Name: laparoscopic radical antegrade modular pancreatosplenectomy via dorsal-caudal artery approach for pancreatic neck-body cancer
Uploaded: 2022-11-18T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Laparoscopic Radical Antegrade Modular Pancreatosplenectomy via Dorsal-Caudal Artery Approach for Pancreatic Neck-Body Cancer at JoVE.com

The present protocol follows the guidelines of the Ethics of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine. Informed consent was obtained from the patient for this article and the video.
1. Patient Selection
<ol>
	<li>Ensure patients have PDAC in the pancreas neck, body, and tail as confirmed by contrast enhanced computed tomography (CT). This procedure is indicated in the following cases: resectable pancreatic cancer and borderline resectable pa...

<ol>
	<li>Kim, E. Y., Hong, T. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Initial+experience+with+laparoscopic+radical+antegrade+modular+pancreatosplenectomy+for+left-sided+pancreatic+cancer+in+a+single+institution:+technical+aspects+and+oncological+outcomes.">Initial experience with laparoscopic radical antegrade modular pancreatosplenectomy for left-sided pancreatic cancer in a single institution: technical aspects and oncological outcomes.</a> BMC Surgery. 17 (1), 2 (2017).</li><li>Strasberg, S. M., Fields, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Left-sided+pancreatic+cancer:+distal+pancreatectomy+and+its+variants:+radical+antegrade+modular+pancreatosplenectomy+and+distal+pancreatectomy+with+celiac+axis+resection.">Left-sided pancreatic cancer: distal pancreatectomy and its variants: radical antegrade modular pancreatosplenectomy and distal pancreatectomy with celiac axis resection.</a> The Cancer Journal. 18 (6), 562-570 (2012).</li><li>Strasberg, S. M., Linehan, D. C., Hawkins, W. 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A., Linehan, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Radical+antegrade+modular+pancreatosplenectomy.">Radical antegrade modular pancreatosplenectomy.</a> Surgery. 133 (5), 521-527 (2003).</li><li>Sunagawa, H., Harumatsu, T., Kinjo, S., Oshiro, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ligament+of+Treitz+approach+in+laparoscopic+modified+radical+antegrade+modular+pancreatosplenectomy:+report+of+three+cases.">Ligament of Treitz approach in laparoscopic modified radical antegrade modular pancreatosplenectomy: report of three cases.</a> Asian Journal of Endoscopic Surgery. 7 (2), 172-174 (2014).</li><li>Choi, S. H., Kang, C. M., Lee, W. J., Chi, H. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multimedia+article.+Laparoscopic+modified+anterior+RAMPS+in+well-selected+left-sided+pancreatic+cancer:+technical+feasibility+and+interim+results.">Multimedia article. Laparoscopic modified anterior RAMPS in well-selected left-sided pancreatic cancer: technical feasibility and interim results.</a> Surgical Endoscopy. 25 (7), 2360-2361 (2011).</li><li>Weitz, J., Rahbari, N., Koch, M., B&#252;chler, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+&amp;#34;artery+first&amp;#34;+approach+for+resection+of+pancreatic+head+cancer.">The &amp;#34;artery first&amp;#34; approach for resection of pancreatic head cancer.</a> Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 210 (2), 1-4 (2010).</li><li>Cho, A., Yamamoto, H., Kainuma, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tips+of+laparoscopic+pancreaticoduodenectomy:+superior+mesenteric+artery+first+approach+(with+video).">Tips of laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy: superior mesenteric artery first approach (with video).</a> Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Sciences. 21 (3), 19-21 (2014).</li><li>Morales, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Follow+&amp;#34;the+superior+mesenteric+artery&amp;#34;:+laparoscopic+approach+for+total+mesopancreas+excision+during+pancreaticoduodenectomy.">Follow &amp;#34;the superior mesenteric artery&amp;#34;: laparoscopic approach for total mesopancreas excision during pancreaticoduodenectomy.</a> Surgical Endoscopy. 33 (12), 4186-4191 (2019).</li><li>Nagakawa, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surgical+approaches+to+the+superior+mesenteric+artery+during+minimally+invasive+pancreaticoduodenectomy:+A+systematic+review.">Surgical approaches to the superior mesenteric artery during minimally invasive pancreaticoduodenectomy: A systematic review.</a> Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Sciences. 29 (1), 114-123 (2021).</li><li>Pessaux, P., Varma, D., Arnaud, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pancreaticoduodenectomy:+superior+mesenteric+artery+first+approach.">Pancreaticoduodenectomy: superior mesenteric artery first approach.</a> Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery. 10 (4), 607-611 (2006).