Diese Arbeit wurde von JSPS KAKENHI unterstützt, die Nummern JP16K17988 und JP16K05996 sowie das von der Kabinettsbüro betriebene interministerielle Strategie für strategische Innovationsförderung, Referat D66, Innovative Messungen und Analysen für Strukturmaterialien (SIP-IMASM). Die Autoren sind auch Drs dankbar. Satoshi Kishimoto und Kimiyoshi Naito bei NIMS für ihr CFK-Material.

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<li>Zhang, H., Liu, Z., Wen, H., Xie, H., Liu, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Subset+geometric+phase+analysis+method+for+deformation+evaluation+of+HRTEM+images%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Ultramicroscopy%22%5BJournal%5D)">Subset geometric phase analysis method for deformation evaluation of HRTEM images.</a> Ultramicroscopy. 171, 34-42 (2016).</li>
<li>Wang, Q., Kishimoto, S., Xie, H., Liu, Z., Lou, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0026271412005094">In situ high temperature creep deformation of micro-structure with metal film wire on flexible membrane using geometric phase analysis.</a> Microelectron. Reliab. 53 (4), 652-657 (2013).</li>
<li>Wang, Q., Kishimoto, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0960-1317/22/10/105021">Simultaneous analysis of residual stress and stress intensity factor in a resist after UV-nanoimprint lithography based on electron moiré fringes.</a> J. Micromech. Microeng. 22 (10), 105021(2012).</li>
<li>Kishimoto, S., Wang, Q., Xie, H., Zhao, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Study+of+the+surface+structure+of+butterfly+wings+using+the+scanning+electron+microscopic+moir%C3%A9+method%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Appl.+Opt%22%5BJournal%5D)">Study of the surface structure of butterfly wings using the scanning electron microscopic moiré method.</a> Appl. Opt. 46 (28), 7026-7034 (2007).</li>
<li>Li, C., Liu, Z., Xie, H., Wu, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Novel+3D+SEM+Moir%C3%A9+method+for+micro+height+measurement%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Opt.+Express%22%5BJournal%5D)">Novel 3D SEM Moiré method for micro height measurement.</a> Opt. Express. 21 (13), 15734-15746 (2013).</li>
<li>Xie, H., Wang, Q., Kishimoto, S., Dai, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2732548">Characterization of planar periodic structure using inverse laser scanning confocal microscopy moiré method and its application in the structure of butterfly wing.</a> J. Appl. Phys. 101 (10), 103511(2007).</li>
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<li>Xie, H., Kishimoto, S., Asundi, A., Boay, C. G., Shinya, N., Yu, J., Ngoi, B. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0957-4484/11/1/305">In-plane deformation measurement using the atomic force microscope moiré method.</a> Nanotechnology. 11 (1), 24(2000).</li>
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<li>Wang, Q., Kishimoto, S., Yamauchi, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Three-directional+structural+characterization+of+hexagonal+packed+nanoparticles+by+hexagonal+digital+moir%C3%A9+method%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Opt.+Lett%22%5BJournal%5D)">Three-directional structural characterization of hexagonal packed nanoparticles by hexagonal digital moiré method.</a> Opt. Lett. 37 (4), 548-550 (2012).</li>
<li>Liu, Z., Lou, X., Gao, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0143816609003054">Deformation analysis of MEMS structures by modified digital moiré methods.</a> Opt. Lasers Eng. 48 (11), 1067-1075 (2010).</li>
<li>Li, Y., Xie, H., Chen, P., Zhang, Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0957-0233/22/2/025301">Theoretical analysis of moiré fringe multiplication under a scanning electron microscope.</a> Meas. Sci. Technol. 22 (2), 025301(2010).</li>
