Diese Arbeit wurde durch den Kern Grant erhielt von der Abteilung Biotechnologie, Regierung von Indien, dem nationalen Institut für Immunologie, Neu-Delhi unterstützt. Dr. Bhattacharjee aktuelle Adresse ist die Abteilung für Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie und Ernährung, Kinder Hospital Los Angeles.

Verfahren vorgestellt, die in diesem Protokoll wurden von der institutionellen Tier-Ethik-Kommission des nationalen Institut für Immunologie, Neu-Delhi genehmigt. Die serielle Nummer der Genehmigung ist OIEA #319/13.
Hinweis: Es gibt exzellente Ressourcen auf allgemeine Chirurgie Verfahren20 und spezifische Protokolle für Nager Chirurgie21. Für diejenigen, die tierischen Operation zum ersten Mal empfiehlt es sich ausgiebig üben chirurgische Eingriffe auf Attrappen vor Inbetriebnahme auf Tiere.
1. Vorbereitung
<ol><li>Halten Sie vor dem Experiment sterile Phosphat gepufferte Kochsalzlösung (PBS) "oder" saline bereit.</li>
	<li>Montieren Sie eine Chirurgie-Kit mit Schere, gezahnte Pinzette Gewebe Zange, Baumwolle, Wattestäbchen, Nylonfäden und verschiedenen Mikro Nadelhalter. Autoklaven der Chirurgie-Kit. Besondere Sorgfalt sollte wenn ein immungeschwächter NICKEN. SCID-Maus wird in das Protokoll aufgenommen.</li>
	<li>Führen Sie das komplette experimentelle Verfahren, von der Vorbereitung bis zum Ende der Operation, in der Bio-Sicherheit Klasse I Schrank.</li>
	<li>Wiegen Sie ein NICKEN. SCID-Maus von ca. 6-8 Wochen vor der Operation. Mäuse mit einem Gewicht zwischen 14-18 g sind in dieser Studie verwendet.</li>
	<li>Rasur der oberen Mittel- und Hypochonder Bauchregion der Maus mit dem Haarschneidegerät. Gelten Sie Haare entfernen Creme gleichmäßig in der gesamten Region mit einem Spatel die abgeschnittenen Haare vollständig zu entfernen. Entfernen Sie die Haare vorsichtig mit Hilfe eines sterilen feuchten Baumwolltuch nach 2-5 Minuten.</li>
	<li>Platzieren Sie den Mauszeiger in der Kammer Isoflurane und schalte das Ventil der Sauerstoffflasche. Pflegen Sie die Sauerstoffzufuhr zum Preis von 4 L/min und Isofluran Verdampfung bei 4 %, Anästhesie zu induzieren.<ol>
<li>Stellen Sie sicher, dass die Maus richtig durch sanfte Zeh kneifen betäubt worden ist.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Legen Sie eine Operation Board innerhalb eines Biosafety Kabinett. Legen Sie das Tier auf dem Chirurgie-Brett, so dass der ventrale Teil der Maus nach oben zeigt und der vordere Teil der Maus sich im Inneren der Nase Kegel Isoflurane und Sauerstoff angeschlossen befindet.</li>
	<li>Isofluran Verdampfung auf 2 % zu reduzieren, und während des chirurgischen Verfahrens zu erhalten.</li>
	<li>Desinfizieren Sie die Haut von der Maus und durch Abwischen mit 70 % igem Ethanol getränkten sterilen Baumwolle zu sterilisieren.</li>
</ol>2. chirurgische Verfahren
<ol><li>
Partielle Hepatektomie
	<ol>
<li>Quereinschnitt von etwa 1 cm in der Haut direkt unter dem Brustbein, senkrecht an den Xiphoid Prozeß und Parallel zu den Brustkorb mit Hilfe der geraden OP Schere vornehmen.</li>
		<li>Trennen Sie vorsichtig die Haut mit der Bauchmuskel-Schicht in der Nähe der eingeritzten mit Pinzette oder sterilen angefeuchteten Wattestäbchen zu unterscheiden zwischen Haut und Bauchmuskulatur Schicht angebracht. Genießen Sie die intradermale Region mit PBS mit sterilen Wattestäbchen um Austrocknung zu entgehen.</li>
		<li>Setzen Sie Bereich der linke Lappen glatt durch eine quer Schnitt durch die Peritonealdialyse Schicht direkt unter dem Xiphoid aus. Verwenden Sie zwei angefeuchteten Wattestäbchen zu entlarven und heben Sie den linken Leberlappen.</li>
		<li>Platzieren Sie ein Wattestäbchen auf der Bauch-Seite des Schnitts, und legen Sie ein weiteres Wattetupfer auf die Membranseite. Vorsichtig drücken Sie die Spitze in Richtung der Membran platziert und geben Sie einen gleitenden Push durch die andere Spitze, heben Sie den linken Leberlappen.</li>
		<li>Stecke einen Nylonfaden mit einer Schleife durch die angehobene linke Lappen und schieben Sie die Schlaufe in Richtung zur Unterseite des linken Lappens in der Nähe der Hilum mit Hilfe der Mikro-Pinzetten oder Baumwolle-Tipps. Drücken Sie die Fadenschlinge Nylon vorsichtig an der Basis des linken Lappens.</li>
