;,-amino acids via asymmetric phase transfer-catalyzed alkylation of achiral nickel(II) complexes of glycine-derived Schiff bases.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125 (42), 12860-12871 (2003).</li><li>Ueki, H., Ellis, T. K., Martin, C. H., Soloshonok, V. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+large-scale+synthesis+of+picolinic+acid-derived+nickel(II)+complexes+of+glycine.">Efficient large-scale synthesis of picolinic acid-derived nickel(II) complexes of glycine.</a> Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2003 (10), 1954-1957 (2003).</li><li>Dener, J. M., Fantauzzi, P. P., Kshirsagar, T. A., Kelly, D. E., Wolfe, A. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Large-scale+syntheses+of+Fmoc-protected+non-proteogenic+amino+acids:+useful+building+blocks+for+combinatorial+libraries.">Large-scale syntheses of Fmoc-protected non-proteogenic amino acids: useful building blocks for combinatorial libraries.</a> Org. Process Res. Dev. 5 (4), 445-449 (2001).</li><li>Cruz, L. J., Beteta, N. G., Ewenson, A., Albericio, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=&amp;#34;One-pot&amp;#34;,+preparation+of+N-carbamate+protected+amino+acids+via+the+azide.">&amp;#34;One-pot&amp;#34;, preparation of N-carbamate protected amino acids via the azide.</a> Org Process Res. Dev. 8 (6), 920-924 (2004).</li><li>Hart, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. , (2000).</li><li>Adamson, J. G., Blaskovich, M. A., Groenevelt, H., Lajoie, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simple+and+convenient+synthesis+of+tert-butyl+ethers+of+Fmoc-serine,+Fmoc-threonine,+and+Fmoc-tyrosine.">Simple and convenient synthesis of tert-butyl ethers of Fmoc-serine, Fmoc-threonine, and Fmoc-tyrosine.</a> J. Org. Chem. 56 (10), 3447-3449 (1991).</li><li>Seyfried, M. S., Lauber, B. S., Luedtke, N. 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Os autores não têm nada a revelar.

O protocolo descrito acima é útil na sua capacidade para facilitar o isolamento de um esqueleto de aminoácidos a partir de um complexo de Ni-base de Schiff em condições de pH leves e subsequente protecção Fmoc deste aminoácido isolado por meio de dois passos críticos. O primeiro passo envolve a agitação de uma solução de DMF / água contendo EDTA para facilitar a libertação do aminoácido a partir do complexo. Residuais subprodutos orgânicos complexos ou pode ser facilmente removido com extracção. O se...

Os aminoácidos não naturais cadeias laterais de rolamento (de UAA) que variam desde aqueles dos vinte aminoácidos que ocorrem naturalmente encontrados na natureza têm encontrado utilidade numa vasta gama de aplicações. Síntese destes UAA de, no entanto, pode ser difícil, dependendo da estrutura das cadeias laterais e a estereoquímica do esqueleto de aminoácidos. CH activação ligação de glicina no contexto de um complexo de base de Schiff de níquel tem sido usada para produzir uma variedade de derivados de amino ácidos incluindo α, ácidos p-diamino 1 e rolamento da UAA fluorado 2 ou cadeias laterais heterocíclicas. 3 Após a adição de cadeias laterais não naturais, funcionalizado UAA de são tipicamente removidos a partir do complexo de base de Schiff por refluxo em ácido clorídrico 4 e são, subsequentemente, isolado usando cromatograf ia de permuta iónica. Embora geralmente eficiente, este gera um protocoloácidos mino que podem ser inadequados para utilização na sintese de péptidos em fase sólida (SPPS). A natureza da SPPS requer a presença de grupos ácido-lábil de protecção da cadeia lateral e a natureza fortemente ácida de condições típicas de decomposição de Ni-base de Schiff impede isolamento de SAU de com estes grupos protectores intactas. Para nosso conhecimento, apenas um método de decomposição alternativa tem sido relatada: utilização do ácido etilenodiaminotetracético (EDTA) e de hidrazina a temperaturas elevadas, 5 condições que se não pode ser adequado para algumas das cadeias laterais grupos protectores tais como ftalimidas. <img alt="figura 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/55677/55677fig1.jpg" /> Figura 1: Síntese de Ni-PBP-Gly a partir de Ni 2+, PBP, e glicina (Gly). <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55677/55677fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Por favor clique aqui para ver uma versão maior desta figura.</a> </a&gt; Relata-se um método para a hidrólise de um complexo de Ni-base de Schiff, Ni-PBP-Gly (Figura 1). Este complexo, derivado de Ni 2+, glicina, e piridina-2-carboxílico (2-benzoil-fenil) -amida do ido (PBP), 6, tem sido demonstrado ser uma plataforma útil para a síntese de uma variedade de SAU de e é facilmente acessíveis usando uma via de síntese em duas fases. 7 Síntese de este complexo é, com elevado rendimento precedentes-literatura. 6 Os resultados descritos a seguir demonstram a aplicabilidade de condições de hidrólise utilizando EDTA a levemente ácido a condições de pH neutros adequados para uso com cadeia lateral lábil-ácido rolamento de UAA grupos protectores. A seguir à hidrólise, a solução aquosa resultante pode ser isolado e submetido imediatamente a condições-padrão de protecção Fmoc, para se obter um aminoácido protegido com Fmoc (Figura 2). Figura 2: Hidrólise e Fmoc-protecção de um aminoácido isolada a partir de Ni-PBP-Gli. Condições de reação: i. EDTA (12 equiv), pH 4,5; ii. Acetato de etilo de lavagem e ajustamento do pH a 7; iii. Fmoc-OSu (1 equiv), NaHCO 3 (2 eq). <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55677/55677fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">Por favor clique aqui para ver uma versão maior desta figura.</a>