<li>Patorski, K., Wielgus, M., Ekielski, M., Kaźmierczak, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0957-0233/24/3/035402">AFM nanomoiré technique with phase multiplication.</a> Meas. Sci. Technol. 24 (3), 035402(2013).</li>
<li>Wang, Q., Ri, S., Takashita, Y., Ogihara, S., et al. Chapter 33: Full-field measurements of principal strains and orientations using moiré fringes. <a target="_blank" href="http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-22446-6">Advancement of Optical Methods in Experimental Mechanics</a>. Yoshida, S., et al. 3, Springer. 251-259 (2017).</li>
<li>Wang, Z., Han, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Advanced+iterative+algorithm+for+phase+extraction+of+randomly+phase-shifted+interferograms%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Opt.+Lett%22%5BJournal%5D)">Advanced iterative algorithm for phase extraction of randomly phase-shifted interferograms.</a> Opt. Lett. 29 (14), 1671-1673 (2004).</li>
<li>Wang, Q., Xie, H., Hu, Z., Zhang, J., Sun, J., Liu, G. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.scientific.net/AMM.83.185">Residual thermo-creep deformation of copper interconnects by phase-shifting SEM moiré method.</a> Appl. Mech. Mater. 83, 185-190 (2011).</li>
<li>Ri, S., Fujigaki, M., Morimoto, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11340-009-9239-4">Sampling moiré method for accurate small deformation distribution measurement.</a> Exp. Mech. 50 (4), 501-508 (2010).</li>
<li>Ri, S., Muramatsu, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Theoretical+error+analysis+of+the+sampling+moir%C3%A9+method+and+phase+compensation+methodology+for+single-shot+phase+analysis%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Appl.+Opt%22%5BJournal%5D)">Theoretical error analysis of the sampling moiré method and phase compensation methodology for single-shot phase analysis.</a> Appl. Opt. 51 (16), 3214-3223 (2012).</li>
<li>Wang, Q., Ri, S., Tsuda, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Digital+sampling+Moir%C3%A9+as+a+substitute+for+microscope+scanning+Moir%C3%A9+for+high-sensitivity+and+full-field+deformation+measurement+at+micron%2Fnano+scales%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Appl.+Opt%22%5BJournal%5D)">Digital sampling Moiré as a substitute for microscope scanning Moiré for high-sensitivity and full-field deformation measurement at micron/nano scales.</a> Appl. Opt. 55 (25), 6858-6865 (2016).</li>
<li>Dai, F., Wang, Z. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263926500_Automatic_fringe_patterns_analysis_using_digital_processing_techniques_I_Fringe_center_method">Automatic fringe patterns analysis using digital processing tehniques: I fringe center method.</a> Acta Photonica Sinica. 28, 700-706 (1999).</li>
<li>Gutmann, B., Weber, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Phase-shifter+calibration+and+error+detection+in+phase-shifting+applications%3A+a+new+method%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Appl.+Opt%22%5BJournal%5D)">Phase-shifter calibration and error detection in phase-shifting applications: a new method.</a> Appl. Opt. 37 (32), 7624-7631 (1998).</li>
<li>Wang, Q., Kishimoto, S., Tanaka, Y., Kagawa, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0143816613000845">Micro/submicro grating fabrication on metals for deformation measurement based on ultraviolet nanoimprint lithography.</a> Opt. Lasers Eng. 51 (7), 944-948 (2013).</li>
<li>Min-Jin, T., Hui-Min, X., Yan-Jie, L., Xiao-Jun, L., Dan, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0256-307X/29/9/098101">A new grating fabrication technique on metal films using UV-nanoimprint lithography.</a> Chin. Phys. Lett. 29 (9), 098101(2012).</li>
</ol>

