Diese Studie wurde von der National Natural Science Foundation of China (81572111), der klinischen Wissenschaft und Technologie Projekt Stiftung der Provinz Jiangsu (BL2012002), der wissenschaftlichen Forschung Projekt Nanjing (201402007), die Naturwissenschaft unterstützt. Gründung der Provinz Jiangsu (BK20161385), und die besondere Gründung der Chinese Medical Doctor Association (2015COS0810).

Alle hier beschriebene Methoden wurden von den institutionellen Animal Care und Nutzung Committee (IACUC) der Universität Nanjing genehmigt.
1. CoCrMo Partikel Vorbereitung
<ol><li>Erhalten Sie CoCrMo Partikel mithilfe einer vorgefertigten Hochvakuum-drei-Elektrode Gleichstrom4. CoCrMo-Legierung in das Instrument unter 10-3 Pa Vakuum, 0,04 MPa Argon und Wasserstoff 3:2 (V/V) und 650 A Katode aktuelle zu platzieren.</li>
	<li>Messen Sie den Durchmesser der CoCrMo Partikel.<ol>
<li>Fügen Sie 1 mg CoCrMo Partikel in 1,5 mL wasserfreiem Ethanol.</li>
		<li>Aufschwemmen Sie CoCrMo Partikel in wasserfreiem Ethanol durch Ultraschall bei 28 kHz und 600 W für 5 min schütteln.</li>
		<li>Die entstandene Suspension auf den objektiven Tisch ein Transmissionselektronenmikroskop (TEM) einen Tropfen (ca. 20 µL) gelten. TEM Fotoserie bei 200 kV Beschleunigungsspannung und 0,24 nm Auflösung zu erfassen.</li>
		<li>Verwenden Sie die mitgelieferte Software, um die mittlere Durchmesser und Partikel Größenverteilung in TEM Mikrographen berechnen.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Dekontaminieren Endotoxine<ol>
<li>Autoklaven 50 g der Partikel für 15 min bei 121 ° C und 15 Psi.</li>
		<li>Endotoxine durch einen quantitativen Assay Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) zu erkennen (< 0,25 % EU/mL wurde als Endotoxin Abwesenheit anzugeben)5.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Die Partikel in Phosphat-gepufferte Kochsalzlösung (PBS) in einer Konzentration von 50 mg/mL Stammlösung6aufzuwirbeln.</li>
</ol>2. Konstruktion des Modells Calvarial Osteolyse
<ol><li>6 Wochen alten C57BL/J6 Mäuse (sechs Mäuse pro Gruppe) Withpentobarbital (50 mg/kg) zu betäuben. Verwenden Sie den Kneiftest um das Niveau der Anästhesie zu beurteilen. Verhindert Austrocknen der Augen mit normalen Kochsalzlösung.</li>
	<li>Mäuse in Bauchlage zu platzieren. Entfernen Sie das Fell auf den Schädel mit einem Rasierer zu und desinfizieren Sie die Haut mit medizinischen Wattebällchen, die 75 % Ethanol enthält.</li>
	<li>Identifizieren Sie für Punkt Lokalisierung zwei Punkte, einschließlich der Halbsummen zwischen den beiden Augen und Ohren, beziehungsweise. Dann bestimmen Sie die Linie zwischen den beiden oben genannten Punkte, und einzuschneiden Sie die Haut entlang der oben genannten Linie mit einer Schere (Abbildung 1A).</li>
	<li>Entfernen Sie die Craniale Periost aus der Calvaria mit einem Skalpell (Abbildung 1 b)6.</li>
	<li>Naht Haut an beiden Enden mit einfachen unterbrochenen Naht.</li>
	<li>Machen Sie eine Naht Linie durch die Mitte des Schnittes ohne verknoten. Halten Sie die beiden Enden der Linie Naht.</li>
	<li>Einbetten von 50 µL CoCrMo Partikel Suspension (50 mg/mL, mit PBS-Puffer) in der Mitte der Calvarias (Abbildung 1)2.</li>
	<li>Verknoten Sie die letzte Masche in einfachen unterbrochenen Naht (Abbildung 1).</li>
	<li>Pflegen Sie Mäuse für weitere 2 Wochen.</li>
</ol>3. Bewertung des Calvarial Osteolyse-Modells von Mikro-CT-Scan
<ol><li>Die Mäuse mit Kohlendioxid zu opfern. Die Mäuse in der Horizontalebene zu enthaupten. Entfernen Sie das Hirngewebe im Inneren und die Haut und Fell außerhalb. Ernten Sie die Calvarias für weitere Experimente.</li>
	<li>Das weiche Gewebe auf die Calvaria klären Sie vorsichtig mit einer Pinzette. Fix die geräumte Calvarias in 4 % Paraformaldehyd bei 4 ° C für 24 h Tauchen Calvarias in PBS 24 h vor dem Mikro-CT-Scan.</li>
	<li>Analysieren der Mäuse Calvarias durch hochauflösende Mikro-CT bei einer isometrischen Auflösung von 18 µm und Röntgen-Energieeinstellungen 45 kV und 550 mA.</li>
	<li>Durchzuführen Sie dreidimensionale Rekonstruktion von Mikro-CT-Daten mit der Software.</li>
	<li>Qualitative und Quantitative Analyse.<ol>
<li>Wählen Sie zunächst den quadratischen Bereich rund um die Mittellinie Naht als die Region von Interesse.</li>
		<li>Zweitens, Messung der Knochendichte (BMD), Knochen Volumen/Gesamt Volumen (BV/TV), trabekuläre Anzahl (Tb.N), trabekuläre Dicke (Tb.Th), trabekuläre Trennung/Abstand (Tb.Sp) und Prozentsatz der gesamten Porosität mit der mitgelieferten Software für Mikro-CT.</li>
		<li>Drittens vergleichen Sie die drei Gruppen für verschiedene Messungen durch einfache ANOVA. Post-hoc-Analyse der Varianz beantragen Sie die Bonferroni-Methode2.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>4. Bewertung des Calvarial Osteolyse-Modells von H & E Färbung
<ol><li>Entkalken Calvaria Proben in 15 % Ethylen Diamin Tetraacetic Säure (EDTA)-PBS bei 4 ° C. Wechseln Sie die Entkalkung Lösung 3 Wochen lang jeden Tag.</li>