</li><li>Yamamoto, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+laparoscopic+procedure+for+left-sided+pancreatic+cancer-artery-first+approach+laparoscopic+RAMPS+using+3D+technique.">New laparoscopic procedure for left-sided pancreatic cancer-artery-first approach laparoscopic RAMPS using 3D technique.</a> World Journal of Surgical Oncology. 15 (1), 213 (2017).</li><li>Rosso, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laparoscopic+radical+antegrade+modular+pancreatosplenectomy+with+venous+tangential+resection:+focus+on+periadventitial+dissection+of+the+superior+mesenteric+artery+for+obtaining+negative+margin+and+a+safe+vascular+resection.">Laparoscopic radical antegrade modular pancreatosplenectomy with venous tangential resection: focus on periadventitial dissection of the superior mesenteric artery for obtaining negative margin and a safe vascular resection.</a> Annals of Surgical Oncology. 27 (8), 2902-2903 (2020).</li><li>Kawabata, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laparoscopic+versus+open+radical+antegrade+modular+pancreatosplenectomy+with+artery-first+approach+in+pancreatic+cancer.">Laparoscopic versus open radical antegrade modular pancreatosplenectomy with artery-first approach in pancreatic cancer.</a> Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery. 405 (5), 647-656 (2020).</li><li>Vissers, F. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laparoscopic+radical+left+pancreatectomy+for+pancreatic+cancer:+surgical+strategy+and+technique+video.">Laparoscopic radical left pancreatectomy for pancreatic cancer: surgical strategy and technique video.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (160), e60332 (2020).</li><li>Ome, Y., Seyama, Y., Muto, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laparoscopic+distal+pancreatectomy+for+left-sided+pancreatic+cancer+using+the+&amp;#34;Caudo-Dorsal+Artery+First+Approach&amp;#34;.">Laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy for left-sided pancreatic cancer using the &amp;#34;Caudo-Dorsal Artery First Approach&amp;#34;.</a> Annals of Surgical Oncology. 26 (13), 4464-4465 (2019).</li><li>Tol, J. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Definition+of+a+standard+lymphadenectomy+in+surgery+for+pancreatic+ductal+adenocarcinoma:+a+consensus+statement+by+the+International+Study+Group+on+Pancreatic+Surgery+(ISGPS).">Definition of a standard lymphadenectomy in surgery for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: a consensus statement by the International Study Group on Pancreatic Surgery (ISGPS).</a> Surgery. 156 (3), 591-600 (2014).</li><li>Asbun, H. J., Stauffer, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laparoscopic+approach+to+distal+and+subtotal+pancreatectomy:+a+clockwise+technique.">Laparoscopic approach to distal and subtotal pancreatectomy: a clockwise technique.</a> Surgical Endoscopy. 25 (8), 2643-2649 (2011).</li><li>Asbun, H. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Technique+and+audited+outcomes+of+laparoscopic+distal+pancreatectomy+combining+the+clockwise+approach,+progressive+stepwise+compression+technique,+and+staple+line+reinforcement.">Technique and audited outcomes of laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy combining the clockwise approach, progressive stepwise compression technique, and staple line reinforcement.</a> Surgical Endoscopy. 34 (1), 231-239 (2020).</li><li>Abu Hilal, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laparoscopic+radical+'no-touch'+left+pancreatosplenectomy+for+pancreatic+ductal+adenocarcinoma:+technique+and+results.">Laparoscopic radical 'no-touch' left pancreatosplenectomy for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: technique and results.</a> Surgical Endoscopy. 30 (9), 3830-3838 (2016).</li><li>Song, K. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-center+experience+of+laparoscopic+left+pancreatic+resection+in+359+consecutive+patients:+changing+the+surgical+paradigm+of+left+pancreatic+resection.">Single-center experience of laparoscopic left pancreatic resection in 359 consecutive patients: changing the surgical paradigm of left pancreatic resection.</a> Surgical Endoscopy. 25 (10), 3364-3372 (2011).</li><li>Bassi, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+2016+update+of+the+International+Study+Group+(ISGPS)+definition+and+grading+of+postoperative+pancreatic+fistula:+11+Years+After.">The 2016 update of the International Study Group (ISGPS) definition and grading of postoperative pancreatic fistula: 11 Years After.</a> Surgery. 161 (3), 584-591 (2017).</li><li>Mizrahi, J. 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Despite the 5 year survival rates of PDAC, this is still unsatisfactory for patients who have the chance for radical resection; surgery has been the only curative therapeutic method till now22. Resectability status is mostly assessed by the conditions of the regional critical vessels, including the SMA, CeA, CHA, and SMV24,25. Although preoperative radiography can provide adequate information about vascular conditions, surgical exploration...