<table><tbody><tr><td>Ni-PBP-Gly</td><td></td><td></td><td>Synthesized from published protocol</td></tr><tr><td>DMF</td><td>Fisher</td><td>D119-4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EDTA</td><td>Fisher</td><td>S311-100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dichloromethane</td><td>Acros</td><td>AC610050040</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium Bicarbonate</td><td>Fisher</td><td>S233-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fmoc-OSu</td><td>Chem-Impex</td><td>&quot;00147&quot;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dioxane</td><td>Fisher</td><td>D111-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hydrochloric Acid</td><td>Fisher</td><td>A144-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethyl Acetate</td><td>Acros</td><td>AC610060040</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Magnesium Sulfate</td><td>Fisher</td><td>M65-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ZEOPrep 60ECO Silica Gel</td><td>ZEOChem</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hexanes</td><td>Fisher</td><td>3200250.650.443</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Chromatography Column</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>pH Test Strips</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rotary Evaporator</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>250 mL Separatory Funnel</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>250 mL Round Bottom Flask</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stir Bar</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stir Plate</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

hydrolysis of a ni-schiff-base complex using conditions suitable for retention of acid-labile protecting groups

Os aminoácidos não naturais, os aminoácidos contendo funcionalidades de cadeia lateral que não são normalmente vistos na natureza, são cada vez mais encontrada em sequências de péptidos sintéticos. Síntese de alguns aminoácidos não naturais muitas vezes inclui a utilização de um precursor constituído por uma base de Schiff estabilizada por um catião de níquel. Unnatural cadeias laterais pode ser instalado sobre um esqueleto de aminoácidos encontrados neste complexo de base de Schiff. O aminoácido não natural resultante pode então ser isolado a partir deste complexo usando hidrólise da base de Schiff, tipicamente pelo emprego de refluxo em solução fortemente ácida. Estas condições altamente ácidas podem remover-lábil ácido grupos de protecção necessária da cadeia lateral para os aminoácidos não naturais a serem utilizados na síntese de péptidos em fase sólida assistida por microondas. Neste trabalho, nós apresentamos uma hidrólise eficiente e subsequente protecção Fmoc de um aminoácido isolado a partir de uma base de complexo de Ni-Schiff. As condições de hidrólise apresentados neste trabalho são adequados para a retenção de s ácido-lábeis-Cadeia ide grupos de protecção e podem ser adaptável a uma variedade de substratos de aminoácidos não naturais.