	<li>Betten Sie die Entkalkung Proben in Paraffin für eine 2 x 1 cm x 1 cm-Würfel, und schneiden Sie sie in 2 µm Abschnitte im Bereich der Partikelabscheidung.</li>
	<li>Fleck in den Abschnitten mit Hämatoxylin und Eosin wie oben beschrieben7.</li>
	<li>Aufnahmen des gesamten Pathomorphism durch Lichtmikroskopie zu erfassen.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Dong, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antisense+oligonucleotide+targeting+TNF-alpha+can+suppress+Co-Cr-Mo+particle-induced+osteolysis.">Antisense oligonucleotide targeting TNF-alpha can suppress Co-Cr-Mo particle-induced osteolysis.</a> J Orthop Res. 26 (8), 1114-1120 (2008).</li><li>Deng, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SIRT1+protects+osteoblasts+against+particle-induced+inflammatory+responses+and+apoptosis+in+aseptic+prosthesis+loosening.">SIRT1 protects osteoblasts against particle-induced inflammatory responses and apoptosis in aseptic prosthesis loosening.</a> Acta Biomater. 49, 541-554 (2017).</li><li>Langlois, J., Hamadouche, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+animal+models+of+wear-particle+osteolysis.">New animal models of wear-particle osteolysis.</a> Int Orthop. 35 (2), 245-251 (2011).</li><li>Wang, P., Zhao, F. X., Zhang, Z. Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preparation+of+ultrafine+zinc+powders+by+DC+arc+plasma+evaporation+method.">Preparation of ultrafine zinc powders by DC arc plasma evaporation method.</a> Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals. 21 (9), 2236-2241 (2011).</li><li>Wang, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+fibroblast+expression+of+RANKL+in+CoCrMo-particle-induced+osteolysis+is+mediated+by+ER+stress+and+XBP1s.">The fibroblast expression of RANKL in CoCrMo-particle-induced osteolysis is mediated by ER stress and XBP1s.</a> Acta Biomater. 24, 352-360 (2015).</li><li>Wang, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autophagy+mediated+CoCrMo+particle-induced+peri-implant+osteolysis+by+promoting+osteoblast+apoptosis.">Autophagy mediated CoCrMo particle-induced peri-implant osteolysis by promoting osteoblast apoptosis.</a> Autophagy. 11 (12), 2358-2369 (2015).</li><li>Wang, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Particle-induced+osteolysis+mediated+by+endoplasmic+reticulum+stress+in+prosthesis+loosening.">Particle-induced osteolysis mediated by endoplasmic reticulum stress in prosthesis loosening.</a> Biomaterials. 34 (11), 2611-2623 (2013).</li><li>Yang, S. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adeno-associated+virus-mediated+osteoprotegerin+gene+transfer+protects+against+particulate+polyethylene-induced+osteolysis+in+a+murine+model.">Adeno-associated virus-mediated osteoprotegerin gene transfer protects against particulate polyethylene-induced osteolysis in a murine model.</a> Arthritis Rheum. 46 (9), 2514-2523 (2002).</li><li>Liu, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autophagy+mediated+TiAl(6)V(4)+particle-induced+peri-implant+osteolysis+by+promoting+expression+of+TNF-alpha.">Autophagy mediated TiAl(6)V(4) particle-induced peri-implant osteolysis by promoting expression of TNF-alpha.</a> Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 473 (1), 133-139 (2016).</li><li>Wang, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ER+Stress+Mediates+TiAl6V4+Particle-Induced+Peri-Implant+Osteolysis+by+Promoting+RANKL+Expression+in+Fibroblasts.">ER Stress Mediates TiAl6V4 Particle-Induced Peri-Implant Osteolysis by Promoting RANKL Expression in Fibroblasts.</a> PLoS One. 10 (9), e0137774 (2015).</li><li>Wang, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TiAl6V4+particles+promote+osteoclast+formation+via+autophagy-mediated+downregulation+of+interferon-beta+in+osteocytes.">TiAl6V4 particles promote osteoclast formation via autophagy-mediated downregulation of interferon-beta in osteocytes.</a> Acta Biomater. 48, 489-498 (2017).</li><li>Chen, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lycorine+suppresses+RANKL-induced+osteoclastogenesis+in+vitro+and+prevents+ovariectomy-induced+osteoporosis+and+titanium+particle-induced+osteolysis+in+vivo.">Lycorine suppresses RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis in vitro and prevents ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis and titanium particle-induced osteolysis in vivo.</a> Sci Rep. 5, 12853 (2015).</li><li>Neuerburg, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+calcitonin+receptor+signalling+in+polyethylene+particle-induced+osteolysis.">The role of calcitonin receptor signalling in polyethylene particle-induced osteolysis.</a> Acta Biomater. 14, 125-132 (2015).</li><li>Catelas, I., Jacobs, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biologic+activity+of+wear+particles.">Biologic activity of wear particles.</a> Instr Course Lect. 59, 3-16 (2010).</li><li>Liu, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+biological+response+to+nanometre-sized+polymer+particles.">The biological response to nanometre-sized polymer particles.</a> Acta Biomater. 23, 38-51 (2015).</li></ol>