		<li>Binden Sie die beiden Enden der Nylonfaden über den oberen Teil der linken Lappen mit einem Mikrochirurgie Nadelhalter und Mikro Zange. Machen Sie zwei zusätzliche Knoten auf der anderen Seite.</li>
		<li>Der gebundene Lappen mit Hilfe der Schere zu sezieren. Versuchen Sie nicht, sehr nah an das Gewinde schneiden. Für den Fall, dass der Vorgang länger als 5 Minuten dauert, halten Sie die Bauchhöhle und die Organe feucht mit sterilen PBS, Austrocknung durch Flüssigkeitsverlust zu vermeiden.</li>
		<li>Nähen Sie das Peritoneum kontinuierliche näht mit einer 4: 0 Catgut Naht. Schließen Sie anschließend die Haut durch diskontinuierliche vernähen so schnell wie möglich.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
Stammzelltransplantation Hinweis: Die GLP mit dem Ausdruck ihrer Hepatozyten wurden isoliert von transgenen Mäusen GFP (C57BL/6-Tg (UBC-GFP) 30 Scha/J), nach dem Verfahren von Lee Et al.beschrieben. 22 und Shen Et Al. 23 Hepatozyten-ähnliche Zellen (NeoHep) der menschlichen Ursprungs unterschieden von Monozyten24 dienten auch zur Transplantation. Jedoch können auch Zellen aus anderen Quellen im Protokoll verwendet werden.<ol>
<li>0,2 Millionen lebensfähige Zellen in rund 50 µL der Iscoves geändert Dulbecco Medium (IMDM) auszusetzen, und in einer 1 mL Insulin Spritze begrenzt mit 30 G Nadel Aspirieren. Halten Sie die Spritze kalt, indem es auf Eis.</li>
		<li>Platzieren Sie den Mauszeiger in einer Weise, die der linken seitliche Teil in Richtung der Person, die die Operation nach oben zeigt. Identifizieren der Milz Gegend und quer sezieren die Haut in der Nähe der Hypochonder Region, gefolgt von einen kurzen Schnitt durch die Peritonealdialyse Schicht nur um die Milz zu entlarven.</li>
		<li>Heben Sie die Milz und halten Sie es außerhalb der Hohlraum mit Hilfe von zwei PBS Wattestäbchen angefeuchtet.</li>
		<li>Festhalten Sie die Milz mit zwei Wattestäbchen vorsichtig mit einer Hand, und legen Sie die Nadel der Spritze genau senkrecht zur Milz. Sanft die Milz durchbohren und schieben Sie die Nadel sehr langsam innen; die Nadel sollte nicht tiefer als 2 mm erhalten.</li>
		<li>Drücken Sie den Kolben der Spritze langsam um die Zellen in der Milz zu injizieren. Nach der Transplantation die Nadel der Spritze stabil zu halten und langsam von der Milz, Blutung zu vermeiden oder Verlust von Zellen zu entfernen.</li>
		<li>Nach dem Platzieren der Milz wieder in die Bauchhöhle mit dem Wattestäbchen, schließen Sie die Peritonealdialyse Schicht durch kontinuierliche Vernähen mit einem 4: 0 Catgut Naht. Nähen Sie die Haut diskontinuierlich mit der selben Naht. Vermeiden Sie die Verwendung von Wunde Clips zum Verschließen der Haut; Stattdessen schließen sie durch einen 4: 0-Naht. Die Wunde Clips schränken die natürliche Bewegung der Maus, und oft Clips locker und schnell herauskommen.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>3. postoperative Pflege
<ol><li>Wischen Sie nach dem Schließen der Haut, die Umgebung der beiden Naht Standorte mit Jod-Lösung (Betadine) mit einem sterilen Wattetupfer.</li>
	<li>Eine Dosis von Antibiotika Cefotaxim zu injizieren, da 600 mg/kg (in der Regel 12 mg Cefotaxim in 100 µL der Saline/Maus) intraperitoneal des Körpergewichts mit 1 mL Spritze.</li>
	<li>Geben Sie tägliche Dosen von Schmerzmittel Meloxicam als 1 mg/kg Körpergewicht (in der Regel 12 µg Meloxicam in 100 µL der Saline/Maus), um das Tier intraperitoneal, für bis zu drei Tage nach der Operation.</li>
	<li>Stoppen Sie nach Beendigung der Operation wird der Gasstrom Isofluran zu und platzieren Sie den Mauszeiger wieder zurück in die individuell belüfteten Käfig.</li>
</ol>4. Euthanization und Charakterisierungen
<ol><li>Nach der experimentellen Endpunkte (1 Tag und 10 Tage nach der Operation) einschläfern Sie die Mäuse nach den institutionellen Tierethik-Richtlinien.</li>
	<li>Sammeln Sie Blut durch die Tiere, Punktion der okulären terminal Plexus unheilbar Blutungen.</li>
	<li>Serum aus dem Blut zu isolieren.</li>
</ol>