Die Autoren haben nichts zu offenbaren.

In der beschriebenen Technik ist ein anspruchsvoller Schritt das Mikro- / Nanoskalige-Gitter oder Gitter (abgekürzt als Gitter) -Fertigung 26, wenn kein periodisches Muster auf der Probe existiert. Der Rasterabstand sollte vor Verformung einheitlich sein, da es ein wichtiger Parameter für die Deformationsmessung ist. Wenn das Material ein Metall, eine Metalllegierung oder eine keramische, UV- oder Heiznanoimprint-Lithographie (NIL) 27 ist , können die Elektronenstrahl-L...

Mikro- / nanoskalige Verformungsmessungen sind für die Bewertung der mechanischen Eigenschaften, des Instabilitätsverhaltens, der Restspannungen und des Rissauftretens von fortgeschrittenen Materialien von entscheidender Bedeutung. Da optische Techniken berührungslos, vollfeld- und zerstörungsfrei sind, wurden in den letzten Jahrzehnten verschiedene optische Methoden für die Deformationsmessung entwickelt. In den letzten Jahren umfassen die mikro- / nanoskaligen Deformationsmesstechniken vor allem die Moiré-Methoden 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , die geometrische Phasenanalyse (GPA) 5 , 6 , die Fourier-Transformation (FT), die digitale Bildkorrelation (DIC) und Elektronische Speckle-Muster-Interferometrie (ESPI). Unter diesen Techniken sind GPA und FT nicht gut für komplexe Deformationsmessungen geeignet, da mehrere Frequenzen existieren. Die DIC-Methode ist simAber machtlos gegen Lärm, weil der Verformungsträger zufällige Flecken ist. Schließlich ist ESPI stark empfindlich gegenüber Vibrationen. Unter den mikro- / nanoskaligen Moiré-Methoden sind derzeit die am häufigsten verwendeten Methoden die Mikroskop-Scanning-Moiré-Methoden wie Elektronen-Scanning-Moiré 7 , 8 , 9 , Laserscanning Moiré 10 , 11 und Atomkraftmikroskop (AFM) Moiré 12 , Und einige mikroskopbasierte Moiré-Verfahren, wie das digitale / überlappende Moiré 13 , 14 , 15- Verfahren und das Multiplikations- / Fraktions-Moiré-Verfahren 16 , 17 . Die Scan-Moiré-Methode hat viele Vorteile, wie ein breites Sichtfeld, hohe ResoLution und Unempfindlichkeit gegenüber zufälligem Rauschen. Jedoch ist das herkömmliche Abtast-Moiré-Verfahren für 2D-Dehnungsmessungen unpraktisch, da es notwendig ist, die Probenstufe oder die Abtastrichtung um 90 ° zu drehen und zweimal zu scannen, um Moiré-Fransen in zwei Richtungen 18 zu erzeugen. Rotation und die Dual-Scanning-Prozesse führen Rotationsfehler ein und nehmen eine lange Zeit, die die Messgenauigkeit des 2D-Stammes, insbesondere für die Scherbeanspruchung, ernsthaft beeinflusst. Obwohl die zeitliche Phasenverschiebungstechnik 19 , 20 die Deformationsmessgenauigkeit verbessern kann, benötigt sie Zeit und eine spezielle Phasenverschiebungsvorrichtung, die für dynamische Tests ungeeignet ist. Das Probenahme-Moiré-Verfahren 21 , 22 hat eine hohe Genauigkeit bei Verschiebungsmessungen und wird nun hauptsächlich für Umlenkmessungen an Brücken verwendet, wenn Automobile pArsch. Um das Probenahme-Moiré-Verfahren auf mikro- / nanoskalige 2D-Dehnungsmessungen zu erweitern, wurde eine rekonstruierte Multiplikations-Moiré-Methode von 2-Pixel-Sampling-Moiré-Fransen neu entwickelt, bei denen die Messungen doppelt so empfindlich sind und das weite Sichtfeld der Scan-Moiré-Methode wird gehalten. Darüber hinaus wird die räumliche Phase-Shifting-Sampling Moiré-Methode auch aus Multi-Pixel-Sampling Moiré Fransen entwickelt, so dass hochgenaue Dehnungsmessungen. Dieses Protokoll wird die detaillierte Belastung Messverfahren vorstellen und wird erwartet, dass Forscher und Ingenieure lernen, wie man Deformation zu messen, die Verbesserung der Herstellungsprozesse von Materialien und Produkten.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Automatic Polishing Machine</td><td>Marumoto Struers K.K.</td><td>LaboPol-30, Labor Force-100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic</td><td>Mitsubishi Plastics, Inc.&amp;nbsp;</td><td>HYEJ16M95DHX1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Computer</td><td>DELL Japan</td><td>VOSTRO</td><td>Can be replaced with another computer with C++ programming language</td></tr><tr><td>Image Recording Software</td><td>Lasertec Corporation</td><td>LMEYE7</td><td>Installed in a laser scanning microscope</td></tr><tr><td>Ion Coater</td><td>Japan Electron Optics Laboratory Ltd.</td><td>JEC3000F</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Laser Scanning Microscope</td><td>Lasertec Corporation</td><td>OPTELICS HYBRID</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nanoimprint Device</td><td>Japan Laser Corporation&amp;nbsp;</td><td>EUN-4200</td><td>Can be replaced with a electron beam lithography device or a focused ion beam milling device</td></tr><tr><td>Nanoimprint Mold</td><td>SCIVAX Corporation</td><td>3.0&amp;mu;m pitch</td><td>Customized</td></tr><tr><td>Nanoimprint Resist</td><td>Toyo Gosei Co., Ltd&amp;nbsp;</td><td>PAK01</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Polishing Solution</td><td>Marumoto Struers K.K.</td><td>DP-Spray P 15&amp;mu;m, 1&amp;mu;m, 0.25&amp;mu;m</td><td>Use from coarse to fine</td></tr><tr><td>Pipet</td><td>AS ONE Corporation</td><td>10mL</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sand Paper</td><td>Marumoto Struers K.K.</td><td>SiC Foil #320, #800</td><td>Use from coarse to fine</td></tr><tr><td>Spin Coater</td><td>MIKASA Corporation</td><td>MS-A100</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