Die Autoren haben nichts preisgeben.

Es gibt zwei Hauptmethoden für Abnutzung Partikel-induzierte Osteolyse bei Mäusen: die Luft-Beutel und das Modell calvarial Osteolyse. In der Luft-Beutel-Modell wird zuerst ein subkutan erzeugte Luft-Beutel hergestellt, gefolgt von Abnutzung Partikel Einführung und Implantation in die Knochen Gewebe8. Die Beutel Wand imitiert das Periost in aseptische Lockerung. Implantation von Knochen ist jedoch nonvascular ohne biologische Aktivität, wodurch es schwierig zu beurteilen, direkte Wechselwirkun...

Aseptische Lockerung ist die häufigste Ursache von total hip Arthroplasty (THA) und Knie-Endoprothetik (TKA) Ausfall, erfordert die Überarbeitung Chirurgie1. Der zugrunde liegende Mechanismus bleibt jedoch unklar2. Eine lange Follow-up ist erforderlich, um die Partikel-induzierte Osteolyse, erkennen deren selten vorkommt; Daher ist es schwierig, um seine Pathogenese in klinischen Fällen zu erkunden. Daher benötigen weitere Studien mit Schwerpunkt auf komplexen Mechanismen der zellulären und Gewebe, dass beide in Vivo -Experimente in der Partikel-induzierte Osteolyse Modelle und in-vitro- Assays in Zellen, die im Zusammenhang mit Homöostase3Knochen tragen. Eine gültige Tiermodell ist wichtig enthüllt hat, die Auswirkungen von Abriebpartikeln auf Knochenschwund, Nachweis für weitere zelluläre Assays.
Ein murinen calvarial Osteolyse Modell konstruiert durch die Einwirkung von CoCrMo Teilchen ist eine effektive und gültige Methode zur Beurteilung der Wechselwirkungen zwischen Partikeln und verschiedenen Zellen in aseptische Lockerung. In diesem Modell verursachen CoCrMo Partikel calvarial Osteolyse von inflammatorischen Zytokinen in Makrophagen induzieren, Aktivierung von Osteoklasten, Hemmung der Osteoblasten Verbreitung und Förderung der Osteoblasten Apoptose.
Es dauert nur zwei Wochen, dieses Modell zu etablieren. Osteolyse visualisiert und durch Hämatoxylin und Eosin (H & E) Färbung quantifiziert werden kann und Mikro Tomographie (Mikro-CT)2berechnet. Darüber hinaus hat dieses Modell eine relativ niedrigen Kosten und transgenen und Knockout Maus Modelle können verwendet werden, um eine große Anzahl von Verbindungen in verschiedene Dosen3Bildschirm.
Das Verfahren zu etablieren und Werten dieses Modell ist einfach. Zunächst wurden CoCrMo Partikel durch Hochvakuum-drei-Elektrode Gleichstrom gewonnen und Nukleinsäuretablette in Phosphat-gepufferte Kochsalzlösung (PBS) in einer Konzentration von 50 mg/mL. Anschließend wurde die entstandene Suspension 50 µL bis zur Mitte des murinen Calvaria angewendet, nach Trennung von der Craniale Periost durch scharfe Dissektion. Die Mäuse wurden geopfert, nach zwei Wochen, und Calvaria Proben wurden geerntet; qualitative und quantitative Analysen wurden von H & E Färbung Andmicro-CT durchgeführt.
Ein murinen calvarial Osteolyse Modell konstruiert durch die Einwirkung von CoCrMo Teilchen ist ein ideales Werkzeug für die Beurteilung der Wechselwirkungen zwischen CoCrMo Partikel und verschiedene Zellen wie Makrophagen, Fibroblasten, Osteoblasten und Osteoklasten in aseptische Lockerung.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="684">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:216px;">CoCrMo alloy from prosthesis</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Waldemar Link GmbH &#38; Co</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">GEMINI MK II</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Raw material to obtain CoCrMo nanoparticles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:216px;">Fabricated high-vacuum three-electrode direct current</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">College of Materials Science &#38; Engineering , Nanjing University of Technology</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Self designed machine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;width:216px;">6 week old male C57BL/6J mice</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Model animal research center of Nanjing University</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N000013</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">100% Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Nanjing Reagent</td>
			<td>C0691514023</td>
			<td>Solvent of CoCrMo nanoparticles for transmission electron microscope scanning</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">1.5 ml Microcentrifuge tubes</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Taizhou Weierkang Medical Supplies co., LTD</td>
			<td>W603</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Microanalytical balance</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Shenzhen Qun long Instrument Equipment Co,. LTD</td>
			<td>EX125DZH</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Ultrasonic shaker</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Shanghai Yuhao scientific instrument co., LTD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">YH-200DH</td>
			<td>To suspend CoCrMo nanoparticles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Transmission Electron Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">FEI</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Tecnai G20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">SimplePCI software</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Compix Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">6.6 version</td>
			<td>To calculate the mean diameter and particle size distribution.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">High-handed sterilization pan</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">QIULONGYIQI</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">KYQL-100DS</td>
			<td>To decontaminate endotoxin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) Assay</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Charles River</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">R13025</td>
			<td>To detect endotoxin&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">15 ml Microcentrifuge tubes</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Taizhou Suyi Medical</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">B122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Phosphate-buffered saline</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Boster Biological Technology</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AR0030</td>
			<td>Solvent of CoCrMo nanoparticles stock solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Pentobarbital Sodium</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P3761</td>
			<td>To anesthetize mice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Normal saline</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">SACKLER</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SR8572EP-15</td>