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Partielle Hepatektomie ist eine etablierte Methode zur Untersuchung Leberregeneration und übermäßige Hepatektomie wird berichtet, dass der AHF-Modell zu imitieren. Tiermodelle der AHF gehören Nagetiere, insbesondere Mäuse, das am besten untersuchte Modell. Um eine Schädigung der Leber-Modell bei Mäusen bis zu einer 70 % Hepatektomie zu erhalten wurde mit einer guten überleben Rate25,26gemeldet. Aber nackt und andere immungeschwächte Maus, eine 70 % Hepat...

Als Alternative zur gesamten Organ-Transplantation zur Behandlung von Patienten mit schweren Lebererkrankungen wird derzeit Hepatozyten Transplantation vorgeschlagen. Es wird vermutet, dass es Patienten auf ganze Organ Transplantation1überbrücken kann. Neben der allogenen Hepatozyten2werden xenogenen Hepatozyten3 und Hepatozyten abgeleitet von Stammzellen4 auch in Tiermodellen untersucht. In diesem Zusammenhang, das Homing und Engraftment ist Potenzial der transplantierten Zellen des Empfängers ein wichtiges Kriterium für zellbasierte Therapie im akuten Leberversagen (AHF).
Für die Untersuchung der Transplantation von Leberzellen oder Hepatozyten-wie Zellen5, entsteht AHF in einem Tiermodell durch chirurgische6 oder pharmakologische7 Verfahren durch die Transplantation von Zellen. Zu Tiermodell AHF durch pharmakologische Reagenzien, viele Hepatotoxins wie Paracetamol9, Carbon Titantetrachlorid10, Thioacetamide11, d-Galactosamin8, Concanavalin A12, Lipopolysaccharid13 , etc.., verwendet wurden. Aus dieser Liste jedes Reagenz erzeugt einen eindeutigen Satz von Funktionen für AHF, aber leider keinen einzigen Reagenz imitiert menschliche AHF. Darüber hinaus die AHF induziert durch Hepatotoxins dauert eine lange Zeit, die Tiere unter Dauerstress setzt, und reproduzierbare Ergebnisse sind schwer zu bekommen.
Auf der anderen Seite die chirurgische Verfahren der partiellen Hepatektomie (PHx) ist Geschick abhängig, und reproduzierbare Ergebnisse sind leicht zu beschaffen, nach der Entwicklung der erforderlichen Fähigkeiten. AHF durch einen chirurgischen Eingriff allein zu induzieren, ist die Resektion von mehr als 70 % der Leber erforderlich; jedoch verpflanzt weniger als eine 70 % Hepatektomie noch genutzt werden kann, um Studie Engraftment und Proliferation von Zellen in der Leber für die Analyse ihrer therapeutischen Kapazität bei Leberschäden14. Die Transplantation von Leberzellen wurden durchgeführt Post Hepatektomie durch das Peritoneum15, Tail Vene16, Lebervene17oder die Milz-18. Derzeit Lebervene Infusion und intrasplenic Transplantation von Leberzellen das bevorzugte Verfahren, da sie leichter zu reproduzieren.
In diesem Papier haben wir ein Verfahren für eine 30 % teilweise Hepatektomie in NOD beschrieben. SCID (NICKEN. CB17-Prkdcscid/J) Mäuse, in denen die linken Leberlappen herausgeschnitten. Es folgt durch Transplantation von 0,2 Millionen GFP mit dem Ausdruck ihrer Maus (C57BL/6-Tg (UBC-GFP) 30Scha/J) Hepatozyten sowie menschlichen Ursprungs NeoHep19 in der Milz. Dieses Verfahren führt zu Engraftment der transplantierten Zellen in der Leber. Dieses Verfahren ist die wenigsten invasive und minimal schmerzhaft Technik.

