Name: gasless endoscopic thyroidectomy via the trans-axillary approach
Uploaded: 2023-09-15T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Gasless Endoscopic Thyroidectomy via the Trans-Axillary Approach at JoVE.com

This study was conducted in strict accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and adhered to the guidelines established by our institution&#39;s Human Research Ethics Committee. The research protocol underwent a thorough review and received approval from the Ethics Committee of West China Hospital of Sichuan University. All participating patients provided written informed consent before their involvement in the study, and stringent measures were taken to ensure the privacy and confiden...

<ol>
	<li>Megwalu, U. C., Moon, P. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thyroid+cancer+incidence+and+mortality+trends+in+the+United+States:+2000-2018.">Thyroid cancer incidence and mortality trends in the United States: 2000-2018.</a> Thyroid. 32 (5), 560-570 (2022).</li><li>Qian, Z. J., Jin, M. C., Meister, K. D., Megwalu, U. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pediatric+thyroid+cancer+incidence+and+mortality+trends+in+the+United+States,+1973-2013.">Pediatric thyroid cancer incidence and mortality trends in the United States, 1973-2013.</a> JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 145 (7), 617-623 (2019).</li><li>Lattoo, M. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Outcome+of+trans-axillary+approach+for+surgical+decompression+of+thoracic+outlet:+a+retrospective+study+in+a+tertiary+care+hospital.">Outcome of trans-axillary approach for surgical decompression of thoracic outlet: a retrospective study in a tertiary care hospital.</a> Oman Med J. 29 (3), 214-216 (2014).</li><li>Kwak, H. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Learning+curve+for+gasless+endoscopic+thyroidectomy+using+the+trans-axillary+approach:+CUSUM+analysis+of+a+single+surgeon's+experience.">Learning curve for gasless endoscopic thyroidectomy using the trans-axillary approach: CUSUM analysis of a single surgeon's experience.</a> Int J Surg. 12 (12), 1273-1277 (2014).</li><li>Yoon, J. H., Park, C. H., Chung, W. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gasless+endoscopic+thyroidectomy+via+an+axillary+approach:+experience+of+30+cases.">Gasless endoscopic thyroidectomy via an axillary approach: experience of 30 cases.</a> Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 16 (4), 226-231 (2006).</li><li>Song, C. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Postoperative+pain+after+robotic+thyroidectomy+by+a+gasless+unilateral+axillo-breast+or+axillary+approach.">Postoperative pain after robotic thyroidectomy by a gasless unilateral axillo-breast or axillary approach.</a> Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 25 (6), 478-482 (2015).</li><li>Ji, Y. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+cosmetic+outcomes+after+robotic/endoscopic+thyroidectomy+by+a+gasless+unilateral+axillo-breast+or+axillary+approach.">Long-term cosmetic outcomes after robotic/endoscopic thyroidectomy by a gasless unilateral axillo-breast or axillary approach.</a> J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 24 (4), 248-253 (2014).</li><li>Tan, C. T., Cheah, W. K., Delbridge, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=#34;Scarless&amp;#34;+(in+the+neck)+endoscopic+thyroidectomy+(SET):+an+evidence-based+review+of+published+techniques.">#34;Scarless&amp;#34; (in the neck) endoscopic thyroidectomy (SET): an evidence-based review of published techniques.</a> World J Surg. 32 (7), 1349-1357 (2008).</li><li>Tae, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Initial+experience+with+a+gasless+unilateral+axillo-breast+or+axillary+approach+endoscopic+thyroidectomy+for+papillary+thyroid+microcarcinoma:+comparison+with+conventional+open+thyroidectomy.">Initial experience with a gasless unilateral axillo-breast or axillary approach endoscopic thyroidectomy for papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: comparison with conventional open thyroidectomy.</a> Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 21 (3), 162-169 (2011).</li><li>Aidan, P., Bechara, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gasless+trans-axillary+robotic+thyroidectomy:+the+introduction+and+principle.">Gasless trans-axillary robotic thyroidectomy: the introduction and principle.</a> Gland Surg. 6 (3), 229-235 (2017).</li><li>Hakim Darail, N. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gasless+transaxillary+endoscopic+thyroidectomy:+a+decade+on.">Gasless transaxillary endoscopic thyroidectomy: a decade on.</a> Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 24 (6), e211-e215 (2014).