			<td>To prevent drying of mice eyes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">75% Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Nanjing Reagent</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C0691560275</td>
			<td>Disinfection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Medical cotton ball</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Shuitao</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1278298933</td>
			<td>Disinfection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Shaver</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Kemei</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">KM-3018</td>
			<td>To shave the fur</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Scissor</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">RWD LIFE SCIENCE</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S12005-10</td>
			<td>To incise skin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Suture</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">RWD LIFE SCIENCE</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">F34001-01</td>
			<td>To suture skin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Needle holder</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">RWD LIFE SCIENCE</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">F33001-01</td>
			<td>To suture skin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Needle</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">RWD LIFE SCIENCE</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">R14003-12</td>
			<td>To suture skin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Vessel forceps</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">RWD LIFE SCIENCE</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">F22003-09</td>
			<td>To suture skin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Scalpel</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">RWD LIFE SCIENCE</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S31010-01</td>
			<td>To harvest calvaria</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Tweezers</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">RWD LIFE SCIENCE</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">F12006-10</td>
			<td>To harvest calvaria</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">100 &#181;L pipettes</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">3120000240</td>
			<td>To embed particles suspension in the calvatias</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">100 &#181;L pipette tips</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">AXYGEN</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">T-200-Y</td>
			<td>To embed particles suspension in the calvatias</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">5 ml Microtubes</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Taizhou Weierkang Medical Supplies co., LTD</td>
			<td>W621</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">4% Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Servicebio</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">G1101</td>
			<td>Fixation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Micro Computed Tomography&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">SkyScan</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SkyScan1176</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Ethylene Diamine Tetraacetic Acid</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Servicebio</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">G1105</td>
			<td>Decalcification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Paraffin</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Servicebio</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">#0001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Paraffin slicing machine</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Leica</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RM2125RTS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Glass slide</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Servicebio</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">G6004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Cover glass</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Servicebio</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">HE staining kit</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Servicebio</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">#1-5</td>
			<td>HE staining</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Light microscope</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">E200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

construction and evaluation of a murine calvarial osteolysis model by exposure to cocrmo particles in aseptic loosening

Abnutzung Partikel-induzierte Osteolyse ist eine der Hauptursachen für aseptische Lockerung Endoprothetik scheitern, aber der zugrunde liegende Mechanismus ist unklar. Durch lange Follow-ups nötig für die Erkennung und sporadisch auftreten ist es schwierig um zu beurteilen, die Pathogenese Ofparticle-induzierte Osteolyse in klinischen Fällen. Daher sind optimale Tiermodelle für weitere Studien erforderlich. Das Mausmodell calvarial Osteolyse gegründet durch die Einwirkung von CoCrMo Teilchen ist ein wirksam und gültig Werkzeug für die Beurteilung der Wechselwirkungen zwischen Partikeln und verschiedenen Zellen in aseptische Lockerung. In diesem Modell wurden CoCrMo Partikel zuerst von Hochvakuum-drei-Elektrode Gleichstrom und Nukleinsäuretablette in Phosphat-gepufferte Kochsalzlösung in einer Konzentration von 50 mg/mL. Anschließend wurde die entstandene Suspension 50 µL bis zur Mitte des murinen Calvaria angewendet, nach Trennung von der Craniale Periost durch scharfe Dissektion. Nach zwei Wochen die Mäuse wurden geopfert und Calvaria Exemplare wurden geerntet; qualitative und quantitative Auswertungen wurden von Hämatoxylin und Eosin Färbung und Mikro-Computertomographie durchgeführt. Die Stärken dieses Modells gehören Verfahren Einfachheit, quantitative Bewertung des Knochenverlustes, Schnelligkeit der Osteolyse Entwicklung, mögliche Verwendung transgenen oder Ko-Modelle und einen relativ niedrigen Kosten. Jedoch kann dieses Modell verwendet werden, um die mechanische Kraft und chronische Effekte von Partikeln in aseptischen Lockerung zu beurteilen. Murine calvarial Osteolyse Modell generiert durch die Einwirkung von CoCrMo Teilchen ist ein ideales Werkzeug für die Beurteilung der Wechselwirkungen zwischen Abriebpartikeln und verschiedenen Zellen, z. B.Makrophagen, Fibroblasten, Osteoblasten und Osteoklasten in aseptische Lockerung.