Radical antegrade modular pancreatosplenectomy (RAMPS) is an exquisite procedure for malignant tumors located in the pancreatic body or tail, first described by Strasberg in 2003. This operation strategy was designed based on the blood and lymph node drainage of the pancreas, in order to achieve tumor-free dissection planes and radical resection of regional lymph nodes1. RAMPS is becoming increasingly valued by surgeons as it could be conducive to obtain tumor-free margins and relatively favorable survival results2,3,4. With advancements in minimally invasive surgical instruments and techniques, laparoscopic RAMPS (L-RAMPS) has been gradually popularized on account of several advantages, including less intraoperative blood loss, decreased requirement for blood transfusions, and fewer incision events such as pain and infection1. For well-selected patients with distal pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), recent studies have demonstrated that L-RAMPS could be an effective and safe approach1,5,6.
In pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) for a malignant tumor around the pancreatic head region, the artery-first approach is a widely accepted strategy with several advantages. The core principle of this method is to explore the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) in the early stages of surgery in order to determine the feasibility of radical resection before pancreatic transection or the ligation of major vessels7,8,9. Recent studies have demonstrated that this artery-first approach may relieve the formation of venous congestion of the distal pancreas and spleen and contribute to the effective bleeding control of the operative regions; besides, it makes lymph node dissection around the SMA more adequate7,10,11. For these reasons, the artery-first strategy is becoming an important component for PD and provides an insight into left-sided pancreatic cancer.
Until now, only some artery-first approaches for L-RAMPS procedures have been reported5,6. The core concept of these approaches is that during pancreatic cancer surgery, tumor infiltration to the SMA should be detected before the performance of irreversible surgical steps, such as transection of the pancreas parenchyma or ligation and resection of the major vessels12,13.
Here, we developed the dorsal-caudal artery approach for L-RAMPS, which might be safe and beneficial for tumors in the pancreatic neck. Our procedure further optimized the routine artery-first approaches for L-RAMPS procedures which were reported by Yamamoto and Kawabata12,14. In other words, we explored and separated the SMA first via the dorsal-caudal approach, a method that has never been reported previously. The goal and advantages of this procedure are to ensure the feasibility and safety of the operation for pancreatic neck-body cancer, which might improve the rate of R0 resection and further prognosis.
Surgeons who intend to use this procedure, however, must have substantial experience in laparoscopic pancreatic surgery. Even if they have passed the learning curve, it is critical to evaluate the patient&#39;s condition, including tumor type, vascular condition, and other parameters, because this procedure necessitates sophisticated resection techniques.
In this article, we present a case of a 50-year-old male patient with PDAC, confirmed by endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) biopsy, who underwent L-RAMPS after preoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Our aim is to demonstrate the clinical safety and feasibility of L-RAMPS using the dorsal-caudal artery approach, and its oncologic outcomes in patients with PDAC located in the pancreatic neck, body, or tail.