micro/nano-scale strain distribution measurement from sampling moir&#233; fringes

Diese Arbeit beschreibt das Messverfahren und die Prinzipien einer Probenahme-Moiré-Technik für Vollfeld-Mikro / Nano-Skalen-Deformationsmessungen. Die entwickelte Technik kann auf zwei Arten durchgeführt werden: unter Verwendung der rekonstruierten Multiplikations-Moiré-Methode oder der räumlichen Phasenverschiebungs-Probenahme-Moiré-Methode. Wenn die Probenrasterhöhe etwa 2 Pixel beträgt, werden 2-Pixel-Sampling-Moiré-Fransen erzeugt, um ein Multiplikations-Moiré-Muster für eine Deformationsmessung zu rekonstruieren. Sowohl die Verschiebungs- als auch die Dehnungsempfindlichkeiten sind doppelt so hoch wie bei der traditionellen Scan-Moiré-Methode im selben Weitfeld. Wenn die Probengitterteilung um oder mehr als 3 Pixel beträgt, werden Mehrpixel-Abtast-Moiré-Fransen erzeugt und eine räumliche Phasenverschiebungstechnik wird für eine Vollfeld-Deformationsmessung kombiniert. Die Dehnungsmessgenauigkeit wird deutlich verbessert und die automatische Chargenmessung ist leicht erreichbar.Beide Methoden können die zweidimensionalen (2D) Dehnungsverteilungen aus einem Einzelbild-Gitterbild messen, ohne die Proben- oder Abtastlinien zu drehen, wie bei herkömmlichen Moiré-Techniken. Als Beispiele wurden die 2D-Verschiebungs- und Dehnungsverteilungen einschließlich der Scherstämme von zwei kohlenstofffaserverstärkten Kunststoffproben in Dreipunkt-Biegeversuchen gemessen. Die vorgeschlagene Technik wird voraussichtlich eine wichtige Rolle bei der zerstörungsfreien quantitativen Auswertung von mechanischen Eigenschaften, Rissauftreten und Restspannungen einer Vielzahl von Materialien spielen.

Die 2D-Verschiebungs- und Dehnungsverteilungen von zwei Kohlefaser-verstärkten Kunststoff (CFRP) -Proben (# 1 und # 2) wurden nach dem Moiré-Formationsprinzip 23 und dem Messverfahren (Abbildung 1 ) gemessen. Die CFK-Proben bestanden aus 10-11 μm Durchmesser K13D-Kohlenstofffasern und Epoxidharzen. Die Verformung von CFK # 1 wurde unter Verwendung der rekonstruierten Multiplikations-Moiré-Methode aus zweistufigen Probenahme-Moiré...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Micro/Nano-scale Strain Distribution Measurement from Sampling MoirÃ© Fringes at JoVE.com

Micro/Nano-scale Strain Distribution Measurement from Sampling Moir&#233; Fringes

Eine Stichproben-Moiré-Technik mit 2-Pixel- und Mehrpixel-Abtastverfahren für hochpräzise Dehnungsverteilungsmessungen im Mikro- / Nanoskala wird hier vorgestellt.

Mikro- / Nanometer-Dehnungsverteilungsmessung von Sampling Moiré Fringes

This work describes the measurement procedure and principles of a sampling moir&#233; technique for full-field micro/nano-scale deformation measurements. ...

micronano-scale-strain-distribution-measurement-from-sampling-moir

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

12.2K Aufrufe.  National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST).  Eine Stichproben-Moiré-Technik mit 2-Pixel- und Mehrpixel-Abtastverfahren für hochpräzise Dehnungsverteilungsmessungen im Mikro- / Nanoskala wird hier vorgestellt. 