Die hauseigene erzeugten nanoskaligen CoCrMo Partikel wurden rund 50 nm (Standardfehler von 3,56) im Durchmesser, wie durch TEM (Abbildung 2) quantifiziert. Nach Exposition der Maus Calvarias CoCrMo Teilchen, die Tiere (n = 6 pro Gruppe) wurden für weitere zwei Wochen beibehalten. Innerhalb der zwei Wochen der calvarial Schnitt war vollständig geheilt, und die Naht kann fallen. Keine lokale Infektion oder Pseudarthrose Mai Knochen Verlust Bewertung beeinflu...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Construction and Evaluation of a Murine Calvarial Osteolysis Model by Exposure to CoCrMo Particles in Aseptic Loosening at JoVE.com

Construction and Evaluation of a Murine Calvarial Osteolysis Model by Exposure to CoCrMo Particles in Aseptic Loosening

Konstruktion und Evaluation eines murinen Calvarial Osteolyse-Modells durch die Einwirkung von CoCrMo Partikel in aseptischen Lockerung

Dieses Manuskript beschreibt einen murinen calvarial Osteolyse Modell durch die Einwirkung von CoCrMo Partikel, die ideale Tiermodell für die Beurteilung der Wechselwirkungen zwischen Abriebpartikeln und verschiedenen Zellen in aseptischen Lockerung darstellt.

Wear particle-induced osteolysis is a major cause of aseptic loosening in arthroplasty failure, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Due to long ...

construction-evaluation-murine-calvarial-osteolysis-model-exposure-to

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

7.7K Aufrufe.  Nanjing University. Dieses Manuskript beschreibt einen murinen calvarial Osteolyse Modell durch die Einwirkung von CoCrMo Partikel, die ideale Tiermodell für die Beurteilung der Wechselwirkungen zwischen Abriebpartikeln und verschiedenen Zellen in aseptischen Lockerung darstellt.

Serie: Construction and Evaluation of a Murine Calvarial Osteolysis Model by Exposure to CoCrMo Particles in Aseptic Loosening

Assessing Teratogenic Changes in a Zebrafish Model of Fetal Alcohol Exposure

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a severe manifestation of embryonic exposure to ethanol. It presents with characteristic defects to the face and organs, including mental retardation due to disordered and damaged brain development. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is a term used to cover a continuum of birth defects that occur due to maternal alcohol consumption, and occurs in approximately 4% of children born in the United States. With 50% of child-bearing age women reporting consumption of alcohol, and half of all pregnancies being unplanned, unintentional exposure is a continuing issue2. In order to best understand the damage produced by ethanol, plus produce a model with which to test potential interventions, we developed a model of developmental ethanol exposure using the zebrafish embryo. Zebrafish are ideal for this kind of teratogen study3-8. Each pair lays hundreds of eggs, which can then be collected without harming the adult fish. The zebrafish embryo is transparent and can be readily imaged with any number of stains. Analysis of these embryos after exposure to ethanol at different doses and times of duration and application shows that the gross developmental defects produced by ethanol are consistent with the human birth defect. Described here are the basic techniques used to study and manipulate the zebrafish FAS model.

In order to understand the molecular mechanisms of the ethanol-induced developmental damage, we have developed a zebrafish model of ethanol exposure and are exploring the physical, cellular, and genetic alterations that occur after ethanol exposure1. We then seek to find potential interventions and rapidly test them in this animal model.

Die Beurteilung Teratogene Änderungen in einem Zebrafisch-Modell der Fetal Alcohol Exposure

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a severe manifestation of embryonic exposure to ethanol. It presents with characteristic defects to the face and organs, ...