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	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>3D Laparoscope</td>
			<td>STORZ</td>
			<td>TC200,TC302</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Echelon Flex Powered Plus Articulating Endoscopic Linear Cutter and Endopath Echelon Endoscopic Linear Cutter Reloads with Gripping Surface Technology</td>
			<td>Ethicon Endo-Surgery</td>
			<td>ECR60G/GST60G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HARMONIC ACE Ultrasonic Surgical Devices</td>
			<td>Ethicon Endo-Surgery</td>
			<td>HAR36</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ligating Clips</td>
			<td>Teleflex Medical</td>
			<td>5,44,22,05,44,23,05,44,000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultrasonic Surgical &#38; Electrosurgical Generator</td>
			<td>Ethicon Endo-Surgery</td>
			<td>GEN11CN</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

laparoscopic radical antegrade modular pancreatosplenectomy via dorsal-caudal artery approach for pancreatic neck-body cancer

Laparoscopic radical resection of the pancreatic neck is one of the most complicated radical operations for pancreatic cancer, especially for patients who have had neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Here, we present a technique to perform laparoscopic radical antegrade modular pancreatosplenectomy (L-RAMPS) using the dorsal-caudal artery approach by making full use of the high-definition vision and operation modes of the laparoscope.
The innovation and optimization of this operation are provided in the protocol. Priority should be given to the dorsal resection plane, including the dorsal side of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA), the dorsal side of the pancreatic head, the root of the celiac artery (CeA), the ventral side of the left renal vessels, and the renal hilum. On the condition that the operation for pancreatic neck-body cancer is feasible and safe, the second step is to perform tumor resection en bloc surrounding the SMA and CeA from the caudal to the cephalic side to increase the rate of R0 (radical zero) resection and further prognosis.

A 50-year-old man with upper abdomen discomfort and chronic malnutrition had a 3.2 cm x 2.5 cm tumor in the pancreatic neck identified. He had previously been healthy and had a normal BMI (19.9 kg/m2).
No distant metastasis, major vessels (besides the splenic artery and vein), or lymph node infiltration were detected on the preoperative imaging evaluation. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) was performed to confirm the pathological diagnosis of PDAC. The p...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Laparoscopic Radical Antegrade Modular Pancreatosplenectomy via Dorsal-Caudal Artery Approach for Pancreatic Neck-Body Cancer at JoVE.com

Laparoscopic Radical Antegrade Modular Pancreatosplenectomy via Dorsal-Caudal Artery Approach for Pancreatic Neck-Body Cancer

With advancements in laparoscopic techniques, laparoscopic radical antegrade modular pancreatosplenectomy (L-RAMPS) has been widely recognized. However, owing to several technical difficulties in this procedure, the artery-first approach in L-RAMPS still remains uncommon. Here, we developed the dorsal-caudal artery approach for L-RAMPS, which might be safe and beneficial for pancreatic neck tumors.

Laparoscopic Radical Antegrade Modular Pancreatosplenectomy via Dorsal-Caudal Artery Approach for Pancreatic Neck-Body Cancer

Laparoscopic radical resection of the pancreatic neck is one of the most complicated radical operations for pancreatic cancer, especially for patients who ...