Serie: Micro/Nano-scale Strain Distribution Measurement from Sampling Moiré Fringes

Fabrication And Characterization Of Photonic Crystal Slow Light Waveguides And Cavities

Slow light has been one of the hot topics in the photonics community in the past decade, generating great interest both from a fundamental point of view and for its considerable potential for practical applications. Slow light photonic crystal waveguides, in particular, have played a major part and have been successfully employed for delaying optical signals1-4 and the enhancement of both linear5-7 and nonlinear devices.8-11
Photonic crystal cavities achieve similar effects to that of slow light waveguides, but over a reduced band-width. These cavities offer high Q-factor/volume ratio, for the realization of optically12 and electrically13 pumped ultra-low threshold lasers and the enhancement of nonlinear effects.14-16 Furthermore, passive filters17 and modulators18-19 have been demonstrated, exhibiting ultra-narrow line-width, high free-spectral range and record values of low energy consumption.
To attain these exciting results, a robust repeatable fabrication protocol must be developed. In this paper we take an in-depth look at our fabrication protocol which employs electron-beam lithography for the definition of photonic crystal patterns and uses wet and dry etching techniques. Our optimised fabrication recipe results in photonic crystals that do not suffer from vertical asymmetry and exhibit very good edge-wall roughness. We discuss the results of varying the etching parameters and the detrimental effects that they can have on a device, leading to a diagnostic route that can be taken to identify and eliminate similar issues.
The key to evaluating slow light waveguides is the passive characterization of transmission and group index spectra. Various methods have been reported, most notably resolving the Fabry-Perot fringes of the transmission spectrum20-21 and interferometric techniques.22-25 Here, we describe a direct, broadband measurement technique combining spectral interferometry with Fourier transform analysis.26 Our method stands out for its simplicity and power, as we can characterise a bare photonic crystal with access waveguides, without need for on-chip interference components, and the setup only consists of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer, with no need for moving parts and delay scans.
When characterising photonic crystal cavities, techniques involving internal sources21 or external waveguides directly coupled to the cavity27 impact on the performance of the cavity itself, thereby distorting the measurement. Here, we describe a novel and non-intrusive technique that makes use of a cross-polarised probe beam and is known as resonant scattering (RS), where the probe is coupled out-of plane into the cavity through an objective. The technique was first demonstrated by McCutcheon et al.28 and further developed by Galli et al.29

Use of photonic crystal slow light waveguides and cavities has been widely adopted by the photonics community in many differing applications. Therefore fabrication and characterization of these devices are of great interest. This paper outlines our fabrication technique and two optical characterization methods, namely: interferometric (waveguides) and resonant scattering (cavities).

Herstellung und Charakterisierung von Photonic Crystal Langsam Lichtwellenleitern und Hohlräume

Slow light has been one of the hot topics in the photonics community in the past decade, generating great interest both from a fundamental point of view ...

Forschung

Ingenieurwesen

Measuring Material Microstructure Under Flow Using 1-2 Plane Flow-Small Angle Neutron Scattering

A new small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) sample environment optimized for studying the microstructure of complex fluids under simple shear flow is presented. The SANS shear cell consists of a concentric cylinder Couette geometry that is sealed and rotating about a horizontal axis so that the vorticity direction of the flow field is aligned with the neutron beam enabling scattering from the 1-2 plane of shear (velocity-velocity gradient, respectively). This approach is an advance over previous shear cell sample environments as there is a strong coupling between the bulk rheology and microstructural features in the 1-2 plane of shear. Flow-instabilities, such as shear banding, can also be studied by spatially resolved measurements. This is accomplished in this sample environment by using a narrow aperture for the neutron beam and scanning along the velocity gradient direction. Time resolved experiments, such as flow start-ups and large amplitude oscillatory shear flow are also possible by synchronization of the shear motion and time-resolved detection of scattered neutrons. Representative results using the methods outlined here demonstrate the useful nature of spatial resolution for measuring the microstructure of a wormlike micelle solution that exhibits shear banding, a phenomenon that can only be investigated by resolving the structure along the velocity gradient direction. Finally, potential improvements to the current design are discussed along with suggestions for supplementary experiments as motivation for future experiments on a broad range of complex fluids in a variety of shear motions.