Forschung

Medizin

A Murine Model of Muscle Training by Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is a common clinical modality that is widely used to restore1, maintain2 or enhance3-5 muscle functional capacity. Transcutaneous surface stimulation of skeletal muscle involves a current flow between a cathode and an anode, thereby inducing excitement of the motor unit and the surrounding muscle fibers. 
NMES is an attractive modality to evaluate skeletal muscle adaptive responses for several reasons. First, it provides a reproducible experimental model in which physiological adaptations, such as myofiber hypertophy and muscle strengthening6, angiogenesis7-9, growth factor secretion9-11, and muscle precursor cell activation12 are well documented. Such physiological responses may be carefully titrated using different parameters of stimulation (for Cochrane review, see 13). In addition, NMES recruits motor units non-selectively, and in a spatially fixed and temporally synchronous manner14, offering the advantage of exerting a treatment effect on all fibers, regardless of fiber type. Although there are specified contraindications to NMES in clinical populations, including peripheral venous disorders or malignancy, for example, NMES is safe and feasible, even for those who are ill and/or bedridden and for populations in which rigorous exercise may be challenging. 
Here, we demonstrate the protocol for adapting commercially available electrodes and performing a NMES protocol using a murine model. This animal model has the advantage of utilizing a clinically available device and providing instant feedback regarding positioning of the electrode to elicit the desired muscle contractile effect. For the purpose of this manuscript, we will describe the protocol for muscle stimulation of the anterior compartment muscles of a mouse hindlimb.

A murine model of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES), a safe and inexpensive clinical modality, to the anterior compartment muscles is described. This model has the advantage of modifying a readily available clinical device for the purpose of eliciting targeted and specific muscle contractions in mice.

Einem Mausmodell der Muscle Training durch neuromuskuläre Elektrostimulation

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is a common clinical modality that is widely used to restore1, maintain2 or enhance3-5 muscle functional ...

A Murine Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

In this video publication a standardized mouse model of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is presented. Bleeding is induced by endovascular Circle of Willis perforation (CWp) and proven by intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring. Thereby a homogenous blood distribution in subarachnoid spaces surrounding the arterial circulation and cerebellar fissures is achieved. Animal physiology is maintained by intubation, mechanical ventilation, and continuous on-line monitoring of various physiological and cardiovascular parameters: body temperature, systemic blood pressure, heart rate, and hemoglobin saturation. Thereby the cerebral perfusion pressure can be tightly monitored resulting in a less variable volume of extravasated blood. This allows a better standardization of endovascular filament perforation in mice and makes the whole model highly reproducible. Thus it is readily available for pharmacological and pathophysiological studies in wild type and genetically altered mice.

A standardized mouse model of subarachnoid hemorrhage by intraluminal Circle of Willis perforation is described. Vessel perforation and subarachnoid bleeding are monitored by intracranial pressure monitoring. In addition various vital parameters are recorded and controlled to maintain physiologic conditions.

Einem Mausmodell der Subarachnoidalblutung

In this video publication a standardized mouse model of subarachnoid  hemorrhage (SAH) is presented. Bleeding is induced by endovascular Circle of  Willis ...

Reproducable Paraplegia by Thoracic Aortic Occlusion in a Murine Model of Spinal Cord Ischemia-reperfusion

Background 
Lower extremity paralysis continues to complicate aortic interventions. The lack of understanding of the underlying pathology has hindered advancements to decrease the occurrence this injury.&#160;The current model demonstrates reproducible lower&#160;extremity paralysis following thoracic aortic occlusion.
Methods 
Adult male C57BL6 mice were anesthetized with isoflurane. Through a cervicosternal incision the aorta was exposed. The descending thoracic aorta and left subclavian arteries were identified without entrance into pleural space. Skeletonization of these arteries was followed by immediate closure (Sham) or occlusion for 4 min (moderate ischemia) or 8 min (prolonged ischemia). The sternotomy and skin were closed and the mouse was transferred to warming bed for recovery.&#160; Following recovery, functional analysis was obtained at 12 hr intervals until 48 hr.
Results 
Mice that underwent sham surgery showed no observable hind&#160;limb deficit. Mice subjected to moderate ischemia for 4 min had minimal functional deficit at 12 hr followed by progression to complete paralysis at 48 hr. Mice subjected to prolonged ischemia had an immediate paralysis with no observable hind-limb movement at any point in the postoperative period. There was no observed intraoperative or post&#160;operative mortality.
Conclusion 
Reproducible lower extremity paralysis whether immediate or delayed can be achieved in a murine model. Additionally, by using a median sternotomy and careful dissection, high survival rates, and reproducibility can be achieved.

The lack of mechanistic understanding of spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury has hindered further adjuncts to prevent paraplegia following high risk aortic operations. Thus, the development of animal models is imperative. This manuscript demonstrates reproducible lower extremity paralysis following thoracic aortic occlusion in a murine model.

Reproduzierbare Paraplegie von thorakalen Aorta Occlusion in einem Mausmodell der Spinal Cord Ischämie-Reperfusion

Background
Lower extremity paralysis continues to complicate aortic interventions. The lack of understanding of the underlying pathology has hindered ...