Colocámos a hipótese de que remoção do Ni2 + a partir do complexo de Ni-PBP-Gly pode permitir a uma hidrólise aquosa eficiente da base de Schiff, sem a necessidade de condições de pH duras. Como o EDTA é um agente quelante barato e bem estudada, 10 a hipótese de que a adição de EDTA a uma solução de Ni-PBP-Gly facilitaria a quelação de iões de Ni 2+, promovendo, assim, a hidrólise do complexo. <p class="jove_content" fo:k...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Hydrolysis of a Ni-Schiff-Base Complex Using Conditions Suitable for Retention of Acid-labile Protecting Groups at JoVE.com

Hydrolysis of a Ni-Schiff-Base Complex Using Conditions Suitable for Retention of Acid-labile Protecting Groups

Aqui, nós apresentamos uma hidrólise eficiente e subsequente protecção Fmoc de um aminoácido isolado a partir de um complexo de Ni-base de Schiff. As condições de hidrólise aqui apresentados são adequados para utilização quando é necessária a retenção de grupos protectores de cadeia lateral lábil a ácidos. Esta técnica pode ser adaptável a uma variedade de substratos de aminoácidos não naturais.

A hidrólise de um Ni-base de Schiff complexa usando condies adequadas para a retenção dos grupos protectores ácido-lábil

Unnatural amino acids, amino acids containing side-chain functionalities not commonly seen in nature, are increasingly found in synthetic peptide ...

hydrolysis-ni-schiff-base-complex-using-conditions-suitable-for

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

9.6K visualizações.  Slippery Rock University.  Aqui, nós apresentamos uma hidrólise eficiente e subsequente protecção Fmoc de um aminoácido isolado a partir de um complexo de Ni-base de Schiff. As condições de hidrólise aqui apresentados são adequados para utilização quando é necessária a retenção de grupos protectores de cadeia lateral lábil a ácidos. Esta técnica pode ser adaptável a uma variedade de substratos de aminoácidos não naturais. 

Vídeo: Hydrolysis of a Ni-Schiff-Base Complex Using Conditions Suitable for Retention of Acid-labile Protecting Groups

A Facile and Efficient Approach for the Production of Reversible Disulfide Cross-linked Micelles

Nanomedicine is an emerging form of therapy that harnesses the unique properties of particles that are nanometers in scale for biomedical application. Improving drug delivery to maximize therapeutic outcomes and to reduce drug-associated side effects are some of the cornerstones of present-day nanomedicine. Nanoparticles in particular have found a wide application in cancer treatment. Nanoparticles that offer a high degree of flexibility in design, application, and production based on the tumor microenvironment are projected to be more effective with rapid translation into clinical practice. The polymeric micellar nano-carrier is a popular choice for drug delivery applications.
In this article, we describe a simple and effective protocol for synthesizing drug-loaded, disulfide cross-linked micelles based on the self-assembly of a well-defined amphiphilic linear-dendritic copolymer (telodendrimer, TD). TD is composed of polyethylene glycol (PEG) as the hydrophilic segment and a thiolated cholic acid cluster as the core-forming hydrophobic moiety attached stepwise to an amine-terminated PEG using solution-based peptide chemistry. Chemotherapy drugs, such as paclitaxel (PTX), can be loaded using a standard solvent evaporation method. The O2-mediated oxidation was previously utilized to form intra-micellar disulfide cross-links from free thiol groups on the TDs. However, the reaction was slow and not feasible for large-scale production. Recently, an H2O2-mediated oxidation method was explored as a more feasible and efficient approach, and it was 96 times faster than the previously reported method. Using this approach, 50 g of PTX-loaded, disulfide cross-linked nanoparticles have been successfully produced with narrow particle size distribution and high drug loading efficiency. The stability of the resulting micelle solution is analyzed using disrupting conditions such as co-incubation with a detergent, sodium dodecyl sulfate, with or without a reducing agent. The drug-loaded, disulfide cross-linked micelles demonstrated less hemolytic activity when compared to their non-cross-linked counterparts.

To deliver cancer drugs to tumor sites with high specificity and reduced side effects, new methods based on nanoparticles are required. Here, we describe disulfide cross-linked micelles that can be easily prepared by hydrogen peroxide-mediated oxidation and are able to dissociate efficiently under a reducing tumor environment to release payloads.

Uma abordagem fácil e eficiente para a produção de micelas reversível Disulfide Cross-linked

Nanomedicine is an emerging form of therapy that harnesses the unique properties of particles that are nanometers in scale for biomedical application. ...