A shear cell is developed for small-angle neutron scattering measurements in the velocity-velocity gradient plane of shear and is used to characterize complex fluids. Spatially resolved measurements in the velocity gradient direction are possible for studying shear-banding materials. Applications include investigations of colloidal dispersions, polymer solutions, and self-assembled structures.

Messwerkstoffgefüge unter Verwendung von Fluss 1-2 Flugzeug Flussneutronenkleinwinkelstreuung

A new small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) sample environment optimized for studying the microstructure of complex fluids under simple shear flow is ...

Implementation of a Reference Interferometer for Nanodetection

A thermally and mechanically stabilized fiber interferometer suited for examining ultra-high quality factor microcavities is fashioned. After assessing its free spectral range (FSR), the module is put in parallel with a fiber taper-microcavity system and then calibrated through isolating and eliminating random shifts in the laser frequency (i.e. laser jitter noise). To realize the taper-microcavity junction and to maximize the optical power that is transferred to the resonator, a single-mode optical fiber waveguide is pulled. Solutions containing polystyrene nanobeads are then prepared and flown to the microcavity in order to demonstrate the system&#8217;s ability to sense binding to the surface of the microcavity. Data is post-processed via adaptive curve fitting, which allows for high-resolution measurements of the quality factor as well as the plotting of time-dependent parameters, such as resonant wavelength and split frequency shifts. By carefully inspecting steps in the time-domain response and shifting in the frequency-domain response, this instrument can quantify discrete binding events.

A reference interferometer technique, which is designed to remove undesirable laser jitter noise for nanodetection, is utilized for probing an ultra-high quality factor microcavity. Instructions for assembly, setup, and data acquisition are provided, alongside the measurement process for specifying the cavity quality factor.

Implementierung eines Referenz-Interferometer für Nanodetection

A thermally and mechanically stabilized fiber interferometer suited for examining ultra-high quality factor microcavities is fashioned. After assessing ...

Measurement of Scattering Nonlinearities from a Single Plasmonic Nanoparticle

Plasmonics, which are based on the collective oscillation of electrons due to light excitation, involve strongly enhanced local electric fields and thus have potential applications in nonlinear optics, which requires extraordinary optical intensity. One of the most studied nonlinearities in plasmonics is nonlinear absorption, including saturation and reverse saturation behaviors. Although scattering and absorption in nanoparticles are closely correlated by the Mie theory, there has been no report of nonlinearities in plasmonic scattering until very recently. 
Last year, not only saturation, but also reverse saturation of scattering in an isolated plasmonic particle was demonstrated for the first time. The results showed that saturable scattering exhibits clear wavelength dependence, which seems to be directly linked to the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). Combined with the intensity-dependent measurements, the results suggest the possibility of a common mechanism underlying the nonlinear behaviors of scattering and absorption. These nonlinearities of scattering from a single gold nanosphere (GNS) are widely applicable, including in super-resolution microscopy and optical switches. 
In this paper, it is described in detail how to measure nonlinearity of scattering in a single GNP and how to employ the super-resolution technique to enhance the optical imaging resolution based on saturable scattering. This discovery features the first super-resolution microscopy based on nonlinear scattering, which is a novel non-bleaching contrast method that can achieve a resolution as low as l/8 and will potentially be useful in biomedicine and material studies.

Saturable and reverse saturable scattering were discovered in isolated plasmonic particles and adopted as a novel non-bleaching contrast method in super-resolution microscopy. Here the experimental procedures of detecting and extracting nonlinear scattering are explained in detail, as well as how to enhance resolution with the aid of saturated excitation microscopy.

Die Messung der Streunichtlinearitäten von einem Einzel Plasmonische Nanopartikel

Plasmonics, which are based on the collective oscillation of electrons due to light excitation, involve strongly enhanced local electric fields and thus ...

Controlled Synthesis and Fluorescence Tracking of Highly Uniform Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Microgels

Stimuli-sensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) microgels have various prospective practical applications and uses in fundamental research. In this work, we use single particle tracking of fluorescently labeled PNIPAM microgels as a showcase for tuning microgel size by a rapid non-stirred precipitation polymerization procedure. This approach is well suited for prototyping new reaction compositions and conditions or for applications that do not require large amounts of product. Microgel synthesis, particle size and structure determination by dynamic and static light scattering are detailed in the protocol. It is shown that the addition of functional comonomers can have a large influence on the particle nucleation and structure. Single particle tracking by wide-field fluorescence microscopy allows for an investigation of the diffusion of labeled tracer microgels in a concentrated matrix of non-labeled microgels, a system not easily investigated by other methods such as dynamic light scattering.