</li><li>Wei, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autotransplantation+of+Inferior+Parathyroid+glands+during+central+neck+dissection+for+papillary+thyroid+carcinoma:+a+retrospective+cohort+study.">Autotransplantation of Inferior Parathyroid glands during central neck dissection for papillary thyroid carcinoma: a retrospective cohort study.</a> Int J Surg. 12 (12), 1286-1290 (2014).</li><li>Naytah, M., Ibrahim, I., da Silva, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Importance+of+incorporating+intraoperative+neuromonitoring+of+the+external+branch+of+the+superior+laryngeal+nerve+in+thyroidectomy:+A+review+and+meta-analysis+study.">Importance of incorporating intraoperative neuromonitoring of the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve in thyroidectomy: A review and meta-analysis study.</a> Head Neck. 41 (6), 2034-2041 (2019).</li><li>Kim, E. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-incision,+gasless,+endoscopic+trans-axillary+total+thyroidectomy:+a+feasible+and+oncologic+safe+surgery+in+patients+with+papillary+thyroid+carcinoma.">Single-incision, gasless, endoscopic trans-axillary total thyroidectomy: a feasible and oncologic safe surgery in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma.</a> J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 27 (11), 1158-1164 (2017).</li><li>Wang, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modification+and+application+of+&amp;#34;zero-line+&amp;#34;+incision+design+in+total+endoscopic+gasless+unilateral+axillary+approach+thyroidectomy:+A+preliminary+report.">Modification and application of &amp;#34;zero-line &amp;#34; incision design in total endoscopic gasless unilateral axillary approach thyroidectomy: A preliminary report.</a> Front Surg. 10, 1121292 (2023).</li><li>Dhoomun, D. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+health-related+quality+of+life+and+cosmetic+outcome+between+traditional+gasless+trans-axillary+endoscopic+thyroidectomy+and+modified+gasless+trans-axillary+endoscopic+thyroidectomy+for+patients+with+papillary+thyroid+microcarcinoma.">Comparison of health-related quality of life and cosmetic outcome between traditional gasless trans-axillary endoscopic thyroidectomy and modified gasless trans-axillary endoscopic thyroidectomy for patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma.</a> Cancer Med. , (2023).</li><li>Cho, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-incision+endoscopic+thyroidectomy+by+the+axillary+approach+with+gas+inflation+for+the+benign+thyroid+tumor:+retrospective+analysis+for+a+single+surgeon's+experience.">Single-incision endoscopic thyroidectomy by the axillary approach with gas inflation for the benign thyroid tumor: retrospective analysis for a single surgeon's experience.</a> Surg Endosc. 31 (1), 437-444 (2017).</li><li>Jeong, J. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+study+of+endoscopic+thyroidectomy+versus+conventional+open+thyroidectomy+in+papillary+thyroid+microcarcinoma+(PTMC)+patients.">Comparative study of endoscopic thyroidectomy versus conventional open thyroidectomy in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) patients.</a> J Surg Oncol. 100 (6), 477-480 (2009).</li><li>Lee, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Excellence+in+robotic+thyroid+surgery:+a+comparative+study+of+robot-assisted+versus+conventional+endoscopic+thyroidectomy+in+papillary+thyroid+microcarcinoma+patients.">Excellence in robotic thyroid surgery: a comparative study of robot-assisted versus conventional endoscopic thyroidectomy in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma patients.</a> Ann Surg. 253 (6), 1060-1066 (2011).</li><li>Cong, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gasless,+endoscopic+trans-axillary+thyroid+surgery:+our+series+of+the+first+51+human+cases.">Gasless, endoscopic trans-axillary thyroid surgery: our series of the first 51 human cases.</a> World J Surg Oncol. 20 (1), 9 (2022).</li><li>Bhargav, P. R., Kumbhar, U. S., Satyam, G., Gayathri, K. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gasless+single+incision+trans-axillary+thyroidectomy:+The+feasibility+and+safety+of+a+hypo-morbid+endoscopic+thyroidectomy+technique.">Gasless single incision trans-axillary thyroidectomy: The feasibility and safety of a hypo-morbid endoscopic thyroidectomy technique.</a> J Minim Access Surg. 9 (3), 116-121 (2013).</li></ol>

The Gasless Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Trans-axillary Approach (GETTA) is a novel surgical method that addresses the rising incidence of Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma (PTMC) while yielding aesthetically pleasing outcomes14,15,16. Nevertheless, this technique requires a deep understanding of key operational steps17. Before commencing the actual surgery, surgeons are expected to familiarize themselves with...