Bioquímica

Separation of Aldehydes and Reactive Ketones from Mixtures Using a Bisulfite Extraction Protocol

The purification of organic compounds is an essential component of routine synthetic operations. The ability to remove contaminants into an aqueous layer by generating a charged structure provides an opportunity to use extraction as a simple purification technique. By combining the use of a miscible organic solvent with saturated sodium bisulfite, aldehydes and reactive ketones can be successfully transformed into charged bisulfite adducts that can then be separated from other organic components of a mixture by the introduction of an immiscible organic layer. Here, we describe a simple protocol for the removal of aldehydes, including sterically-hindered neopentyl aldehydes and some ketones, from chemical mixtures. Ketones can be separated if they are sterically unhindered cyclic or methyl ketones. For aliphatic aldehydes and ketones, dimethylformamide is used as the miscible solvent to improve removal rates. The bisulfite addition reaction can be reversed by basification of the aqueous layer, allowing for the re-isolation of the reactive carbonyl component of a mixture.

Here, we present a protocol to remove aldehydes and reactive ketones from mixtures by a liquid-liquid extraction protocol directly with saturated sodium bisulfite in a miscible solvent. This combined protocol is rapid and facile to perform. The aldehyde or ketone can be re-isolated by the basification of the aqueous layer.

Separação de aldeídos e cetonas reativas de misturas usando um protocolo de extração de bissulfito

The purification of organic compounds is an essential component of routine synthetic operations. The ability to remove contaminants into an aqueous layer ...

Química

Imine Metathesis by Silica-Supported Catalysts Using the Methodology of Surface Organometallic Chemistry

With this protocol, a well-defined singlesite silica-supported heterogeneous catalyst [(&#8801;Si-O-)Hf(=NMe)(&#951;1-NMe2)] is designed and prepared according to the methodology developed by surface organometallic chemistry (SOMC). In this framework, catalytic cycles can be determined by isolating crucial intermediates. All air-sensitive materials are handled under inert atmosphere (using gloveboxes or a Schlenk line) or high vacuum lines (HVLs, &#60;10-5 mbar). The preparation of SiO2-700 (silica dehydroxylated at 700 &#176;C) and subsequent applications (the grafting of complexes and catalytic runs) requires the use of HVLs and double-Schlenk techniques. Several well-known characterization methods are used, such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), elemental microanalysis, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (SSNMR), and state-of-the-art dynamic nuclear polarization surface enhanced NMR spectroscopy (DNP-SENS). FTIR and elemental microanalysis permit scientists to establish the grafting and its stoichiometry. 1H and 13C SSNMR allows the structural determination of the hydrocarbon ligands coordination sphere. DNP SENS is an emerging powerful technique in solid characterization for the detection of poorly sensitive nuclei (15N, in our case). SiO2-700 is treated with about one equivalent of the metal precursor compared to the amount of surface silanol (0.30 mmol&#183;g-1) in pentane at room temperature. Then, volatiles are removed, and the powder samples are dried under dynamic high vacuum to afford the desired materials [(&#8801;Si-O-)Hf(&#951;2&#960;-MeNCH2)(&#951;1-NMe2)(&#951;1-HNMe2)]. After a thermal treatment under high vacuum, the grafted complex is converted into metal imido silica complex [(&#8801;Si-O-)Hf(=NMe)(&#951;1-NMe2)]. [(&#8801;Si-O-)Hf(=NMe)(&#951;1-NMe2)] effectively promotes the metathesis of imines, using the combination of two imine substrates, N-(4-phenylbenzylidene)benzylamine, or N-(4-fluorobenzylidene)-4-fluoroaniline, with N-benzylidenetert-butylamine as substrates. A significantly lower conversion is observed with the blank runs; thus, the presence of the imido group in [(&#8801;Si-O-)Hf(=NMe)(&#951;1-NMe2)] is correlated to the catalytic performance.

A new group IV metal catalyst for imine metathesis is prepared by grafting amine metal complex onto dehydroxylated silica. Surface metal fragments are characterized using FT-IR, elemental microanalysis, and solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Further dynamic nuclear polarization surface enhanced NMR spectroscopy experiments complement the determination of the coordination sphere.

Metathesis de imine por catalisadores sílica-apoiados usando a metodologia da química organometálica de superfície

With this protocol, a well-defined singlesite silica-supported heterogeneous catalyst [(&#8801;Si-O-)Hf(=NMe)(&#951;1-NMe2)] is designed and prepared ...