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	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Gas Anesthesia System</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Ugo Basile; Italy</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">211000</td>
			<td style="width:217px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Weighing machine</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Goldtech ; India</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Local Procurement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Biological safety cabinet ( Class I)</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Kartos international;&#160; India</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Local Procurement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hair Trimmer</td>
			<td>Panasonic ;&#160; Japan&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ER-GY10&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Straight operating scissor with sharp /sharp blades</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Major Surgicals; India</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Local Procurement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Forceps with Serrations</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Major Surgicals; India</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Local Procurement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Micro needle holders&#160; straight &#38; curved&#160;</td>
			<td>Mercian ;&#160; England&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BS-13-8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1 ml insulin syringe with 30G *5/16 needles&#160;</td>
			<td>Dispo Van; India</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1 ml syringe with 26 G * 1/2 needle</td>
			<td>BD ; US&#160;</td>
			<td>REF 303060</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Nylon Threads&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Mighty ; India</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>(1-0) Local Procurement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MERSUTURES 4-0 Sterilised Surgical Needled Suture</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Ethicon, Johnson &#38; Johnson, India</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NW 5047</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">TRUGUT 76 cm 4-0 absorbable surgical suture</td>
			<td>Sutures India Pvt. Ltd; India</td>
			<td>SN 5048</td>
			<td>Sterilised Surgical Needled Suture Catgut Chromic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Cotton Buds</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Pure Swabs Pvt Ltd ;&#160; India</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Local Procurement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Surgical Tape</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">3M India ; India</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1530-1</td>
			<td>Micropore Surgical Tape</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Microtome</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Histo-Line Laboratories, Italy</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MRS3500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Shandon Cryotome E Cryostat</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Thermo Electron Corporation ; US</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Confocal laser scanning microscope</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Carl Zeiss ; Germany&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">LSM 510 META</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Bright Field Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Olympus, Japan</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">LX51</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:411px;">Automated analyser</td>
			<td>Tulip, Alto Santracruz, India</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Screen Maaster 3000</td>
			<td>Biochemical analyser for liver functional test</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Flow Cytometer</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">BD ; US&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BD FACSverse</td>
			<td>Assesment of presence of cells post transplantation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Veet hair removal cream&#160;</td>
			<td>Reckitt Benckiser , India</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">FORANE</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Abbott ; US</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>isoflurane USP 99.9%&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Taxim</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">AlKem ; India</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>cefotaxime sodium injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Povidone-Iodine solution&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Win-Medicare;&#160; India</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Betadine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Himedia; India</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">GRM 3660</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:411px;">Iscove&#39;s Modified Dulbecco&#39;s Medium (IMDM)</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Life technologies, Thermo Fisher scientific ; US</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">12200-036</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Sucrose</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Sigma ; US</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S0389</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Tissue-Tek</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Sakura; US</td>
			<td>25608-930</td>
			<td>O.C.T compound</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">DAPI</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Himedia; India</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MB 097</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">anti-Albumin goat Polyclonal</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Thermo Scientific,Pierce, US</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PA126081</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">anti-connexin 32/GJB1 Polyclonal</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">abcam, UK</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ab64609-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">antiGFP rabbit polyclonal&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Santa Cruz biotechnology; US</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SC 8334</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:411px;">Alexa Fluor 594 donkey anti-goat</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">&#160;Molecular Probes , Thermo Fisher Scientific ;&#160; US</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A11058</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:411px;">Alexa Fluor 488 donkey anti-sheep</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">&#160;Molecular Probes , Thermo Fisher Scientific ;&#160; US</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A11015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:411px;">Alexa Fluor 594 chicken anti rabbit</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">&#160;Molecular Probes , Thermo Fisher Scientific ;&#160; US</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A21442</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:411px;">Goat anti rabbit IgG HRP</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Invitrogen, Thermo Fisher Scientific; US&#160;</td>
			<td>65-6120</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">anti-Ki67 antibody</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">abcam, UK</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ab15580</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Antigen Unmasking Solution, Citric acid base</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Vector laboratories, US</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">H-3300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">ProLong Diamond antifade mountant</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Life technologies, Thermo Fisher scientific ; US</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P36966</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">SGOT (ASAT) KIT</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Coral Clinical System, India</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">SGPT (ALAT) KIT</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Coral Clinical System, India</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Alkaline Phosphatase Kit (DEA)</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Coral Clinical System, India</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Hematoxylin Solution, Mayer&#39;s</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Sigma ; US</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MHS16</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Eosin Y solution, alcoholic</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Sigma ; US</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">HT110132</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">DPX Mountant&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Sigma ; US</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">6522</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Melonex (Pain Killer)</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Intas Pharmaceuticals Ltd; India</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Meloxicam injection&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">DAB enhanced liquid substrate system tetrahydrochloride</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Sigma ; US</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D3939</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

intrasplenic transplantation of hepatocytes after partial hepatectomy in nod.scid mice

Teilweise Hepatektomie ist eine vielseitige und reproduzierbare Methode zur Leberregeneration und die Wirkung von zellbasierten Therapie in verschiedenen pathologischen Bedingungen zu studieren. Partielle Hepatektomie erleichtert auch die erhöhte Engraftment und Proliferation von transplantierten Zellen durch beschleunigte Neovaskularisation und Zellwanderung auf der Leber. Hier beschreiben wir ein einfaches Protokoll für immungeschwächte NOD 30 % Hepatektomie und Transplantation von Zellen in der Milz ein nicht adipösen Diabetiker/schwere Ausführung kombiniert werden. SCID (NICKEN. CB17-Prkdcscidj) Maus.
Bei diesem Verfahren werden zwei kleine Hautschnitte vorgenommen. Der erste Schnitt ist zu entlarven und den linken Leberlappen resezieren, und ein weiterer kleiner Schnitt erfolgt, die Milz für die intrasplenic Transplantation von Zellen verfügbar zu machen. Dieses Verfahren erfordert keine speziellen chirurgische Fähigkeiten nicht, und es kann in ca. 5-7 Minuten mit weniger Stress und Schmerzen, schnellere Genesung und bessere Überlebensrate abgeschlossen werden. Wir haben die Transplantation von Leberzellen isoliert von einem grün fluoreszierendes Protein (GFP) mit dem Ausdruck ihrer Maus (transgene C57BL/6-Tg (UBC-GFP) 30Scha/J) sowie Hepatozyten wie Zellen menschlichen Ursprungs (NeoHep) in teilweise Hepatectomized NOD bewiesen. SCID-Mäuse.

Hepatozyten Verbreitung nach 30 % teilweise Hepatektomie: Die Verbreitung von Hepatozyten in den verbleibenden nach 30 % Hepatektomie Leber wurde durch immunhistochemische (IHC) Färbung für eine Verbreitung Zellmarkierung, Ki-67 geprüft. Tages-Post Hepatektomie, die Mäuse wurden eingeschläfert, die verbleibenden Leber Lappen wurden herausgeschnitten und Paraffin Abschnitte wurden erhalten. Die Abschnitte wurden mit Ki-67-Antikörper, gefolgt von Etikettierung mit Meerrettich-Peroxidase (HRP) konjugi...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Intrasplenic Transplantation of Hepatocytes After Partial Hepatectomy in NOD.SCID Mice at JoVE.com

Intrasplenic Transplantation of Hepatocytes After Partial Hepatectomy in NOD.SCID Mice

Wir haben ein Protokoll für die Durchführung von teilweise Hepatektomie (PHx) und Zelltransplantation über Milz in NOD beschrieben. SCID (NICKEN. CB17-Prkdcscidj) Mäuse. In diesem Protokoll wird ein Einschnitt gemacht, zu entlarven und den linken Leberlappen folgte ein weiterer Einschnitt für die intrasplenic Transplantation von Zellen zu resezieren.