The recent increase in the incidence of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC)1,2, predominantly affecting young women, necessitates advancements in surgical techniques that offer both medical effectiveness and aesthetic sensitivity3,4. The primary goal of the Gasless Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Trans-axillary Approach (GETTA), introduced by Chung in 20045, is to provide an optimal surgical method that marries these two needs.
GETTA was developed as an answer to the drawbacks of traditional open surgery, such as noticeable scars leading to patients&#39; self-consciousness and potential negative impact on their work and social activities. Endoscopic thyroid surgery has been gradually applied in the treatment of benign and malignant thyroid diseases3,4, offering a less invasive alternative to open surgery. Yet, the innovation of GETTA lies in its unique gasless approach. The GETTA procedure holds several advantages over alternative techniques. It establishes the cavity through the natural folds of the axilla, rendering the incision hidden and yielding superior postoperative cosmetic results6. Moreover, GETTA omits the need for CO2 gas inflation during the operation, thereby averting complications related to CO2 gas. Furthermore, this approach leaves the anterior neck flap intact, which protects the function of the anterior cervical region post-surgery and prevents postoperative swallowing skin-tracheal linkage6,7.
The technique is situated within the wider body of literature concerning endoscopic thyroid surgery. While there are ample research reports on the transoral and breast approach of endoscopic thyroid surgery8,9, non-inflatable thyroid surgery remains underreported10,11. Consequently, this method constitutes a significant contribution to this field, providing a comprehensive protocol for the GETTA procedure.
For readers contemplating the application of this method, it is most suitable for early-stage, low-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma patients who desire minimal scarring post-surgery. However, the success of this technique depends on the practitioner&#39;s proficiency in endoscopic procedures due to its spatial constraints. As such, the method may not be appropriate for practitioners without advanced endoscopic skills or those in medical centers with limited access to the necessary equipment.
This article aims to bolster the understanding of the GETTA procedure, offering insights into its application, and hopefully promoting its adoption in more medical centers. The benefits of GETTA extend beyond medical effectiveness, meeting patients&#39; desire for less invasive surgery with favorable cosmetic results.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>EMG Endotracheal Tube</td>
			<td>Medtronic Xomed, Inc.</td>
			<td>20173666541</td>
			<td>EMG Endotracheal Tube&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps</td>
			<td>Kangji Medical</td>
			<td>106.890.A</td>
			<td>Gasless endoscopic thyroidectomy trans-axillary approach Equipment (Within)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gasless endoscopic thyroidectomy trans-axillary approach Equipment</td>
			<td>Kangji Medical</td>
			<td>106.890.A</td>
			<td>Gasless endoscopic thyroidectomy trans-axillary approach Equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) Device</td>
			<td>Medtronic Xomed, Inc.</td>
			<td>20083210370</td>
			<td>NIM-Response 2.0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laparoscopic aspirator</td>
			<td>Kangji Medical</td>
			<td>106.891.A</td>
			<td>Gasless endoscopic thyroidectomy trans-axillary approach Equipment (Within)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nerve monitoring probe</td>
			<td>Medtronic Xomed, Inc.</td>
			<td>20173666541</td>
			<td>EMG Endotracheal Tube (Within)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Retractors (Two types)</td>
			<td>Kangji Medical</td>
			<td>106.890.A</td>
			<td>Gasless endoscopic thyroidectomy trans-axillary approach Equipment (Within)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trocar</td>
			<td>Johnson &#38; Johnson</td>
			<td>B5LT</td>
			<td>Trocar (5 mm)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultrasonic scalpel</td>
			<td>Johnson &#38; Johnson</td>
			<td>HAR36</td>
			<td>Ultrasonic scalpel</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