Preparation of SNS Cobalt(II) Pincer Model Complexes of Liver Alcohol Dehydrogenase

Chemical model complexes are prepared to represent the active site of an enzyme. In this protocol, a family of tridentate pincer ligand precursors (each possessing two sulfur and one nitrogen donor atom functionalities (SNS) and based on bis-imidazole or bis-triazole compounds) are metallated with CoCl2&#183;6H2O to afford tridentate SNS pincer cobalt(II) complexes. Preparation of the cobalt(II) model complexes for liver alcohol dehydrogenase is facile. Based on a quick color change upon adding the CoCl2&#183;6H2O to acetonitrile solution that contains the ligand precursor, the complex forms rapidly. Formation of the metal complex is complete after allowing the solution to reflux overnight. These cobalt(II) complexes serve as models for the zinc active site in liver alcohol dehydrogenase (LADH). The complexes are characterized using single crystal X-ray diffraction, electrospray mass spectrometry, ultra-violet visible spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. To accurately determine the structure of the complex, its single crystal structure must be determined. Single crystals of the complexes that are suitable for X-ray diffraction are then grown via slow vapor diffusion of diethyl ether into an acetonitrile solution that contains the cobalt(II) complex. For high quality crystals, recrystallization typically takes place over a 1 week period, or longer. The method can be applied to the preparation of other model coordination complexes and can be used in undergraduate teaching laboratories. Finally, it is believed that others may find this recrystallization method to obtain single crystals beneficial to their research.

Preparation of SNS CobaltII Pincer Model Complexes of Liver Alcohol Dehydrogenase

The preparation of SNS pincer cobalt(II) model complexes of liver alcohol dehydrogenase is presented here. The complexes can be prepared by reacting the ligand precursor with CoCl2&#183;6H2O and can then be recrystallized by allowing diethyl ether to slowly diffuse into an acetonitrile solution that contains the cobalt complex.

Preparação de Complexos modelo sns cobalto(ii) de álcool hepático desidrogenase

Chemical model complexes are prepared to represent the active site of an enzyme. In this protocol, a family of tridentate pincer ligand precursors (each ...

Protection of Alcohols

This lesson delves into the concept of protection and deprotection of a functional group fundamental to synthetic organic chemistry. These phenomena are explained in the context of aliphatic and aromatic alcohols.
<h4>Protection</h4>
It defines a protecting group as the masking agent to make the more reactive species inert to a given set of conditions. This concept is depicted via the illustration of liquid flow through different outlets in an assembly of pipes. The analogy helps to understand the role of a protecting group in reaction selectivity, as in the case of the organolithium alkylation of a halide in the presence of a competing acidic alcohol group. The example shows how protection of the alcohol group helps to achieve the alkylation of the halide. Popular protecting groups for alcohols include the trialkylsilyl family for nucleophiles or carbon and nitrogen bases and the tetrahydropyranyl (THP) group for strong bases. In the former example, the halide of the trialkylsilyl derivative reacts with the alcohol in the presence of a nucleophilic catalyst to generate a trialkylsilyl ether.
<h4>Deprotection</h4>
Every protection is followed by deprotection after the intended reaction. The deprotection restores the system to its native state. In protection with trialkylsilyl groups, deprotection is achieved using fluoride salts like tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride (TBAF) that are soluble in organic solvents. Here, the re-protonation of the oxygen regenerates the native alcohol. In the case of protection with THP, deprotection is achieved using acid hydrolysis.
<h4>Principle of design</h4>
The lesson also elucidates the principles behind the design of a protecting group using an illustration of a house under varying external weather conditions. It demonstrates the selectivity offered by a protecting group in a specific environment. For instance, THP protects alcohol from strong bases. The acetal formed in this case is stable towards bases but susceptible to acid hydrolysis.
Apart from the reaction conditions, the reactivity of the molecule to be protected also plays a key role in designing a suitable protecting group. For example, methyl ethers&#8217; ability to protect phenols is found inappropriate for aliphatic alcohols. Here, the stability of the corresponding leaving groups during deprotection plays a key role. For example, the alkoxides, unlike phenoxides, are poor leaving groups for deprotection with hydrogen bromide.
The following table summarizes the various protection/deprotection groups for different types of alcohols and related conditions:
<table style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
	<tbody style="border: 1px solid black;">
		<tr>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Protecting group</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Structure</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Protects</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">From</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Protection</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Deprotection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Trialkylsilyl (R3Si&#8211;), 
			e.g., TBDMS</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Me3Si&#8211;OR 
			(Me3C)Me2Si&#8211;OR</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Alcohols 
			(OH in general)</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Nucleophiles, 
			C or N bases</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">R3SiCl, 
			base</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">H+, H2O, 
			or F&#8722;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Tetrahydropyranyl 
			(THP)</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure1" src="/files/ftp_upload/11927/Figure_1-11927.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 50px;" /></td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Alcohols 
			(OH in general)</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Strong bases</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">3,4-Dihydropyran, 
			H+</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">H+, H2O</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Benzyl ether 
			(OBn)</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure2" src="/files/ftp_upload/11927/Figure_2-11927.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 50px;" /></td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Alcohols 
			(OH in general)</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Almost everything</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">NaH, BnBr</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">H2, Pd/C, 
			or HBr</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Methyl ether 
			(ArOMe)</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure3" src="/files/ftp_upload/11927/Figure_3-11927.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 50px;" /></td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Phenols 
			(ArOH)</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Bases</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">NaH, MeI, or 
			(MeO)2SO2</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">BBr3, HBr, HI, 
			Me3SiI</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