Evaluation of Tumor-infiltrating Leukocyte Subsets in a Subcutaneous Tumor Model

Specialized immune cells that infiltrate the tumor microenvironment regulate the growth and survival of neoplasia.&#160; Malignant cells must elude or subvert anti-tumor immune responses in order to survive and flourish. Tumors take advantage of a number of different mechanisms of immune &#8220;escape,&#8221; including the recruitment of tolerogenic DC, immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs), and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) that inhibit cytotoxic anti-tumor responses. Conversely, anti-tumor effector immune cells can slow the growth and expansion of malignancies: immunostimulatory dendritic cells, natural killer cells which harbor innate anti-tumor immunity, and cytotoxic T cells all can participate in tumor suppression. The balance between pro- and anti-tumor leukocytes ultimately determines the behavior and fate of transformed cells; a multitude of human clinical studies have borne this out. Thus, detailed analysis of leukocyte subsets within the tumor microenvironment has become increasingly important. Here, we describe a method for analyzing infiltrating leukocyte subsets present in the tumor microenvironment in a mouse tumor model. Mouse B16 melanoma tumor cells were inoculated subcutaneously in C57BL/6 mice. At a specified time, tumors and surrounding skin were resected en bloc and processed into single cell suspensions, which were then stained for multi-color flow cytometry. Using a variety of leukocyte subset markers, we were able to compare the relative percentages of infiltrating leukocyte subsets between control and chemerin-expressing tumors. Investigators may use such a tool to study the immune presence in the tumor microenvironment and when combined with traditional caliper size measurements of tumor growth, will potentially allow them to elucidate the impact of changes in immune composition on tumor growth. Such a technique can be applied to any tumor model in which the tumor and its microenvironment can be resected and processed.

This protocol describes a method for the detailed evaluation of leukocyte subsets within the tumor microenvironment in a mouse tumor model. Chemerin-expressing B16 melanoma cells were implanted subcutaneously into syngeneic mice. Cells from the tumor microenvironment were then stained and analyzed by flow cytometry, allowing for detailed leukocyte subset analyses.

Bewertung der Tumor-infiltrierenden Leukozyten-Untergruppen in einer subkutanen Tumormodell

Specialized immune cells that infiltrate the tumor microenvironment regulate the growth and survival of neoplasia.&#160; Malignant cells must elude or ...

Evaluation of Lung Metastasis in Mouse Mammary Tumor Models by Quantitative Real-time PCR

Metastatic disease is the spread of malignant tumor cells from the primary cancer site to a distant organ and is the primary cause of cancer associated death 1. Common sites of metastatic spread include lung, lymph node, brain, and bone 2. Mechanisms that drive metastasis are intense areas of cancer research. Consequently, effective assays to measure metastatic burden in distant sites of metastasis are instrumental for cancer research. Evaluation of lung metastases in mammary tumor models is generally performed by gross qualitative observation of lung tissue following dissection. Quantitative methods of evaluating metastasis are currently limited to ex vivo and in vivo imaging based techniques that require user defined parameters. Many of these techniques are at the whole organism level rather than the cellular level 3-6. Although newer imaging methods utilizing multi-photon microscopy are able to evaluate metastasis at the cellular level 7, these highly elegant procedures are more suited to evaluating mechanisms of dissemination rather than quantitative assessment of metastatic burden. Here, a simple in vitro method to quantitatively assess metastasis is presented. Using quantitative Real-time PCR (QRT-PCR), tumor cell specific mRNA can be detected within the mouse lung tissue.

This protocol describes how to use quantitative Real-time PCR (QRT-PCR) to detect tumor cell specific mRNA representing metastasis within the mouse lung tissue.

Beurteilung von Lungenmetastasen in Maus-Mammatumormodelle durch quantitative Echtzeit-PCR

Metastatic disease is the spread of malignant tumor cells from the primary cancer site to a distant organ and is the primary cause of cancer associated ...

Reproducible Arterial Denudation Injury by Infrarenal Abdominal Aortic Clamping in a Murine Model

Percutaneous vascular interventions uniformly result in arterial denudation injuries that subsequently lead to thrombosis and restenosis. These complications can be attributed to impairments in re-endothelialization within the wound margins. Yet, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of re-endothelialization remain to be defined. While several animal models to study re-endothelialization after arterial denudation are available, few are performed in the mouse because of surgical limitations. This undermines the opportunity to exploit transgenic mouse lines and investigate the contribution of specific genes to the process of re-endothelialization. Here, we present a step-by-step protocol for creating a highly reproducible murine model of arterial denudation injury in the infrarenal abdominal aorta using external vascular clamping. Immunocytochemical staining of injured aortas for fibrinogen and &#946;-catenin demonstrate the exposure of a pro-thrombotic surface and the border of intact endothelium, respectively. The method presented here has the advantages of speed, excellent overall survival rate, and relative technical ease, creating a uniquely practical tool for imposing arterial denudation injury in transgenic mouse models. Using this method, investigators may elucidate the mechanisms of re-endothelialization under normal or pathological conditions.

Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of re-endothelialization following arterial denudation injury is of paramount importance in preventing thrombosis and restenosis of arteries. Here we describe a protocol for reproducible arterial denudation injury of the infrarenal abdominal aorta. The procedure was developed to investigate the underlying mechanisms that regulate endothelial regeneration using mouse models.

Reproduzierbare Arterielle Denudation Verletzung von Infra Abdominal Aortic Spannen in einem Mausmodell

Percutaneous vascular interventions uniformly result in arterial denudation injuries that subsequently lead to thrombosis and restenosis. These ...