gasless endoscopic thyroidectomy via the trans-axillary approach

For patients with early, low-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma, an increasing number are opting for endoscopic thyroid surgery due to its ability to achieve favorable therapeutic outcomes while maintaining excellent cosmetic results. Among the available endoscopic procedures, the Gasless Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Trans-axillary Approach (GETTA) has gained popularity among surgeons. This is attributed to its straightforward cavity construction, spacious operating area, precise visual field exposure, and manageable learning curve. However, few studies have provided detailed descriptions of the specific surgical steps involved in GETTA. Drawing from a synthesis of existing literature and our own clinical expertise, we present a comprehensive outline of the GETTA procedure. This process can be categorized into five distinct stages: positioning and incision planning; establishment of surgical cavities; identification and protection of the recurrent laryngeal nerve, inferior parathyroid gland, and central neck dissection; localization and preservation of the superior laryngeal nerve, superior parathyroid gland, and dissection of the thyroid's superior pole; transection of the thyroid isthmus followed by en bloc resection of the thyroid gland and central neck lymph nodes. The five-step approach of GETTA is easy to learn and can be adapted for resecting both benign and malignant thyroid and parathyroid diseases.

In this study, a cohort of 200 female patients, all with a mean age of 36 years (SD = 4.52; ranging from 20 to 59 years), underwent the Gasless Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Trans-axillary Approach (GETTA) (Table 1). The patients had an average Body Mass Index (BMI) of 22.79 kg/m2 (SD = 4.52; range = 18.27-27.31). The sonogram indicated an average tumor size of 7.09 mm (SD = 3.84). All patients were fully informed of the surgical options available and subsequently chose GETTA. Of the total, 54 (27%...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Gasless Endoscopic Thyroidectomy via the Trans-Axillary Approach at JoVE.com

Gasless Endoscopic Thyroidectomy via the Trans-Axillary Approach

This protocol presents the procedure for conducting thyroidectomy using the gasless endoscopic thyroidectomy trans-axillary approach (GETTA).

Gasless Endoscopic Thyroidectomy via the Trans-Axillary Approach

For patients with early, low-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma, an increasing number are opting for endoscopic thyroid surgery due to its ability to ...

The five steps approach of GETTA is easy to learn and can be adapted for dissecting both benign and malignant thyroid and parathyroid diseases. This technique offers significantly improved cosmetical results. It eliminates the carbon dioxide gas insufflation, and preserves the function of the anterior cervical region.It is a viable and safe technique for patients with early low risk papillary thyroid carcinoma who wish to avoid a cervical scar. To begin, place the anesthetized patient in a supine position and abduct the upper limb on the affected side to a 60 to 90 degree angle. Then, make a primary incision of approximately four to six centimeters in length using a scalpel.Next, create a secondary incision of about 0.5 centimeters using a surgical scalpel for the trocar. Locate the gap between the sternal head of the sternal cleo mastoid muscle and the clavicle head. Using the mini button of the ultrasonic scalpel, coagulate the small blood vessels within the gap.Employ dissecting forceps in the ultrasonic scalpel to dissect the anatomical space between the sternothyroid muscle and the internal jugular vein. Dissect the natural space between the thyroid and sternothyroid muscle. Position the retractors within the space, and complete the creation of the surgical cavities.Locate the recurrent laryngeal nerve around the bifurcation of the inferior thyroid artery using a nerve monitoring probe. Dissect the area around the inferior thyroid artery while protecting and coagulating the inferior thyroid blood vessels to expose the trachea. After coagulating and cutting off the branches of the inferior thyroid artery, follow the nerve pathway to the larynx, ensuring its protection during the dissection process.Perform a central neck dissection method, like open surgery, and remove lymph nodes from the central compartment of the neck based on the extent of the patient's disease. After separating the upper pole of the thyroid gland, continue the separation process along the cricothyroid space to expose the blood vessels of the upper thyroid pole. Using the mini button of the ultrasonic scalpel, coagulate and carefully cut off the blood vessels of the upper pole of the thyroid gland.Fully dissociate the gap between the upper pole of the thyroid gland and the cricothyroid muscle. Utilize an ultrasonic scalpel to coagulate small blood vessels. Then remove both the thyroid isthmus and the lymph nodes located in the central area alongside the thyroid gland.Collect the specimen in the specimen bag. Using a laparoscopic aspirator, flush the operating cavity with warm sterile saline. Then position a drainage tube near the trachea and use dissecting forceps to guide the tube out from the axilla.Close the axillary incision with a 30 centimeter interrupted absorbable 4.0 suture. In this study, a cohort of 200 female patients with a mean age of 36 years underwent the gasless endoscopic thyroidectomy trans axillary approach. Five patients experienced temporary recurrent laryngeal nerve signal weakening, post surgery, which resolved after a month.No cases of permanent recurrent laryngeal nerve injuries were observed. However, three patients required conversion to open surgery due to intraoperative bleeding. It is crucial to recognize and protect the recurrent laryngeal nerve before any surgical intervention involving coagulation or cutting.Following this procedure, parathyroidectomy and the lateral lymph node dissection can concurrently be executed with a procedure. Upon further refinement, this technique can facilitate total thyroidectomy, parathyroidectomy, and the lateral lymph node dissections, in addition to being adaptable for endoscopic breast surgeries.