Protection and Deprotection of Alcohols and Phenols

Proteção de Álcoois

This lesson delves into the concept of protection and deprotection of a functional group fundamental to synthetic organic chemistry. These phenomena are ...

Education

JoVE Core

Química orgânica

Unidade 1

Álcoois e Fenóis

TERMOS E CONCEITOS CHAVE

Preparation of Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis of Nitriles

Nitriles (R&#8211;CN) can be converted into carboxylic acids (R&#8211;COOH) upon treatment with aqueous acids, i.e., upon hydrolysis of nitriles. Under base-catalyzed conditions, carboxylate anions (R&#8211;COO&#8722;) are formed.
<img alt="Figure1" src="/files/ftp_upload/13085/13085_PT_Figure_1.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 56px;" />
The reaction facilitates a two-step conversion of haloalkanes to carboxylic acids. Here, haloalkanes are first converted to nitriles using sodium cyanide via an SN2 reaction. The resultant nitrile is then hydrolyzed to yield carboxylic acids bearing one more carbon than the haloalkane used. The reaction uses dimethyl sulfoxide, alcohols, or water as solvents. As the process involves the SN2 mechanism, tertiary alkyl halides are seldom used.
<img alt="Figure2" src="/files/ftp_upload/13085/13085_PT_Figure_2.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 46px;" />

Preparação de Ácidos Carboxílicos: Hidrólise de Nitrilas

Nitriles (R&#8211;CN) can be converted into carboxylic acids (R&#8211;COOH) upon treatment with aqueous acids, i.e., upon hydrolysis of nitriles. Under ...

Ácidos Carboxílicos

Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis of acid halides is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which acid halides react with water to give carboxylic acids. The reaction occurs readily and does not require acid or a base catalyst.
As shown below, the mechanism involves a nucleophilic attack by water at the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the reformation of the carbon&#8211;oxygen &#960; bond along with the departure of a halide ion. A final proton transfer step yields carboxylic acid as the substitution product.&#160;
<img alt="Figure1" src="/files/ftp_upload/12361/12361_PT_Figure_1_.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 200px;" />
The reaction produces a very strong acid, HCl, as a by-product. Therefore, a base such as pyridine is used in the reaction, which reacts with HCl to form pyridinium chloride. This process neutralizes the acid and prevents undesired side reactions.

Haletos de Ácidos em Ácidos Carboxílicos: Hidrólise

Hydrolysis of acid halides is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which acid halides react with water to give carboxylic acids. The reaction ...

Derivados de Ácidos Carboxílicos

Protecting Groups for Aldehydes and Ketones: Introduction

Protecting groups are compounds that can bind to a specific functional group in the presence of other functional groups to protect them from undesired chemical reactions. These compounds can selectively bind to particular functional groups and advance chemoselective reactions in polyfunctional systems (Figure 1). After the functional group has served its purpose, it is removed by reacting it with specific compounds.
<img alt="Figure1" src="/files/ftp_upload/12844/12844_PT_Figure_1.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;" />
The aldehydes and ketones can be selectively protected in the presence of other carbonyl groups such as esters or acids based upon their reactivity. This is important for the manipulation of one functional group over the other.
For instance, when carrying out a reduction reaction in the presence of an ester and a ketone, the ketone will always be preferentially reduced to alcohol. In order to achieve the selective reduction of an ester to an alcohol while keeping the ketone unaffected, the ketone group needs to be protected (Figure 2, first step). After the ketone is protected, the ester is reduced to an alcohol using LiAlH4 (Figure 2, second step). Finally, the ketone is regenerated by removing the protecting group (Figure 2, third step).
<img alt="Figure2" src="/files/ftp_upload/12844/12844_PT_Figure_2.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 215px;" />
Acetals and thioacetals are the most commonly used protecting groups for aldehydes and ketones and can be easily removed. In addition, they are resistant to chemical species such as nucleophiles, or reducing and oxidizing agents.