Controlled Synthesis and Fluorescence Tracking of Highly Uniform PolyN-isopropylacrylamide Microgels

Non-stirred precipitation polymerization provides a rapid, reproducible prototyping approach to the synthesis of stimuli-sensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) microgels of narrow size distribution. In this protocol synthesis, light scattering characterization and single particle fluorescence tracking of these microgels in a wide-field microscopy setup are demonstrated.

Kontrollierte Synthese und Fluoreszenz-Tracking von Hoch Uniform Poly (<em&gt; N</em&gt; Isopropylacrylamid) Mikrogele

Stimuli-sensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) microgels have various prospective practical applications and uses in fundamental research. In this ...

Chemie

Measurement of Particle Size Distribution in Turbid Solutions by Dynamic Light Scattering Microscopy

A protocol for measuring polydispersity of concentrated polymer solutions using dynamic light scattering is described. Dynamic light scattering is a technique used to measure the size distribution of polymer solutions or colloidal particles. Although this technique is widely used for the assessment of polymer solutions, it is difficult to measure the particle size in concentrated solutions due to the multiple scattering effect or strong light absorption. Therefore, the concentrated solutions should be diluted before measurement. Implementation of the confocal optical component in a dynamic light scattering microscope1 helps to overcome this barrier. Using such a microscopic system, both transparent and turbid systems can be analyzed under the same experimental setup without a dilution. As a representative example, a size distribution measurement of a temperature-responsive polymer solution was performed. The sizes of the polymer chains in an aqueous solution were several tens of nanometers at a temperature below the lower critical solution temperature (LCST). In contrast, the sizes increased to more than 1.0 &#181;m when above the LCST. This result is consistent with the observation that the solution turned turbid above the LCST.

A protocol for the direct measurement of particle size distribution in concentrated solutions using dynamic light scattering microscopy is presented.

Die Messung der Partikelgrößenverteilung in trüber Lösungen durch Dynamic Light Scattering Mikroskopie

A protocol for measuring polydispersity of concentrated polymer solutions using dynamic light scattering is described. Dynamic light scattering is a ...

Measurement of Quantum Interference in a Silicon Ring Resonator Photon Source

Silicon photonic chips have the potential to realize complex integrated quantum information processing circuits, including photon sources, qubit manipulation, and integrated single-photon detectors. Here, we present the key aspects of preparing and testing a silicon photonic quantum chip with an integrated photon source and two-photon interferometer. The most important aspect of an integrated quantum circuit is minimizing loss so that all of the generated photons are detected with the highest possible fidelity. Here, we describe how to perform low-loss edge coupling by using an ultra-high numerical aperture fiber to closely match the mode of the silicon waveguides. By using an optimized fusion splicing recipe, the UHNA fiber is seamlessly interfaced with a standard single-mode fiber. This low-loss coupling allows the measurement of high-fidelity photon production in an integrated silicon ring resonator and the subsequent two-photon interference of the produced photons in a closely integrated Mach-Zehnder interferometer. This paper describes the essential procedures for the preparation and characterization of high-performance and scalable silicon quantum photonic circuits.

Silicon photonic chips have the potential to realize complex integrated quantum systems. Presented here is a method for preparing and testing a silicon photonic chip for quantum measurements.

Die Messung der Quantum Interference in einem Silizium-Ring-Resonator Photon Source

Silicon photonic chips have the potential to realize complex integrated quantum information processing circuits, including photon sources, qubit ...

Construction and Operation of a Light-driven Gold Nanorod Rotary Motor System

The possibility to generate and measure rotation and torque at the nanoscale is of fundamental interest to the study and application of biological and artificial nanomotors and may provide new routes towards single cell analysis, studies of non-equilibrium thermodynamics, and mechanical actuation of nanoscale systems. A facile way to drive rotation is to use focused circularly polarized laser light in optical tweezers. Using this approach, metallic nanoparticles can be operated as highly efficient scattering-driven rotary motors spinning at unprecedented rotation frequencies in water.
In this protocol, we outline the construction and operation of circularly-polarized optical tweezers for nanoparticle rotation and describe the instrumentation needed for recording the Brownian dynamics and Rayleigh scattering of the trapped particle. The rotational motion and the scattering spectra provides independent information on the properties of the nanoparticle and its immediate environment. The experimental platform has proven useful as a nanoscopic gauge of viscosity and local temperature, for tracking morphological changes of nanorods and molecular coatings, and as a transducer and probe of photothermal and thermodynamic processes.