Clinical case. Number one, history. No major comorbidity.Number two, chief complaint. Confirmed pancreatic cancer for more than two months. Number three, C-A-1-9-9 value is 4666.38 unit per milliliter.CEA value is normal. Number four, CT scan. The range of pancreatic neck-body cancer is 3.2 times 2.5 centimeters with the splenic artery and vein were invaded.Number five, pathology. Fine-needle aspiration was done to confirm the diagnosis of adenocarcinoma. After four cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy.Number one, past CT.The tumor maximum diameter was reduced from 3.2 centimeter to 2.5 centimeter. Clinical improvement in performance status, pain, early satiety, weight, nutritional status. Number three, C-A-1-9-9 reduced from 4, 666 to 1, 350 unit per millimeter, more than 50%decrease.Surgical technique. Place anesthetized patient on the operation table in a supine position. Ensure legs are spreading apart.Make sure the first surgeon is on the right side of the patient. The first assistant is on the left side and the second assistant with the laparoscope is between the patient's legs. This procedure employs a five-port technique as shown in figure one.Perform routine diagnostic laparoscope from the start, to exams liver and the peritoneal surfaces for extra pancreatic metastasis. Open the lesser sac using an ultrasound knife by dividing gastrocolic ligament approximately two centimeters distal from the gastroepiploic artery and vein. Dissect and resect the short gastric vessels for facilitating splenectomy.Suspend the stomach above from the surface of the pancreas. Divide and pass through the gap between the posterior surface of pancreatic neck and the junction part of SMV, PV, and splenic vein. Then carefully clear this area in preparation for pancreatic transaction.Elevate the transverse colon and its mesentery Perform the Kocher Maneuver to expose the interior surface of the left renal vein. The surgeon adds a gap between IVC and pancreatic head. Explore the lymph node station number 16.Place the entire small bowel on the right side to provide access to the dorsal side of SMA. Identify the SMA above the left renal vein. Then, dissect it along its peri-adipose tissue plane on the interior left margin and separate it from the pancreas.Perform the resection range to the left and the posterior plane behind the adrenal gland and onto to the surface to the left kidney. Expose left renal vein. Expose left renal artery.Ligate it and cutoff left at renal vein. Return to the upper colon region. Isolate and excise splenocolic and perisplenic ligaments.Anatomize the common hepatic artery and gastroduodenal artery. Dissect the gastroduodenal lymph nodes, and then identify the correct hepatic artery. Move the GDA to the right side using a rubber band for the exposure of interior surface of portal vein.Divide and pass through the tunnel between the posterior surface of pancreatic neck. Transect the pancreas peritoneum using a mechanical stapler device. Have passed to frozen pathology during the operation.Ligate and cut off splenic vein. To skeletonize the common hepatic artery, left gastric artery, splenic artery and the celiac axis, dissect at a clear en bloc superior pancreatic lymph nodes. Resect fat and a fibrous tissues from the caudal to the cephalic site of SMA and the celiac axis.Remove the lymph nodes from the Heidelberg Triangle, which is bounded by the portal vein, celiac axis and SMA. During this procedure, isolate and divide a range of splenic artery. Our account of the larger dorsal and caudal spaces create it.Ligate and cut off splenic artery exposed and ligate left gastric artery. Expose the left renal vein to determine the dorsal dissection plane. Expose left phrenic artery.Finally, using an antegrade method, dissect the distal pancreas and spleen, as well as the surrounding soft tissues. Pack the specimen. Representative results.The total time for the procedure was 240 minutes with a blood loss of 15 millimeter. The postoperative pancreatic fistula was grade A.No peritoneal fluid was found on postoperative CT examination on P-O-D 7. The drains were removed on day number eight, after operation.The patient's recovery was uncomplicated, and he was discharged on the 13 day after the surgery.Pathology. Moderately poorly differentiated at adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma Margins negative. 15 lymph nodes without malignancy.The tumor was staged as T2, N0 and M0.Conclusion. Laparoscopic radical antegrade modular pancreatosplenectomy via dorsal-caudal artery approach is a technically challenging, but safe and a reproducible procedure for pancreatic neck-body cancer. It must be performed only at high volume centers by surgeons with extensive experience.

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