Quantitative Visualization of Leukocyte Infiltrate in a Murine Model of Fulminant Myocarditis by Light Sheet Microscopy

Light-sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM), in combination with chemical clearing protocols, has become the gold standard for analyzing fluorescently labelled structures in large biological specimens, and is down to cellular resolution. Meanwhile, the constant refinement of underlying protocols and the enhanced availability of specialized commercial systems enable us to investigate the microstructure of whole mouse organs and even allow for the characterization of cellular behavior in various live-cell imaging approaches. Here, we describe a protocol for the spatial whole-mount visualization and quantification of the CD45+ leukocyte population in inflamed mouse hearts. The method employs a transgenic mouse strain (CD11c.DTR)that has recently been shown to serve as a robust, inducible model for the study of the development of fulminant fatal myocarditis, characterized by lethal cardiac arrhythmias. This protocol includes myocarditis induction, intravital antibody-mediated cell staining, organ preparation, and LSFM with subsequent computer-assisted image post-processing. Although presented as a highly-adapted method for our particular scientific question, the protocol represents the blueprint of an easily adjustable system that can also target completely different fluorescent structures in other organs and even in other species.

Here, we describe a light-sheet microscopy approach to visualize the cardiac CD45+ leukocyte infiltrate in a murine model of aseptic fulminant myocarditis, which is induced by the intratracheal diphtheria toxin treatment of CD11c.DTR mice.

Quantitative Visualisierung von Leukozyten-Infiltrat in einem Murin-Modell der Fulminant-Myokarditis durch Licht-Blatt-Mikroskopie

Light-sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM), in combination with chemical clearing protocols, has become the gold standard for analyzing fluorescently ...

Generation of a Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Model in Mice by Repeated Ozone Exposure

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by persistent airflow limitation and lung parenchymal destruction. It has a very high incidence in aging populations. The current conventional therapies for COPD focus mainly on symptom-modifying drugs; thus, the development of new therapies is urgently needed. Qualified animal models of COPD could help to characterize the underlying mechanisms and can be used for new drug screening. Current COPD models, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or the porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE)-induced emphysema model, generate COPD-like lesions in the lungs and airways but do not otherwise resemble the pathogenesis of human COPD. A cigarette smoke (CS)-induced model remains one of the most popular because it not only simulates COPD-like lesions in the respiratory system, but it is also based on one of the main hazardous materials that causes COPD in humans. However, the time-consuming and labor-intensive aspects of the CS-induced model dramatically limit its application in new drug screening. In this study, we successfully generated a new COPD model by exposing mice to high levels of ozone. This model demonstrated the following: 1) decreased forced expiratory volume 25, 50, and 75/forced vital capacity (FEV25/FVC, FEV50/FVC, and FEV75/FVC), indicating the deterioration of lung function; 2) enlarged lung alveoli, with lung parenchymal destruction; 3) reduced fatigue time and distance; and 4) increased inflammation. Taken together, these data demonstrate that the ozone exposure (OE) model is a reliable animal model that is similar to humans because ozone overexposure is one of the etiological factors of COPD. Additionally, it only took 6 - 8 weeks, based on our previous work, to create an OE model, whereas it requires 3 - 12 months to induce the cigarette smoke model, indicating that the OE model might be a good choice for COPD research.

This study describes the successful generation of a new chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) animal model by repeatedly exposing mice to high concentrations of ozone.

Generation von eine chronisch obstruktive Lungenerkrankung-Modell bei Mäusen durch wiederholte Ozonbelastung

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by persistent airflow limitation and lung parenchymal destruction. It has a very high ...

Standardized Histomorphometric Evaluation of Osteoarthritis in a Surgical Mouse Model

One of the most prevalent joint disorders in the United States, osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by progressive degeneration of articular cartilage, primarily in the hip and knee joints, which results in significant impacts on patient mobility and quality of life. To date, there are no existing curative therapies for OA able to slow down or inhibit cartilage degeneration. Presently, there is an extensive body of ongoing research to understand OA pathology and discover novel therapeutic approaches or agents that can efficiently slow down, stop, or even reverse OA. Thus, it is crucial to have a quantitative and reproducible approach to accurately evaluate OA-associated pathological changes in the joint cartilage, synovium, and subchondral bone. Currently, OA severity and progression are primarily assessed using the Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) or Mankin scoring systems. In spite of the importance of these scoring systems, they are semiquantitative and can be influenced by user subjectivity. More importantly, they fail to accurately evaluate subtle, yet important, changes in the cartilage during the early disease states or early treatment phases. The protocol we describe here uses a computerized and semiautomated histomorphometric software system to establish a standardized, rigorous, and reproducible quantitative methodology for the evaluation of joint changes in OA. This protocol presents a powerful addition to the existing systems and allows for more efficient detection of pathological changes in the joint.

The current protocol establishes a rigorous and reproducible method for quantification of morphological joint changes that accompany osteoarthritis. Application of this protocol can be valuable in monitoring disease progression and evaluating therapeutic interventions in osteoarthritis.

Standardisierte histomorphometrische Bewertung von Osteoarthritis in einem chirurgischen Mausmodell

One of the most prevalent joint disorders in the United States, osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by progressive degeneration of articular cartilage, ...