gasless-endoscopic-thyroidectomy-via-the-trans-axillary-approach

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Permanent Cerebral Vessel Occlusion via Double Ligature and Transection

Stroke is a leading cause of death, disability, and socioeconomic loss worldwide. The majority of all strokes result from an interruption in blood flow (ischemia) 1. Middle cerebral artery (MCA) delivers a great majority of blood to the lateral surface of the cortex 2, is the most common site of human stroke 3, and ischemia within its territory can result in extensive dysfunction or death 1,4,5. Survivors of ischemic stroke often suffer loss or disruption of motor capabilities, sensory deficits, and infarct. In an effort to capture these key characteristics of stroke, and thereby develop effective treatment, a great deal of emphasis is placed upon animal models of ischemia in MCA.
Here we present a method of permanently occluding a cortical surface blood vessel. We will present this method using an example of a relevant vessel occlusion that models the most common type, location, and outcome of human stroke, permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO). In this model, we surgically expose MCA in the adult rat and subsequently occlude via double ligature and transection of the vessel. This pMCAO blocks the proximal cortical branch of MCA, causing ischemia in all of MCA cortical territory, a large portion of the cortex. This method of occlusion can also be used to occlude more distal portions of cortical vessels in order to achieve more focal ischemia targeting a smaller region of cortex. The primary disadvantages of pMCAO are that the surgical procedure is somewhat invasive as a small craniotomy is required to access MCA, though this results in minimal tissue damage. The primary advantages of this model, however, are: the site of occlusion is well defined, the degree of blood flow reduction is consistent, functional and neurological impairment occurs rapidly, infarct size is consistent, and the high rate of survival allows for long-term chronic assessment.

Permanent Cerebral Vessel Occlusion via Double Ligature and Transection

We describe a highly reproducible method for the permanent occlusion of a rodent major cerebral blood vessel. This technique can be accomplished with very little peripheral damage, minimal blood loss, a high rate of long-term survival, and consistent infarct volume commensurate with the human clinical population.

Stroke is a leading cause of death, disability, and socioeconomic loss worldwide. The majority of all strokes result from an interruption in blood flow ...

Non-invasive Assessment of the Efficacy of New Therapeutics for Intestinal Pathologies Using Serial Endoscopic Imaging of Live Mice

Animal models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer (CRC) have provided significant insight into the cell intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms that contribute to the onset and progression of intestinal diseases. The identification of new molecules that promote these pathologies has led to a flurry of activity focused on the development of potential new therapies to inhibit their function. As a result, various pre-clinical mouse models with an intact immune system and stromal microenvironment are now heavily used. Here we describe three experimental protocols to test the efficacy of new therapeutics in pre-clinical models of (1) acute mucosal damage, (2) chronic colitis and/or colitis-associated colon cancer, and (3) sporadic colorectal cancer. We also outline procedures for serial endoscopic examination that can be used to document the therapeutic response of an individual tumor and to monitor the health of individual mice. These protocols provide complementary experimental platforms to test the effectiveness of therapeutic compounds shown to be well tolerated by mice.

We describe methods for longitudinal monitoring of the efficacy of therapeutics for the treatment of colonic pathologies in mice using a rigid endoscope. This protocol can be readily used for the characterization of the therapeutic response of an individual tumor in live mice and also for monitoring potential disease relapse.

Animal models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer (CRC) have provided significant insight into the cell intrinsic and extrinsic ...