Intrasplenic Transplantation von Leberzellen nach teilweiser Hepatektomie in NOD. SCID-Mäuse

Partial hepatectomy is a versatile and reproducible method to study liver regeneration and the effect of cell based therapeutics in various pathological ...

intrasplenic-transplantation-hepatocytes-after-partial-hepatectomy

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

13.9K Aufrufe.  National Institute of Immunology. Wir haben ein Protokoll für die Durchführung von teilweise Hepatektomie (PHx) und Zelltransplantation über Milz in NOD beschrieben. SCID (NICKEN. CB17-Prkdcscidj) Mäuse. In diesem Protokoll wird ein Einschnitt gemacht, zu entlarven und den linken Leberlappen folgte ein weiterer Einschnitt für die intrasplenic Transplantation von Zellen zu resezieren.

Serie: Intrasplenic Transplantation of Hepatocytes After Partial Hepatectomy in NOD.SCID Mice

Mammary Transplantation of Stromal Cells and Carcinoma Cells in C57BL/6J Mice

The influence of stromal cells, including fibroblasts on mammary tumor progression has been well documented through the use of mouse models, in particular through transplantation of stromal cells and epithelial cells in the mammary gland of mice. Current transplantation models often involve the use of immunocompromised mice due to the different genetic backgrounds of stromal cells and epithelial cells. Extracellular matrices are often used to embed the two different cell types for consistent cell-cell interactions, but involve the use of Matrigel or rat tail collagen, which are immunogenic substrates. The lack of functional T cells from immunocompromised mice prevents accurate assessment of stromal cells on mammary tumor progression in vivo, with important implications on drug development and efficacy. Moreover, immunocompromised mice are costly, hard to breed and require special care conditions. To overcome these obstacles, we have developed an approach to orthotopically transplant stromal cell and epithelial cells into mice from the same genetic background to induce consistent tumor formation. This system involves harvesting normal, carcinoma associated fibroblasts, PyVmT mammary carcinoma cells and collagen from donor C57BL/6J mice. The cells are then embedded in collagen and transplanted in the inguinal mammary glands of female C57BL/6J mice. Transplantation of PyVmT cells alone form palpable tumors 30-40 days post transplantation. Endpoint analysis at 60 days indicates that co-transplantation with fibroblasts enhances mammary tumor growth compared to PyVmT cells transplanted alone. While cells and matrix from C57BL/6J mice were used in these studies, the isolation of cells and matrix and transplantation approach may be applied towards mice from different genetic backgrounds demonstrating versatility. In summary, this system may be used to investigate molecular interactions between stromal cells and epithelial cells, and overcomes critical limitations in immunocompromised mouse models.

In this report, we demonstrate a system to isolate and culture donor cells from the mouse mammary gland, and orthotopically transplant these cells in recipient mice to analyze stromal: epithelial interactions during mammary tumor development.

Mammary Transplantation von Stromazellen und Carcinoma Cells in C57BL/6J-Mäuse

The influence of stromal cells, including fibroblasts on mammary tumor progression has been well documented through the use of mouse models, in particular ...

Forschung

Medizin

Orthotopic Aortic Transplantation in Mice for the Study of Vascular Disease

Vascular procedures involving anastomoses in the mouse are generally thought to be difficult and highly dependent on the skill of the individual surgeon. This is largely true, but there are a number of important principles that can reduce the difficulty of these procedures and enhance reproducibility. Orthotopic aortic transplantation is an excellent procedure in which to learn these principles because it involves only two end-to-end anastomoses, but requires good suturing technique and handling of the vessels for consistent success. This procedure begins with the procurement of a length of abdominal aorta from a donor animal, followed by division of the native aorta in the recipient. The procured aorta is then placed between the divided ends of the recipient aorta and sutured into place using end-to-end anastomoses. To accomplish this objective successfully requires a high degree of concentration, good tools, a steady hand, and an appreciation of how easily the vasculature of a mouse can be damaged, resulting in thrombosis. Learning these important principles is what occupies most of the beginner's time when learning microsurgery in small rodents. Throughout this protocol, we refer to these important points. This model can be used to study vascular disease in a variety of different experimental systems1-8. In the context shown here, it is most often used for the study of post-transplant vascular disease, a common long-term complication of solid organ transplantation in which intimal hyperplasia occurs within the allograft. The primary advantage of the model is that it facilitates quantitative morphometric analyses and the transplanted vessel lies contiguous to the endogenous vessel, which can serve as an additional control9. The technique shown here is most often used for mice weighing 18-25 grams. We have accumulated most of our experience using the C57BL/6J, BALB/cJ, and C3H/HeJ strains.

We describe a technique in which a section of the abdominal aorta from a mouse is transplanted orthotopically to just below the renal arteries in an allogeneic or syngeneic recipient. This technique can be useful in studies in which transplantation of large arteries of uniform size is deemed advantageous.