Grupos Protetores para Aldeídos e Cetonas: Introdução

Protecting groups are compounds that can bind to a specific functional group in the presence of other functional groups to protect them from undesired ...

Aldeídos e Cetonas

Acetals and Thioacetals as Protecting Groups for Aldehydes and Ketones

Acetals are formed by reacting two equivalents of alcohol with carbonyl compounds like aldehydes or ketones. Acetals are unaffected by bases, nucleophiles, oxidizing agents, and reducing agents. They serve as protecting groups for aldehydes and ketones. Acetals can be easily formed and also easily removed via mild acid hydrolysis.
In the presence of multiple functional groups, when selective reduction of one group over the other is desired, groups like aldehydes and ketones that form acetals readily can be protected from undergoing undesirable reactions. For instance, if a compound contains a ketone and an ester group, the ketone can be protected by converting it into acetal. On the other hand, the ester does not form acetal; hence it can be subjected to the desired reaction, and in&#160;the end, the ketone can be deprotected.
<img alt="Figure1" src="/files/ftp_upload/12333/12333_Figure_1.svg" style="opacity: 0.9; text-align: center; height: 200px;" />
The sulfur-containing analogs of acetals are called thioacetals that&#160;can act as an efficient protecting group for aldehydes and ketones. The thioacetals are stable in acidic conditions. Due to this, they cannot be deprotected by acid hydrolysis. Instead, mercuric chloride in aqueous acetonitrile is used for its deprotection.
<img alt="Figure2" src="/files/ftp_upload/12333/12333_Figure_2.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 55px;" />
Apart from acting as protecting groups, thioacetals also play a major role in organic synthesis, especially in reduction reactions. Thioacetals can undergo desulfurization in the presence of Raney nickel and hydrogen to form hydrocarbons.
<img alt="Figure3" src="/files/ftp_upload/12333/12333_Figure_3.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 55px;" />

Acetais e Tioacetais como Grupos Protetores para Aldeídos e Cetonas

Acetals are formed by reacting two equivalents of alcohol with carbonyl compounds like aldehydes or ketones. Acetals are unaffected by bases, ...

Amides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis

Amides can undergo either acid-catalyzed hydrolysis or base-promoted hydrolysis through a typical nucleophilic acyl substitution. Each hydrolysis requires severe conditions.
Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis:
Hydrolysis of amides under acidic conditions yields carboxylic acids. Since the reaction occurs slowly, hydrolysis requires the conditions of heat.
The mechanism begins with the protonation of the carbonyl oxygen by the acid catalyst. The protonation makes the amide carbonyl carbon more electrophilic. Next, water acts as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate. Further, deprotonation of the tetrahedral intermediate gives a neutral tetrahedral addition intermediate. Subsequent protonation of the amino nitrogen converts the amino group into a better leaving group. In the next step, the carbonyl group is re-formed with the departure of ammonia as a leaving group. A final deprotonation step yields a carboxylic acid.
<img alt="Figure1" src="/files/ftp_upload/12372/12372_PT_Figure_1_.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 225px;" />
The formation of ammonium ion drives the equilibrium favoring the product formation.
Base-promoted hydrolysis: 
Base-promoted hydrolysis is another nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction, where hydroxide acts as a nucleophile. Amides undergo hydrolysis when heated under basic aqueous solutions to produce carboxylic acid.
The base-promoted mechanism involves a nucleophilic attack by the hydroxide ion at the amide carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the second step, the carbonyl group is reconstructed with the departure of an amide ion as a leaving group. Next, deprotonation yields a carboxylate ion and ammonia. This step drives the reaction to completion, which pushes the equilibrium towards the product. A final step involves acidification of the carboxylate ion to give free acid.
<img alt="Figure2" src="/files/ftp_upload/12372/12372_PT_Figure_2.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 200px;" />

Amidas a Ácidos Carboxílicos: Hidrólise

Amides can undergo either acid-catalyzed hydrolysis or base-promoted hydrolysis through a typical nucleophilic acyl substitution. Each hydrolysis requires ...