Step-by-Step Stapedotomy through Transcanal Exclusive Endoscopic Approach

In recent years there has been an increasing trend in the use of the endoscope to treat a variety of middle ear pathologies, including otosclerosis. Several studies comparing traditional microscopic and endoscopic stapes surgery have reported similar hearing results and an overall low rate of complications. The endoscope has unraveled its full potential in demanding settings of stapes surgery, such as unfavorable anatomy of the oval window niche or revision cases. Reduced manipulation of the chorda tympani and low rate of post-operative dysgeusia are further benefits to mention for endoscopic stapes surgery.
Being a one-handed technique, management of bleeding, positioning, and crimping of the prosthesis may be challenging for novice endoscopic surgeons, so some training in endoscopic ear surgery is recommended before performing endoscopic stapedotomy. The problem of sharing the surgical field between the endoscope and the operating instruments could be easily overcome if proper instruments positioning is understood. One-handed bleeding control in the narrow space of the ear canal may represent an issue during the elevation of the tympano-meatal flap, possibly discouraging the surgeon since the preliminary steps of surgery. Following appropriate technique to raise the flap and the collaboration with the anesthesiology team in keeping the blood pressure low guarantee an adequate bleeding control in most cases.
The aim of this article is to describe the entire surgical procedure of a transcanal exclusive endoscopic stapedotomy, from operating room set up and patient positioning to post-operative care. A step-by-step description of the surgical maneuvers with technical hints is reported, to guide the surgeon across the procedure and allow any ear surgeon to perform stapes surgery endoscopically.

The aim of this article is to provide a step-by-step method for endoscopic stapes surgery from operating room setting and patient positioning to post-operative care. This work would represent a guide for any otologic surgeon who is willing to treat otosclerosis with endoscopic transcanal technique.

In recent years there has been an increasing trend in the use of the endoscope to treat a variety of middle ear pathologies, including otosclerosis. ...

Endoscopic Cholesteatoma Surgery

Implementation of endoscopes in cholesteatoma surgery resulted in considerable changes in the management of cholesteatoma in the last two decades. Compared to the microscopic approach with an excellent but straight-line view and limited illumination, the introduction of endoscopes provides a wide-angled panoramic view. Moreover, angled lenses allow the surgeon to visualize the middle ear and its hidden recesses through a transcanal, minimally-invasive approach. The endoscope enables the surgeon to remove limited cholesteatoma of the middle ear and its recesses using an exclusive endoscopic technique by taking advantage of these benefits. This reduces the rate of residual disease and sparing external incisions and excessive temporal bone drilling as in a transmastoid approach. Since transcanal endoscopic access is mainly a one-handed technique, it implies the need for specific procedures and technical refinements. This article describes a step-by-step guide as a surgical manual for endoscopic removal of epitympanic cholesteatoma. Different techniques for cholesteatoma dissection and bone removal for epitympanectomy, including curettage and powered instruments such as drills and ultrasonic devices with their outcomes, are discussed. This may offer ear surgeons insight into technical refinements and the latest technological developments and open the horizon for different techniques.

The present protocol describes a step-by-step guide for the complete endoscopic removal of epitympanic cholesteatoma with different techniques for cholesteatoma dissection and bone removal for epitympanectomy.

Implementation of endoscopes in cholesteatoma surgery resulted in considerable changes in the management of cholesteatoma in the last two decades. ...

Laparoscopic Radical Antegrade Modular Pancreatosplenectomy via Dorsal-Caudal Artery Approach for Pancreatic Neck-Body Cancer

Laparoscopic radical resection of the pancreatic neck is one of the most complicated radical operations for pancreatic cancer, especially for patients who have had neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Here, we present a technique to perform laparoscopic radical antegrade modular pancreatosplenectomy (L-RAMPS) using the dorsal-caudal artery approach by making full use of the high-definition vision and operation modes of the laparoscope.
The innovation and optimization of this operation are provided in the protocol. Priority should be given to the dorsal resection plane, including the dorsal side of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA), the dorsal side of the pancreatic head, the root of the celiac artery (CeA), the ventral side of the left renal vessels, and the renal hilum. On the condition that the operation for pancreatic neck-body cancer is feasible and safe, the second step is to perform tumor resection en bloc surrounding the SMA and CeA from the caudal to the cephalic side to increase the rate of R0 (radical zero) resection and further prognosis.