Orthotopen Aortic Transplantation in Mäuse für das Studium der Vascular Disease

Vascular procedures involving anastomoses in the mouse are generally thought to be difficult and highly dependent on the skill of the individual surgeon. ...

Surgical Procedures for a Rat Model of Partial Orthotopic Liver Transplantation with Hepatic Arterial Reconstruction

Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) in rats using a whole or partial graft is an indispensable experimental model for transplantation research, such as studies on graft preservation and ischemia-reperfusion injury 1,2, immunological responses 3,4, hemodynamics 5,6, and small-for-size syndrome 7. The rat OLT is among the most difficult animal models in experimental surgery and demands advanced microsurgical skills that take a long time to learn. Consequently, the use of this model has been limited. Since the reliability and reproducibility of results are key components of the experiments in which such complex animal models are used, it is essential for surgeons who are involved in rat OLT to be trained in well-standardized and sophisticated procedures for this model.
While various techniques and modifications of OLT in rats have been reported 8 since the first model was described by Lee et al. 9 in 1973, the elimination of the hepatic arterial reconstruction 10 and the introduction of the cuff anastomosis technique by Kamada et al. 11 were a major advancement in this model, because they simplified the reconstruction procedures to a great degree. In the model by Kamada et al., the hepatic rearterialization was also eliminated. Since rats could survive without hepatic arterial flow after liver transplantation, there was considerable controversy over the value of hepatic arterialization. However, the physiological superiority of the arterialized model has been increasingly acknowledged, especially in terms of preserving the bile duct system 8,12 and the liver integrity 8,13,14.
In this article, we present detailed surgical procedures for a rat model of OLT with hepatic arterial reconstruction using a 50% partial graft after ex vivo liver resection. The reconstruction procedures for each vessel and the bile duct are performed by the following methods: a 7-0 polypropylene continuous suture for the supra- and infrahepatic vena cava; a cuff technique for the portal vein; and a stent technique for the hepatic artery and the bile duct.

Orthotopic liver transplantation in rats is an indispensable experimental model for biomedical research. Here we present our surgical procedures for orthotopic rat liver transplantation with hepatic arterial reconstruction using a 50% partial graft.

Chirurgische Verfahren für eine Ratte Modell Teilweise Lebertransplantation mit arteriellen Rekonstruktion

Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) in rats using a whole or partial graft is an indispensable experimental model for transplantation research, such as ...

Heterotopic Cervical Heart Transplantation in Mice

The heterotopic cervical heart transplantation in mice is a valuable tool in transplant and cardiovascular research. The cuff technique greatly simplifies this model by avoiding challenging suture anastomoses of small vessels thereby reducing warm ischemia time. In comparison to abdominal graft implantation the cervical model is less invasive and the implanted graft is easily accessible for further follow-up examinations. Anastomoses are performed by pulling the ascending aorta of the graft over the cuff with the recipient&#8217;s common carotid artery and by pulling the main pulmonary artery over the cuff with the external jugular vein. Selection of appropriate cuff size and complete mobilization of the vessels are important for successful revascularization. Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury can be minimized by perfusing the graft with a cardioplegic solution and by hypothermia. In this article, we provide technical details for a simplified and improved cuff technique, which should allow surgeons with basic microsurgical skills to perform the procedure with a high success rate.

The cuff technique shortens and facilitates the model of heterotopic cervical heart transplantation in mice by avoiding technically challenging suture anastomoses of small vessels. The technical details shown in this video paper should allow researches to establish this model in their laboratories.

Heterotope Cervical Herztransplantation bei Mäusen

The heterotopic cervical heart transplantation in mice is a valuable tool in transplant and cardiovascular research. The cuff technique greatly simplifies ...

Visualization of Vascular and Parenchymal Regeneration after 70% Partial Hepatectomy in Normal Mice

A modified silicone injection procedure was used for visualization of the hepatic vascular tree. This procedure consisted of in-vivo injection of the silicone compound, via a 26 G catheter, into the portal or hepatic vein. After silicone injection, organs were explanted and prepared for ex-vivo micro-CT (&#181;CT) scanning. The silicone injection procedure is technically challenging. Achieving a successful outcome requires extensive microsurgical experience from the surgeon. One of the challenges of this procedure involves determining the adequate perfusion rate for the silicone compound. The perfusion rate for the silicone compound needs to be defined based on the hemodynamic of the vascular system of interest. Inappropriate perfusion rate can lead to an incomplete perfusion, artificial dilation and rupturing of vascular trees.
The 3D reconstruction of the vascular system was based on CT scans and was achieved using preclinical software such as HepaVision. The quality of the reconstructed vascular tree was directly related to the quality of silicone perfusion. Subsequently computed vascular parameters indicative of vascular growth, such as total vascular volume, were calculated based on the vascular reconstructions. Contrasting the vascular tree with silicone allowed for subsequent histological work-up of the specimen after &#181;CT scanning. The specimen can be subjected to serial sectioning, histological analysis and whole slide scanning, and thereafter to 3D reconstruction of the vascular trees based on histological images. This is the prerequisite for the detection of molecular events and their distribution with respect to the vascular tree. This modified silicone injection procedure can also be used to visualize and reconstruct the vascular systems of other organs. This technique has the potential to be extensively applied to studies concerning vascular anatomy and growth in various animal and disease models.