Plasmonic gold nanorods can be trapped in liquids and rotated at kHz frequencies using circularly-polarized optical tweezers. Introducing tools for Brownian dynamics analysis and light scatteringspectroscopy leads to a powerful system for research and application in numerous fields of science.

Bau und Betrieb eines lichtgetriebenen Gold Nanorod Rotary Motor Systems

The possibility to generate and measure rotation and torque at the nanoscale is of fundamental interest to the study and application of biological and ...

Full-field Strain Measurements for Microstructurally Small Fatigue Crack Propagation Using Digital Image Correlation Method

A novel measurement approach is used to reveal the cumulative deformation field at a sub-grain level and to study the influence of microstructure on the growth of microstructurally small fatigue cracks. The proposed strain field analysis methodology is based on the use of a unique pattering technique with a characteristic speckle size of approximately 10 &#181;m. The developed methodology is applied to study the small fatigue crack behavior in body centered cubic (bcc) Fe-Cr ferritic stainless steel with a relatively large grain size allowing a high spatial measurement accuracy at the sub-grain level. This methodology allows the measurement of small fatigue crack growth retardation events and associated intermittent shear strain localization zones ahead of the crack tip. In addition, this can be correlated with the grain orientation and size. Thus, the developed methodology can provide a deeper fundamental understanding of the small fatigue crack growth behavior, required for the development of robust theoretical models for the small fatigue crack&#160;propagation in polycrystalline materials.

Microstructurally small fatigue crack growth behavior is investigated using a novel methodological approach combining crack growth rate measurement and strain-field analysis to reveal the cumulative deformation field at sub-grain level.

Flächenhafte Dehnungsmessungen für Microstructurally kleine Müdigkeit Rissausbreitung Digitalbild Korrelation Methode

A novel measurement approach is used to reveal the cumulative deformation field at a sub-grain level and to study the influence of microstructure on the ...

Spectral and Angle-Resolved Magneto-Optical Characterization of Photonic Nanostructures

Photonic crystals are periodic nanostructures that can support a variety of confined electromagnetic modes. Such confined modes are usually accompanied by local enhancement of electric field intensity that strengthens light-matter interactions, enabling applications such as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and surface plasmon enhanced sensing. In the presence of magneto-optically active materials, the local field enhancement gives rise to anomalous magneto-optical activity. Typically, the confined modes of a given photonic crystal depend strongly on the wavelength and incidence angle of the incident electromagnetic radiation. Thus, spectral and angular-resolved measurements are needed to fully identify them as well as to establish their relationship with the magneto-optical activity of the crystal. In this article, we describe how to use a Fourier-plane (back focal plane) microscope to characterize magneto-optically active samples. As a model system, here we use a plasmonic grating built out of magneto-optically active Au/Co/Au multilayer. In the experiments, we apply a magnetic field on the grating in situ and measure its reciprocal space response, obtaining the magneto-optical response of the grating over a range of wavelengths and incident angles. This information enables us to build a complete map of the plasmonic band structure of the grating and the angle and wavelength dependent magneto-optical activity. These two images allow us to pinpoint the effect that the plasmon resonances have on the magneto-optical response of the grating. The relatively small magnitude of magneto-optical effects requires a careful treatment of the acquired optical signals. To this end, an image processing protocol for obtaining magneto-optical response from the acquired raw data is laid out.

Photonic band structure enables understanding how confined electromagnetic modes propagate within a photonic crystal. In photonic crystals that incorporate magnetic elements, such confined and resonant optical modes are accompanied by enhanced and modified magneto-optical activity. We describe a measurement procedure to extract the magneto-optical band structure by Fourier space microscopy.

Spektrale und winkelaufgelöste magneto-optische Charakterisierung photoischer Nanostrukturen

Photonic crystals are periodic nanostructures that can support a variety of confined electromagnetic modes. Such confined modes are usually accompanied by ...