Laparoscopic Radical Antegrade Modular Pancreatosplenectomy via Dorsal-Caudal Artery Approach for Pancreatic Neck-Body Cancer

With advancements in laparoscopic techniques, laparoscopic radical antegrade modular pancreatosplenectomy (L-RAMPS) has been widely recognized. However, owing to several technical difficulties in this procedure, the artery-first approach in L-RAMPS still remains uncommon. Here, we developed the dorsal-caudal artery approach for L-RAMPS, which might be safe and beneficial for pancreatic neck tumors.

Laparoscopic radical resection of the pancreatic neck is one of the most complicated radical operations for pancreatic cancer, especially for patients who ...

Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy

The manuscript describes the transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach (TOETVA) for thyroid lobectomy. The patient is placed in the supine position with extension and fixation of the neck. One 20 mm transverse incision and two 5 mm incisions are made through the mucosa of the oral vestibule for camera and instrument placement after disinfection of the skin and oral cavity. The workspace is established and maintained by the skin suspension device, which is made of unabsorbable string (3-0) and rubber bands, and the CO2 insufflation pressure. Lobectomy using a medial-to-lateral technique and prophylactic ipsilateral central neck dissection is performed simultaneously on patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). The specimen is extracted through the 20 mm incision. The parathyroid gland is immediately searched for in the specimen and auto-transplanted to the left brachioradialis. A drainage tube is inserted through the retractor hole into the bed of the thyroid gland, and absorbable sutures are used to close the mucosal incisions in the oral vestibule and the linea alba cervicalis. Prophylactics administered intravenously are recommended for the first 24 h after surgery, and oral antibiotics are used for 7 days postoperatively.

Here, we present a protocol to describe the methodology for the transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach in detail.

The manuscript describes the transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach (TOETVA) for thyroid lobectomy. The patient is placed in the supine ...

A Comprehensive Step-By-Step Guide for Exclusive Endoscopic Ossiculoplasty

Techniques of Endoscopic Ossiculoplasty

The utilization of endoscopes in modern otology has evolved from diagnostic purposes to the development of exclusive endoscopic ear surgery. This technique offers a panoramic view of the middle ear and provides an optimal magnification of the oval window region, the stapes' suprastructure, and the footplate, allowing great precision in prosthesis positioning during ossiculoplasty (OPL). Various techniques for ossicular chain reconstruction have been described in the literature. Either autologous or synthetic materials can be used for reconstruction. The use of a patient's own tissue minimizes the risk of implant rejection or extrusion of the prosthesis through the tympanic membrane. On the other hand, synthetic materials like titanium are light and rigid and do not require time-consuming prosthesis remodeling. The main objective of this article is to present a comprehensive step-by-step guide that serves as a surgical manual for exclusive endoscopic OPL. This guide will explain various forms of OPL using synthetic and autologous materials. The goal is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the various surgical techniques and support the integration into clinical practice.

Author Spotlight: Advancing Endoscopic Ossiculoplasty &amp;#8211; Techniques, Innovations, and Practical Guidance for Clinical Integration

Exclusive Endoscopic ossiculoplasty (EEO) is a promising and minimally invasive approach for the treatment of conductive hearing loss due to ossicular chain disruptions and associated middle ear pathologies. Herein, step-by-step instructions and a discussion of various endoscopic ossiculoplasty techniques are presented.

The utilization of endoscopes in modern otology has evolved from diagnostic purposes to the development of exclusive endoscopic ear surgery. This ...

Treating Lumbar Spinal Stenosis with a Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery

Percutaneous Endoscopic Unilateral-Approach Bilateral Decompression for Lumbar Spinal Stenosis

Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) involves the narrowing of the spinal canal due to degenerative changes in the vertebral joints, intervertebral discs, and ligaments. LSS encompasses central canal stenosis (CCS), lateral recess stenosis (LRS), and intervertebral foramen stenosis (IFS). The utilization of lumbar endoscopic unilateral laminotomy for bilateral decompression (LE-ULBD) has gained popularity in the treatment of CCS and LRS. This popularity is attributed to the rapid development of endoscopic instruments and the progress of endoscopic philosophy.
In this technical report, a detailed introduction to the steps and key points of LE-ULBD is provided. Simultaneously, a retrospective review of 132 consecutive patients who underwent LE-ULBD for central canal and/or lateral recess stenosis was conducted. The outcomes after more than two years of follow-up were assessed using the visual analogue score (VAS), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) scores, and the modified MacNab criteria to evaluate surgical efficacy. All 132 patients underwent LE-ULBD successfully. Among them, 119 patients were rated as "excellent," while 13 patients were rated as "good" based on the modified MacNab criteria during the last follow-up. Incidental dural tears occurred in four cases, but there were no post-operative epidural hematomas or infections. The experience demonstrates that LE-ULBD is a less invasive, effective, and safe approach. It can be considered as an alternative option for treating patients with lumbar central canal stenosis and/or lateral recess stenosis.

Author Spotlight: Scope of LE-ULBD as a Safe, Effective, and Minimally Invasive Approach to Treat Lumbar Spinal Stenosis

The present protocol describes the steps and key points of lumbar endoscopic unilateral laminotomy for bilateral decompression for the treatment of degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis.

Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) involves the narrowing of the spinal canal due to degenerative changes in the vertebral joints, intervertebral discs, and ...

Laparoscopic Duodenum-Preserving Pancreatic Head Resection via Inferior Infracolic Approach: A Surgical Approach for Benign Lesions

Minimally invasive pancreatic resections are gaining popularity despite being technically demanding. However, in contrast to laparoscopic pancreatoduodenectomy (LPD), laparoscopic duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection (LDPPHR) has not yet obtained wide acceptance. This could be attributed to the technical challenges involved in preserving the blood supply of the duodenum and bile duct.
This study describes and demonstrates all the steps of LDPPHR. A 48-year-old woman was diagnosed with a 3.0 cm x 2.5 cm pancreatic head cystic mass, which was detected unexpectedly. The surgery was performed using the 3D laparoscopy via an inferior infracolic approach. The operation lasted approximately 310 min with 100 mL of blood loss. Postoperatively, the patient experienced no complications and was discharged 5 days later. Pathology revealed intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms.
LDPPHR via an inferior infracolic approach is feasible and safe when performed by experienced surgeons in selected patients with thin mesenteric fat layers. The described technique for LDPPHR via inferior infracolic approach should be well standardized and performed at high-volume centers with experienced surgeons in both open and laparoscopic pancreatology.

This article provides a whole technical process of laparoscopic duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection via an inferior infracolic approach. This is a surgical approach for benign tumors without intraoperative fluorescence image guidance.

Minimally invasive pancreatic resections are gaining popularity despite being technically demanding. However, in contrast to laparoscopic ...

Endoscopic Bilateral Nipple-sparing Mastectomy via a Single Axillary Incision with Immediate Pre-pectoral Implant-based Breast Reconstruction

Oncoplastic breast surgery, with its focus on improving cosmetic outcomes while maintaining oncological safety, has fundamentally transformed the landscape of breast cancer surgical treatment, giving rise to an array of techniques for breast reconstruction. Nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) with immediate implant-based breast reconstruction (IBBR) has emerged as a cornerstone in managing early breast cancer. Aligned with the principles of minimally invasive surgery, recent years have witnessed the widespread integration of endoscopic approaches in breast surgery, encompassing procedures like endoscopic breast-conserving surgery (E-BCS) and endoscopic nipple-sparing mastectomy (E-NSM), among others. Capitalizing on the advantages of inconspicuous and shorter incisions, improved visibility, and the avoidance of radiation therapy, the popularity of E-NSM with IBBR is on the rise. However, conventional E-NSM with IBBR often requires two or more incisions, which can result in suboptimal cosmetic outcomes and even prosthesis loss.This paper presents a comprehensive account of the intricate surgical procedures involved in endoscopic bilateral nipple-sparing mastectomy with immediate pre-pectoral implant-based breast reconstruction. The insights shared are drawn from the collective experience of our institution. Notable benefits associated with the described surgical approach encompass enhanced cosmetic outcomes, improved postoperative quality of life, and enhanced physiological functions attributable to the application of pre-pectoral implant-based breast reconstruction through a single incision.

Here, we present detailed surgical procedures for endoscopic bilateral nipple-sparing mastectomy via a single axillary incision with immediate pre-pectoral implant-based breast reconstruction. This procedure is a secure and viable method for breast cancer patients.