Tools used for visualizing vascular regeneration require methods for contrasting the vascular trees. This film demonstrated a delicate injection technique used to achieve optimal contrasting of the vascular trees and illustrate the potential benefits resulting from a detailed analysis of the resulting specimen using &#181;CT and histological serial sections.

Visualisierung von Gefäß- und Parenchymregeneration nach 70% Teilhepatektomie in normalen Mäusen

A modified silicone injection procedure was used for visualization of the hepatic vascular tree. This procedure consisted of in-vivo injection of the ...

Re-Arterialized Rat Partial Liver Transplantation with an in vivo Vessel-Oriented 70% Hepatectomy

Split liver transplantation and living liver donor liver transplantation were developed in the clinic to utilize liver organs in a more efficient manner. To better understand the mechanism behind these surgical procedures, a rat partial liver transplantation (PLTx) model was established for relevant surgical studies. Because of the complexity of the rat PLTx model, a protocol with detailed descriptions is required. An article published previously reported a protocol in which ex vivo hepatectomy was used to achieve 50% rat PLTx. In contrast to this protocol, we introduced a re-arterialized PLTx with an in vivo 70% hepatectomy. An updated vessel-oriented hepatectomy was incorporated into the rat PLTx to refine the microsurgical procedure. The portal veins and hepatic arteries of the left lateral lobe and the median lobe were individually dissected and ligated before removal of the liver parenchyma, thereby decreasing the probability of bleeding in the remnant liver stump. Furthermore, an end-to-side vessel anastomosis between the common hepatic artery and the enlarged proper hepatic artery was introduced to re-arterialize the hepatic artery. By using this end-to-side vessel anastomosis technique, the diameter of the anastomosis was enlarged, thereby decreasing the difficulty of hand suture and maintaining a high rate of anastomotic patency. Moreover, the cuff anastomosis of the infrahepatic vena cava was slightly modified. A section of circumferential liver parenchyma around the vena cava of a recipient was preserved during cuff anastomosis to maintain the three-dimensional shape of the vascular lumen. This section of liver parenchyma was removed after completing the anastomosis. With this modification, the step involving placement of stay sutures was omitted, thereby further shortening the cuff anastomosis time. By using this protocol of rat PLTx, a low liver enzyme level, an intact liver lobular architecture and a high survival rate were achieved after microsurgery.

Re-Arterialized Rat Partial Liver Transplantation with an in vivo Vessel-Oriented 70% Hepatectomy

Here, a protocol involving re-arterialized rat partial liver transplantation is presented. Specifically, 70% liver was resected in vivo by using an updated technique of vessel-oriented hepatectomy. The hepatic artery was reconstructed in an end-to-side manner. The cuff technique was modified to shorten the anastomosis time of the infrahepatic vena cava.

Re Arterialized Ratte teilweise Leber Transplantation mit einem in Vivo Schiff-orientierte 70 % Hepatektomie

Split liver transplantation and living liver donor liver transplantation were developed in the clinic to utilize liver organs in a more efficient manner. ...

Transplantation of Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cell Sheet to Reduce Leakage After Partial Colectomy in A Rat Model

Anastomotic leakage is a disastrous complication after colorectal surgery. Although current methods for leakage prevention have different levels of clinical efficacy, they are until now imperfect solutions. Stem cell therapy using ASC sheets could provide a solution to this problem. ASCs are considered as promising candidates for promoting tissue healing because of their trophic and immunomodulatory properties. Here, we provide methods to produce high-density ASC sheets, that are transplanted onto a colorectal anastomosis in a rat model to reduce the leakage. ASCs formed cell sheets in thermo-responsive culture dishes that could be easily detached. On the day of the transplantation, a partial colectomy with a 5-suture colorectal anastomosis was performed. Animals were immediately transplanted with 1 ASC sheet per rat. ASC sheets adhered spontaneously to the anastomosis without any glue, suture, or any biomaterial. Animal groups were sacrificed 3 and 7 days postoperatively. Compared to transplanted animals, the incidence of anastomotic abscesses and leakage was higher in control animals. In our model, the transplantation of ASC sheets after colorectal anastomosis was successful and associated with a lower leakage rate.

The preparation and transplantation of adipose tissue derived stem cell (ASC) sheets onto insufficiently sutured colorectal anastomoses in a rat model is presented. This novel application shows that ASC sheets can reduce colorectal anastomosis leakage.

Transplantation von Fettgewebe-Derived Stem Cell Blatt, Leckage nach teilweiser Colectomy in einem Rattenmodell zu reduzieren

Anastomotic leakage is a disastrous complication after colorectal surgery. Although current methods for leakage prevention have different levels of ...

Lentiviral Vector-mediated Gene Therapy of Hepatocytes Ex Vivo for Autologous Transplantation in Swine

Gene therapy is an ideal choice to cure many inborn errors of metabolism of the liver. Ex-vivo, lentiviral vectors have been used successfully in the treatment of many hematopoietic diseases in humans, as their use offers stable transgene expression due to the vector&#39;s ability to integrate into the host genome. This method demonstrates the application of ex vivo gene therapy of hepatocytes to a large animal model of hereditary tyrosinemia type I. This process consists of 1) isolation of primary hepatocytes from the autologous donor/recipient animal, 2) ex vivo gene delivery via hepatocyte transduction with a lentiviral vector, and 3) autologous transplant of corrected hepatocytes via portal vein injection. Success of the method generally relies upon efficient and sterile removal of the liver resection, careful handling of the excised specimen for isolation of viable hepatocytes sufficient for re-engrafting, high-percentage transduction of the isolated cells, and aseptic surgical procedures throughout to prevent infection. Technical failure at any of these steps will result in low yield of viable transduced hepatocytes for autologous transplant or infection of the donor/recipient animal. The pig model of human type 1 hereditary tyrosinemia (HT-1) chosen for this approach is uniquely amenable to such a method, as even a small percentage of engraftment of corrected cells will lead to repopulation of the liver with healthy cells based on a powerful selective advantage over native-diseased hepatocytes. Although this growth selection will not be true for all indications, this approach is a foundation for expansion into other indications and allows for manipulation of this environment to address additional diseases, both within the liver and beyond, while controlling for exposure to viral vector and opportunity for off-target toxicity and tumorigenicity.

Lentiviral Vector-mediated Gene Therapy of Hepatocytes Ex Vivo for Autologous Transplantation in Swine

This protocol is intended to describe porcine hepatocyte isolation and ex vivo gene delivery to cure models of metabolic diseases via autologous cell transplantation. Although this particular model enjoys unique advantages that favor successful therapy, the application is a relevant foundation to address additional diseases and indications.

Lentivirale Vektor-vermittelte Gentherapie von Hepatozyten Ex Vivo für autologe Transplantation bei Schweinen

Gene therapy is an ideal choice to cure many inborn errors of metabolism of the liver. Ex-vivo, lentiviral vectors have been used successfully in the ...

Generation of a Rat Model of Acute Liver Failure by Combining 70% Partial Hepatectomy and Acetaminophen

Acute liver failure (ALF) is a clinical condition caused by various etiologies resulting in the loss of metabolic, biochemical, synthesizing, and detoxifying functions of the liver. In most irreversible liver damage cases, orthotropic liver transplant (OLT) remains the only available treatment. To study the therapeutic potential of a treatment for ALF, its prior testing in an animal model of ALF is essential. In the current study, an ALF model in rats was developed by combining 70% partial hepatectomy (PHx) and injections of acetaminophen (APAP) that provides a therapeutic window of 48 h. The median and left lateral lobes of the liver were removed to excise 70% of the liver mass and APAP was given 24 h postsurgically for 2 days. Survival in ALF-induced animals was found to be severely decreased. The development of ALF was confirmed by altered serum levels of the enzymes alanine amino transferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP); changes in prothrombin time (PT); and assessment of the international normalized ratio (INR). Study of the gene expression profile by qPCR revealed an increase in expression levels of genes involved in apoptosis, inflammation, and in the progression of liver injury. Diffused degeneration of hepatocytes and infiltration of immune cells was observed by histological evaluation. The reversibility of ALF was confirmed by the restoration of survival and serum levels of ALT, AST, and ALP after intrasplenic transplantation of syngeneic healthy rat hepatocytes. This model presents a reliable alternative to the available ALF animal models to study the pathophysiology of ALF as well as to evaluate the potential of a novel therapy for ALF. The use of two different approaches also makes it possible to study the combined effect of physical and drug-induced liver injury. The reproducibility and feasibility of current procedure is an added benefit of the model.

The acute liver failure animal model developed in the current study presents a feasible alternative for the study of potential therapies. The current model employs the combined effect of physical and drug-induced hepatic injury and provides a suitable time window to study the potential of novel therapies.

Generierung eines Rattenmodells für akutes Leberversagen durch Kombination von 70% partieller Hepatektomie und Acetaminophen

Acute liver failure (ALF) is a clinical condition caused by various etiologies resulting in the loss of metabolic, biochemical, synthesizing, and ...

Reduced Complications after Arterial Reconnection in a Rat Model of Orthotopic Liver Transplantation

The rat orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) model is a powerful tool to study acute and chronic rejection. However, it is not a complete representation of human liver transplantation due to the absence of arterial reconnection. Described here is a modified transplantation procedure that includes the incorporation of hepatic artery (HA) reconnection, leading to a marked improvement in transplant outcomes. With a mean anhepatic time of 12 min and 14 s, HA reconnection results in improved perfusion of the transplanted liver and an increase in long-term recipient survival from 37.5% to 88.2%. This protocol includes the use of 3D-printed cuffs and holders to connect the portal vein and infrahepatic inferior vena cava. It can be implemented for studying multiple aspects of liver transplantation, from immune response and infection to technical aspects of the procedure. By incorporating a simple and practical method for arterial reconnection using a microvascular technique, this modified rat OLT protocol closely mimics aspects of human liver transplantation and will serve as a valuable and clinically relevant research model.

The goal of this study is to modify the rat orthotopic liver transplant model to better represent human liver transplantation and improve recipient survival. The presented method reestablishes hepatic arterial inflow by connecting the donor liver&#39;s common hepatic artery to the recipient liver&#39;s proper hepatic artery.

Reduzierte Komplikationen nach arterieller Wiederverbindung in einem Rattenmodell der orthotopischen Lebertransplantation

The rat orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) model is a powerful tool to study acute and chronic rejection. However, it is not a complete representation ...